1931:(the simplest answer is the most accurate). Bremer support is used to label how well-supported clades are by analyzing how they are distributed among more complex alternatives to the simplest (most parsimonious) tree. Clades which do not exist in a family tree which is only one total step more complex than the MPT (most parsimonious tree) have a Bremer support of 1, meaning that the clade's existence is very uncertain. Even if the MPT of the present analysis supports their existence, new data may make a competing family tree more parsimonious, dissolving clades which are only supported in the current MPT. Other clades may have much higher Bremer support values, indicating that more drastic assumptions have to be formulated to render the clade invalid. Rhinesuchidae as a whole, for example, has a Bremer support of 6 in Mariscano
932:. External gills had to have evolved from internal gills sometime during amphibian evolution, although the precise location of this transition is controversial. The gill-supporting bones preserved in ancient amphibians show many similarities with those of fish gills and salamander gills. Paleontologists who prefer comparing ancient tetrapods to modern amphibians generally find many similarities between the fossil bones and modern salamander gill bones. On the other hand, paleontologists who compare fossil tetrapods to fossil fish consider the bones to correlate with internal gills. This conundrum, known as Bystrow's paradox, has made it difficult to assess gills in ancient amphibians such as
1150:, which are defined by close relations rather than ancestral assemblages. However, the basic idea behind Rhinesuchoidea, which states that advanced stereospondyls descended from animals similar to rhinesuchids, is still considered valid. Rhinecepidae and Uranocentrodontidae were found to be synonymous with Rhinesuchidae according to a 2000 analysis by Schoch and Milner. One study placed Rhinesuchidae within the superfamily Capitosauroidea. However, this interpretation has not been followed by other studies which consider rhinesuchids to be more basal than
4992:
2735:
2792:
563:
2772:
2755:
703:. These holes are very thin in rhinesuchids. Above these paroccipital processes lie the otic notches as well as the tabular bones. The paroccipital processes also point backwards to some extent, forming horns which in some rhinesuchids are slightly longer than those of the tabulars. When seen from below, the most prominent portion of the braincase is the parasphenoid bone. The rear corners of the parasphenoid have small 'pockets' bordered by ridges (known as
135:
2707:
4201:
4189:
4986:
5048:
636:, and squamosal bones) and extends down along the rear face of the cheek. The inner edge of the outer wall of the cavity was formed by a ledge which most studies simply label 'membrane'. This convention exists as a result of the old and likely incorrect hypothesis that otic notches housed eardrums. Under this hypothesis, the inner ledge may have attached to a membrane stretching along the inner cavity of the ear.
4999:
4195:
1130:
940:
113:
1029:, but are generally rounder in shape. They also possessed a honeycomb-like internal structure and histological features which indicate that they were deeply embedded in skin. Therefore, it is unlikely that they would have been visible from the outside of the body. It cannot be determined whether the scales or scutes of rhinesuchids would have enabled or restricted
683:, which extends down the midline of the skull to meet the vomers. Towards the back of the mouth, there were the multi-pronged pterygoid bones on each side of the skull. Each pterygoid had several branches, including the posterior branch which stretches back and to the side of the skull, the short medial branch which extends inwards and connects to the
791:
651:). The tympanic crest is present in most rhinesuchids but absent in a few, and it is additionally present in lydekkerinids. The oblique ridge/crest and falciform crest are present in most other stereospondyls (although the former is less well-developed), while the 'membrane' ledge is present in practically every
1922:
possessed this trait, the main feature which separates it from the rest of
Rhinesuchidae. Other traits which support this separation include the fact that other rhinesuchids have stepped jugal-prefrontal contact and toothless coronoid bones in the lower jaw. The rest of the family was poorly resolved
1049:
When the family was first named in 1919, Rhinesuchidae was already recognized as a group of basal stereospondyls, a position which it retains even in the present day. Among the traits used to support this position include the fact that most rhinesuchids had long anterior branches of their pterygoids.
1008:
or scales around the body. The scutes which would have been on the belly of the animal were arranged in parallel diagonal rows which converged at the midline of the body and diverged as the rows stretched towards the tail. Each scute had a ridge running down the middle, and the scutes further towards
746:
foramen, was large in this family. On the upper side of the jaw joint, a thin groove known as an arcadian groove stretches towards the lingual (tongue) side of the jaw and separates other bony bumps located among the jaw joint. As a whole, the grooves and ridges of the jaw joint were poorly developed
687:
bone, an ascending branch which projects upwards to form the otic notch, and finally the anterior branch which extends forward along the palatine and ectopterygoid. The pterygoids of most rhinesuchids have very long anterior branches. In most members of this family, the anterior branch reaches as far
1013:
instead. The scales on the sides of the body were flatter and smaller than the bony belly scutes. The scutes on the back of the body were similar, although more rounded in shape, with a few larger scutes near the midline. The scales of the hind limbs and the underside of the hip region were similar
1195:
as well as another subfamily termed
Australerpetinae. This clade is united by the presence of a tympanic crest and a foramen magnum (the hole for the spinal cord at the back of the braincase) which has a curved upper edge. Australerpetinae is a modified version of Australerpetonidae which has been
528:
Rhinesuchids generally had a conventional body type for tetrapods, with four limbs and a moderately long tail. In addition, their bodies were also somewhat elongated and their limbs were small and weak but still rather well-developed. Some were very large, up to 3 meters (10 feet) in length. Like
1926:
Bremer support is gauged by counting the number of times analyzed traits are acquired, lost, or reacquired within a family tree. Some family trees include more of these transitions than others, meaning that some possible trees assumed that more than the bare minimum amount of evolution had taken
900:
while the animal was alive. Although such bones are rare among stereospondyls and unknown in any other rhinesuchids, this may simply be due to the fact that the bones of other genera were preserved in more rough-grained sediments where such delicate bones could be broken or difficult to find.
