2035:, the process of incorporation can be done either at the federal or provincial level. Companies which incorporate with the federal government will generally need to register extra-provincially in the province that they elect to do business. Similarly, a provincial corporation may need to register extra-provincially if they are to have offices outside of their home province. Incorporated Canadian companies can generally use either Corp., Corporation, Inc., Incorporated, Incorporée, Limited, Limitée, Ltd., Ltée, Société par actions de régime fédéral, and S.A.R.F in their name, but this may vary from province to province. Note that there are two government structures operating within Canada. French system is prevalent in Quebec, while the English system is operating in 9 provinces/territories.
1638:(standing for Spółka Akcyjna - equivalent of joint stock company) and Sp. z o.o. (Spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością - equivalent of limited liability company). Amongst partnerships there are available: Spółka jawna (sp.j.) – a partnership where all the partners are fully liable); Spółka komandytowa (Sp. K.) – a partnership where at least one partner is fully liable and other one has limited liability; and Spółka komandytowo-akcyjna (Sp. K. A.) – a partnership where at least one partner is fully liable and other one is a stock shareholder not being liable.
77:
245:
179:
36:
1245:. The railroad thought the tax code was misapplied to some of their property and assets. In deciding the case, a unanimous court ruled that governments must abide by the same tax code enforcement for individuals that it did for corporations. While not explicitly stated in the case, it was implied that this case extended equal protection rights to corporations under the
340:
2011:, there are two types of companies: Joint Stock Company (JSC) and Limited Liability Company (LLC). 100% foreign ownership of a JSC is legally permitted under the Turkish Law. A foreigner who has never been to Turkey can become a shareholder of a Turkish JSC by way of a power of attorney. Ltd. Şti. (which stands for
1358:
A corporate name is generally made up of three parts: "distinctive element", "descriptive element", and a legal ending. All corporations must have a distinctive element, and in most filing jurisdictions, a legal ending to their names. Some corporations choose not to have a descriptive element. In the
1294:
made up by financial service professionals increased by 300%. Along with that growth there was a growth in the profits this industry experienced as well. As the disposable income of banks and other financial institutions rose, they sought a way to use it to influence politics and policy. In response,
1169:
In the United States, corporations can sometimes be taxed at a lower rate than individuals. Also, corporations can own shares in other corporations and receive corporate dividends 80% tax-free. There are no limits on the amount of losses a corporation may carry forward to subsequent tax years. A sole
1236:
The railroad was an expensive multi-year project that greatly changed and altered both the physical and commercial landscape of the country. As with most new technology developments that have a broad impact, there are disputes about how those technologies and the businesses they thrive in fit under
1102:
A business purpose describes the incorporated tasks a company has to do or provide. The purpose can be general, indicating that the budding company has been formed to carry out "all lawful business" in the region. Alternatively, the purpose can be specific, furnishing a more detailed explanation of
1330:
the court said there was virtually no distinction between monetary contributions and political speech, and because we do not limit political speech unless it is tantamount to bribery, corporations have the right as people to donate unlimited amounts of money to any political cause so long as it is
1173:
A corporation is capable of continuing indefinitely. Its existence is not affected by the death of shareholders, directors, or officers of the corporation. Ownership in a Corp. or LLC is easily transferable to others, either in whole or in part. Some state laws are particularly corporate-friendly.
