317:
2467:
2363:
2351:
2339:
1275:
304:
2702:
32:
2479:
2460:
German mints after the embossing key of 1939. The contract was stopped in August 1940 as the
Wehrmacht, which had requested the coins for Belgium and France, had no more need of it. When the embossing stopped, only Berlin ("A") and Munich ("D") produced significant quantities, but they still came to only a small extent of original production plans. The majority were melted down due to the limited supply of metal and thus, most mint marks are now quite rare (except for 1940 5 A and D, and 1940 10 A).
2227:. The first Reichsbank issue of 1924 came in denominations of 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. This was followed by a second issue in the same denominations, dated between 1929 and 1936. The second issue commemorated persons who made contributions to German agriculture, industry, economy, science, and architecture: 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated agronomist
5241:
2491:
2562:
2551:
2539:
291:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2617:
1130:
5049:
5265:
1472:
produce a set number of coins with some mints allocated a greater production than others. Some of the coins with particular mint marks are therefore scarcer than others. With the silver 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins, the mint mark is found under the date on the left side of the coin. On the smaller denomination
Reichspfennig coins, the mint mark is found on the bottom center of the coin.
4977:
1192:
5253:
1118:
1168:
1180:
1156:
2690:
2384:
2151:
1106:
1142:
2678:
2456:. Holed, zinc coins in 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ denominations were struck in 1940 and 1941. Banknotes were issued between 1939 and 1945 in denominations of 50 ℛ︁₰, 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁. These served as legal tender alongside the currency of the occupied countries.
1075:
1067:
2445:
1661:
1653:
1396:
1357:
96:
1051:
1059:
1252:. The quality of the Reichsmark coins decreased more and more towards the end of World War II and misprints happened more frequently. Since the 4 ℛ︁₰ coin was only slightly larger than the 1 ℳ︁ coin and the imperial eagle looked similar, an attempt was made to pass it off as a 1-reichsmark coin by silvering the 4 ℛ︁₰ coin.
2459:
The coins were originally planned in great numbers of 100 million and 250 million each of the 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ coins respectively. The first embossing order, which was issued in April 1940, was about 40 million × 5 ℛ︁₰ and 100 million × 10 ℛ︁₰. The total amount was divided between each of the seven
1471:
Nazi
Germany had a number of mints. Each mint location had its own identifiable letter. It is therefore possible to identify exactly which mint produced what coin by noting the mint mark on the coin. Not all mints were authorized to produce coins every year. The mints were also only authorized to
606:
were created and authorized to issue bonds outside the
Reichsmark in order to finance state projects. Nominally exchangeable at a 1:1 rate for Reichsmarks but then discounted by the Reichsbank this created secret monetary expansion without formally renouncing the gold standard of the Reichsmark.
2630:
from 1942 to 1944. The first issue was denominated in 1 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰ and 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, but was valued at 1 military
Reichspfennig = 10 civilian Reichspfennig. This series was printed on only one side. The second issue notes of 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁,
5377:
2265:
In preparation for the occupation of
Germany, the United States issued occupation banknotes dated 1944, printed by the Forbes Lithograph Printing Company of Boston. These were printed in similar colours with different sizes for groups of denominations. Notes were issued for
990:). Inflation in the final months of the war had reduced the value of the Reichsmark from 2.50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $ 1US to 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $ 1US and a barter economy had emerged due to the rapid depreciation. The Reichsmark was replaced by the
2634:
The 5 Mark note pictured, front and back, is Allied military currency ("AMC") printed at Forbes
Lithograph Manufacturing Company in Boston for occupied Germany. There were different AMCs for each liberated area of Europe.
449:
2262:
100 banknote type. 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ notes were issued in 1942. Throughout this period, the
Rentenbank also issued banknotes denominated in Rentenmark, mostly in RM 1 and RM 2 denominations.
4469:
2631:
5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ were equal in value to the ordinary German
Reichsmark and were printed on both sides.
4925:
2311:, the Soviet authorities printed large runs of occupation marks to fill Soviet coffers with dollars causing inflation and financial instability. An investigation by the
2888:
193:
5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁
2661:
2466:
639:, often set so as to give economic benefits to German soldiers and civilian contractors, who were paid their wages in local currency. The rates were as follows:
4462:
4192:
4118:
1019:
3344:
1 Deutsche Mark = 1 Rentenmark for first 600 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1 Deutsche Mark = 10 Rentenmark thereafter, plus each person received 40 Deutsche Mark
1460:
1129:
1096:
5342:
1453:
1092:
1088:
201:
1 ℛ︁₰, 2 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, 50 ℛ︁₰, 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁
4455:
2478:
870:
5337:
4866:
4323:
2957:
4918:
3179:
3136:
2788:
541:
4846:
3806:
53:
5367:
4771:
4606:
2338:
4858:
2362:
2350:
552:(one trillion in American English and French, one billion in German and other European languages and British English of the time; see
4804:
4744:
3146:
3011:
2431:
2198:
905:
491:
243:
75:
1438:
between 1940 and 1945 during World War II, replacing the aluminium-bronze version, which had a distinct golden colour. It is worth
3057:
5362:
4911:
3245:
1117:
3114:
4684:
1105:
5357:
4942:
4390:
4293:
3124:
2409:
2176:
3827:
3763:
3367:
2315:(Occupation Currency Transactions Hearings before the Committee on Appropriations, Armed Services and Banking and Currency,
1191:
405:
5352:
5166:
2291:
These notes were convertible to US dollars at a rate of 10:1. Seeing an opportunity to procure foreign hard currency, the
2258:
A newer version of 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ note was introduced in 1939, using a design taken from an unissued
Austrian
2668:
1167:
4851:
2550:
2538:
1179:
685:
365:
1155:
4829:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2405:
2172:
1557:
2394:
2161:
46:
40:
1022:, and was executed abruptly on 21 June 1948. Three days later, the new currency also replaced the Reichsmark in the
2620:
Both sides of a "5 Mark" banknote, issued as "Allied Military Currency" for use within the Allied forces in Germany
1495:
3086:
2413:
2398:
2180:
2165:
1610:
1584:
5347:
2983:
922:
57:
4235:
3311:
1 Mark = 7 Rentenmark on the first 70 Rentenmark for private individuals, otherwise 1 Kuponmark = 10 Rentenmark
2585:
2319:, 1947) found that about $ 380,000,000 "more currency than there were appropriations for" had been circulated.
