1002:. At least 165 types of human rhinoviruses are known. However, a study of the VP4 protein has shown it to be highly conserved among many serotypes of human rhinovirus, opening up the potential for a future pan-serotype human rhinovirus vaccine. A similar result was obtained with the VP1 protein. Like VP4, VP1 also occasionally "pokes" out of the viral particle, making it available to neutralizing antibodies. Both peptides have been tested on rabbits, resulting in successful generation of cross-serotype antibodies.
628:
961:. This drug acts by binding to a hydrophobic pocket in VP1, and stabilizes the protein capsid to such an extent that the virus cannot release its RNA genome into the target cell. Phase III clinical trials showed a slight reduction in symptom duration if taken within 24 hours of symptom onset. However, the FDA denied approval of pleconaril due to concerns about side effects, limited efficacy in non-white participants, and difficulty in treating most patients within a 24 hour window.
538:
thereby increasing the chance of transmission of the virus. Lower ambient temperatures, especially outdoors, may also be a factor given that rhinoviruses preferentially replicate at 33 °C (91.4 °F) as opposed to 37 °C (98.6 °F). Other climate factors such as humidity may influence rhinovirus seasonality. Young children (<5 years old) experience a high rate of infection which can be detected in community surveillance studies of children up to 34% of the year.
31:
49:
808:
1026:
respiratory pathogens once presumed to transmit via respiratory droplets, it is highly likely to be carried by the aerosols generated during routine breathing, talking, and even singing. In order to prevent airborne transmission, droplet precautions are insufficient, and routine airborne precautions are necessary.
537:
Rhinoviruses can be detected year-round; however, the incidence of rhinovirus is higher in the autumn and winter, with most infections occurring between
September and April in the northern hemisphere. The seasonality may be due to the start of the school year and to people spending more time indoors
1005:
Rhinovirus genome has a high rate of variability in human circulation, even occurring with genomic sequences that differ up to 30%. Recent studies have identified conserved regions of the rhinovirus genome; this, along with an adjuvanted polyvalent rhinovirus vaccine, shows potential for future
1025:
with soap and water may aid in avoiding infection. Avoiding touching the mouth, eyes, and nose (the most common entry points for rhinovirus) may also assist prevention. Droplet precautions, which take the form of a surgical mask and gloves, are the method used in major hospitals. As with all
902:, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4. VP1, VP2, and VP3 form the major part of the protein capsid. The much smaller VP4 protein has a more extended structure, and lies at the interface between the capsid and the RNA genome. There are 60 copies of each of these proteins assembled as an
922:
to treat rhinovirus infections. Several novel antiviral compounds have been tested in clinical trials without sufficient efficacy to progress to FDA approval. Compounds specifically targeted for rhinoviruses, or more broadly, picornaviruses, include the following:
380:
in the airway and cause mild symptoms such as sore throat, cough, and nasal congestion. However, rhinovirus infection can cause more severe disease in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Rhinoviruses are also recognized as a major cause of
596:
Infection occurs rapidly, with the virus adhering to surface receptors within 15 minutes of entering the respiratory tract. Just over 50% of individuals will experience symptoms within 2 days of infection. Only about 5% of cases will have an
946:
in healthy volunteers demonstrated efficacy in reducing viral load and symptom severity. However, further trials testing rupintrivir in treating natural infections showed minimal benefit, and further clinical development was
1020:
Human rhinovirus can remain infectious for up to three hours outside of a human host. Once the virus is contracted, a person is most contagious within the first three days. Preventative measures such as regular vigorous
965:
Other treatments aiming to reduce rhinovirus infection symptoms include immunomodulatory agents. These may promote beneficial antiviral responses or reduce inflammatory responses associated with symptoms.
970:
used intranasally was shown to be effective against human rhinovirus infections. However, volunteers treated with this drug experienced some side effects, such as nasal bleeding and began developing
726:
The merge is based on the grounds that the two "genera" of viruses are not significantly different in a virological sense. They have identical genome organizations and particle structures, and the
608:
Human rhinoviruses preferentially grow at 33 °C (91.4 °F), notably colder than the average human body temperature of 37 °C (98.6 °F), hence the virus's tendency to infect the
2160:
Rossmann MG, Arnold E, Erickson JW, Frankenberger EA, Griffith JP, Hecht HJ, et al. (1985). "Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses".
451:
are likely effective in reducing transmission, while other precautions such as hand-washing or cleaning surfaces with disinfectants are known effective in preventing rhinovirus transmission.
2961:
2211:
Smith TJ, Kremer MJ, Luo M, Vriend G, Arnold E, Kamer G, et al. (September 1986). "The site of attachment in human rhinovirus 14 for antiviral agents that inhibit uncoating".
657:(ICTV) met in Canada during June 2007 with new taxonomic proposals. In April 2008, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses voted and ratified the following changes:
788:
is an index number. Species A and B have used the same index up to number 100, while species C has always used a separate index. Valid index numbers are as follows:
7043:
2954:
654:
424:
447:(contaminated surfaces), including direct person-to-person contact. Rhinoviruses can survive on surfaces such as stainless steel or plastic for several hours.