632:, which is sometimes termed an 'oblique crest of the pterygoid', but more commonly called a 'tympanic crest'. Confusingly enough, many rhinesuchids are also known to possess a tympanic crest. This ridge was positioned further back than the other ridges (near the intersection of the pterygoid,
588:, fleshy holes used for breathing. Rhinesuchids can be characterized by a unique system of ridges and grooves within the inner cavity of each otic notch. The walls of the otic notch cavity (sometimes referred to as a tympanic cavity) are mainly made up of the ascending branch of the
457:
of this family has been convoluted, with more than twenty species having been named in the past; a 2017 review recognized only eight of them (distributed among seven genera) to be valid. While several purported members of this group have been reported to have lived in the
988:. Despite this feature likely being an example of convergent evolution (as other lungfish exclusively possessed internal gills), it still remains a useful gauge for how temnospondyl gills developed. The study's writers concluded that the gills of temnospondyls (including
1009:
the midline overlapped the ones further out. Along the midline, a row of flat and wide scales stretched from the throat to the tail. While these belly scales were made of bone, scales on other parts of the body had less bone structure and were probably made of
950:
Bystrow's paradox was finally resolved by a 2010 study, which found that grooved ceratobrachnial structures (components of the branchial arches) are correlated with internal gills. Ancient tetrapods which preserved grooved ceratobranchials, such as the
809:
Despite this support for an aquatic lifestyle, other pieces of evidence show that rhinesuchids were capable of some terrestrial movement. Although rhinesuchids did not possess any adaptations for digging, the poorly-ossified juvenile specimen of
960:, probably only had internal gills as adults. Nevertheless, external gills have been directly preserved as soft tissue in some temnospondyls. However, these situations only occur in larval specimens or members of specialized groups such as the
3104:
Eltink, Estevan; Langer, Max C. (2014). "A New
Specimen of the Temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi from the Late Permian of Brazil (Rio Do Rasto Formation, Paraná Basin): Comparative Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships".
1191:. This subfamily is mainly characterized by features of the palate, such as an anterior branch of the pterygoid lacking ridges and palatine bones covered in tiny denticles. The other main clade of the family contained
596:. The tabular bones are a pair of triangular bones along the rear edge of the skull which form pointed structures known as tabular horns. The upper part of the outer wall of the cavity is also formed partly from the
974:) has external gills as larvae which transform into internal gills as adults. Despite adult dvinosaur specimens having skeletal features correlated with internal gills, some larval specimens of another dvinosaur,
1935:. (2017), which is considered high support. A Bremer support of 2, as is the case with three specific clades in this analysis, is considered moderate. One of these clades included the two valid species of
600:
bones, which mostly occupy the flat upper face of the skull. The portion of the squamosal which forms the cavity wall is separated by the portion outside of the cavity by a pronounced boundary known as a
1033:(breathing through the skin as in modern amphibians). Other potential applications of the scales included protection against predators, retaining water during droughts, and possibly even for storing
699:(paroccipital processes) extends from side to side, partially concealing the ascending branch of the pterygoids. Each paroccipital process is also perforated by a small hole, known as post-temporal
2938:"The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae"
2734:
872:(rings in the bone used to tell age, like tree rings) present in a hip fragment. Some lines of arrested growth were very narrow, indicating that the individuals could reduce their growth and
787:
material to supplement the low amount of bone. This trait is often correlated with an aquatic lifestyle. Features of the skull, such as upwards-pointing eyes, also support this hypothesis.
876:
during times of hardship. This ability may be the reason why rhinesuchids were rather successful at the end of the
Permian, as well as how a few small members of the group survived the
1220:.) their pterygoids had short anterior branches, letting the palatine bones contact the interpterygoid vacuities. The most parsimonious (evolutionarily simplest) tree found by Eltink
692:
has relatively short anterior branches. A pair of large openings, known as interpterygoid vacuities, fill the areas between these bones, making the majority of the palate open space.
2842:
Mariscano, C.A.; Latimer, E.; Rubidge, B.; Smith, R.M.H. (2017). "The
Rhinesuchidae and early history of the Stereospondyli (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) at the end of the Palaeozoic".
839:
possessed robust hips, several completely bony ankle bones, and ossified pleurocentra (part of the vertebrae). Nevertheless, these skeletons were not as strongly built as those of
845:(a supposedly terrestrial temnospondyl), with smaller shoulder girdles and less prominent sites for muscle attachment. Dias & Schultz (2003) suggested that the lifestyle of
462:
period, most are either dubious or do not belong to the group. However, at least one valid genus of rhinesuchid is known from the early
Triassic, a small member known as
992:
and other rhinesuchids which may have possessed gills) were probably internal (like those of a fish) as an adult, but external (like those of a salamander) as a larva.
5151:
868:, as in modern amphibians. Individuals also had fairly long life span, with one specimen being 30 to 35 years old at the time of its death based on the number of
609:
417:
are probably descended from. Rhinesuchids can be differentiated from other temnospondyls by details of their skulls, most notably the interior structure of their
888:
Three rows of tiny bones (branchial ossicles) covered with thin tooth-like structures (branchial denticles) have been preserved near the neck of one specimen of
612:, which extends lengthwise along the wall. The lower edge of the groove is formed by a ridge/crest known as an oblique ridge, although it has also been called a
529:
most stereospondyls, their skulls were flattened and triangular, with upward-pointing eyes. Most rhinesuchids had relatively short snouts, although the snout of
727:(eye holes). In most rhinesuchids, the edge between the two bones possessed a 'stepped' shape, with a triangular outer extension of the prefrontal pushing the
715:
Many bones made up the upper side of the skull, although a particular pair of bones acquired a specific design in rhinesuchids. These bones were the elongated
616:, otic flange, or simply an oblique crest. The upper edge of the stapedial groove is formed by another ridge/crest bordering the squamosal bone, which Eltink
2791:
1173:(2016) favored the hypothesis that it was deeply nested within Rhinesuchidae. A phylogenetic study performed as part of the study split the family into two
679:. Most of the parasphenoid formed the lower face of the flattened braincase, although it also possesses a thin forward-projecting rod known as a cultriform
2754:
1041:).This last hypothesis is the least likely, as rhinesuchids did not lay hard-shelled eggs, which is the reason female crocodiles need to store calcium.