2304:
620:
442:
5372:
5314:
4420:
2859:
2252:
1406:
322:
135:
4987:
3224:
2295:
demanded copies of the engraving plates, ink, and associated equipment in early 1944, and on 14 April 1944
5199:
4997:
4883:
4871:
4841:
2312:
1605:
1579:
983:
632:
5141:
4729:
4566:
3363:
1533:
1141:
409:
5017:
1631:
1552:
5054:
2598:). None were legal tender in Germany itself. From 1942 to 1943 tokens were struck for use within the
2589:
2323:
2296:
1014:; however, the secret plan to introduce the Deutsche Mark in the Trizone was formulated by economist
553:
2599:
4965:
3966:
3916:
3732:
3604:
3558:
3473:
3442:
1226:
1039:
1015:
568:
356:
101:
20:
3200:
2452:
Coins and banknotes for circulation in the occupied territories during the war were issued by the
5224:
4992:
4722:
4365:
4286:
4220:
3533:
3491:
3395:
2841:
2706:
2300:
2259:
2232:
1027:
624:
577:
508:
is an ancient Germanic weight measure, traditionally a half pound, later used for several coins;
2566:
2561:
2231:; 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated engineer, inventor, and industrialist
5174:
5151:
5136:
5131:
5079:
4779:
4551:
4479:
3175:
3142:
3120:
2963:
2833:
2794:
2784:
2244:
1011:
603:
222:
3216:
3192:
5126:
5089:
4878:
4616:
4405:
4400:
4350:
3632:
3287:
2825:
999:
770:
631:, Germany established fixed exchange rates between the Reichsmark and the currencies of the
495:
385:
271:
2911:
2616:
5258:
5219:
4970:
4934:
4784:
4623:
4539:
4307:
4016:
3265:
2883:
2240:
820:
393:
296:
122:
4644:
3817:
3781:
3753:
3353:
3015:
397:
5290:
5252:
5229:
5214:
5194:
5084:
5069:
5042:
4950:
4888:
4809:
4764:
4586:
4579:
4559:
4370:
4360:
4182:
4108:
4062:
3614:
3330:
3208:
3163:
3065:
2682:
2228:
866:
572:, owning industrial and agricultural real estate assets. The Reichsmark was put on the
5378:
Zinc and aluminum coins minted in Germany and occupied territories during World War II
4447:
1244:
5331:
5184:
5032:
4960:
4834:
4817:
4692:
4658:
4638:
4596:
4574:
4544:
4355:
4345:
4279:
3962:
3891:
3870:
3845:
3707:
3171:
2845:
2307:
authorized the air transfer of these to the USSR. Using a printing plant in occupied
1514:
1223:
1007:
991:
799:
702:
656:
593:
573:
490:
and then all of Germany after the 1990 reunification. The Reichsmark was used in the
483:
455:
401:
369:
361:
265:
5240:
5209:
5179:
5156:
5064:
5048:
5022:
4737:
4677:
4410:
4395:
4271:
4256:
4246:
4210:
4146:
4136:
4072:
4037:
4001:
3991:
3926:
3855:
3791:
3717:
3689:
3679:
3642:
3568:
3427:
3417:
3399:
3385:
3334:
3141:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications.
3036:
2694:
2292:
2243:; 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1935 commemorated chemist and "father of fertilizer industry"
1435:
1280:
1002:
in the Soviet Occupation Zone (colloquially also "Ostmark", since 1968 officially "
975:
951:
849:
753:
736:
719:
628:
521:
487:
475:
471:
413:
389:
381:
377:
373:
338:
309:
1229:
to reduce prices through use of 4 ℛ︁₰ pieces instead of 5 ℛ︁₰ coins. Known as the
518:
in English) comes from the official name for the German state from 1871 to 1945,
5114:
5007:
4982:
4436:
3657:
3583:
3320:
3301:
2644:
2383:
2316:
2150:
1369:
1023:
636:
581:
505:
422:
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
2813:
5280:
5119:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5074:
5037:
4752:
4717:
4385:
4375:
4173:
4099:
4028:
3953:
3941:
3882:
3744:
3670:
3595:
3524:
3454:
3278:
3236:
2829:
2650:
2276:ℳ︁, 1 ℳ︁, 5 ℳ︁, 10 ℳ︁, 20 ℳ︁, 50 ℳ︁, 100 ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℳ︁. The issuer was the
2212:
1035:
597:
562:
549:
536:
344:
2837:
2798:
5275:
5270:
5012:
5002:
4955:
4415:
3500:
3463:
3255:
2626:
1615:
1589:
1457:
1074:
1031:
987:
978:, the Reichsmark continued to circulate in Germany, but with new banknotes (
616:
4976:
3090:
2571:
1135:
Prewar 10 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Struck in the same aluminium-bronze as the 5 ℛ︁₰.
1066:
994:
at a rate of 10:1 (1:1 for cash and current accounts) in June 1948 in the
5264:
5246:
5146:
5059:
4789:
4759:
4302:
4161:
4087:
3225:
Historical Currency Conversion Tables, Reichsmarks to Dollars, 1870s–2012
2753:
1410:
1375:
1026:. In November 1945, the Reichsmark was superseded by the Second Austrian
534:
The Reichsmark was introduced in 1924 as a permanent replacement for the
467:
2728:"Reichspfennig – Schreibung, Definition, Bedeutung, Synonyme, Beispiele"
2444:
1660:
1652:
1395:
1356:
95:
5298:
5189:
5027:
4822:
4796:
4340:
3297:
2727:
2656:
2611:
2308:
2248:
2236:
2216:
1634:
1563:
1452:, the 10 ℛ︁₰ is an emergency issue type, similar to the zinc 1 ℛ︁₰ and
1050:
979:
260:
179:
163:
544:
which had reached its peak in 1923. The exchange rate between the old
4710:
4672:
4665:
4630:
2778:
2594:
2584:
Various special issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use in
2220:
1536:
1517:
1498:
995:
479:
236:
1058:
4903:
1054:
5 Reichsmark coins without (1936) and with (1938) the Nazi swastika
3254:
1 Rentenmark = 1,000,000,000,000 Papiermark, and 4.2 Rentenmark =
2615:
2560:
2443:
2224:
1659:
1651:
2624:
Special issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use by the
1241:('poor Heinrich'), they were demonetized the following year. See
5204:
4697:
1449:
1335:
4907:
4451:
4275:
2377:
2144:
556:). To stabilize the economy and to smooth the transition, the
482:, until 20 June 1948. The Reichsmark was then replaced by the
25:
1222:
coins were issued in 1932 as part of a failed attempt by the
2940:
150 Jahre Sparkasse Vest Recklinghausen. Gut für die Region.
2288:('in legal circulation in Germany') printed on the obverse.
