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corpulence, with its countenance beyond measure turgid and suffused with blood; while the napkin in which it had been wrapped appeared nearly torn to pieces. The young men, however, spurred on by wrath, feared not, and inflicted a wound upon the senseless carcass, out of which incontinently flowed such a stream of blood, that it might have been taken for a leech filled with the blood of many persons. Then, dragging it beyond the village, they speedily constructed a funeral pile; and upon one of them saying that the pestilential body would not burn unless its heart were torn out, the other laid open its side by repeated blows of the blunted spade, and, thrusting in his hand, dragged out the accursed heart. This being torn piecemeal, and the body now consigned to the flames...
187:(1751) in which he relates the rumors of men at the time: Calmet compares the ideas of the Greek and Egyptian ancients and notes an old belief that magic could not only cause death but also evoke the souls of the deceased as well. Calmet ascribed revenants to sorcerers who sucked the blood of victims and compares instances of revenants mentioned in the twelfth century in England and Denmark as similar to those of Hungary, but "in no history do we read anything so usual or so pronounced, as what is related to us of the vampires of Poland, Hungary, and Moravia."
236:). Stories involving these creatures often involve direct confrontations, including slayings as part of a hero's land-cleansing. Those in burial mounds resist intruders and are sometimes immune to conventional weapons, which renders their destruction a dangerous affair only to be undertaken by heroes. To ensure thorough destruction the creature's head is often removed, sometimes placed by the corpse's buttocks, or sometimes the corpse is burned instead (see
300:
the revenant then repeats these nocturnal visits with other nearby family and neighbours and "...thus become a like serious nuisance," eventually extending his walks in the broad daylight around the village. Eventually the problem was solved by the bishop of
Lincoln who wrote a letter of absolution, upon which the man's tomb was opened wherein it was seen his body was still there, the letter was placed on his chest, and the tomb sealed.
1317:
277:
would not be easy to believe that the corpses of the dead should sally (I know not by what agency) from their graves, and should wander about to the terror or destruction of the living, and again return to the tomb, which of its own accord spontaneously opened to receive them, did not frequent examples, occurring in our own times, suffice to establish this fact, to the truth of which there is abundant testimony."
34:
183:
299:
In another story
Newburgh tells of a woman whose husband recently died. The husband revives from the dead and comes to visit her at night in her bedchamber and he "...not only terrified her on awaking, but nearly crushed her by the insupportable weight of his body." This happens for three nights, and
276:
William wrote that stories of supposed revenants were a "warning to posterity" and so common that, "were I to write down all the instances of this kind which I have ascertained to have befallen in our times, the undertaking would be beyond measure laborious and troublesome." According to
William, "It
316:
the very same day in which they were interred they appeared at evening, while the sun was still up, carrying on their shoulders the wooden coffins in which they had been buried. The whole following night they walked through the paths and fields of the village, now in the shape of men carrying wooden
294:
Thereupon snatching up a spade of but indifferent sharpness of edge, and hastening to the cemetery, they began to dig; and whilst they were thinking that they would have to dig to a greater depth, they suddenly, before much of the earth had been removed, laid bare the corpse, swollen to an enormous
165:
Archaeologists have found revenant graves throughout Europe, characterized by bodies that had precautions taken to prevent them from rising up and causing mischief for the living, such as stones placed over the legs, stones placed in the jaw so it could not speak, bodies lodged with bricks, or body
285:
A Christian burial, indeed, he received, though unworthy of it; but it did not much benefit him: for issuing, by the handiwork of Satan, from his grave at night-time, and pursued by a pack of dogs with horrible barkings, he wandered through the courts and around the houses while all men made fast
280:
One story involves a man of "evil conduct" absconding from justice, who fled from York and made the ill-fated choice to get married. Becoming jealous of his wife, he hid in the rafters of his bedroom and caught her in an act of infidelity with a local young man, but then accidentally fell to the
174:
The term "revenant" has been used interchangeably with "ghost" by folklorists. While some maintain that vampires derive from
Eastern European folklore and revenants derive from Western European folklore, many assert that revenant is a generic term for the undead.
166:
parts removed. The oldest known graves are as old as 4,000 years BP from the Bronze Age. Roman literature contained writings about revenants, they were common throughout the Middle Ages, and 17th century Poland was reportedly a hot-bed of revenant superstition.