1106:
The chosen name should be followed with a corporate identifier such as "Corp.", "Inc.", or "Co.". A preliminary name availability search is advisable prior to the submission of the
Articles of Incorporation. In the case of online incorporation, the state will have the final say with regards to the
1224:
and the government changing that contract was not allowed. Chief
Justice John Marshall delivered the majority opinion and affirmed that the right to contract exists between owners of private property rather than between a government and its citizens. The case was the first case in US history that
1633:
all types of companies are regulated by the Code of
Commercial Companies. Companies in Poland are divided into two categories: corporations and partnerships; corporations provide liability limitation, while partnerships do not provide liability limitation or provide limitations just for selected
1278:
the court ruled that there could be a corporate tax, essentially saying the structure of business was a justifiably discriminatory criterion for governments to consider when writing tax legislation. This was a unique ruling handed down during a unique time in US history that denied a corporation
1125:
of stock, then this should have a mention in the articles of incorporation, along with the voting rights information. Generally, preferred shares provide its shareholders preferential payments of distribution of assets or dividends, in case the company shuts down its operations. A lot of small
1116:
Share per value refers to the stated minimum value and generally doesn't correspond to the actual share value. In reality, the value of a share is based on its fair market value or the amount a buyer is willing to pay. An Inc. stipulates the exact number of shares the corporation is willing to
1409:
to the public, conducting corporate business is straightforward. Often, it amounts to recording key corporate decisions (for example, borrowing money or buying real estate) and holding an annual meeting. These formalities can often be supplanted by written agreement and do not usually need a
1157:
typically are not liable for the company's debts and obligations. They are limited in liability to the amount they have invested in the corporation. For example, if a shareholder purchased $ 100 in stock, no more than $ 100 can be lost. On the other hand, a corporation (Corp.) or a
1382:
which must be filed with the state. Bylaws outline a number of important administrative details such as when annual shareholder meetings will be held, who can vote and the manner in which shareholders will be notified if there is need for an additional "special" meeting.
1190:
cases provide a means to observe this evolution. While these cases may seem arbitrary and decontextualized when examined individually, when viewed successively and within historical context, a narrative emerges that offers an explanation for why such views are upheld.
1355:) are filed with the appropriate state office, listing the purpose of the corporation, its principal place of business and the number and type of shares of stock. A registration fee is due, which is usually between $ 25 and $ 1,000, depending on the state.
1424:
In the UK, the process of incorporation is generally called company formation. The United
Kingdom is one of the quickest locations to incorporate, with a fully electronic process and a very fast turnaround by the national registrar of companies, the
1166:, these assets may be protected. A creditor of a shareholder of a Corp. or LLC cannot seize the assets of the company. However, the creditor may be able to seize ownership shares in the corporation, as they are considered a personal asset.
1963:), meaning "private limited", which is the equivalent of an incorporated entity in the US. This legal title is stated in front of the corporation name. If the shares become publicly listed for trading in stock exchange, it is called Tbk. (
1626:(anonymous partnership) for stock corporations or Ltda (limitada or limited liability) for limited companies. (Ltda is denoted SL in Spain, for "Sociedad Limitada", and SRL in Argentina, for "Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada").
1977:
uses WFOE (or WOFE), to refer to a Wholly
Foreign Owned Enterprise (WFOE). This is the most popular form of business entity for foreign investors wanting to set up a company in China; it is a limited liability
1359:
name "Tiger
Computers, Inc.", the word "Tiger" is the distinctive element; the word "Computers" is the descriptive element; and the "Inc." is the legal ending. The legal ending indicates that it is in fact a
1219:
into a publicly owned university with a board of trustees appointed by the governor. The board filed a suit challenging the constitutionality of the legislation. The suit alleged that the college enjoyed the
1880:
Limited liability company (LLC) – A hybrid legal structure that provides the limited liability features of a corporation and the tax efficiencies and operational flexibility of a partnership.
1246:
1063:
Specific incorporation requirements in the United States differ on a state by state basis. However, there are common pieces of information that states require to be included in the
1886:
Non-profit – An organization engaged in activities of public or private interest where making a profit is not a primary mission. Some non-profits are exempt from federal taxes.
1225:
asked fundamental questions about corporate entities and the protections they enjoy; it also was a precedent-setting case in extending "individual rights" to corporations.
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847:
605:
1137:
One significant legal benefit is the protection of personal assets against the claims of creditors and lawsuits. Sole proprietors and general partners in a
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1305:
94:
49:
1877:
Sole proprietorship (person fizik) – A business owned and managed by one individual who is personally liable for all business debts and obligations.