2247:; 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1936 commemorated
2780:
Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen im Dritten Reich von 1933-1936
2653:
Financial instrument used to finance Nazi German rearmament
3329:
intended to protect West Germany from the second wave of
2235:; 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1933 commemorated
560:
was not directly replaced by the Reichsmark, but by the
2953:
Hauptprobleme der deutschen Wirtschaftspolitik 1932/33.
2754:"MIWI Institute – 150 years of German monetary history"
2211:
The first Reichsmark banknotes were introduced by the
548:
and the Reichsmark was 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = 10
480:
American, British and French occupied zones of Germany
2986:, 4. Jg., Nr. 7 (1. April 1932), S. 49
2936:
Die Geschichte der Münzen in Westfalen von 1855–2005.
2666:
2976:
Ausgabe neuer Reichskupfermünzen zu 4 Reichspfennig.
1006:"). The 1948 currency reform under the direction of
5307:
5289:
5165:
4941:
4429:
4333:
4316:
1402:
1388:
1363:
1349:
1341:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1287:
1087:In 1924, coins were introduced in denominations of
355:
350:
336:
331:
281:
253:
228:
218:
210:
205:
197:
189:
176:
169:
148:
141:
134:
121:
113:
108:
3037:"10 Reichspfennig - Germany - 1871-1948 - Numista"
2912:"worldcoingallery.com/countries/Germany_all3.html"
1111:Prewar bronze 1 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Made of pure bronze
3168:Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World
494:until 23 June 1948, where it was replaced by the
19:"ℛℳ" redirects here. For other uses of "RM", see
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2814:"Banking in National Socialist Germany, 1933–39"
2662:Pictorial list of postage stamps in Nazi Germany
1123:Prewar 5 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Made of aluminium-bronze
623:by Germany in 1938, the Reichsmark replaced the
2892:(in French) (1947–268): 11294. 15 November 1947
2580:Concentration camp and POW Reichsmark currency
2472:Currency of the occupied countries (1940 10 J)
4919:
4463:
4287:
3112:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).
2942:Sparkasse Vest Recklinghausen, Recklinghausen
2484:Currency of the occupied countries (1940 5 B)
8:
2327:
2283:
2277:
1428:
1367:
1265:
1257:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1216:
1204:
519:
509:
499:
431:
88:
2938:In: Sparkasse Vest Recklinghausen (Hrsg.):
2889:Journal Officiel de la République Française
2412:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2179:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4926:
4912:
4904:
4470:
4456:
4448:
4326:(konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка)
4294:
4280:
4272:
1413:below the denomination and between leaves.
1264:
2432:Learn how and when to remove this message
2199:Learn how and when to remove this message
1448:or .10 of a Reichsmark. Made entirely of
498:. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100
100:2 ℛ︁ℳ︁—coin depicting
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
4488:
3229:
2448:2 Reichsmark of the occupied territories
2099:
2021:
1931:
1843:
1755:
1667:
1664:Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, reverse)
1656:Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, obverse)
1474:
1197:Aluminum 50 Reichspfennig coin (reverse)
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
641:
39:This article includes a list of general
4867:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
4324:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
2719:
2673:
2647:1932 German government promissory notes
2462:
2334:
1185:Wartime zinc 10 Reichspfennig (reverse)
1151:
1101:
3119:(18th ed.). Krause Publications.
2962:1967, 15. Jahrgang, Heft 1, S. 18–55 (
1173:Wartime zinc 5 Reichspfennig (reverse)
1161:Wartime zinc 1 Reichspfennig (reverse)
1078:Aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coin (obverse)
87:
4865:
4816:
4696:
4651:
4242:
4232:
4206:
4178:
4158:
4132:
4104:
4084:
4058:
4033:
4013:
3987:
3958:
3938:
3912:
3887:
3867:
3841:
3813:
3803:
3777:
3749:
3729:
3703:
3675:
3654:
3628:
3600:
3580:
3554:
3529:
3512:
3487:
3459:
3439:
3413:
3381:
3349:
3316:
3283:
3260:
3232:
3137:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money
2556:50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
2544:20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
2282:('Allied military authorities') with
1062:Prewar bronze Reichspfennig (obverse)
651:Value per 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁
441:
7:
4847:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3807:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
2984:Berliner Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft
2958:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
2532:5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
2520:2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
2508:1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
2410:adding citations to reliable sources
2177:adding citations to reliable sources
1070:Wartime zinc Reichspfennig (obverse)
584:worth 4.20 ℛ︁ℳ︁.
566:, an interim currency backed by the
4773:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
2884:"Law 1947-2158 of 15 November 1947"
1010:is considered the beginning of the
576:at the rate previously used by the
4860:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2860:"The Deutsche Mark and its Legacy"
2812:Kopper, Christopher (April 1998).
998:and later in the same year by the
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5343:1948 disestablishments in Germany
4805:Independent State of Croatia kuna
2215:and state banks such as those of
986:, as well as with coins (without
492:Soviet occupation zone of Germany
244:Soviet occupation zone of Germany
5263:
5251:
5239:
5047:
4975:
3333:and stop the rampant barter and
2700:
2688:
2676:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2382:
2368:20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1929
2361:
2356:10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1929
2349:
2344:20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1924
2337:
2285:In Umlauf gesetzt in Deutschland
2149:
1394:
1355:
1273:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
588:Expansion outside the Reichsmark
540:. This was necessary due to the
315:
302:
289:
94:
30:
3115:Standard Catalog of World Coins
1024:three Western sectors of Berlin
982:) printed in the US and in the
602:During this period a number of
5338:1924 establishments in Germany
4391:German South West African Mark
3296:reaction to the changeover in
3089:. Strictly G.I. Archived from
3012:"Nazi Germany Coin Mint Marks"
2565:Prisoner of war camp issue of
1:
2326:issued 5₰ and 10₰ notes with
1012:West German economic recovery
4853:Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
4686:Kosovo and Western Macedonia
2606:Military Reichsmark currency
1463:coins from the same period.
958:
941:
929:
912:
878:
856:
839:
827:
814:
806:
789:
777:
760:
743:
726:
709:
692:
675:
663:
486:, to become the currency of
474:from 1924 until the fall of
366:Bohemian and Moravian koruna
4830:Republic of Serbian Krajina
3975:restoration of independence
3549:1:1 for first 150 Schilling
3542:restoration of independence
3058:"Lodz Ghetto Token Coinage"
2752:Kofner, Yuri (2023-01-03).