2706:
425:, a subgroup of temnospondyls with flat heads and aquatic habits. Although more advanced stereospondyls evolved to reach worldwide distribution in the
908:
had gills of some kind, it is difficult to determine what kind of gills they were. On the one hand, they could have been internal gills like those of
5138:
3481:
820:. Various conditions of the way these animals were preserved indicate that they co-inhabited the burrow peacefully, likely to survive a drought by
1959:) could not be resolved with absolute confidence, with Bremer support values of only 1 regardless of where the three clades were placed among non-
738:
The lower jaw has a pair of holes only visible from the inside edge of the jaw. The larger hole at the rear part of the bone complex, known as a
4991:
2771:
5210:
877:
3449:
Schoch, R. R., and Milner, A. R. 2000. Stereospondyli, stem-Stereospondyli, Rhinesuchidae, Rhytidostea, Trematosauroidea, Capitosauroidea.
742:, was thin and elongated in rhinesuchids. An additional hole on the underside of the jaw joint is only visible from below. This hole, the
3034:
Fernandez, Vincent; Abdala, Fernando; Carlson, Kristian J.; Cook, Della
Collins; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Yates, Adam; Tafforeau, Paul (2013).
5215:
1927:
place. The family tree with the fewest of these 'steps' (transitions) is likely to be the most accurate, based on the principal of
835:
In addition, it has been noted that larger temnospondyls generally have more well-ossified joints. For example, large specimens of
747:
in rhinesuchids compared to that of many other stereospondyl groups, instead resembling the simple joint of archegosaurids such as
3399:
Shishkin, M. A.; Rubidge, B. S. (2000). "A Relict
Rhinesuchid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) From The Lower Triassic Of South Africa".
1018:
was preserved on the forelimbs or tail. Thus, it is likely that at least the tail was unarmored and only covered with naked skin.
1162:
as a basal stereospondyl outside of
Rhinesuchidae, while others consider it an archegosaurid outside of Stereospondyli entirely.
1092:") and Rhinesuchoidea. Apart from containing Rhinesuchidae, Rhinesuchoidea also contained various genera as well as the families
1216:. Members of this subfamily had somewhat longer and more tapered snouts than other Rhinesuchids, although (according to Eltink
3157:
5220:
1118:) were not placed in any rhinesuchoid family in particular. Other families were later placed in this Rhinesuchoidea, such as
980:
preserved soft tissue external gills. Thus, the gill development of dvinosaurs (and presumably other temnospondyls, such as
853:(fish-eater), preferring to hunt in shallow bodies of freshwater yet retaining the ability to walk on land during droughts.
643:
and stapedial groove are unknown in any other groups, although they are present in practically every rhinesuchid (except
3474:
134:
498:
A similar alternate definition is that
Rhinesuchidae is a stem-based clade containing all taxa more closely related to
775:, for example) include specimens preserving a significant portion of the rest of the skeleton. A juvenile specimen of
4200:
4188:
3331:"On the squamation of Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, a temnospondyl amphibian from the Upper Permian of Brazil"
1906:
study was challenged by a different study on rhinesuchids published less than a year later. This study, Mariscano
1112:) often considered rhinesuchids were best placed in the separate family Uranocentrodontidae, while others (i.e.
4998:
4985:
3560:
869:
912:, which were hardly visible from the outside of the body. On the other hand, they could have been stalk-like
576:
Like most ancient amphibians, rhinesuchids had a pair of indentations at the rear edge of the skull known as
5205:
5051:
3467:
2882:
Schoch, Rainer R. (2013). "The evolution of major temnospondyl clades: an inclusive phylogenetic analysis".
970:
5068:
3587:
585:
3036:"Synchrotron Reveals Early Triassic Odd Couple: Injured Amphibian and Aestivating Therapsid Share Burrow"
5177:
4706:
4194:
1030:
1918:
recognition of short anterior pterygoid branches in multiple genera. According to their analysis, only
675:
and ectopterygoid bones. In the middle of the rear part of the mouth was a rectangular bone known as a
1058:) in a broad superfamily which he called Rhinesuchoidea. Rhinesuchoidea was intended to be part of an
562:
5125:
4890:
4037:
3408:
3192:
3114:
3047:
2989:
2891:
2001:
1306:
652:
4326:
3377:
1923:
in their phylogenetic analysis, although three clades did have moderate Bremer support values of 2.
1914:
was a rhinesuchid, but considered it the most basal member of the family. They disagree with Eltink
4751:
4044:
2936:
Eltink, Estevan; Dias, Eliseu V.; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio; Schultz, Cesar L.; Langer, Max C. (2016).
731:
with the jugal towards a more lateral (outwards) position. However, the suture is more straight in
481:
4806:
5106:
4308:
4100:
4065:
4009:
3715:
3432:
3230:
3208:
3138:
3130:
3013:
3005:
2907:
1059:
581:
535:
was very long and thin. The only other giant long-snouted Permian amphibians were members of the
454:
356:
129:
5182:
4841:
4692:
667:(roof of the mouth) in rhinesuchids, as in other amphibians. At the tip of the palate lied the
5164:
4820:
4023:
3995:
3424:
3355:
3311:
3269:
3083:
3065:
2959:
1081:
680:
5169:
5156:
1146:
in the late 20th century has caused grades to fall out of favor in recent years, replaced by
5016:
4502:
4411:
4383:
4079:
4016:
3848:
3820:
3416:
3345:
3303:
3261:
3200:
3122:
3073:
3055:
2997:
2949:
2899:
2859:
2851:
1928:
1097:
961:
739:
728:
536:
473:
398:
761:
Most rhinesuchids are only known from skull material, although a few members of the group (
5041:
5031:
5026:
5021:
4931:
4735:
4685:
4571:
4425:
4353:
4273:
4266:
3932:
3545:
3523:
2584:
2567:
1196:
reduced to subfamily status in order to fit within Rhinesuchidae. This subfamily contains
1077:
936:
as different paleontologists come to different conclusions based on their field of study.
724:
720:
602:
589:
539:
426:
3412:
3196:
3118:
3051:
2993:
2982:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2895:
628:" for this structure so that it would not be confused with a different ridge present in
4924:
4908:
4855:
4827:
4813:
4772:
4603:
4541:
4460:
4439:
4418:
4294:
4259:
4093:
4030:
3974:
3883:
3811:
3800:
3786:
3742:
3681:
3653:
3640:
3599:
3490:
3265:
3078:
3035:
2803:
2761:
2741:
2718:
2238:
2190:
2166:
2123:
2085:
2039:
1779:
1653:
1597:
1468:
1411:
1366:
1293:
1212:
1134:
1123:
1114:
1101:
1093:
1073:
1038:
913:
893:
743:
707:). These ridges may have anchored muscles capable of maneuvering the head on the neck.
