226:, establishing a camp on the heights overlooking Kyrenia. Instead of using the momentum in his favor he parleyed with Doukas. A number of rebel soldiers defected to the Byzantine army. Eventually Rhapsomates decided to launch an assault on his opponents. During the course of the battle a unit of approximately 100 rebel lancers changed sides instead of charging the enemy. Rhapsomates then attempted to flee to
147:
77:
and refers to the nickname of Turkic people who migrated to the area. The given name of the rebel leader is not known. A Basil
Rhapsomates is known from a seal dated to the 12th century. It is just possible that this Basil was the same person as the rebel leader. There was an
238:) where he was arrested by Boutoumites, who promised not to execute him. Anna Komnene does not record how long the resistance lasted before Rhapsomates was captured. Traditional estimates put the suppression of the revolt at early 1093, however it may have lasted until 1094.
154:
The reasons behind the revolt remain unknown. According to
Cypriot historian Costas Kyrris the revolt was provoked by heavy taxation and frustration over pirate raids, but this theory is not supported by primary sources. Rhapsomates' revolt was contemporary with that of
111:
Rhapsomates held office on Cyprus before the revolt, but which office is unknown. It does not appear to have been a military one, since he is described as having never held a sword or rode a horse. His lack of military prowess may have been purposefully exaggerated by
268:
and sent a large garrison to thwart any invasion attempts by
Tzachas. Alexios endowed the governor with special taxing powers, suggesting that the revolt might have been directed at Alexios' fiscal policies. He also appointed a certain Kalliparios to fiscal
217:
The continuation of the revolt led Doukas to land his troops on the island, in what would become a protracted campaign. Manuel
Boutoumites was among Doukas' generals. The campaign began in the spring of 1093, with a swift capture of the port of
138:(military governor) of Cyprus. The absence of a catepan in the surviving narratives of the revolt is difficult to explain, but the office may have been temporarily vacant or the catepan may have been an early victim of the revolt.
246:
Rhapsomates and the
Immortals involved in the rising were taken to Constantinople. Their units were disbanded and the soldiers were redistributed to other formations. Rhapsomates's life was probably spared. British historian
44:
in the early 1090s. Nothing is known about his life prior to the revolt apart from the fact that he served as an official in the region. The motivation behind its outbreak remains a matter of conjecture.
73:
No historical record survives of
Rhapsomates' origins or his life prior to the revolt. Rhapsomates meaning stitched eyes is the name of an obscure family. The family name originates in 11th century
122:
in Cyprus during the 1080s. The two might have been friends and
Boutoumites, acted in this manner to soften Rhapsomates' punishment after the revolt. He was most probably a judge (
783:
175:, during which he noted the outbreak of revolts in Crete and Cyprus. Both took place while the central government was occupied in wars with the
778:
562:
194:
faced much greater resistance on Cyprus. The island's military establishment supported
Rhapsomates, including all or a large part of the
738:
Savvides, Alexis (2000). "Can We Refer to a
Concerted Action among Rapsomates, Caryces and the Emir Tzachas between AD 1091 and 1093?".
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279:) office. A flurry of construction on the island in the 1090s may be linked to the crushing of Rhapsomates' revolt.
773:
768:
598:(2004). "Challenges to Imperial Authority in Byzantium: Revolts on Crete and Cyprus at the End of the 11th C.".
190:
Although the mere arrival of the fleet of John Doukas off Crete caused the revolt of
Karykes to melt away, the
54:
255:
who was blinded around 1094 after a failed revolt, presumably then receiving the nickname stitched eyes.
235:
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stationed there. The revolt did not affect church property as evidenced by the donation of a valuable
124:
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252:
48:
Rhapsomates maintained control of the island for approximately three years. He was defeated by the
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even confuses them. It broke out in late 1090 or very early 1091. In February or March 1091,
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89:
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Georgiou, Stavros (2008). "Eumathios Philokales as Stratopedarches of Cyprus (ca. 1092)".
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of Constantinople, in the 12th century. The main narrative sources for his revolt are
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Epiphanios Paschales to the monastery of Theotokos of Alypos in October 1091.