955:
938:
926:
909:
875:
853:
836:
824:
811:
803:
786:
774:
757:
740:
723:
706:
689:
672:
660:
5394:
5368:Modern obsolete currencies
3087:"Allied Military Currency"
2609:
1292:
1034:, later replaced with the
591:
18:
16:Former currency of Germany
4887:
4870:
4850:
4840:
4833:
4821:
4803:
4795:
4783:
4763:
4758:
4716:
4706:
4703:
4691:
4657:
4654:
4629:
4615:
4578:
4558:
4543:
4538:
4491:
4486:
3900:re-integration to Belgium
2830:10.1017/s0968565000001414
2111:
2108:
2105:
2033:
2030:
2027:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1393:
1354:
1270:
1030:in Austria. In 1947, the
921:
819:
798:
769:
686:Bohemia and Moravia crown
655:
420:
406:Slovak koruna (1939–1945)
93:
4046:re-integration to France
3300:(later West Germany and
2818:Financial History Review
2777:Bastisch, Andre (2007).
2305:U.S. Treasury Department
2279:Alliierte Militärbehörde
1038:, was introduced in the
621:Federal State of Austria
5363:Economy of Nazi Germany
5167:Obsolete and historical
4421:South West African mark
2734:(in German). 2023-02-14
2253:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
1595:Capital of Württemberg
1147:Prewar 10 ℛ︁₰ (obverse)
980:Allied Occupation Marks
323:Allied-occupied Germany
60:more precise citations.
4884:Republika Srpska dinar
4872:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4842:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3509:1 Mark = 1.5 Schilling
2621:
2576:
2449:
2328:
2313:United States Congress
2284:
2278:
2239:politician and banker
1665:
1657:
1429:
1368:
1258:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1217:
1205:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1020:US military government
542:1920s German inflation
520:
510:
500:
432:
5358:Currencies of Germany
4731:Kingdom of Montenegro
4568:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
4160:Currency of southern
4086:Currency of northern
3501:annexation to Germany
3364:Recovered Territories
3134:Pick, Albert (1994).
2619:
2564:
2447:
2374:Occupation Reichsmark
1663:
1655:
1534:Bavarian Central Mint
1099:, and 1 ℳ︁ and 3 ℳ︁.
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
443:[ˈʁaɪçsˌmaʁk]
410:Ukrainian karbovanets
5353:Currencies of Europe
3726:1 Mark = 1.43 Gulden
2406:improve this section
2324:Rhineland-Palatinate
2173:improve this section
1409:and two oak leaves.
1384:Deutsches Reich 1940
554:long and short scale
478:in 1945, and in the
211:Date of introduction
5308:Generic placeholder
4746:Occupied Montenegro
3967:Luxembourgish franc
3917:Luxembourgish franc
3907:1 Mark = 12.5 franc
3864:1 Mark = 12.5 franc
3733:Free City of Danzig
3605:Czechoslovak koruna
3559:Czechoslovak koruna
3514:Currency of Austria
3394:Transfer of modern
3262:Currency of Germany
2102:
2024:
1934:
1846:
1758:
1670:
1542:Capital of Bavaria
1523:Capital of Austria
1504:Capital of Germany
1434:coin was minted by
1267:
1016:Edward A. Tenenbaum
569:Deutsche Rentenbank
102:Paul von Hindenburg
90:
21:RM (disambiguation)
4724:Montenegrin perper
4478:Currencies of the
4255:re-integration to
4240:1941 – 1945
4191:re-integration to
4117:re-integration to
4081:1 Mark = 20 dinars
3826:re-integration to
3811:1939 – 1945
3688:re-integration to
3651:1 Mark = 2.5 litas
3613:re-integration to
3534:Austrian schilling
3492:Austrian schilling
3396:Kaliningrad Oblast
2916:World Coin Gallery
2622:
2577:
2454:Reichskreditkassen
2450:
2301:Harry Dexter White
2233:Werner von Siemens
2100:
2022:
1932:
1844:
1756:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1569:Capital of Saxony
1419:10 Reichspfennig J
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
625:Austrian schilling
504:(Rpf or ℛ︁₰). The
229:Date of withdrawal
128:ℛ︁ℳ︁
5325:
5324:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4890:FR Yugoslav dinar
4780:German Reichsmark
4553:Kingdom of Serbia
4480:former Yugoslavia
4445:
4444:
4430:As a denomination
4386:German Rentenmark
4381:German Reichsmark
4376:German Papiermark
4270:
4269:
4266:
4259:
4230:
4223:
4202:
4195:
4176:
4172:In parallel with
4166:1943 – 1945
4156:
4149:
4128:
4121:
4102:
4098:In parallel with
4092:1941 – 1945
4082:
4075:
4054:
4047:
4031:
4027:In parallel with
4021:1940 – 1945
4011:
4004:
3983:
3976:
3956:
3952:In parallel with
3946:1940 – 1945
3936:
3935:1 Mark = 10 Franc
3929:
3908:
3901:
3885:
3881:In parallel with
3875:1940 – 1945
3865:
3858:
3837:
3830:
3801:
3794:
3773:
3766:
3747:
3743:In parallel with
3737:1939 – 1945
3727:
3720:
3699:
3692:
3673:
3669:In parallel with
3663:1939 – 1945
3652:
3645:
3624:
3617:
3598:
3594:In parallel with
3588:1938 – 1945
3578:
3571:
3550:
3543:
3527:
3523:In parallel with
3517:1938 – 1945
3510:
3503:
3483:
3476:
3457:
3453:In parallel with
3447:1935 – 1947
3437:
3430:
3409:
3402:
3377:
3370:
3362:Transfer of the "
3345:
3338:
3312:
3305:
3281:
3277:In parallel with
3271:1924 – 1948
3258:
3248:
3217:Third Reich coins
3201:Third Reich coins
3180:978-1-59420-182-0
3093:on 6 January 2009
2934:Matthias Kordes:
2790:978-3-638-68655-6
2496:50 ℛ︁₰, 1938–1945
2442:
2441:
2434:
2245:Justus von Liebig
2209:
2208:
2201:
2138:
2137:
2098:
2097:
2020:
2019:
1930:
1929:
1842:
1841:
1754:
1753:
1645:
1644:
1621:Capital of Baden
1553:Muldenhütten Mint
1423:
1422:
967:
966:
427:
426:
223:German Rentenmark
86:
85:
78:
5385:
5348:Coins of Germany
5317:
5267:
5255:
5243:
5122:
5051:
4979:
4935:Currency symbols
4928:
4921:
4914:
4905:
4891:
4879:Republika Srpska
4861:
4854:
4774:
4767:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4725:
4700:
4687:
4680:
4661:
4647:
4641:
4619:
4618:Macedonian denar
4613:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4569:
4562:
4554:
4547:
4489:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4449:
4406:New Guinean mark
4401:Lodz Ghetto mark
4351:East German mark
4296:
4289:
4282:
4273:
4261:
4251:
4225:
4215:
4197:
4187:
4168:
4151:
4141:
4123:
4113:
4094:
4077:
4067:
4049:
4042:
4023:
4006:
3996:
3978:
3971:
3948:
3931:
3921:
3903:
3896:
3877:
3860:
3850:
3832:
3822:
3800:1 Mark = 2 złote
3796:
3786:
3768:
3758:
3739:
3731:Currency of the
3722:
3712:
3694:
3684:
3665:
3647:
3637:
3633:Lithuanian litas
3619:
3609:
3590:
3573:
3563:
3545:
3538:
3519:
3505:
3496:
3478:
3472:creation of the
3468:
3449:
3432:
3422:
3404:
3390:
3372:
3358:
3340:
3325:
3307:
3292:
3288:East German Mark
3273:
3250:
3241:
3230:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3152:
3139:: General Issues
3130:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3064:. Archived from
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3014:. Archived from
3008:
2987:
2973:
2967:
2951:Dieter Petzina:
2949:
2943:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2724:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2575:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2386:
2378:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2331:
2297:Henry Morgenthau
2287:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2153:
2145:
2103:
2025:
1935:
1847:
1759:
1671:
1614:
1588:
1561:
1475:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1398:
1373:
1359:
1342:Years of minting
1279:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1266:10 Reichspfennig
1261:
1251:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1227:Heinrich Brüning
1220:
1208:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1000:East German mark
976:Second World War
962:
945:
933:
916:
899:
898:
894:
891:
886:
882:
860:
843:
831:
793:
781:
771:Luxembourg franc
764:
747:
730:
713:
696:
679:
667:
642:
637:allied countries
629:Second World War
525:
513:
503:
496:East German mark
462:; abbreviation:
453:
452:
451:
445:
440:
435:
416:as similar rates
386:Luxembourg franc
341:
321:
319:
318:
308:
306:
305:
295:
293:
292:
272:East German mark
182:
160:
159:
158:
154:
129:
98:
91:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5303:
5285:
5161:
5120:
4937:
4932:
4902:
4897:
4889:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4785:Slovenian tolar
4772:
4769:
4765:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4698:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4659:
4646:Occupied Serbia
4645:
4639:
4624:North Macedonia
4617:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4540:North Macedonia
4482:
4476:
4446:
4441:
4425:
4329:
4312:
4300:
4260:
4250:
4244:
4239:
4224:
4214:
4208:
4196:
4186:
4180:
4167:
4165:
4150:
4140:
4134:
4122:
4112:
4106:
4093:
4091:
4076:
4066:
4060:
4048:
4041:
4035:
4022:
4020:
4017:Alsace-Lorraine
4005:
3995:
3989:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3947:
3945:
3930:
3920:
3914:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3876:
3874:
3859:
3849:
3843:
3831:
3821:
3815:
3810:
3795:
3785:
3779:
3767:
3757:
3751:
3738:
3736:
3721:
3711:
3705:
3693:
3683:
3677:
3664:
3662:
3646:
3636:
3630:
3618:
3608:
3602:
3589:
3587:
3572:
3562:
3556:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3518:
3516:
3504:
3495:
3489:
3477:
3467:
3461:
3448:
3446:
3431:
3421:
3415:
3403:
3389:
3383:
3371:
3357:
3351:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3272:
3270:
3266:Weimar Republic
3263:
3249:
3240:
3234:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3164:Ahamed, Liaquat
3160:
3158:Further reading
3155:
3149:
3133:
3127:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2990:
2974:
2970:
2950:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2791:
2783:. GRIN Verlag.
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2641:
2614:
2608:
2590:prisoner of war
2582:
2569:
2557:
2554:
2545:
2542:
2533:
2530:
2521:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2497:
2494:
2485:
2482:
2473:
2470:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2403:
2387:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2357:
2354:
2345:
2342:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2241:David Hansemann
2205:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2170:
2154:
2143:
1650:
1608:
1582:
1555:
1469:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1418:
1414:
1383:
1379:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1249:
1210:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1085:
1048:
972:
960:
943:
931:
914:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
880:
871:Channel Islands
858:
841:
829:
821:Norwegian crown
791:
779:
762:
745:
728:
711:
694:
677:
665:
613:
604:shell companies
600:
592:Main articles:
590:
532:
522:Deutsches Reich
448:
447:
446:
438:
394:Norwegian krone
337:
327:
316:
314:
303:
301:
297:Weimar Republic
290:
288:
277:
249:
242:June 23, 1948 (
235:June 20, 1948 (
177:
156:
152:
151:
149:
127:
104:
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5391:
5389:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5373:Ten-cent coins
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5291:Cryptocurrency
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4810:Croatian dinar
4807:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4766:Yugoslav krone
4762:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4735:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4636:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4614:
4588:SFR Yugoslavia
4581:Yugoslav dinar
4577:
4572:
4561:Yugoslav dinar
4557:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:German ostmark
4368:
4363:
4361:Finnish markka
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4267:
4241:
4231:
4219:annexation to
4204:
4203:
4183:Yugoslav dinar
4177:
4157:
4145:annexation to
4130:
4129:
4109:Yugoslav dinar
4103:
4083:
4071:annexation to
4063:Yugoslav dinar
4056:
4055:
4032:
4012:
4000:annexation to
3985:
3984:
3957:
3937:
3925:annexation to
3910:
3909:
3886:
3866:
3854:annexation to
3839:
3838:
3812:
3802:
3790:annexation to
3775:
3774:
3762:annexation to
3748:
3728:
3716:annexation to
3701:
3700:
3674:
3653:
3641:annexation to
3626:
3625:
3615:Czechoslovakia
3599:
3579:
3567:annexation to
3552:
3551:
3528:
3511:
3485:
3484:
3458:
3438:
3426:annexation to
3411:
3410:
3379:
3378:
3347:
3346:
3331:hyperinflation
3314:
3313:
3282:
3259:
3246:hyperinflation
3228:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3188:
3187:External links
3185:
3184:
3183:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3131:
3125:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3078:
3049:
3028:
2988:
2968:
2944:
2927:
2903:
2875:
2851:
2804:
2789:
2769:
2758:MIWI Institute
2744:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2637:
2610:Main article:
2607:
2604:
2581:
2578:
2559:
2558:
2555:
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2534:
2531:
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2500:
2498:
2495:
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2476:
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2440:
2439:
2390:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2336:
2229:Albrecht Thaer
2207:
2206:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1840:
1839:
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1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1824:
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1800:
1799:
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1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1752:
1751:
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1746:
1742:
1741:
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1736:
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1731:
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1726:
1722:
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1570:
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1550:
1546:
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1540:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:Mint location
1479:
1468:
1465:
1421:
1420:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1271:
1262:
1254:
1238:Armer Heinrich
1209:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1095:, 10 ℛ︁₰, and
1084:
1081:
1047:
1044:
971:
968:
965:
964:
957:
954:
948:
947:
940:
939:1 October 1940
936:
935:
928:
925:
919:
918:
911:
908:
902:
901:
877:
874:
863:
862:
855:
852:
846:
845:
838:
834:
833:
826:
823:
817:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
802:
796:
795:
788:
784:
783:
776:
773:
767:
766:
759:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
733:
732:
725:
722:
716:
715:
708:
705:
699:
698:
691:
688:
682:
681:
674:
670:
669:
662:
659:
653:
652:
649:
646:
612:
609:
589:
586:
531:
528:
425:
424:
418:
417:
359:
353:
352:
348:
347:
342:
334:
333:
329:
328:
326:
325:
312:
299:
285:
283:
279:
278:
276:
275:
274:(East Germany)
269:
268:(West Germany)
263:
257:
255:
251:
250:
248:
247:
240:
232:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
183:
174:
173:
171:
167:
166:
161:
146:
145:
143:
139:
138:
132:
131:
125:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
99:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5390:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4922:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4892:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4835:Krajina dinar
4831:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4819:
4818:Croatian kuna
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4741:
4736:
4733:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4701:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4660:Serbian dinar
4648:
4642:
4640:Serbian dinar
4637:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4610:
4600:
4598:FR Yugoslavia
4590:
4583:
4576:
4575:Bulgarian lev
4573:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4548:
4546:Serbian dinar
4541:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:Estonian mark
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Deutsche Mark
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4243:Succeeded by:
4238:
4237:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4179:Succeeded by:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4163:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4105:Succeeded by:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4034:Succeeded by:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4018:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:Belgian franc
3959:Succeeded by:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3892:Belgian franc
3888:Succeeded by:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3872:
3871:Eupen-Malmedy
3863:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:Belgian franc
3840:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3814:Succeeded by:
3809:
3808:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3750:Succeeded by:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:Danzig gulden
3702:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3676:Succeeded by:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3601:Succeeded by:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3530:Succeeded by:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3460:Succeeded by:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3382:Succeeded by:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3350:Succeeded by:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:Deutsche Mark
3317:Succeeded by:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3284:Succeeded by:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:Penguin Books
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3148:0-87341-207-9
3144:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3068:on 2018-03-01
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3018:on 2017-12-11
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2592:(POW) camps (
2591:
2587:
2586:concentration
2579:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2436:
2433:
2425:
2422:November 2016
2415:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2391:This section
2389:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2203:
2200:
2192:
2189:November 2016
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2158:This section
2156:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:Austrian Mint
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1461:50 ℛ︁₰
1459:
1455:
1451:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:Reichspfennig
1417:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:Reichspfennig
1290:
1286:
1282:
1269:
1260:
1259:Reichspfennig
1255:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1224:Reichskanzler
1221:
1219:
1218:Reichspfennig
1214:
1207:
1206:Reichspfennig
1202:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:Denominations
1082:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Ludwig Erhard
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:Deutsche Mark
989:
985:
981:
977:
969:
953:
950:
949:
937:
924:
920:
907:
906:Croatian kuna
904:
903:
872:
868:
865:
864:
851:
848:
847:
835:
822:
818:
810:
801:
800:Dutch guilder
797:
785:
772:
768:
755:
752:
751:
738:
735:
734:
721:
718:
717:
704:
703:Bulgarian lev
701:
700:
687:
684:
683:
671:
658:
657:Belgian franc
654:
650:
647:
644:
643:
640:
638:
634:
630:
627:. During the
626:
622:
618:
610:
608:
605:
599:
595:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
574:gold standard
571:
570:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:
529:
527:
524:
523:
517:
512:
507:
502:
501:Reichspfennig
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Deutsche Mark
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
444:
436:
434:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Serbian dinar
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Bulgarian lev
367:
363:
362:Belgian franc
360:
358:
354:
349:
346:
343:
340:
335:
330:
324:
313:
311:
300:
298:
287:
286:
284:
280:
273:
270:
267:
266:Deutsche Mark
264:
262:
259:
258:
256:
252:
245:
241:
238:
234:
233:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:Reichspfennig
184:
181:
180:Reichspfennig
175:
172:
168:
165:
164:Reichspfennig
162:
147:
144:
140:
137:
136:Denominations
133:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
103:
97:
92:
80:
77:
69:
66:February 2017
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
5234:
4739:Italian lira
4679:Albanian lek
4411:Polish marka
4396:Hamburg mark
4380:
4306:
4262:
4257:Soviet Union
4252:
4247:Soviet ruble
4245:
4236:Transnistria
4234:Currency of
4233:
4226:
4216:
4211:Soviet ruble
4209:
4207:Preceded by:
4198:
4188:
4181:
4169:
4159:
4152:
4142:
4137:Italian lira
4135:
4133:Preceded by:
4124:
4114:
4107:
4095:
4085:
4078:
4068:
4061:
4059:Preceded by:
4050:
4043:
4038:French franc
4036:
4024:
4015:Currency of
4014:
4007:
3997:
3992:French franc
3990:
3988:Preceded by:
3979:
3972:
3961:
3949:
3940:Currency of
3939:
3932:
3922:
3915:
3913:Preceded by:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3878:
3869:Currency of
3868:
3861:
3851:
3844:
3842:Preceded by:
3833:
3823:
3818:Polish złoty
3816:
3805:Currency of
3804:
3797:
3787:
3782:Polish złoty
3780:
3778:Preceded by:
3769:
3759:
3754:Polish złoty
3752:
3740:
3730:
3723:
3713:
3706:
3704:Preceded by:
3695:
3690:Soviet Union
3685:
3680:Soviet ruble
3678:
3666:
3656:Currency of
3655:
3648:
3638:
3631:
3629:Preceded by:
3620:
3610:
3603:
3591:
3582:Currency of
3581:
3574:
3564:
3557:
3555:Preceded by:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3490:
3488:Preceded by:
3479:
3474:protectorate
3469:
3462:
3450:
3441:Currency of
3440:
3433:
3423:
3418:French franc
3416:
3414:Preceded by:
3405:
3400:Soviet Union
3391:
3386:Soviet ruble
3384:
3373:
3359:
3354:Polish złoty
3352:
3341:
3335:black market
3326:
3319:
3308:
3293:
3286:
3274:
3261:
3251:
3242:
3235:
3233:Preceded by:
3220:(in Russian)
3212:(in Russian)
3209:Weimar coins
3204:(in English)
3196:(in English)
3193:Weimar coins
3167:
3135:
3113:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:the original
3081:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:the original
3062:www.pcgs.com
3061:
3052:
3041:. Retrieved
3031:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:the original
2979:
2975:
2971:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2919:. Retrieved
2915:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2887:
2878:
2867:. Retrieved
2863:
2854:
2824:(1): 49–62.