629:
597:
568:
531:
516:
500:
493:
422:
343:
317:
229:
192:
32:
5199:
5036:
4959:
4897:
4876:
4862:
4713:
4665:
4644:
4578:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4495:
4488:
4453:
4432:
4397:
4301:
4231:
4218:
4160:
4135:
4121:
4114:
4072:
3918:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3722:
3692:
3572:
3529:
3436:
3307:
2469:
2438:
2022:
1974:
1231:
672:
633:
510:
434:
410:
179:
70:
3350:
3212:
3142:
3017:
2911:
4966:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4869:
4790:
4758:
4744:
4676:
4651:
4623:
4592:
4585:
4564:
4557:
4530:
4474:
4390:
4335:
4149:
4142:
4051:
4002:
3981:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3904:
3874:
3855:
3708:
3330:
2726:
2722:
2486:
1485:
1344:
1245:
1151:
1089:
1085:
1051:
780:
696:
684:
676:
593:
544:
1129:
639:
This combination of otic cavity grooves and ridges is unique to rhinesuchids. The
3204:
3126:
3060:
2903:
5100:
4917:
4834:
4765:
4699:
4404:
4376:
4369:
4342:
4128:
4107:
4086:
3946:
3925:
3897:
3863:
3793:
3772:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3701:
2855:
2798:
2713:
2519:
2405:
2312:
2295:
2271:
2072:
1720:
1670:
1629:
1564:
1444:
1394:
1327:
1206:
956:
952:
939:
821:
816:
801:
795:
767:
550:
487:
464:
421:
at the back of the skull. They were among the earliest-diverging members of the
330:
287:
269:
256:
243:
121:
45:
5091:
4637:
4616:
4550:
4481:
4446:
4362:
4287:
4252:
4245:
4058:
3988:
3939:
3674:
3181:"Paleohistology and histovariability of the Permian stereospondyl Rhinesuchus"
1143:
1063:
1015:
917:
873:
749:
716:
577:
418:
90:
55:
3428:
3359:
3315:
3273:
3252:
Schoch, Rainer R. (2002). "The evolution of metamorphosis in temnospondyls".
3069:
2963:
468:. The most recent formal definition of Rhinesuchidae, advocated by Mariscano
4883:
4799:
4630:
4315:
4280:
3911:
3779:
3420:
2778:
2543:
2221:
2106:
1547:
1187:
1178:
1119:
976:
857:
850:
824:(staying in a dormant state during hot and dry conditions). The fact that a
784:
414:
413:, a successful and diverse collection of semiaquatic tetrapods which modern
402:
304:
146:
112:
95:
39:
3087:
3001:
3158:"The first Paleozoic temnospondyl postcranial skeleton from South America"
1158:, has been more difficult to compare to Rhinesuchidae. Some studies place
608:
The outer wall of the cavity has a long and pronounced groove, known as a
5117:
5085:
4779:
4467:
3890:
3667:
3514:
3292:"Bystrow's Paradox - gills, fossils, and the fish-to-tetrapod transition"
2745:, an unusually long-snouted rhinesuchid of the middle to late Permian of
2388:
965:
925:
700:
459:
430:
166:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
3134:
2864:
946:, a very large member of the family which possessed gills and body armor
5143:
4848:
4658:
3009:
1034:
1010:
929:
921:
790:
450:
446:
442:
406:
100:
75:
28:
2954:
2937:
4720:
3508:
2783:
2746:
1988:
1269:
1068:
1050:
More advanced stereospondyls had shorter anterior branches. In 1947,
865:
841:
664:
580:. While sometimes considered to have housed hearing organs such as a
438:
156:
5062:
3291:
429:, rhinesuchids primarily lived in the high-latitude environments of
3180:
1154:. Australerpetonidae, a monotypic family only containing the genus
1174:
1147:
1128:
1005:
789:
668:
572:, with the otic region expanded to show rhinesuchid otic features.
561:
476:
216:
5130:
3459:
3382:
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College
909:
897:
860:
study of several indeterminate rhinesuchid fossils (referred to
5066:
4216:
3638:
3501:
3463:
2980:
Watson, D.M.S. (1962). "The Evolution of the Labyrinthodonts".
1955:. The arrangement of these clades (as well as the placement of
849:(and presumably other rhinesuchids) was that of a semiaquatic
671:, while the areas near the edge of the mouth were made of the
620:(2016) named the 'dorsal pterygoid crest'. However, Mariscano
592:. Nevertheless, the inside edge of each cavity is formed by a
1963:
Rhinesuchidae. The most parsimonious tree found by Mariscano
828:
was able to enter the burrow of a terrestrial animal such as
814:
was found in a flooded burrow which was also inhabited by a
1080:. This grade, termed "neorhachitomes", was separated into
832:
indicates that rhinesuchids were not exclusively aquatic.
1025:
specimens. They are similar in distribution to those of
1037:
when conditions are harsh (a technique used by female
584:(eardrum), these notches are more likely to have held
339:
326:
313:
300:
283:
265:
252:
239:
225:
5075:
4907:
4789:
4734:
4675:
4602:
4540:
4352:
4325:
4229:
4159:
3873:
3810:
3732:
3691:
3651:
3598:
3571:
3544:
1054:placed the family (which he believed only included
783:, indicating that its joints had a large amount of
695:When seen from behind, the upper branches of the
1902:The structure of Rhinesuchidae following Eltink
892:. These bones almost certainly attached to the
1138:, a long-snouted putative member of the family
1004:skeleton also preserved large patches of bony
799:(green) preserved in a fossilized burrow with
3475:
3290:Schoch, Rainer R.; Witzmann, Florian (2011).
1181:termed Rhinesuchinae. Rhinesuchinae contains
8:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
479:containing all taxa more closely related to
1108:and the possibly synonymous dubious genus "
864:) indicate that members of the family grew
779:had ankles and vertebrae which were poorly
5063:
4608:
4237:
4226:
4213:
3659:
3648:
3635:
3577:
3550:
3541:
3498:
3482:
3468:
3460:
723:bones, which formed the front edge of the
111:
20:
3349:
3077:
3059:
2953:
2942:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2863:
2844:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
663:Various bones and openings comprised the
409:period. They belonged to the broad group
3338:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
938:
2817:
2702:
3371:
3369:
3285:
3283:
3224:
3222:
2765:, of the late Permian of South Africa
1104:. Romer felt that certain taxa (i.e.