247:
In the folklore and ghost stories of
Eastern Scandinavia, Finnish "dead-child beings" are described as revenants animated by restless spirits that could be laid to rest by performing baptism or other religious rites.
228:, "phantom(s)" or "ghost(s)", though usually conceived as having a corporeal body). Modern scholarship and readily accessible references on the web tend to use the terms interchangeably, with a seeming preference for
251:
Revenant-like beings in
Caribbean lore are often referred to as "the soucouyant" or "soucriant" in Dominica, Trinidadian and Guadeloupean folklore, also known as Ole-Higue or Loup-garou elsewhere in the Caribbean.
317:
coffins on their shoulders, now in the likeness of bears or dogs or other animals. They spoke to the other peasants, banging on the walls of their houses and shouting "Move quickly, move! Get going! Come!"
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their doors, and did not dare to go abroad on any errand whatever from the beginning of the night until the sunrise, for fear of meeting and being beaten black and blue by this vagrant monster.
588:
Treatise on the
Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. Translated by Rev Henry Christmas & Brett R Warren. 2015
321:
The villagers became sick and started dying, but eventually the bodies of the revenants were exhumed, their heads cut off, and their hearts removed, which ended the spread of the sickness.
1052:
Treatise on the
Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. Translated by Rev Henry Christmas & Brett Warren. 2015
1027:
Treatise on the
Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. Translated by Rev Henry Christmas & Brett Warren. 2015
341:
who revived from the dead and wandered the streets of his village at night calling out the names of those who would die of sickness within three days. The response by bishop
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Treatise on the
Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. 2016
675:(PhD dissertation thesis). School of German and Russian Studies, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales.
1059:
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618:
595:
793:
768:
20:
1295:
432:
644:
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744:"Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm. 16 Bde. (in 32 Teilbänden). Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854–1960"
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tells the story of two runaway peasants from about 1090 who died suddenly of unknown causes and were buried, but:
1344:
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1136:
426:
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100:
is a spirit or animated corpse that is believed to have been revived from death to haunt the living. The word
273:(1136–1198) briefly recounts stories he heard about revenants, as do works by his contemporary, Walter Map.
378:
184:
Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.
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had to endure in order to return to civilization after being left for dead following a
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floor mortally wounding himself, and died a few days later. As Newburgh describes:
1321:
1247:
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The Blessed and the Damned: Sinful Women and Unbaptised Children in Irish Folklore
885:
Dealing With The Dead: Mortality and Community in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
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943:"'Zombie' grave — dating back 4,200 years — discovered in Germany, photos show"
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346:
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105:
1105:
Troublesome Corpses: Vampires & Revenants, from Antiquity to the Present
642:
Caciola, Nancy (1996). "Wraiths, Revenants and Ritual in Medieval Culture".
265:
Belief in souls returning from the dead was common in the 12th century, and
653:
33:
827:
844:
Medieval Folklore: A Guide to Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs
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was "Dig up the body and cut off the head with a spade, sprinkle it with
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From Upyr' to Vampire: The Slavic Vampire Myth in Russian Literature
240:). The various types of Nordic revenants are all discussed in the
565:
510:
495:
153:, and stories of supposed revenant visitations were documented by
1029:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 303–304.
590:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 303–305.
475:
145:
Revenants are part of the legend of various cultures, including
290:
A number of the townspeople were killed by the monster and so:
109:
914:
June Michele Pulliam; Anthony J. Fonseca (26 September 2016).
181:
conducted extensive research on the topic in his work titled
1054:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 305.
337:
writing during the 12th century, tells of a "wicked man" in
1296:"Undying Dread: A 400-Year-Old Corpse, Locked to Its Grave"
1242:. Vol. 3. Cornell University Press. pp. 113–156.
722:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 7.
16:
Ghost or corpse brought to life to terrorize the living
694:
Historia rerum Anglicarum (History of English Affairs)
1239:
Afterlives: The Return of the Dead in the Middle Ages
977:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 14–.
909:
907:
905:
609:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075-1225
771:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Archived from
62:
52:
42:
998:Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (15 July 2009).
606:
841:Carl Lindahl; John McNamara; John Lindow (2000).
