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behavior to the non-Newtonian regime. The non-dimensional
Deborah number is designed to account for the degree of non-Newtonian behavior in a flow. The Deborah number is defined as the ratio of the characteristic time of relaxation (which purely depends on the material and other conditions like the temperature) to the characteristic time of experiment or observation. Small Deborah numbers represent Newtonian flow, while non-Newtonian (with both viscous and elastic effects present) behavior occurs for intermediate range Deborah numbers, and high Deborah numbers indicate an elastic/rigid solid. Since Deborah number is a relative quantity, the numerator or the denominator can alter the number. A very small Deborah number can be obtained for a fluid with extremely small relaxation time or a very large experimental time, for example.
1867:
1825:
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1056:, which is defined as the force per area. There are different sorts of stress (e.g. shear, torsional, etc.), and materials can respond differently under different stresses. Much of theoretical rheology is concerned with associating external forces and torques with internal stresses, internal strain gradients, and flow velocities.
1007:
is frequently used synonymously with rheometry, particularly by experimentalists. Theoretical aspects of rheology are the relation of the flow/deformation behaviour of material and its internal structure (e.g., the orientation and elongation of polymer molecules) and the flow/deformation behaviour of
1312:
or a simple
Newtonian fluid and on the other end, a rigid solid; thus the behavior of all materials fall somewhere in between these two ends. The difference in material behavior is characterized by the level and nature of elasticity present in the material when it deforms, which takes the material
2242:
of the filler in the polymer matrix and the economics of the process due to the added step of compounding on the other. The rheological properties of filled polymers are determined not only by the type and amount of filler, but also by the shape, size and size distribution of its particles. The
1728:
materials has been critical for the production of many products for use in both the industrial and military sectors. Study of flow properties of liquids is important for pharmacists working in the manufacture of several dosage forms, such as simple liquids, ointments, creams, pastes etc. The flow
1251:
if the material deformation strain increases linearly with increasing applied stress, then the material is linear elastic within the range it shows recoverable strains. Elasticity is essentially a time independent processes, as the strains appear the moment the stress is applied, without any time
2038:
can also provide information for modeling of other biofluids. The bridging or "cross-bridging" hypothesis suggests that macromolecules physically crosslink adjacent red blood cells into rouleaux structures. This occurs through adsorption of macromolecules onto the red blood cell surfaces. The
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are instruments used to characterize the rheological properties of materials, typically fluids that are melts or solution. These instruments impose a specific stress field or deformation to the fluid, and monitor the resultant deformation or stress. Instruments can be run in steady flow or
1579:
2233:
is a common means of reducing cost and to impart certain desirable mechanical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties to the resulting material. The advantages that filled polymer systems have to offer come with an increased complexity in the rheological behavior.
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scientist or engineer who studies the flow of complex liquids or the deformation of soft solids. It is not a primary degree subject; there is no qualification of rheologist as such. Most rheologists have a qualification in mathematics, the physical sciences (e.g.
2033:
responses. The two models also attempt to demonstrate the drive for reversible red blood cell aggregation, although the mechanism is still being debated. There is a direct effect of red blood cell aggregation on blood viscosity and circulation. The foundation of
2039:
depletion layer hypothesis suggests the opposite mechanism. The surfaces of the red blood cells are bound together by an osmotic pressure gradient that is created by depletion layers overlapping. The effect of rouleaux aggregation tendency can be explained by
1255:
if the material deformation strain rate increases linearly with increasing applied stress, then the material is viscous in the
Newtonian sense. These materials are characterized due to the time delay between the applied constant stress and the maximum
1259:
if the materials behaves as a combination of viscous and elastic components, then the material is viscoelastic. Theoretically such materials can show both instantaneous deformation as elastic material and a delayed time dependent deformation as in
1789:' behaves quite differently depending on the time rate of applying a force. Pull on it slowly and it exhibits continuous flow, similar to that evidenced in a highly viscous liquid. Alternatively, when hit hard and directly, it shatters like a
2427:. Typically, a small amount of rheology may be studied when obtaining a degree, but a person working in rheology will extend this knowledge during postgraduate research or by attending short courses and by joining a professional association.
1956:
can flow plastically with a negligible yield stress at room temperatures (i.e. a viscous flow). Long-term creep experiments (~10 years) indicate that the viscosity of granite and glass under ambient conditions are on the order of 10 poises.
2212:
paste. The mechanical properties of hardened concrete increase if less water is used in the concrete mix design, however reducing the water-to-cement ratio may decrease the ease of mixing and application. To avoid these undesired effects,
2237:
Usually when the use of fillers is considered, a compromise has to be made between the improved mechanical properties in the solid state on one side and the increased difficulty in melt processing, the problem of achieving uniform
1994:(volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.9% of the cellular elements) and mechanical behaviour of red blood cells. Therefore, red blood cell mechanics is the major determinant of flow properties of blood.(The ocular
1729:
behavior of liquids under applied stress is of great relevance in the field of pharmacy. Flow properties are used as important quality control tools to maintain the superiority of the product and reduce batch to batch variations.