1072:to "advanced" stereospondyls such as
1062:of temnospondyls linking "primitive"
7:
3099:
3097:
3029:
3027:
2975:
2973:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2877:
2875:
3162:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia
2884:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2559:
2535:
2511:
2461:
2454:
2430:
2380:
2373:
2287:
2263:
2213:
2206:
2182:
2158:
2148:
2098:
2091:
2064:
2014:
2007:
1980:
1970:
1756:
1736:
1712:
1705:
1645:
1621:
1614:
1589:
1539:
1531:
1460:
1436:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1319:
1312:
1285:
1261:
1237:
1227:
1021:Scales have also been preserved in
3266:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2002.tb00091.x
3185:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3156:Dias, E.V.; Schultz, C.L. (2003).
3107:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1014:to those of the back, although no
624:(2017) preferred to use the name "
14:
1674:(Serra do Cadeado short-snouted)
878:Permian-Triassic extinction event
5047:
5046:
4997:
4990:
4984:
4199:
4193:
4187:
3378:"Review of the Labyrinthodontia"
3329:Dias, E.V.; Richter, M. (2002).
3308:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00456.x
2790:
2770:
2753:
2733:
2705:
1939:, while another clade connected
735:, like in other stereospondyls.
688:forward as the vomers, although
133:
3376:Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1947).
3351:10.1590/S0001-37652002000300010
16:Extinct family of temnospondyls
3451:Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie
3235:Annals of the Transvaal Museum
924:adult salamanders such as the
1:
5211:Guadalupian first appearances
3205:10.1080/02724634.2013.787429
3127:10.1080/02724634.2013.826667
3061:10.1371/journal.pone.0064978
2904:10.1080/14772019.2012.699006
711:Other skull and jaw features
405:that lived primarily in the
3229:Van Hoepen, E.C.N. (1915).
2762:Uranocentrodon senekalensis
740:posterior Meckelian foramen
501:Uranocentrodon senekalensis
5237:
5216:Early Triassic extinctions
3231:"Stegocephalia of Senekal"
1165:A comprehensive review of
5011:
4982:
4611:
4240:
4225:
4212:
4185:
3662:
3647:
3634:
3580:
3553:
3540:
3497:
3179:McHugh, Julia B. (2014).
2856:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw032
2782:, of the late Permian of
2581:
2564:
2557:
2540:
2533:
2516:
2509:
2483:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2435:
2428:
2402:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2309:
2292:
2285:
2268:
2261:
2235:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2187:
2180:
2163:
2156:
2146:
2120:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2069:
2062:
2036:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1985:
1978:
1947:, and the last contained
1776:
1761:
1754:
1741:
1734:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1667:
1650:
1643:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1594:
1587:
1561:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1482:
1465:
1458:
1441:
1434:
1408:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1341:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1290:
1283:
1266:
1259:
1242:
1235:
494:Peltobatrachus pustulatus
362:
355:
222:
215:
130:Scientific classification
128:
119:
110:
23:
2742:Australerpeton cosgriffi
964:. One living species of
870:lines of arrested growth
517:Mastodonsaurus giganteus
3421:10.1111/1475-4983.00144
322:Olson & Broom, 1937
3002:10.1098/rstb.1962.0010
2799:Broomistega putterilli
1967:(2017) is seen below:
1910:. (2017), agreed that
1764:"Rhinesuchus" capensis
1224:(2016) is seen below:
1139:
947:
806:
573:
472:. (2017) is that of a
5221:Temnospondyl families
5178:Paleobiology Database
1132:
1031:cutaneous respiration
942:
916:like those of modern
793:
565:
2779:Rhineceps nyasaensis
2002:Stereospondylomorpha
1307:Stereospondylomorpha
1169:published by Eltink
659:Palate and braincase
511:Trematosaurus brauni
3453:, Munich, 3b:1-203.
3413:2000Palgy..43..653S
3197:2014JVPal..34...59M
3119:2014JVPal..34..524E
3052:2013PLoSO...864978F
2994:1962RSPTB.245..219W
2896:2013JSPal..11..673S
2714:Rhinesuchus whaitsi
1102:Uranocentrodontidae
984:) mirrored that of
904:Although evidently
653:stereospondylomorph
506:Lydekkerina huxleyi
488:Lydekkerina huxleyi
482:Rhinesuchus whaitsi
382:Uranocentrodontidae
4066:Stanocephalosaurus
4010:Quasicyclotosaurus
1177:. One clade was a
1140:
1124:Australerpetonidae
1060:evolutionary grade
1039:African crocodiles
948:
807:
574:
366:Australerpetonidae
5193:
5192:
5165:Open Tree of Life
5069:Taxon identifiers
5060:
5059:
5007:
5006:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4821:Batrachosuchoides
4730:
4729:
4208:
4207:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4024:Promastodonsaurus
3996:Paracyclotosaurus
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
2955:10.1111/zoj.12339
2695:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2498:
2497:
2417:
2416:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2250:
2249:
2135:
2134:
2051:
2050:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1610:Australerpetinae
1576:
1575:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1423:
1422:
1356:
1355:
1084:(which contained
705:crista muscularis
392:
391:
386:
378:
370:
349:
336:
323:
310:
297:
280:
262:
249:
236:
211:
38:279.3–247.2
5228:
5186:
5185:
5173:
5172:
5160:
5159:
5147:
5146:
5134:
5133:
5121:
5120:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5064:
5050:
5049:
5017:Trematosauroidea
5001:
4994:
4988:
4609:
4503:Trematosuchoides
4412:Indolyrocephalus
4384:Erythrobatrachus
4238:
4227:
4214:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4080:Subcyclotosaurus
4017:Procyclotosaurus
3849:Indobenthosuchus
3821:Chomatobatrachus
3660:
3649:
3636:
3578:
3551:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3499:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3063:
3031:
3022:
3021:
2988:(723): 219–265.