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802:
1011:
1593:
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The booming economy the railroad corporations helped build from the late 19th into the early 20th centuries came to a screeching halt in 1929.
706:
515:
1915:, the abbreviations NV and Bvba (or BV, resulting the new Belgian Code of Companies and Associations) are used for similar types of entity.
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694:
638:
597:
2228:
576:
1872:), meaning "anonymous partnership", for stock corporations. Pursuant to the Albanian legislation, the possible business structures are:
1392:
1187:
364:
1690:
uses "Srl" or "Società a
Responsabilità Limitata" (limited liability company), and "SpA" or "Società Per Azioni" (stock corporation).
141:
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proprietorship, on the other hand, cannot claim a capital loss greater than $ 3,000 unless the owner has offsetting capital gains.
1162:(LLC) may hold assets such as real estate, cars or boats. If a shareholder of a corporation is personally involved in a lawsuit or
113:
1264:, as it came to be known, helped a view of corporations emerge that put them at odds with the normal working man. The election of
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720:
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1522:("Aktiengesellschaft", meaning "business association with shares"), are the entities most similar to the corporations in the US.
208:
189:
120:
255:
98:
1684:), Oyj for stock corporations (Osakeyhtiö, julkinen) and Ay (Avoin yhtiö) or Ky (Kommandiittiyhtiö) for private enterprises.
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uses "LLC" to denote a limited liability company. Listed companies use "PJSC" to denote a public joint stock company.
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1375:, and corporation, or their respective abbreviations (Inc., Ltd., Corp.) are the possible legal endings in the US.
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384:
1755:) for "joint stock company", or "JSC". The title "S.I.A." and "A/S" are put before the name of the corporation.
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857:
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399:
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270:
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authorize. It is mandatory for every corporation to have stock. If the corporation is willing to permit both
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1518:("Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung", meaning "limited liability business association"), as well as the
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487:
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the umbrella of laws that govern regulations and taxation. In 1886 one such taxation dispute arose between
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822:
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1998:
uses Pte. Ltd., meaning "private limited", which is the equivalent of an incorporated entity in the US.
1360:
2022:, it uses the terms, Corporation & Incorporated (Inc.). similar entity to a corporation in the US.
2054:
1261:
1175:
947:
884:
1145:(LL) of a business such as loans, accounts payable, and legal judgments. In a corporation, however,
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1775:) for "joint stock company", and, like in Latvia, they also appear before the corporation's name.
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Cracks in the
Pipeline Part One: Restoring Efficiency to Wall Street and Value to Main Street
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Corporations can only deduct net operating losses going back two years and forward 20 years.
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passed a law limiting corporate donations strictly to issues related to their industry. The
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are responsible for receiving all legal and tax documentation on behalf of the corporation.
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1044:
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or corporation which requires no designation as part of its legal company name, the titles
1992:), meaning "private limited", which is the equivalent of an incorporated entity in the US.
1938:
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1549:(public limited company) are used for corporations (or their Welsh equivalents in Wales).
1985:
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was a manifestation of many populist sentiments the country might have felt. In 1933 a
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2019:
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Legal opinion on corporations has evolved significantly throughout history, and
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name chosen for the company. The name should not deceive or mislead consumers.
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allowed business to use financial speech in political causes of any nature.
1829:). The only difference is in Bulgaria, where it is reversed: "ООД" (OOD) (
1981:
1819:
Društvo sa Ograničenom
Odgovornošću / Друштво са Ограниченом Одговорношћу
1802:
1778:
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1611:
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1945:(shares of a listed company are traded on the stock market) or a public
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For example, the transfer of ownership in a corporation incorporated in
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the issue of corporate contributions came before the court again. In
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273:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1134:
There are a number of legal benefits that come with incorporation.
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2229:"State Corporation Departments: Interactive Map :: LawServer"
2001:
1974:
1926:
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1607:
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1320:
In 2010 amidst an outpouring of frustration and blame directed at
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1933:
is used for a company that is private, an entity similar to an
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598:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
238:
172:
70:
29:
1739:, the most commonly used title of a corporation is "S.I.A." (
1103:
the products and/or services to be offered by their company.