952:
reduced by shaking (or other forms of mechanical agitation, where the relative movement of different layers in the material actually causes the reduction in viscosity), but water cannot. Ketchup is a shear-thinning material, like
1965:
Physiology includes the study of many bodily fluids that have complex structure and composition, and thus exhibit a wide range of viscoelastic flow characteristics. In particular there is a specialist study of blood flow called
2771:
Kumagai, Naoichi; Sasajima, Sadao; Ito, Hidebumi (1978). "岩石の長年クリープ実験--巨大試片約20年間・小試片約3年間の結果 (岩石力学<特集>)" [Long-term creep experiment on rocks: Results of 20 years on large specimens and 3 years on small specimens].
1811:
disaster was caused by rubber O-rings that were being used well below their glass transition temperature on an unusually cold
Florida morning, and thus could not flex adequately to form proper seals between sections of the two
2259:
It is important to take into consideration wall slip when performing the rheological characterization of highly filled materials, as there can be a large difference between the actual strain and the measured strain.
1443:
1434:. When two geometrically similar flow patterns, in perhaps different fluids with possibly different flow rates, have the same values for the relevant dimensionless numbers, they are said to be dynamically similar.
943:
Rheology generally accounts for the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids by characterizing the minimum number of functions that are needed to relate stresses with rate of change of strain or strain rates. For example,
1179:(or rates of strain) and stresses, although a number of theoretical developments (such as assuring frame invariants) are also required before using the empirical data. These experimental techniques are known as
1947:
and study of debris flows (fluid mudslides). This disciplinary branch also deals with solid Earth materials which only exhibit flow over extended time-scales. Those that display viscous behaviour are known as
2251:
transfer at the filler-polymer interface. The interfacial adhesion can be substantially enhanced via a coupling agent that adheres well to both the polymer and the filler particles. The type and amount of
1781:
materials, such as most polymers and plastics, the presence of liquid-like behaviour depends on the properties of and so varies with rate of applied load, i.e., how quickly a force is applied. The
1774:. Their viscoelastic properties determine the mechanical performance of the final products of these industries, and also the success of processing methods at intermediate stages of production.
182:
1724:
theory has been similarly important for the design of metal forming processes. The science of rheology and the characterization of viscoelastic properties in the production and use of
1651:
1407:) and consequently it quantifies the relative importance of these two types of effect for given flow conditions. Under low Reynolds numbers viscous effects dominate and the flow is
2061:
has also been correlated with aging effects, especially with impaired blood fluidity, and studies have shown that physical activity may improve the thickening of blood rheology.
1405:
886:, 'everything flows') and was first used to describe the flow of liquids and the deformation of solids. It applies to substances that have a complex microstructure, such as
976:, where an increase in relative flow velocity will cause a reduction in viscosity, for example, by stirring. Some other non-Newtonian materials show the opposite behavior,
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1374:
3121:
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and fibrinogen concentration in whole blood rheology. Some techniques researchers use are optical trapping and microfluidics to measure cell interaction in vitro.
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viscosity of filled systems generally increases with increasing filler fraction. This can be partially ameliorated via broad particle size distributions via the
3684:
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2217:
are typically added to decrease the apparent yield stress and the viscosity of the fresh paste. Their addition highly improves concrete and mortar properties.
3552:
1044:. It is also concerned with predicting mechanical behavior (on the continuum mechanical scale) based on the micro- or nanostructure of the material, e.g. the
3510:
C. Feger, M. McGlashan-Powell, I. Nnebe, D.M. Kalyon, Rheology and
Stability of Highly Filled Thermal Pastes, IBM Research Report, RC23869 (W0602-065) 2006.
4003:
2898:
Beris, Antony N.; Horner, Jeffrey S.; Jariwala, Soham; Armstrong, Matthew J.; Wagner, Norman J. (2021). "Recent advances in blood rheology: a review".
932:. Only a small group of fluids exhibit such constant viscosity. The large class of fluids whose viscosity changes with the strain rate (the relative
1574:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho {\frac {u_{s}^{2}}{L}}}{\mu {\frac {u_{s}}{L^{2}}}}}={\frac {\rho u_{s}L}{\mu }}={\frac {u_{s}L}{\nu }}}
3511:
1052:
in solution or the particle size distribution in a solid suspension. Materials with the characteristics of a fluid will flow when subjected to a
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3570:
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Ferrari, L; Kaufmann, J; Winnefeld, F; Plank, J (2011). "Multi-method approach to study influence of superplasticizers on cement suspensions".
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Examples may be given to illustrate the potential applications of these principles to practical problems in the processing and use of
1202:. Shear flows are much easier to study and thus much more experimental data are available for shear flows than for extensional flows.