2977:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2933:
2916:
2915:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2839:
2794:
2774:
2757:
2737:
2709:
2560:
2536:
2512:
2462:
2455:
2431:
2381:
2374:
2288:
2264:
2214:
2207:
2183:
2159:
2149:
2099:
2092:
2065:
2015:
2008:
1981:
1971:
1757:
1737:
1713:
1706:
1646:
1622:
1615:
1590:
1540:
1532:
1461:
1437:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1320:
1313:
1286:
1262:
1238:
1228:
1098:Sclerothoracidae
894:branchial arches
647:, which lacks a
610:stapedial groove
384:
376:
368:
348:van Hoepen, 1911
347:
341:
334:
328:
321:
315:
308:
302:
291:
285:
274:
267:
260:
254:
247:
241:
234:
227:
209:
204:
191:
178:
138:
137:
115:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5181:
5176:
5168:
5163:
5155:
5150:
5142:
5137:
5129:
5124:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5071:
5061:
5056:
5042:Plagiosauroidea
5032:Brachyopomorpha
5027:Rhytidosteoidea
5022:Metoposauroidea
5003:
5002:
4972:
4932:Plagiobatrachus
4903:
4785:
4736:Chigutisauridae
4726:
4671:
4598:
4572:Buettnererpeton
4536:
4426:Lyrocephaliscus
4354:Trematosauridae
4348:
4321:
4274:Keratobrachyops
4267:Chinlestegophis
4234:
4221:
4204:
4175:
4155:
4038:Samarabatrachus
3933:Eocyclotosaurus
3869:
3806:
3728:
3687:
3656:
3643:
3614:
3594:
3567:
3561:Tetrapodomorpha
3546:Tetrapodomorpha
3536:
3524:Tetrapodomorpha
3504:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3458:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3033:
3032:
3025:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2935:
2934:
2919:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2841:
2840:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2806:of South Africa
2795:
2786:
2775:
2766:
2758:
2749:
2738:
2729:
2710:
2701:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2568:Keratobrachyops
2499:
2418:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2251:
2136:
2052:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1693:
1684:
1577:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1424:
1357:
1142:The arrival of
1082:Capitosauroidea
1047:
998:
962:branchiosaurids
934:Uranocentrodon,
920:larvae or even
886:
759:
744:chorda tympanic
713:
661:
603:falciform crest
590:pterygoid bones
560:
540:Archegosauridae
526:
427:Triassic period
369:Barbarena, 1998
235:Barbarena, 1998
208:
202:
189:
176:
132:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5234:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5206:Stereospondyls
5198:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5174:
5161:
5148:
5135:
5122:
5112:
5097:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4996:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4925:Megalophthalma
4921:
4913:
4911:
4909:Plagiosauridae
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4856:Hadrokkosaurus
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4828:Batrachosuchus
4824:
4817:
4814:Batrachosaurus
4810:
4803:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4776:
4773:Pelorocephalus
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4612:
4606:
4604:Rhytidosteidae
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4546:
4544:
4542:Metoposauridae
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4461:Stoschiosaurus
4457:
4450:
4443:
4440:Panchetosaurus
4436:
4429:
4422:
4419:Inflectosaurus
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4327:Benthosuchidae
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4260:Callistomordax
4256:
4249:
4241:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4094:Vladlenosaurus
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4031:Rhadalognathus
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3975:Mastodonsaurus
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3884:Antarctosuchus
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3814:
3812:Lydekkerinidae
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3801:Uranocentrodon
3797:
3790:
3787:Rhinesuchoides
3783:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3743:Australerpeton
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3682:Peltobatrachus
3678:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3654:Stereospondyli
3652:
3645:
3644:
3641:Stereospondyli
3639:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3600:Stereospondyli
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3511:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3491:Stereospondyli
3489:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3442:
3407:(4): 653–670.
3391:
3365:
3344:(3): 477–490.
3321:
3302:(3): 251–265.
3296:Acta Zoologica
3279:
3260:(4): 309–327.
3244:
3218:
3171:
3148:
3113:(3): 524–538.
3093:
3023:
2969:
2948:(4): 835–860.
2917:
2890:(6): 673–705.
2871:
2850:(2): 357–384.
2816:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2804:early Triassic
2796:
2789:
2787:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:Uranocentrodon
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:Rhinesuchoides
2186:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:Australerpeton
2162:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:Peltobatrachus
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:Stereospondyli
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:Sclerocephalus
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1961:Australerpeton
1945:Uranocentrodon
1937:Rhinesuchoides
1920:Australerpeton
1912:Australerpeton
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:Rhinesuchoides
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:Australerpeton
1649:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:Uranocentrodon
1593:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1535:Rhinesuchinae
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:Mastodonsaurus
1464:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:Peltobatrachus
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1367:Stereospondyli
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:Trimerorhachis
1289:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1213:Rhinesuchoides
1198:Australerpeton
1193:Uranocentrodon
1167:Australerpeton
1160:Australerpeton
1156:Australerpeton
1135:Australerpeton
1115:Rhinesuchoides
1110:Laccocephalus"
1106:Uranocentrodon
1100:, and finally
1094:Lydekkerinidae
1046:
1045:Classification
1043:
1027:Uranocentrodon
1023:Australerpeton
1002:Uranocentrodon
997:
994:
990:Uranocentrodon
982:Uranocentrodon
944:Uranocentrodon
914:external gills
906:Uranocentrodon
890:Uranocentrodon
885:
882:
847:Australerpeton
837:Australerpeton
773:Australerpeton
763:Uranocentrodon
758:
755:
733:Australerpeton
712:
709:
690:Australerpeton
660:
657:
614:crista obliqua
569:Uranocentrodon
559:
556:
532:Australerpeton
525:
522:
449:epochs of the
423:Stereospondyli
390:
389:
388:
387:
379:
371:
360:
359:
353:
352:
351:
350:
344:Uranocentrodon
337:
324:
318:Rhinesuchoides
311:
309:Haughton, 1927
298:
281:
263:
261:Haughton, 1925
250:
237:
230:Australerpeton
220:
219:
213:
212:
200:
196:
195:
193:Stereospondyli
187:
183:
182:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
33:Early Triassic
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5233:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5108:
5107:Rhinesuchidae
5102:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5077:Rhinesuchidae
5074:
5070:
5065:
5053:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Brachyopoidea
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5000:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4960:Plagiosternum
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4898:Xenobrachyops
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4877:Sinobrachyops
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4863:Notobrachyops
4860:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:Chigutisaurus
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:Indobrachyops
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4666:Trucheosaurus
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4645:Pneumatostega
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4579:Dutuitosaurus
4576:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4524:Trematotegmen
4521:
4519:
4518:
4517:Trematosuchus
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:Trematosaurus
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4496:Trematolestes
4493:
4491:
4490:
4489:Tirraturhinus
4486:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4454:Prothoosuchus
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4433:Microposaurus
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4398:Hyperokynodon
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4302:Rileymillerus
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4232:Trematosauria
4228:
4224:
4220:
4219:Trematosauria
4215:
4211:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4161:Trematosauria
4158:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4136:Wetlugasaurus
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:Watsonisuchus
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:Warrenisuchus
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4073:Stenotosaurus
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4045:Sassenisaurus
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3919:Cyclotosaurus
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3842:Eolydekkerina
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:Deltacephalus
3832:
3830:
3829:
3828:Cryobatrachus
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3734:Rhinesuchidae
3731:
3725:
3724:
3723:Rotaurisaurus
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3693:Lapillopsidae
3690:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3588:Temnospondyli
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Temnospondyli
3570:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3530:Temnospondyli
3527:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:Palaeontology
3395:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3241:(2): 125–149.