1001:Encyclopedia of Death & Human Experience: 1-
820:Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française
966:
964:
314:
292:
283:
218:, "howe-dweller(s)", i.e. barrow wight(s)), or
1234:"Revenants, Resurrection, and Burnt Sacrifice"
8:
128:
26:
794:"Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé"
1195:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
870:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
633:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1127:
1125:
888:. BRILL. 5 February 2018. pp. 24–.
822:(in French). Paris: Librairie Larousse.
669:Townsend, Dorian Aleksandra (May 2011).
710:
1279:
1269:
626:
25:
1350:Medieval European legendary creatures
718:Calmet, Augustin (30 December 2015).
155:English historians in the Middle Ages
7:
917:Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend
974:The Origins of the Literary Vampire
941:Rascius, Brendan (April 18, 2024).
1232:Caciola, Nancy Mandeville (2016).
872:. Section 6: "Death and the Dead".
14:
1102:David Keyworth (1 January 2007).
971:Heide Crawford (30 August 2016).
392:Revenants feature prominently in
357:Nordic-style revenants appear as
1315:
381:" is essentially a retelling of
238:Vampire#Methods_of_destruction
1:
1320:The dictionary definition of
1256:10.5325/preternature.3.2.0311
1248:10.5325/preternature.3.2.0311
412:. Most notable games include
21:The Revenant (disambiguation)
1081:. Peter Lang. pp. 99–.
920:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 272–.
847:. Oxford University Press.
796:(in French). Archived from
746:(in German). Archived from
457:alludes to the ordeal that
451:The title of the 2015 film
433:Pathfinder Roleplaying Game
190:Revenants appear in Nordic
1371:
586:Calmet, Augustine (1751).
410:character class archetypes
170:Comparison to other undead
18:
1169:Historia rerum Anglicarum
1138:Historia rerum Anglicarum
1050:Calmet, Augustin (1751).
1025:Calmet, Augustin (1751).
605:Bartlett, Robert (2000).
31:
1004:. SAGE. pp. 1002–.
404:beings, as forms of the
1108:. Desert Island Books.
818:Dauzat, Albert (1938).
110:
1075:Anne O'Connor (2005).
379:The Thing in the Crypt
319:
297:
288:
210:, "again-walker(s)"),
129:
123:(see also the related
37:
1294:(September 5, 2023).
691:William of Newburgh.
308:The English Abbot of
36:
750:on 26 September 2007
654:10.1093/past/152.1.3
421:Dungeons and Dragons
104:is derived from the
19:For other uses, see
271:William of Newburgh
261:William of Newburgh
202:, variously called
28:
1301:The New York Times
1211:De nugis curialium
1208:"Book 2, Ch. 27".
683:De nugis curialium
645:Past & Present
442:and the eponymous
385:'s encounter with
371:L. Sprague de Camp
349:and re-inter it."
234:Draugr#Terminology
47:Legendary creature
38:
1115:978-1-905328-30-7
1088:978-3-03910-541-0
1011:978-1-4129-5178-4
984:978-1-4422-6675-9
927:978-1-4408-3491-2
895:978-90-04-35833-1
854:978-0-19-514771-1
729:978-1-5331-4568-0
546:Skeleton (undead)
367:Lord of the Rings
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1164:"Book 5, Ch. 22"
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1133:"Book 5, Ch. 24"
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561:Wiedergänger
463:grizzly bear
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1292:Lidz, Franz
536:Poltergeist
402:resurrected
398:video games
387:Kar the Old
79:West Indies
1334:Categories
1180:2005-01-03
1149:2005-01-07
954:2024-04-19
804:2006-06-13
779:2006-06-13
754:2006-06-13
613:. Oxford.
578:References
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347:holy water
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1272:cite book
769:"Vampire"
705:Footnotes
629:cite book
465:mauling.
244:article.
204:aptrgangr
196:mythology
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1323:revenant
1264:96472288
506:Jiangshi
501:Dullahan
469:See also
445:Revenant
339:Hereford
335:Welshman
267:Historia
216:haugbĂşar
200:folklore
111:revenant
102:revenant
98:revenant
94:folklore
69:Americas
43:Grouping
27:Revenant
1355:Zombies
551:Vampire
531:Strigoi
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363:Tolkien
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1260:S2CID
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658:JSTOR
566:Ghoul
511:Lugat
496:Ghost
232:(see
224:(pl.
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1284:help
1110:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1031:ISBN
1006:ISBN
979:ISBN
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849:ISBN
824:OCLC
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