2821:
2817:
2807:
2779:
2772:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:
2747:
2736:. Retrieved
2731:
2722:
2633:
2625:
2623:
2593:
2583:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2428:
2419:
2404:Please help
2392:
2321:
2293:Soviet Union
2290:
2264:
2257:
2210:
2195:
2186:
2171:Please help
2159:
1952:157,357,000
1864:184,545,000
1776:240,284,000
1688:212,948,000
1470:
1454:5 ℛ︁₰
1436:Nazi Germany
1426:
1424:
1415:
1407:Denomination
1380:
1281:Nazi Germany
1245:Brüningtaler
1232:Brüningtaler
1215:
1212:
1211:
1089:1 ℛ︁₰
1086:
1004:Mark der DDR
1003:
973:
952:Finnish mark
923:Slovak crown
850:Polish zloty
812:17 July 1940
754:Italian lira
737:French franc
720:Danish crown
614:
611:World War II
601:
567:
561:
557:
545:
535:
533:
515:
488:West Germany
476:Nazi Germany
463:
459:
430:
428:
421:
414:World War II
398:Polish złoty
390:Dutch gulden
382:Italian lira
378:French franc
374:Danish krone
339:Central bank
310:Nazi Germany
206:Demographics
72:
63:
44:
4943:Circulating
4693:German mark
4366:German mark
4317:Circulating
3584:Sudetenland
3302:West Berlin
3117:: 1801–1991
2707:Numismatics
2600:Łódź Ghetto
2570: [
2317:U.S. Senate
2092:13,023,000
2082:19,639,000
2072:29,963,000
2062:30,369,000
2052:40,781,000
2042:84,164,000
1992:24,804,000
1982:10,445,000
1972:17,304,000
1962:11,940,000
1924:29,957,000
1914:20,295,000
1904:32,690,000
1894:18,334,000
1884:40,852,000
1874:16,329,000
1836:30,525,000
1826:28,765,000
1816:42,834,000
1806:36,548,000
1796:77,560,000
1786:70,747,000
1748:41,678,000
1738:27,308,000
1728:27,603,000
1718:34,350,000
1708:45,434,000
1698:76,274,000
1609: [
1583: [
1556: [
1487:References
1370:Reichsadler
1331:Composition
1318:1.5 mm
1302:3.52 g
1250:(in German)
984:Soviet Zone
804:10 May 1940
582:U.S. dollar
580:, with the
578:German mark
254:Replaced by
58:introducing
5332:Categories
4753:Montenegro
4718:Montenegro
4534:territory
4437:Merk Scots
4311:or similar
4303:Currencies
4193:Yugoslavia
4174:Rentenmark
4119:Yugoslavia
4100:Rentenmark
4029:Rentenmark
3954:Rentenmark
3942:Luxembourg
3883:Rentenmark
3745:Rentenmark
3671:Rentenmark
3596:Rentenmark
3525:Rentenmark
3455:Rentenmark
3279:Rentenmark
3237:Rentenmark
3126:0873411501
3072:2018-03-01
3043:2013-01-16
3022:2013-01-16
2921:2024-06-23
2896:21 October
2869:2024-06-23
2763:2024-06-23
2738:2024-06-23
2714:References
2645:Öffa bills
2329:Geldschein
2251:architect
2213:Reichsbank
2131:4,897,000
2120:7,112,000
2013:1,821,000
2002:3,618,000
1637:, Germany
1618:, Germany
1606:State Mint
1592:, Germany
1580:State Mint
1566:, Germany
1539:, Germany
1520:, Austria
1501:, Germany
1496:State Mint
1478:Mint mark
1467:Mint marks
1456:, and the
1416:Lettering:
1381:Lettering:
1310:21 mm
1036:Saar franc
974:After the
910:April 1941
690:April 1939
617:annexation
598:Mefo bills
594:Öffa bills
563:Rentenmark
558:Papiermark
546:Papiermark
537:Papiermark
466:) was the
433:Reichsmark
345:Reichsbank
117:Reichsmark
89:Reichsmark
41:references
4612:1999-2003
4602:1992-1999
4592:1944-1992
4492:territory
4416:Saar mark
3464:Saar mark
3039:. Numista
2980:Die Fahrt
2864:ThoughtCo
2846:154770245
2838:0968-5650
2799:724193260
2627:Wehrmacht
2567:Lagergeld
2393:does not
2332:on them.
2160:does not
2141:Banknotes
1616:Karlsruhe
1590:Stuttgart
1458:aluminium
1425:The zinc
1345:1940–1945
1315:Thickness
1091:, 2 ℛ︁₰,
1032:Saar mark
1028:schilling
988:swastikas
787:July 1940
673:July 1940
615:With the
550:ℳ︁
357:Pegged by
351:Valuation
190:Banknotes
4790:Slovenia
4760:Slovenia
4162:Slovenia
4088:Slovenia
3658:Klaipėda
3443:Saarland
3268:borders)
3166:(2009).
3097:18 March
2982:, hrsg:
2639:See also
2322:In 1947
2249:Prussian
2237:Prussian
2109:Mintage
2031:Mintage
1941:Mintage
1853:Mintage
1765:Mintage
1677:Mintage
1411:Mintmark
1376:swastika
1307:Diameter
970:Post-war
867:Sterling
775:May 1940
741:May 1940
661:May 1940
648:Date set
645:Currency
633:occupied
468:currency
332:Issuance
219:Replaced
4823:Croatia
4797:Croatia
4341:AM-Mark
4334:Defunct
4265: ?
4253:Reason:
4229: ?
4221:Romania
4217:Reason:
4201: ?
4189:Reason:
4155: ?
4147:Germany
4143:Reason:
4127: ?
4115:Reason:
4073:Germany
4069:Reason:
4053: ?
4044:Reason:
4010: ?
4002:Germany
3998:Reason:
3982: ?
3973:Reason:
3927:Germany
3923:Reason:
3898:Reason:
3856:Germany
3852:Reason:
3836: ?
3824:Reason:
3792:Germany
3788:Reason:
3772: ?
3760:Reason:
3718:Germany
3714:Reason:
3698: ?
3686:Reason:
3660:(Memel)
3643:Germany
3639:Reason:
3623: ?
3611:Reason:
3577: ?
3569:Germany
3565:Reason:
3540:Reason:
3498:Reason:
3482: ?
3470:Reason:
3436: ?