1168:, although no viscosity coefficient is associated with this flow. Granular rheology refers to the continuum mechanical description of
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Changes to viscosity has been shown to be linked with diseases like hyperviscosity, hypertension, sickle cell anemia, and diabetes.
724:
108:
2701:
William N. Findley, James S. Lai, Kasif Onaran (1989), Creep and
Relaxation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials, Dover Publications
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R. Byrin Bird, Charles F. Curtiss, Robert C. Armstrong (1989), Dynamics of
Polymeric Liquids, Vol 1 & 2, Wiley Interscience,
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697:
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on the filler are thus additional parameters affecting the rheological and material properties of filled polymeric systems.
2115:. An adequate rheology is important for the indulgence of many common foods, particularly in the case of sauces, dressings,
1274:
A material that behaves as a solid under low applied stresses may start to flow above a certain level of stress, called the
1152:
dynamics by recognizing that materials undergoing these types of deformation are unable to support a stress (particularly a
398:
235:
1927:, and the rheological factors that bias the structure toward linear or branched structures are the most critical issues of
2799:
Vannoni, M.; Sordoni, A.; Molesini, G. (2011). "Relaxation time and viscosity of fused silica glass at room temperature".
2966:"Assessment of the "cross-bridge"-induced interaction of red blood cells by optical trapping combined with microfluidics"
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is used when the threshold stress is rather low. However, there is no fundamental difference between the two concepts.
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61:
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Silaghi, Florina; et al. (July 2010). "Estimation of rheological properties of gelato by FT-NIR spectroscopy".
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originated the concept of viscosity, the study of liquids with strain-rate-dependent viscosity is also often called
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constitute the basic materials of the rubber and plastic industries and are of vital importance to the textile,
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http://domino.research.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/papers/7AAC28E89CA36CC785257116005F824E/$ File/rc23869.pdf
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for a specific temperature. Although this viscosity will change with temperature, it does not change with the
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is subject to rheologic observations, particularly during studies of age-related vitreous liquefaction, or
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in steady shear flow. Other non-Newtonian rheological characteristics that blood can demonstrate includes
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if the material, after some deformation, eventually resists further deformation, it is considered a solid
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mixture that forms a weakly cohesive internal structure. Food thickeners frequently are based on either
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1708:. Materials science is utilized in the production of many industrially important substances, such as
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and is used, usually along with other dimensionless numbers, to provide a criterion for determining
1419:, but one which can vary with flow and time, calculation of the Reynolds number can be complicated.
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The characterization of flow or deformation originating from a simple shear stress field is called
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without substantially modifying its other properties, such as taste. They provide body, increase
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measurements and genomic testing technologies act as preventative measures and diagnostic tools.
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Rühs, Patrick A.; Bergfreund, Jotam; Bertsch, Pascal; Gstöhl, Stefan J.; Fischer, Peter (2021).
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R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, E. N. Lightfoot (1960), Transport
Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons,
1187:. Such relationships are then amenable to mathematical treatment by the established methods of
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Okonkwo, Valentine C.; Mba, Ogan I.; Kwofie, Ebenezer M.; Ngadi, Michael O. (November 2021).
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One of the major tasks of rheology is to establish by measurement the relationships between
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3565:– Short history and collection of rheological instruments from the time of Fritz Höppler
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The study of the physics of continuous materials which deform when subjected to a force.
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3524:"Nordic Rheology Society | UIA Yearbook Profile | Union of International Associations"
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2129:, or thickeners, are substances which, when added to an aqueous mixture, increase its
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is important in the manufacture and processing of food products, such as cheese and
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The experimental characterisation of a material's rheological behaviour is known as
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Baskurt OK, Meiselman HJ; Meiselman (2003). "Blood rheology and hemodynamics".
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materials that cannot be described by classical fluid mechanics or elasticity.
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Describes materials that permanently deform after a sufficient applied stress.
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2029:
There are two current major hypotheses to explain blood flow predictions and
1415:. However, since rheology is concerned with fluids which do not have a fixed
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1411:, whereas at high Reynolds numbers inertia predominates and the flow may be
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3439:"EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MELTED CHEESE «MILK»"
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2937:
2863:
2820:
2684:
Faith A. Morrison (2001), Understanding
Rheology, Oxford University Press,
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Beris, A. N.; Giacomin, A. J. (2014). "πάντα ῥεῖ : Everything Flows".
2161:. The agents are materials used to thicken and stabilize liquid solutions,
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The study of the physics of continuous materials with a defined rest shape.
1229:
if, by contrast, the material flows indefinitely, it is considered a fluid
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Simmonds, Michael J.; Meiselman, Herbert J.; Baskurt, Oguz K. (2013).
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at any temperature and pressure. This is an effect similar to that of
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2209:
2208:'s workability is related to the rheological properties of the fresh
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Do not undergo strain rates proportional to the applied shear stress.
954:
891:
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Bertsch, Pascal; Savorani, Laura; Fischer, Peter (31 January 2019).