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3046:(6): e64978.
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:Watsonisuchus
2464:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:Eolydekkerina
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2153:Rhinesuchidae
2151:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:Archegosaurus
2017:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:Temnospondyli
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:occam's razor
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:Rhinesuchidae
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1232:Temnospondyli
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:benthosuchids
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:
973:
972:
967:
963:
959:
958:
954:
945:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
843:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
813:
804:
803:
798:
797:
792:
788:
786:
785:cartilaginous
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
756:
754:
752:
751:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
658:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
630:lydekkerinids
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
570:
566:The skull of
564:
557:
555:
553:
552:
547:
546:
541:
538:
534:
533:
523:
521:
519:
518:
513:
512:
507:
503:
502:
497:
495:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:) during the
440:
436:
435:South America
433:(what is now
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Temnospondyli
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:Rhinesuchidae
383:
380:
375:
372:
367:
364:
363:
361:
358:
354:
346:
345:
338:
333:
332:
325:
320:
319:
312:
307:
306:
299:
295:
290:
289:
282:
278:
272:
271:
264:
259:
258:
251:
246:
245:
238:
232:
231:
224:
223:
221:
218:
214:
207:
206:Rhinesuchidae
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:Temnospondyli
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
34:
30:
22:
19:
5076:
4989:
4967:Plagiosuchus
4965:
4958:
4953:Plagioscutum
4951:
4946:Plagiosaurus
4944:
4939:Plagiorophus
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4870:Platycepsion
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4807:Bathignathus
4805:
4798:
4791:Brachyopidae
4778:
4771:
4764:
4759:Compsocerops
4757:
4750:
4745:Arenaerpeton
4743:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:Derwentiinae
4664:
4657:
4652:Rhytidosteus
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4624:Mahavisaurus
4622:
4615:
4593:Panthasaurus
4591:
4586:Metoposaurus
4584:
4577:
4570:
4565:Arganasaurus
4563:
4558:Apachesaurus
4556:
4549:
4531:Wantzosaurus
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4475:Tertremoides
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4391:Gonioglyptus
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4341:
4336:Benthosuchus
4334:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4192:
4150:Yuanansuchus
4148:
4143:Xenotosuchus
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4052:Sclerothorax
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4003:Parotosuchus
4001:
3994:
3987:
3982:Meyerosuchus
3980:
3973:
3968:Kupferzellia
3966:
3961:Kestrosaurus
3959:
3954:Jammerbergia
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3905:Capitosaurus
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:Capitosauria
3862:
3856:Luzocephalus
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3721:
3714:
3709:Manubrantlia
3707:
3700:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3519:
3450:
3445:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3341:
3337:
3324:
3299:
3295:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3191:(1): 59–68.
3188:
3184:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3110:
3106:
3043:
3039:
2985:
2981:
2945:
2941:
2887:
2883:
2865:11336/105150
2847:
2843:
2797:
2777:
2760:
2740:
2727:South Africa
2723:late Permian
2712:
2583:
2582:
2566:
2565:
2542:
2541:
2518:
2517:
2487:Benthosuchus
2485:
2484:
2468:
2467:
2437:
2436:
2404:
2403:
2387:
2386:
2311:
2310:
2294:
2293:
2270:
2269:
2237:
2236:
2220:
2219:
2189:
2188:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2122:
2121:
2105:
2104:
2071:
2070:
2038:
2037:
2021:
2020:
1987:
1986:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1778:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1742:
1719:
1718:
1669:
1668:
1652:
1651:
1628:
1627:
1596:
1595:
1563:
1562:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1486:Benthosuchus
1484:
1483:
1467:
1466:
1443:
1442:
1410:
1409:
1393:
1392:
1345:Tryphosuchus
1343:
1342:
1326:
1325:
1292:
1291:
1268:
1267:
1246:Dendrerpeton
1244:
1243:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1141:
1133:
1122:in 1966 and
1120:Rhinecepidae
1113:
1109:
1105:
1078:trematosaurs
1067:
1055:
1052:Alfred Romer
1048:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1001:
999:
989:
985:
981:
975:
969:
955:
949:
943:
933:
905:
903:
889:
887:
861:
858:Histological
855:
846:
840:
836:
834:
829:
825:
815:
811:
808:
800:
794:
776:
772:
766:
762:
760:
757:Paleobiology
748:
737:
732:
714:
704:
694:
689:
685:parasphenoid
677:parasphenoid
662:
648:
644:
640:
638:
625:
621:
617:
613:
607:
594:tabular bone
578:otic notches
575:
567:
549:
545:Prionosuchus
543:
530:
527:
515:
509:
505:
499:
492:
486:
480:
469:
463:
419:otic notches
394:
393:
381:
377:Oschev, 1966
374:Rhinecepidae
373:
365:
342:
329:
316:
303:
293:
286:
276:
268:
255:
242:
228:
210:Watson, 1919
205:
120:
24:Rhinesuchids
18:
5101:Wikispecies
4918:Gerrothorax
4835:Blinasaurus
4766:Koolasuchus
4700:Deltasaurus
4405:Icanosaurus
4377:Cosgriffius
4370:Aphaneramma
4343:Kwatisuchus
4309:Syrtosuchus
4129:Wellesaurus
4108:Volgasuchus
4101:Volgasaurus
4087:Tatrasuchus
3947:Heptasaurus
3926:Edingerella
3898:Calmasuchus
3864:Lydekkerina
3794:Rhinesuchus
3773:Rastosuchus
3765:Parapytanga
3758:Laccosaurus
3751:Broomistega
3716:Rhigerpeton
3702:Lapillopsis
3388:(1): 7–368.