3428:Germany
3424:Reason:
3392:Reason:
3360:Reason:
3327:Reason:
3298:Trizone
3294:Reason:
3243:Reason:
2683:Germany
2669:Portals
2657:AM-Mark
2612:AM-Mark
2414:removed
2399:sources
2309:Leipzig
2303:of the
2271:⁄
2217:Bavaria
2181:removed
2166:sources
2128:1945 E
2117:1945 A
2089:1944 G
2079:1944 F
2069:1944 E
2059:1944 D
2049:1944 B
2039:1944 A
2010:1943 J
1999:1943 G
1989:1943 F
1979:1943 E
1969:1943 D
1959:1943 B
1949:1943 A
1921:1942 J
1911:1942 G
1901:1942 F
1891:1942 E
1881:1942 D
1871:1942 B
1861:1942 A
1833:1941 J
1823:1941 G
1813:1941 F
1803:1941 E
1793:1941 D
1783:1941 B
1773:1941 A
1745:1940 J
1735:1940 G
1725:1940 F
1715:1940 E
1705:1940 D
1695:1940 B
1685:1940 A
1648:Mintage
1635:Hamburg
1632:Mint of
1564:Dresden
1443:⁄
1389:Reverse
1350:Obverse
1018:of the
996:Trizone
963:197.44
946:116.20
895:⁄
714:333.33
619:of the
530:History
472:Germany
439:German:
282:User(s)
261:AM-Mark
237:Trizone
178:
155:⁄
150:
142:Subunit
130:
54:improve
4814:
4801:
4711:Kosovo
4707:
4704:
4673:Kosovo
4666:Serbia
4655:
4652:
4635:
4631:Serbia
4608:Serbia
4305:named
4263:Ratio:
4227:Ratio:
4199:Ratio:
4153:Ratio:
4125:Ratio:
4079:Ratio:
4051:Ratio:
4008:Ratio:
3980:Ratio:
3933:Ratio:
3905:Ratio:
3862:Ratio:
3834:Ratio:
3828:Poland
3798:Ratio:
3770:Ratio:
3764:Poland
3724:Ratio:
3696:Ratio:
3649:Ratio:
3621:Ratio:
3575:Ratio:
3547:Ratio:
3507:Ratio:
3480:Ratio:
3434:Ratio:
3406:Ratio:
3374:Ratio:
3368:Poland
3342:Ratio:
3309:Ratio:
3252:Ratio:
3178:
3145:
3123:
2844:
2836:
2797:
2787:
2595:Stalag
2221:Saxony
2112:Notes
2034:Notes
1944:Notes
1856:Notes
1768:Notes
1680:Notes
1537:Munich
1518:Vienna
1499:Berlin
1484:Notes
1403:Design
1364:Design
1278:
1097:50 ℛ︁₰
961:
944:
932:
915:
885:
881:
859:
844:17.50
842:
832:13.33
830:
815:ƒ7.57
807:ƒ6.66
792:
780:
763:
746:
729:
712:
695:
678:
666:
516:empire
320:
307:
294:
170:Plural
123:Symbol
114:Plural
43:, but
4170:Note:
4096:Note:
4025:Note:
3950:Note:
3879:Note:
3741:Note:
3667:Note:
3592:Note:
3521:Note:
3451:Note:
3366:" to
3337:trade
3275:Note:
3256:US$ 1
2842:S2CID
2695:Money
2574:]
2225:Baden
2134:Rare
2123:Rare
2106:Year
2101:1945
2028:Year
2023:1944
2016:Rare
2005:Rare
1938:Year
1933:1943
1850:Year
1845:1942
1762:Year
1757:1941
1674:Year
1669:1940
1613:]
1587:]
1562:near
1560:]
1374:with
1334:100%
1326:Plain
1288:Value
1093:5 ℛ︁₰
1046:Coins
511:Reich
198:Coins
4699:Euro
4531:2023
4528:2007
4525:2003
4522:2002
4519:1999
4516:1998
4513:1995
4510:1994
4507:1992
4504:1944
4501:1941
4498:1920
4495:1918
4308:mark
3408:None
3376:None
3176:ISBN
3143:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3099:2015
2978:In:
2955:In:
2898:2020
2834:ISSN
2795:OCLC
2785:ISBN
2732:DWDS
2651:MEFO
2588:and
2397:any
2395:cite
2299:and
2223:and
2164:any
2162:cite
1450:zinc
1323:Edge
1299:Mass
1040:Saar
956:1941
934:100
927:1939
917:200
876:1940
854:1939
825:1940
794:100
765:100
758:1943
748:200
724:1940
707:1940
697:100
680:125
668:100
635:and
596:and
506:Mark
460:ℛ︁ℳ︁
456:sign
429:The
214:1924
109:Unit
5230:Pts
5210:ℒ𝓈
5185:₢$
5180:Դր.
3398:to
2964:PDF
2826:doi
2408:by
2175:by
1427:10
1291:10
1256:10
1235:or
959:FMk
883:17s
861:20
840:NKr
828:NKr
782:40
761:Lit
731:10
727:DKr
710:Lev
470:of
412:in
157:100
5334::
5281:𐆘
5276:𐆗
5271:𐆙
5259:𐆚
5235:ℛℳ
5110:Rs
5090:රු
5085:रू
4983:$
3174:.
3170:.
3060:.
2991:^
2966:).
2914:.
2886:.
2862:.
2840:.
2832:.
2820:.
2816:.
2793:.
2756:.
2730:.
2602:.
2572:de
2255:.
2219:,
1628:J
1611:de
1602:G
1585:de
1576:F
1558:de
1549:E
1530:D
1511:B
1492:A
1445:10
1336:Zn
1203:4
1042:.
942:Sk
930:Sk
913:Kn
900:d
879:£0
857:zl
790:Fr
778:Fr
744:Fr
676:Fr
664:Fr
526:.
464:RM
458::
454:;
408:,
404:,
400:,
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
376:,
372:,
368:,
364:,
5316:¤
5299:₿
5247:₷
5225:ℳ
5220:₥
5215:₶
5205:₤
5200:₠
5195:₯
5190:₰
5175:₳
5157:円
5152:¥
5147:₩
5142:₮
5137:₸
5132:₺
5127:৳
5121:C
5115:₪
5105:꠸
5100:௹
5095:૱
5080:₹
5075:₽
5070:៛
5065:﷼
5060:元
5055:₱
5043:₦
5038:£
5033:₾
5028:₭
5023:₴
5018:₲
5013:F
5008:ƒ
5003:€
4998:₼
4993:֏
4988:₫
4971:¢
4966:₡
4961:₵
4956:฿
4951:؋
4927:e
4920:t
4913:v
4863:)
4857:(
4776:)
4770:(
4749:)
4743:(
4734:)
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