3327:"Characterization of the rheological properties of yoghurt—A review"
3249:"Rheological Properties of Meat Sauces as Influenced by Temperature"
2096:
to immobilize prey or the fast-gelling underwater slime secreted by
1020:
to characterize the flow of materials that exhibit a combination of
3408:
Texture in food – Introduction to food rheology and its measurement
3153:
2912:
2526:
W. R. Schowalter (1978) Mechanics of Non-Newtonian Fluids
Pergamon
1284:
is often used when this plasticity threshold is rather high, while
3286:
Franco, Jose Maria; Guerrero, Antonio; Gallegos, Crispulo (1995).
2492:
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that exploit the granular rheology of dry sand to "swim" in it or
1970:. This is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements (
1949:
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Describes materials that return to their rest shape after applied
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359:
3441:, Processes and equipment for food production, Number 4(18), 2013
1109:
The study of materials with both solid and fluid characteristics.
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Lee, Kisung; Wagner, Christian; Priezzhev, Alexander V. (2017).
1944:
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undergo strain rates proportional to the applied shear stress.
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is the behavior observed after the material is subjected to a
1219:
We consider the application of a constant stress (a so-called
1198:(or shear rheology). The study of extensional flows is called
1016:
In practice, rheology is principally concerned with extending
887:
813:
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495:
18:
1156:, since it is easier to analyze shear deformation) in static
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Many animals make use of rheological phenomena, for example
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of added ingredients. Thickening agents are often used as
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762:
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1183:
and are concerned with the determination of well-defined
1720:, which have complex flow characteristics. In addition,
1248:
We again consider the application of a constant stress:
906:(e.g., silicates), as well as many foods and additives,
820:" or solids under conditions in which they respond with
3607:
3550:"The Origins of Rheology: A short historical excursion"
2409:
materials science, plastics engineering and engineering
16:
Study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid state
3617:
3288:"Rheology and processing of salad dressing emulsions"
2005:
The leading characteristic for hemorheology has been
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Fluid and solid character are relevant at long times:
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2774:Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan
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1144:Rheology unites the seemingly unrelated fields of
914:, and other materials that belong to the class of
176:
1067:The study of the physics of continuous materials
924:can be characterized by a single coefficient of
839:and flow of materials, both solids and liquids.
3325:Benezech, T.; Maingonnat, J.F. (January 1994).
3023:"Dysmorphology in the Era of Genomic Diagnosis"
3021:Hurst, Anna C. E.; Robin, Nathaniel H. (2020).
2546:Rheological Methods in Food Process Engineering
2505:: one model of the rheology of a granular flow.
1676:oscillatory flow, in both shear and extension.
3137:"Complex fluids in animal survival strategies"
1911:ceramic fiber can be drawn which are used for
800: 'study of') is the study of the flow of
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1796:In addition, conventional rubber undergoes a
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8:
3120:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
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1836:plant life on Earth. * Note the evidence of
1160:. In this sense, a solid undergoing plastic
856:, in 1920 from a suggestion by a colleague,
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2302:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
177:{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}
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3559:by Deepak Doraiswamy, DuPont iTechnologies
2748:Thermoplastic melt rheology and processing
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2711:Reiner, M. (1964). "The Deborah Number".
2366:Learn how and when to remove this message
2169:. They dissolve in the liquid phase as a
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1351:
154:
140:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3643:Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
1242:) behaviour is relevant at short times (
1058:
2746:Shenoy, Aroon V.; Saini, D. R. (1996).
2543:James Freeman Steffe (1 January 1996).
2514:
2092:, such as the sticky slime produced by
1646:{\displaystyle v={\frac {\mu }{\rho }}}
589:
544:
494:
454:
358:
227:
201:
128:
3883:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
3113:
2568:
2566:
2225:The incorporation of various types of
2085:. Certain animals produce specialized
1308:On one end of the spectrum we have an
2844:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
1943:includes study of the flow of molten
7:
3405:B.M. McKenna, and J.G. Lyng (2003).
3090:10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2013.03.010
2300:adding citations to reliable sources
1887:particles (Si-OH) can be monitored
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2419:, or certain technologies, notably
1990:is determined by plasma viscosity,
1903:adjusted into a proper range, both
1832:— the most common component of all
3480:Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems
3199:S. Gunasekaran, M. Mehmet (2003),
1919:, respectively. The mechanisms of
1451:
1448:
1437:Typically it is given as follows:
14:
3358:"Rheology of Swiss Cheese Fondue"
1891:by a number of different methods.
1400:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mu }{L}}}
3027:Journal of Personalized Medicine
2272:
1422:It is one of the most important
868:(often mistakenly attributed to
828:in response to an applied force.