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118:
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50:
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61:. His life was probably spared. After the suppression of the rising, emperor
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176:
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234:. He hid in a sanctuary of the Holy Cross in a mountainous area (possibly
271:
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134:(imperial estate manager). It is possible, but unlikely, that he was the
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augmented Cyprus' garrison and appointed new officials to rule over it.
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dismisses accounts of Rhapsomates' life as reality intertwined with
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Byzantine Crete: From the 5th Century to the Venetian Conquest
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Wharton, Annabel Jane (1991). "Monuments of Cyprus". In
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691:. Athens: Historical Publications St. D. Basilopoulos.
557:] (in French). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
84:(workshop) belonging to a John Rhapsomates located in
258:
In the aftermath of the revolt, Alexios I appointed
716:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
650:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
555:Power and Contestations in Byzantium (963–1210)
150:Miniature depicting emperor Alexios I Komnenos
550:Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance (963–1210)
222:. Rhapsomates massed his troops and departed
8:
456:
784:11th-century Byzantine government officials
580:] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Herodotos.
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171:delivered a scathing rebuke to the Emperor
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18:11th century Byzantine official and rebel
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640:Gregory, Timothy (1991). "Cyprus". In
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672:. Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre.
713:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
647:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
14:
572:Demosthenous, Anthoullis (2002).
40:official who led a revolt in the
574:Η βυζαντινή Κύπρος (965 - 1191)
687:Tsougarakis, Dimitris (1988).
262:as governor with the title of
1:
779:1090s in the Byzantine Empire
547:Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1996).
578:Byzantine Cyprus (965–1191)
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670:Byzantine Cyprus, 491–1191
251:connects Rhapsomates with
57:and was taken captive to
33:
230:, planning to sail for
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142:Revolt and suppression
355:, no. 126, pp. 97–98.
236:Stavrovouni Monastery
149:
260:Eumathios Philokales
100:. British historian
789:11th-century rebels
471:, pp. 522–523.
447:, pp. 521–522.
334:, pp. 410–411.
253:Nikephoros Diogenes
708:Kazhdan, Alexander
642:Kazhdan, Alexander
179:in Europe and the
173:Alexios I Komnenos
152:
116:who had served as
114:Manuel Boutoumites
63:Alexios I Komnenos
564:978-2-85944-840-0
457:Demosthenous 2002
379:, pp. 78–80.
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774:Byzantine rebels
769:Byzantine Cyprus
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102:Roderick Beaton
90:Genoese quarter
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42:Theme of Cyprus
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522:, p. 385.
520:Frankopan 2004
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510:, p. 167.
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461:
459:, p. 107.
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435:, p. 386.
433:Frankopan 2004
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416:Frankopan 2004
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165:Michael Glykas
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541:Bibliography
532:Wharton 1991
527:
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493:Gregory 1991
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481:Metcalf 2009
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469:Metcalf 2009
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452:
445:Metcalf 2009
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411:
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392:Metcalf 2009
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365:Metcalf 2009
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353:Cheynet 1996
332:Cheynet 1996
317:Metcalf 2009
298:Metcalf 2009
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181:Seljuk Turks
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94:Anna Komnene
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627:: 167–172.
81:ergasterion
55:John Doukas
22:Rhapsomates
763:Categories
192:megas doux
106:folk tales
75:Asia Minor
69:Background
51:megas doux
26:Rapsomates
740:Byzantion
633:0007-7712
600:Byzantion
242:Aftermath
211:magistros
202:Immortals
177:Pechenegs
38:Byzantine
34:Ῥαψομάτης
752:44172366
668:(2009).
612:44172968
272:exisotes
228:Limassol
183:of Emir
131:kourator
36:) was a
710:(ed.).
644:(ed.).
224:Nicosia
220:Kyrenia
200:of the
185:Tzachas
157:Karykes
136:catepan
750:
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277:krites
125:krites
88:, the
86:Galata
748:JSTOR
608:JSTOR
576:[
553:[
283:Notes
232:Syria
206:codex
197:tagma
161:Crete
128:) or
30:Greek
718:ISBN
693:ISBN
674:ISBN
652:ISBN
629:ISSN
582:ISBN
559:ISBN
119:doux
108:.
96:and
24:(or
208:by
159:on
28:) (
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