2015:) is a common form to denote limited liability companies.
1272:
case came before the court, again disputing taxation. In
1747:) for "limited liability company", or "LLC", and "A/S" (
1604:, simplified anonymous joint-stock corporation) is used.
1303:
challenged the law on First
Amendment grounds and won.
262:
196:
2364:
Spółka komandytowo akcyjna - Polish Government Website
2134:"Helpful Facts to Know About Capital Gains and Losses"
1634:
partners. Two most popular forms of corporations are:
1716:
meaning "business with limited liability") and a.s. (
1909:
Besloten Vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid
207:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1883:
Corporation – A legal entity owned by shareholders.
1182:
Legal history of incorporation in the United States
1141:are personally and jointly responsible for all the
1126:business owners only allow shares of common stock.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2286:"Incorporation and Company Registration in Poland"
1212:state legislature passed a bill intended to turn
2096:"Liability of Corporate Shares to Legal Process"
1445:There are many different types of UK companies:
2171:Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad
1230:Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad
2338:Spółka komandytowa - Polish Government Website
1949:, a similar entity to a corporation in the US.
606:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
1005:
8:
1864:) for "limited liability company", "Sh.a." (
1767:) for "limited liability company" and "AB" (
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1648:use the title A/S for stock corporations (
1433:record is five minutes to vet and issue a
1012:
998:
522:
318:
2140:. Internal Revenue Service. 19 April 2018
1306:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
1284:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
1196:Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1178:is not required to be filed or recorded.
307:Learn how and when to remove this message
289:Learn how and when to remove this message
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Legal process to create a new corporation
2388:. Businessdictionary.com. Archived from
2312:Spółka jawna - Polish Government Website
2258:"Code of Commercial Companies of Poland"
2086:
1971:), appended after the corporation name.
1290:From 1940 to 1990 the percent of total
743:
668:
587:
525:
330:
1580:, company with limited liability)" or
707:Limited liability limited partnership
622:Industrial and provident society
188:contains content that is written like
1664:), while Sweden uses the similar AB (
804:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
7:
2438:How to Incorporate Your New Business
2411:"Establishing a Joint Stock Company"
2386:"Details on Private Limited Company"
1842:Druzhestvo s ogranichena otgovornost
1405:Assuming a corporation has not sold
1279:freedom it sought in the courtroom.
1086:Number of authorized shares of stock
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1835:Дружество с ограничена отговорност,
1414:Incorporation in the United Kingdom
1862:Shoqëri me Përgjegjësi të Kufizuar
1745:Sabiedrība ar Ierobežotu Atbildību
1393:Corporate tax in the United States
25:
1827:Друштво со ограничена одговорност
1456:Private company limited by shares
45:This article has multiple issues.
2448:What is an incorporated business
1732:meaning "business with shares").
1578:société à responsibilité limitée
1484:Industrial and provident society
1335:Steps required for incorporation
849:Société à responsabilité limitée
338:
243:
177:
75:
34:
1805:uses: "D.O.O." or "Д.О.О." (in
1706:spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným
1437:for an electronic application.
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1602:société par actions simplifiée
1:
2159:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1714:společnost s ručením omezeným
1473:Limited liability partnership
1401:Reporting after incorporation
1301:First National Bank of Boston
1204:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
110:"Incorporation" business
2360:"Spółka komnadytowo akcyjna"
2235:. 2013-02-11. Archived from
2094:Loiseaux, Pierre R. (1972).
1592:, anonymous corporation) or
1462:Company limited by guarantee
1435:certificate of incorporation
1349:certificate of incorporation
1065:certificate of incorporation
731:Massachusetts business trust
1529:, with the exception of an
1031:. The corporation may be a
918:Piercing the corporate veil
614:Community interest company
589:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
577:Economic interest grouping
269:the claims made and adding
2490:
1479:Community interest company
1417:
1390:
1331:not to a direct campaign.