749:
23:
4004:Timeline of physics discoveries
3465:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.06.010
3078:Journal of Geriatric Cardiology
2750:. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
1974:and formed elements, including
1032:behavior by properly combining
860:. The term was inspired by the
34:needs additional citations for
3593:Australian Society of Rheology
3437:Nikolaev L.K., Nikolaev B.L.,
3253:Food and Bioprocess Technology
2247:. An additional factor is the
1185:rheological material functions
1:
3234:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.05.007
2153:. Some thickening agents are
1939:The scientific discipline of
1684:Rheology has applications in
1620:– kinematic fluid viscosity:
991:Non-Newtonian fluid mechanics
3618:Romanian Society of Rheology
3603:European Society of Rheology
3588:American Society of Rheology
3453:Cement and Concrete Research
3343:10.1016/0260-8774(94)90066-3
2970:Journal of Biomedical Optics
2593:The presocratic philosophers
874:
3968:Quantum information science
3598:British Society of Rheology
3331:Journal of Food Engineering
3222:Food Research International
3201:Cheese rheology and texture
824:flow rather than deforming
4046:
3799:Classical electromagnetism
3623:Korean Society of Rheology
3608:French Society of Rheology
3265:10.1007/s11947-021-02709-9
3074:"Blood rheology and aging"
2813:10.1140/epje/i2011-11092-9
2630:10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918
2025:Red blood cell aggregation
1859:
1814:solid-fuel rocket boosters
1369:{\displaystyle v_{s}\rho }
1320:
1301:
1280:of the material. The term
1209:
882:
831:Rheology is the branch of
816:) state but also as "soft
3577:- On the Rheology of Cats
3488:10.1007/978-94-015-9213-0
3478:Shenoy, Aroon V. (1999).
2991:10.1117/1.JBO.22.9.091516
2591:Barnes, Jonathan (1982).
2151:personal hygiene products
1877:(TEOS) and water to form
1772:pharmaceutical industries
1604:– characteristic length,
1134:
1114:
1103:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1048:size and architecture of
793: 'flow' and
3905:Condensed matter physics
3374:10.1021/acsomega.8b02424
1931:science and technology.
1907:quality glass fiber and
910:(e.g., blood) and other
236:Clausius–Duhem (entropy)
186:Fick's laws of diffusion
3613:Nordic Rheology Society
3092:(inactive 2024-06-06).
2482:Rheological weldability
2477:Nordic Rheology Society
2221:Filled polymer rheology
2047:Disease and diagnostics
1875:tetraethylorthosilicate
1802:rubber-glass transition
394:Navier–Stokes equations
332:Material failure theory
3989:Nobel Prize in Physics
3851:Relativistic mechanics
3563:RHEOTEST Medingen GmbH
1892:
1852:
1851:, but less pronounced.
1647:
1575:
1401:
1370:
178:
3994:Philosophy of physics
2399:), engineering (e.g.
1869:
1827:
1648:
1610:– (absolute) dynamic
1576:
1424:dimensionless numbers
1402:
1371:
1293:Dimensionless numbers
984:materials. Since Sir
389:Bernoulli's principle
382:Archimedes' principle
179:
3953:Mathematical physics
3411:. Elsevier Science.
2856:10.1055/s-2003-44551
2457:Interfacial rheology
2296:improve this section
2100:to deter predators.
1840:which increases the
1828:Linear structure of
1624:
1444:
1384:
1350:
1335:is a measure of the
1200:extensional rheology
1003:, although the term
938:non-Newtonian fluids
912:biological materials
835:that deals with the
481:Cohesion (chemistry)
303:Infinitesimal strain
139:
43:improve this article
3928:Atmospheric physics
3767:Classical mechanics
3695:branches of physics
3650:Journal of Rheology
3163:2021SMat...17.3022R
3040:10.3390/jpm10010018
2982:2017JBO....22i1516L
2922:2021SMat...1710591B
2906:(47): 10591–10613.
2786:10.2472/jsms.27.155
2725:1964PhT....17a..62R
2692:and 978-0195141665.
2675:and 978-0471518440.
2498:Transport phenomena
2467:List of rheologists
2378:A rheologist is an
1913:fiber-optic sensors
1480:
1244:transient behaviour
1236:elastic and viscous
1189:continuum mechanics
1150:non-Newtonian fluid
1125:Non-Newtonian fluid
1063:Continuum mechanics
1018:continuum mechanics
399:Poiseuille equation
130:Continuum mechanics
124:Part of a series on
3984:History of physics
3573:2018-12-20 at the
3555:2019-08-19 at the
3304:10.1007/BF00712312
3171:10.1039/D1SM00142F
2930:10.1039/D1SM01212F
2578:2011-04-13 at the
2573:The Deborah Number
2484:for thermoplastics
1917:thermal insulation
1893:
1853:
1643:
1571:
1466:
1432:dynamic similitude
1397:
1366:
1286:yield stress fluid
1238:(or intermediate,
1170:granular materials
605:Magnetorheological
600:Electrorheological
337:Fracture mechanics
174:
4012:
4011:
3999:Physics education
3948:Materials science
3915:Interdisciplinary
3873:Quantum mechanics
3497:978-90-481-4029-9
3418:978-1-85573-673-3
3259:(11): 2146–2160.