2520:Lapillopsis
2406:Lydekkerina
2313:Laccosaurus
2296:Rhinesuchus
2272:Broomistega
2073:Konzhukovia
1957:Broomistega
1953:Laccosaurus
1949:Rhinesuchus
1721:Laccosaurus
1671:Rastosuchus
1630:Broomistega
1565:Rhinesuchus
1445:Lydekkerina
1395:Lapillopsis
1328:Konzhukovia
1207:Laccosaurus
1202:Broomistega
1183:Rhinesuchus
1152:capitosaurs
1086:capitosaurs
1074:metoposaurs
1064:rhachitomes
1056:Rhinesuchus
986:Lepidosiren
971:Lepidosiren
957:Dvinosaurus
862:Rhinesuchus
830:Thrinaxodon
826:Broomistega
822:aestivating
817:Thrinaxodon
812:Broomistega
802:Thrinaxodon
796:Broomistega
777:Broomistega
768:Broomistega
645:Broomistega
551:Konzhukovia
524:Description
465:Broomistega
443:Guadalupian
385:Romer, 1947
335:Broom, 1908
331:Rhinesuchus
288:Rastosuchus
275:Strapasson
270:Parapytanga
257:Laccosaurus
248:Broom, 1930
244:Broomistega
122:Rhinesuchus
29:Guadalupian
5200:Categories
5015:See also:
4638:Peltostega
4617:Boreopelta
4551:Anaschisma
4482:Thoosuchus
4447:Platystega
4363:Angusaurus
4288:Latiscopus
4253:Bothriceps
4246:Almasaurus
4170:see below↓
4059:Selenocara
3989:Odenwaldia
3940:Eryosuchus
3675:Capulomala
3609:see below↓
2812:References
1743:BP-1-4473
1144:cladistics
1016:integument
996:Body armor
918:salamander
874:metabolism
866:seasonally
750:Melosaurus
721:prefrontal
558:Otic notch
542:, such as
474:stem-based
415:amphibians
186:Suborder:
4884:Vanastega
4842:Brachyops
4800:Banksiops
4707:Derwentia
4693:Acerastia
4631:Nanolania
4316:Uruyiella
4281:Laidleria
3912:Cherninia
3780:Rhineceps
3507:Kingdom:
3437:128561620
3429:1475-4983
3360:0001-3765
3316:1463-6395
3274:1502-3931
3070:1932-6203
2964:0024-4082
2802:, of the
2717:, of the
2544:Laidleria
2222:Rhineceps
2107:Uruyiella
1941:Rhineceps
1548:Rhineceps
1188:Rhineceps
1179:subfamily
1126:in 1998.
977:Isodectes
953:dvinosaur
851:piscivore
701:fenestrae
697:braincase
598:squamosal
586:spiracles
447:Lopingian
403:tetrapods
305:Rhineceps
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
5131:10511693
5115:BioLib:
5092:Q2566755
5086:Wikidata
5052:Category
4891:Vigilius
4780:Siderops
4468:Tertrema
3891:Bukobaja
3668:Arachana
3515:Chordata
3513:Phylum:
3509:Animalia
3213:83906138
3168:: 29–42.
3143:86083995
3135:24523275
3088:23805181
3040:PLOS ONE
3018:85817748
2912:83906628
2389:Arachana
1916:et al.'s
1904:et al.'s
1066:such as
966:lungfish
926:mudpuppy
922:neotenic
781:ossified
673:palatine
634:quadrate
582:tympanum
504:than to
485:than to
460:Triassic
455:taxonomy
431:Gondwana
357:Synonyms
199:Family:
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
5170:4948555
5144:3241154
4849:Gobiops
4686:Arcadia
4659:Sangaia
3528:Order:
3409:Bibcode
3254:Lethaia
3193:Bibcode
3115:Bibcode
3079:3689844
3048:Bibcode
3010:2416605
2990:Bibcode
2892:Bibcode
2699:Gallery
2585:Arcadia
1035:calcium
1011:keratin
930:axolotl
805:(brown)
681:process
649:lamella
641:lamella
626:lamella
451:Permian
407:Permian
173:Order:
5157:116946
4721:Rewana
4295:Qantas
3435:
3427:
3358:
3314:
3272:
3211:
3141:
3133:
3086:
3076:
3068:
3016:
3008:
2962:
2910:
2784:Malawi
2747:Brazil
2719:middle
1989:Eryops
1965:et al.
1908:et al.
1270:Eryops
1222:et al.
1218:et al.
1210:, and
1175:clades
1171:et al.
1148:clades
1069:Eryops
1006:scutes
842:Eryops
771:, and
729:suture
725:orbits
669:vomers
665:palate
622:et al.
618:et al.
537:family
453:. The
439:Africa
399:family
296:, 2020
294:et al.
279:, 2015
277:et al.
217:Genera
5183:37065
5152:IRMNG
5118:37993
3520:Clade
3433:S2CID
3334:(PDF)
3209:S2CID
3139:S2CID
3131:JSTOR
3014:S2CID
3006:JSTOR
2908:S2CID
1933:et al
1088:and "
898:gills
884:Gills
717:jugal
514:, or
477:clade
470:et al
397:is a
292:Dias
5139:GBIF
3586:see
3559:see
3425:ISSN
3356:ISSN
3312:ISSN
3270:ISSN
3084:PMID
3066:ISSN
2960:ISSN
1951:and
1943:and
1185:and
1076:and
1000:One
910:fish
719:and
548:and
445:and
437:and
46:PreꞒ
5126:EoL
3417:doi
3346:doi
3304:doi
3262:doi
3201:doi
3123:doi
3074:PMC
3056:doi
2998:doi
2986:245
2950:doi
2946:176
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