1201:
1027:is the formation of a new
687:Limited liability company
2450:– smallbusiness.chron.com
2265:Polish Parliament Website
2204:Bank of Boston v. Belloti
2070:List of company registers
2065:Limited liability company
2060:General incorporation law
2045:Articles of incorporation
1943:publicly listed companies
1341:articles of incorporation
1243:Southern Pacific Railroad
1160:limited liability company
898:Internal affairs doctrine
893:and estoppel corporations
2075:Types of business entity
1846:It also can be used for
1765:Uždaroji Akcinė Bendrovė
1378:Usually, there are also
322:This article is part of
568:Societas unius personae
430:General corporate forms
2216:Citizens United v. FEC
1989:
1968:
1960:
1937:in the United States.
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1791:Bosnia and Herzegovina
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1450:Public limited company
1410:face-to-face meeting.
1327:Citizens United v. FEC
1314:Citizens United v. FEC
1037:nonprofit organization
880:Business judgment rule
2440: – a
1901:Naamloze Vennootschap
1365:business registration
1266:Franklin D. Roosevelt
824:Naamloze vennootschap
814:Kabushiki gaisha
631:Limited company
209:neutral point of view
2334:"Spółka komandytowa"
2055:Delaware corporation
1262:The Great Depression
1059:In the United States
948:Beneficial ownership
885:Corporate governance
721:Delaware corporation
548:Societas cooperativa
95:improve this article
1537:(limited company),
963:Corporate registers
923:Rochdale Principles
677:Benefit corporation
503:Sole proprietorship
201:promotional content
1961:Perseroan Terbatas
1730:akciová společnost
1722:akciová spoločnosť
1441:Types of companies
1239:Santa Clara County
764:Aktiengesellschaft
736:Nevada corporation
254:possibly contains
203:and inappropriate
2288:. 29 October 2021
1841:
1753:Akciju Sabiedrība
1531:unlimited company
1467:Unlimited company
1420:Company formation
1361:legal corporation
1222:right to contract
1217:Dartmouth College
1111:Registered agents
1022:
1021:
903:Limited liability
865:
864:
774:Ansvarlig selskap
661:Unlimited company
498:Shelf corporation
493:Shell corporation
481:Limited liability
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256:original research
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1990:Sendirian Berhad
1984:uses Sdn. Bhd. (
1837:
1380:corporate bylaws
1371:. Incorporated,
1092:Preferred shares
1077:Registered agent
1074:Corporation name
1071:Business purpose
1045:local government
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968:Registered agent
913:Drag-along right
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1799:North Macedonia
1773:Akcinė Bendrovė
1590:société anonyme
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2474:Organization
2469:Corporations
2418:. Retrieved
2414:
2405:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:the original
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2363:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2337:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2311:
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2290:. Retrieved
2280:
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2264:
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2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
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2211:
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2142:. Retrieved
2137:
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2103:
2099:
2089:
2030:
2012:
1941:is used for
1908:
1900:
1843:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1759:uses "UAB" (
1700:use s.r.o. (
1662:Aksjeselskap
1654:Aktieselskab
1568:, the term "
1444:
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783:
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567:
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441:Conglomerate
385:South Africa
303:
285:
279:October 2014
276:
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217:October 2014
214:
199:by removing
195:Please help
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2020:Philippines
1947:corporation
1929:, the term
1893:Netherlands
1558:Switzerland
1512:Switzerland
1369:partnership
1322:Wall Street
1139:partnership
1121:as well as
1041:sports club
1029:corporation
929:Ultra vires
649:proprietary
466:Partnership
461:Joint-stock
451:Corporation
446:Cooperative
151:August 2011
2458:Categories
2420:2021-03-26
2396:2013-11-25
2243:2017-11-01
2081:References
1965:Indonesian
1957:Indonesian
1823:Macedonian
1795:Montenegro
1769:Lithuanian
1761:Lithuanian
1682:Osakeyhtiö
1670:aktiebolag
1566:Luxembourg
1164:bankruptcy
986:Law portal
834:Osakeyhtiö
753:Aktiebolag
702:Series LLC
263:improve it
197:improve it
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2233:LawServer
1996:Singapore
1955:uses PT (
1953:Indonesia
1831:Bulgarian
1757:Lithuania
1676:uses Oy (
1658:Norwegian
1151:directors
1119:preferred
1089:Directors
1047:of a new
874:Doctrines
644:by shares
360:Australia
267:verifying
56:talk page
2039:See also
1982:Malaysia
1978:company.