3147:(11): 3022–3036.
2733:10.1063/1.3051374
2602:978-0-415-05079-1
2556:978-0-9632036-1-8
2549:. Freeman Press.
2413:civil engineering
2380:interdisciplinary
2376:
2375:
2368:
2350:
2254:surface treatment
2215:superplasticizers
2197:Concrete rheology
2127:Thickening agents
1980:white blood cells
1733:Materials science
1686:materials science
1641:
1569:
1544:
1516:
1513:
1484:
1395:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1121:
1110:
1101:
1090:
1077:
1068:
854:Lafayette College
852:, a professor at
850:Eugene C. Bingham
804:, primarily in a
742:
741:
617:
616:
551:
550:
320:Contact mechanics
243:
242:
172:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4037:
3938:Chemical physics
3878:Particle physics
3804:Classical optics
3687:
3680:
3673:
3664:
3636:Applied Rheology
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3448:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3368:(1): 1103–1109.
3353:
3347:
3346:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3228:(6): 1624–1628.
3217:
3211:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3156:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3111:
3101:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2993:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2915:
2895:
2876:
2875:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2780:(293): 155–161.
2768:
2762:
2761:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2665:
2659:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2618:Applied Rheology
2613:
2607:
2606:
2588:
2582:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2524:
2452:Glass transition
2371:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2308:
2276:
2268:
2011:pseudoplasticity
1838:hydrogen bonding
1800:(often called a
1798:glass transition
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
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1565:
1561:
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1536:
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1517:
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1511:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1221:creep experiment
1136:Newtonian fluids
1128:
1119:
1108:
1099:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1059:
964:(US terminology
922:Newtonian fluids
885:
884:
879:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
734:
727:
720:
566:
531:Gay-Lussac's law
521:Combined gas law
471:Capillary action
356:
199:
183:
181:
180:
175:
173:
171:
163:
155:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
3972:
3958:Medical physics
3909:
3868:Nuclear physics
3837:
3831:Non-equilibrium
3753:
3725:
3697:
3691:
3657:Rheologica Acta
3575:Wayback Machine
3557:Wayback Machine
3546:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3477:
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3450:
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3436:
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3423:
3421:
3419:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3292:Rheologica Acta
3285:
3284:
3280:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3112:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3020:
3019:
3015:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2897:
2896:
2879:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2801:Eur. Phys. J. E
2798:
2797:
2793:
2776:(in Japanese).
2770:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2580:Wayback Machine
2571:
2564:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2437:Bingham plastic
2433:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2309:
2307:
2293:
2277:
2266:
2223:
2199:
2175:polysaccharides
2106:
2075:land gastropods
2067:
2053:Hemorheological
2049:
2027:
2015:viscoelasticity
1988:Blood viscosity
1976:red blood cells
1963:
1952:. For example,
1937:
1864:
1858:
1822:
1740:
1735:
1682:
1670:
1622:
1621:
1614:viscosity, or
1593:
1552:
1551:
1527:
1523:
1503:
1493:
1487:
1460:
1442:
1441:
1382:
1381:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1333:Reynolds number
1329:fluid mechanics
1325:
1323:Reynolds number
1319:
1317:Reynolds number
1306:
1300:
1295:
1273:
1247:
1218:
1214:
1212:Viscoelasticity
1208:
1206:Viscoelasticity
1196:shear rheometry
1127:
1118:
1116:Fluid mechanics
1107:
1098:
1083:
1074:
1072:Solid mechanics
1065:
1042:fluid mechanics
1014:
752:
748:
738:
709:
708:
707:
627:
619:
618:
572:Viscoelasticity
563:
553:
552:
540:
490:
486:Surface tension
450:
353:
351:Fluid mechanics
343:
342:
341:
255:
253:Solid mechanics
245:
244:
196:
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164:
156:
137:
136:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3821:Thermodynamics
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3739:
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3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
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3722:
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3711:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
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3600:
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3545:
3544:External links
3542:
3540:
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3397:
3348:
3337:(4): 447–472.
3317:
3298:(6): 513–524.
3278:
3239:
3212:
3192:
3127:
3084:(3): 291–301.
3064:
3013:
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2877:
2850:(5): 435–450.
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2447:Fluid dynamics
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2195:
2183:vegetable gums
2155:gelling agents
2143:food additives
2137:, and improve
2105:
2102:
2090:complex fluids
2066:
2063:
2048:
2045:
2031:shear thinning
2026:
2023:
2007:shear thinning
1996:Vitreous humor
1962:
1959:
1936:
1933:
1871:Polymerization
1860:Main article:
1857:
1854:
1821:
1818:
1806:Space Shuttle
1791:silicate glass
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1428:fluid dynamics
1394:
1391:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1304:Deborah number
1302:Main article:
1299:
1298:Deborah number
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1263:
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1210:Main article:
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1078:
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1010:
972:), exhibiting
918:such as food.