1866:Albanian
1858:Albanian
1815:Croatian
1807:Cyrillic
1803:Slovenia
1779:Bulgaria
1696:and the
1694:Slovakia
1612:Portugal
1469:(Unltd.)
1387:Taxation
1155:officers
1095:Officers
1033:business
958:Contract
891:De facto
723: /
537:Societas
355:Anguilla
324:a series
2444:article
2442:wikiHow
2144:25 July
2138:IRS.gov
2120:1371834
2018:In the
1969:Terbuka
1931:Pvt Ltd
1913:Belgium
1891:In the
1854:Albania
1811:Serbian
1787:Croatia
1749:Latvian
1741:Latvian
1678:Finnish
1674:Finland
1666:Swedish
1642:Denmark
1616:Romania
1562:Belgium
1525:In the
1508:Austria
1504:Germany
1373:limited
1345:charter
1270:Florida
1043:, or a
858:more...
476:Limited
471:General
436:Company
416:Germany
400:Vietnam
261:Please
135:scholar
2370:May 3,
2344:May 3,
2318:May 3,
2292:May 3,
2270:May 3,
2218:, 2010
2206:, 1978
2185:, 1933
2173:, 1886
2161:, 1819
2118:
2033:Canada
2027:Canada
2009:Turkey
1903:) and
1801:, and
1783:Serbia
1737:Latvia
1718:Slovak
1702:Slovak
1650:Danish
1646:Norway
1631:Poland
1598:French
1586:French
1574:French
1554:France
1514:, the
1497:Europe
1458:(Ltd.)
1316:, 2010
1286:, 1978
1256:, 1933
1232:, 1886
1198:, 1819
852:(SARL)
827:(N.V.)
817:(K.K.)
807:(GmbH)
755:
744:Others
709:(LLLP)
654:public
633:(Ltd.)
608:(SCIO)
579:(EEIG)
539:
411:France
370:Canada
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
2261:(PDF)
2116:JSTOR
2002:Dubai
1986:Malay
1975:China
1927:India
1726:Czech
1710:Czech
1688:Italy
1608:Spain
1545:, or
1486:(IPS)
1475:(LLP)
1452:(PLC)
1407:stock
1176:US-DE
787:(A/S)
777:(ANS)
689:(LLC)
624:(IPS)
616:(CIC)
600:(CIO)
571:(SUP)
561:(SPE)
551:(SCE)
380:India
142:JSTOR
128:books
2372:2024
2346:2024
2320:2024
2294:2024
2272:2024
2146:2022
2104:1972
2050:BVBA
1920:Asia
1905:B.V.
1897:N.V.
1850:(UK)
1848:Ltd.
1813:and
1644:and
1618:and
1570:SARL
1564:and
1535:Ltd.
1516:GmbH
1510:and
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1339:The
1241:and
1153:and
1080:Inc.
1053:town
1049:city
1035:, a
843:S.A.
837:(Oy)
797:(AS)
767:(AG)
757:(AB)
541:(SE)
114:news
2108:doi
2031:In
2007:In
1939:Ltd
1935:LLC
1925:In
1817::
1809:) (
1735:In
1672:).
1629:In
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1539:CIC
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1367:or
1351:or
1292:GDP
1051:or
365:BVI
265:by
97:by
2460::
2413:.
2362:.
2336:.
2310:.
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2231:.
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2102:.
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1988::
1967::
1959::
1895:,
1868::
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1833::
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