848:was coined by
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3963:Ocean physics
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3898:Modern optics
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3747:Computational
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3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3696:
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3683:
3681:
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3640:
3638:
3637:
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3632:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
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3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
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3591:
3589:
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3585:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
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3434:
3431:
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3414:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
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3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:1-58716-021-8
3206:
3203:, CRC Press,
3202:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
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3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:(9): 091516.
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2757:9780824797232
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:Physics Today
2707:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:0-19-514166-0
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2673:0-471-51844-1
2670:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2656:0-471-07392-X
2653:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2595:. Routledge.
2594:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:0-08-021778-8
2529:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2503:μ(I) rheology
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Microrheology
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2370:
2367:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317: –
2316:
2312:
2311:Find sources:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2281:This section
2279:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2245:Farris effect
2241:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:Food rheology
2104:Food rheology
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:for adhesive
2080:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1889:rheologically
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:pharmaceutics
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:flow velocity
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1392:
1389:
1379:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1282:plastic solid
1279:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:By contrast,
1233:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:acrylic paint
967:
963:
960:
956:
951:
948:can have its
947:
941:
939:
936:) are called
935:
934:flow velocity
931:
927:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
908:bodily fluids
905:
904:glass formers
901:
897:
893:
889:
878:
877:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:Markus Reiner
855:
851:
847:
846:
840:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
785:
779:
746:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
715:
713:
712:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
623:
622:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
592:
588:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
567:
562:
557:
556:
547:
543:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
516:Charles's law
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
501:
500:
497:
493:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
461:
460:
457:
453:
447:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
425:
424:non-Newtonian
422:
418:
414:
413:
412:
409:
407:
404:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
383:
380:
378:
375:
371:
368:
367:
365:
364:
361:
357:
352:
347:
346:
338:
335:
333:
330:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:Compatibility
308:
304:
301:
299:
298:Finite strain
296:
295:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
254:
249:
248:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
226:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
202:Conservations
200:
192:
191:
187:
168:
165:
160:
157:
151:
148:
145:
142:
135:
134:
131:
127:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3923:Astrophysics
3737:Experimental
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3531:. Retrieved
3527:
3518:
3506:
3479:
3473:
3459:(10): 1058.
3456:
3452:
3446:
3433:
3422:. Retrieved
3407:
3400:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3200:
3195:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3116:cite journal
3081:
3077:
3067:
3030:
3026:
3016:
2973:
2969:
2903:
2899:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2747:
2741:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2680:
2663:
2646:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2592:
2586:
2545:
2538:
2377:
2362:
2353:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2310:
2294:Please help
2282:
2258:
2236:
2224:
2200:
2157:, forming a
2154:
2125:
2107:
2094:velvet worms
2068:
2059:Hemorheology
2057:
2050:
2036:hemorheology
2028:
2004:
1968:hemorheology
1964:
1938:
1925:condensation
1894:
1849:crosslinking
1807:
1804:). E.g. The
1801:
1795:
1779:viscoelastic
1776:
1741:
1683:
1680:Applications
1671:
1656:
1617:
1607:
1601:
1588:
1583:
1436:
1421:
1326:
1307:
1285:
1281:
1277:yield stress
1275:
1270:yield stress
1269:
1243:
1240:viscoelastic
1235:
1220:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1174:
1154:shear stress
1143:
1104:
1089:are removed.
1015:
1004:
998:
996:
989:
986:Isaac Newton
942:
920:
843:
841:
797:
794:
790:
787:
744:
743:
591:Smart fluids
560:
536:Graham's law
442:
435:
420:
406:Pascal's law
402:
385:
373:
228:Inequalities
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3826:Statistical
3742:Theoretical
3719:Engineering
3141:Soft Matter
2900:Soft Matter
2807:(9): 9–14.
2167:suspensions
2079:snail slime
1873:process of
1820:Biopolymers
1787:Silly Putty
1690:engineering
1668:Measurement
1162:deformation
1158:equilibrium
966:latex paint
930:strain rate
916:soft matter
896:suspensions
837:deformation
826:elastically
782:; from
610:Ferrofluids
511:Boyle's law
283:Hooke's law
261:Deformation
4019:Categories
3943:Geophysics
3933:Biophysics
3777:Analytical
3730:Approaches
3533:2021-12-01
3424:2009-09-18
3154:2005.00773
2913:2109.05088
2510:References
2488:Rheopectic
2401:mechanical
2326:newspapers
2315:"Rheology"
2264:Rheologist
2240:dispersion
2139:suspension
2087:endogenous
2083:locomotion
2041:hematocrit
2019:thixotropy
2000:synaeresis
1992:hematocrit
1961:Physiology
1941:geophysics
1935:Geophysics
1921:hydrolysis
1909:refractory
1808:Challenger
1764:automobile
1722:plasticity
1698:physiology
1694:geophysics
1673:Rheometers
1266:Plasticity
1146:plasticity
1096:Plasticity
1081:Elasticity
1034:elasticity
974:thixotropy
902:and other
876:panta rhei
870:Simplicius
866:Heraclitus
663:Gay-Lussac
626:Scientists
526:Fick's law
506:Atmosphere
325:frictional
278:Plasticity
266:Elasticity
69:newspapers
58:"Rheology"
4030:Tribology
3893:Molecular
3794:Acoustics
3787:Continuum
3782:Celestial
3772:Newtonian
3759:Classical
3702:Divisions
3582:Societies
3362:ACS Omega
3273:238223322
3187:232260738
3033:(1): 18.
2946:237492003
2719:(1): 62.
2638:195789095
2624:: 52918.
2442:Die swell
2421:materials
2385:chemistry
2283:does not
2163:emulsions
2147:cosmetics
2135:stability
2131:viscosity
2077:that use
1984:platelets
1897:viscosity
1895:With the
1879:amorphous
1842:viscosity
1830:cellulose
1760:petroleum
1726:polymeric
1718:chocolate
1639:ρ
1636:μ
1567:ν
1542:μ
1525:ρ
1489:μ
1462:ρ
1417:viscosity
1413:turbulent
1390:μ
1364:ρ
1181:rheometry
1046:molecular
1038:Newtonian
1000:rheometry
978:rheopecty
950:viscosity
926:viscosity
883:πάντα ῥεῖ
842:The term
703:Truesdell
633:Bernoulli
582:Rheometer
577:Rheometry
417:Newtonian
411:Viscosity
161:φ
149:−
4025:Rheology
3629:Journals
3571:Archived
3553:Archived
3392:31459386
3312:94776693
3179:33729256
3108:24133519
3059:32192103
3008:27534435
3000:28636066
2938:34787149
2872:17873138
2864:14631543
2821:21947892
2576:Archived
2431:See also
2417:medicine
2405:chemical
2356:May 2023
2231:polymers
2202:Concrete
2191:proteins
2179:starches
2071:sandfish
1882:hydrated
1783:silicone
1756:Polymers
1748:plastics
1738:Polymers
1700:, human
1659:– fluid
1380:forces (
1341:inertial
1310:inviscid
1105:Rheology
1087:stresses
1050:polymers
1005:rheology
982:dilatant
959:emulsion
900:polymers
862:aphorism
845:rheology
798:(-logia)
745:Rheology
561:Rheology
466:Adhesion
446:Pressure
432:Buoyancy
377:Dynamics
215:Momentum
99:May 2023
3977:Related
3861:General
3856:Special
3714:Applied
3528:uia.org
3383:6648832
3159:Bibcode
3099:3796705
3050:7151624
2978:Bibcode
2918:Bibcode
2829:2246471
2721:Bibcode
2397:biology
2393:geology
2389:physics
2340:scholar
2304:removed
2289:sources
2227:fillers
2204:'s and
2171:colloid
2145:and in
2098:hagfish
2065:Zoology
1954:granite
1929:sol-gel
1905:optical
1862:sol-gel
1856:Sol-gel
1846:polymer
1834:organic
1744:rubbers
1702:biology
1661:density
1594:– mean
1584:where:
1409:laminar
1378:viscous
1260:fluids.
1256:strain.
1177:strains
1030:plastic
1026:viscous
1022:elastic
946:ketchup
892:sludges
833:physics
822:plastic
648:Charles
456:Liquids
370:Statics
315:Bending
83:scholar
3888:Atomic
3843:Modern
3693:Major
3494:
3415:
3390:
3380:
3310:
3271:
3207:
3185:
3177:
3106:
3096:
3057:
3047:
3006:
2998:
2944:
2936:
2870:
2862:
2827:
2819:
2754:
2688:
2671:
2654:
2636:
2599:
2553:
2530:
2462:Liquid
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2249:stress
2210:cement
2206:mortar
2189:), or
2187:pectin
2185:, and
2165:, and
2121:fondue
2117:yogurt
2113:gelato
2017:, and
1972:plasma
1950:rheids
1885:silica
1770:, and
1752:fibers
1750:, and
1716:, and
1710:cement
1344:forces
1331:, the
1252:delay.
1054:stress
955:yogurt
898:, and
818:solids
810:liquid
802:matter
796:-λoγία
791:(rhéō)
698:Stokes
693:Pascal
683:Navier
678:Newton
668:Graham
643:Cauchy
546:Plasma
441:
439:Mixing
434:
419:
401:
384:
372:
360:Fluids
293:Strain
288:Stress
271:linear
220:Energy
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3308:S2CID
3269:S2CID
3183:S2CID
3149:arXiv
3004:S2CID
2942:S2CID
2908:arXiv
2868:S2CID
2825:S2CID
2634:S2CID
2493:Solid
2347:JSTOR
2333:books
2229:into
2119:, or
1899:of a
1785:toy '
1768:paper
1714:paint
1612:fluid
1376:) to
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