773:. In 2020 the ICTV ratified a proposal to classify all new types based on the genetic diversity of their VP1 gene. Human rhinovirus type names are of the form
986:, which was developed for treatment of severe allergic asthma, has shown evidence in reducing symptom severity of asthma patients infected with rhinovirus.
7076:
1438:
Andrup L, Krogfelt KA, Hansen KS, Madsen AM (August 2023). "Transmission route of rhinovirus - the causative agent for common cold. A systematic review".
2947:
7017:
316:
6786:
2141:
1357:
7071:
1768:"Cadherin-related family member 3, a childhood asthma susceptibility gene product, mediates rhinovirus C binding and replication"
582:
419:
In 2006, advancements in molecular testing techniques for identifying rhinoviruses in clinical specimens led to the discovery of
792:
Rhinovirus A: 1, 1B, 2, 7–13, 15, 16, 18–25, 28–34, 36, 38–41, 43–47, 49–51, 53–68, 71, 73–78, 80–82, 85, 88–90, 94–96, 100–108
761:
There have been a total of 215 taxonomic proposals, which have been approved and ratified since the 8th ICTV Report of 2005.
834:. Structural proteins are encoded in the 5' region of the genome and non structural at the 3' end. This is the same for all
1674:
Kieninger E, Fuchs O, Latzin P, Frey U, Regamey N (February 2013). "Rhinovirus infections in infancy and early childhood".
942:
following translation, therefore preventing viral assembly and replication. A phase II clinical trial of rupintrivir using
341:
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include at least 165 recognized types that differ according to their surface
275:
4747:
2408:"Relationship of pleconaril susceptibility and clinical outcomes in treatment of common colds caused by rhinoviruses"
48:
349:. They are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as
6491:
5996:
5070:
6952:
6779:
816:
585:
to mediate cellular entry. As the virus replicates and spreads, infected cells release distress signals known as
2829:"2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings"
1530:
2970:
1048:
409:
6909:
865:
609:
574:
7081:
6985:
627:
412:, took nasal passage samples and isolated the first rhinovirus, which he called the JH virus, named after
266:
795:
Rhinovirus B: 3–6, 14, 17, 26, 27, 35, 37, 42, 48, 52, 69, 70, 72, 79, 83, 84, 86, 91–93, 97, 99, 100-104
943:
857:
448:
5258:
2077:"Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2009)"
1976:"Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2008)"
5732:
6772:
6309:
5831:
5026:
3305:
2974:
2220:
2169:
1779:
1722:
1259:
Auvray C, Perez-Martin S, Schuffenecker I, Pitoiset C, Tarris G, Ambert-Balay K, et al. (2024).
334:. Rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the
6128:
5796:
5739:
5711:
5683:
5353:
5037:
4968:
4228:
4221:
3312:
3270:
3263:
2931:
James E. Gern, MD, speaks at the
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 2008.
6323:
6177:
5956:
5704:
5697:
4517:
3715:
3333:
3319:
3277:
3190:
440:
6415:
6366:
6316:
6295:
5746:
3256:
6864:
6135:
5208:
5201:
4274:
3909:
3895:
3487:
2876:
Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, et al. (August 2021).
2193:
2026:
Simmonds P, Gorbalenya AE, Harvala H, Hovi T, Knowles NJ, Lindberg AM, et al. (March 2020).
1561:
1075:
Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, et al. (August 2021).
979:
888:
631:
514:
43:
612:, where respiratory airflow is in continual contact with the (colder) extrasomatic environment.
601:
of less than 20 hours, and, at the other extreme, it is expected that 5% of cases would have an
7048:
6431:
5390:
5265:
5244:
5137:
4793:
4451:
4093:
3656:
3249:
3176:
2907:
2858:
2809:
2758:
2709:
2680:"Antibodies to the buried N terminus of rhinovirus VP4 exhibit cross-serotypic neutralization"
2660:
2631:"Antibodies to the buried N terminus of rhinovirus VP4 exhibit cross-serotypic neutralization"
2611:
2562:
2513:
2478:
2437:
2388:
2339:
2285:
2254:
Patick AK, Binford SL, Brothers MA, Jackson RL, Ford CE, Diem MD, et al. (October 1999).
2236:
2185:
2137:
2106:
2057:
2005:
1956:
1905:
1856:
1807:
1766:
Bochkov YA, Watters K, Ashraf S, Griggs TF, Devries MK, Jackson DJ, et al. (April 2015).
1748:
1711:"Sequencing and analyses of all known human rhinovirus genomes reveal structure and evolution"
1691:
1656:
1602:
1553:
1504:
1455:
1420:
1353:
1327:
1292:
1241:
1162:
1106:
967:
861:
769:
Prior to 2020, enteroviruses (including all rhinoviruses) were categorized according to their
634:
602:
598:
554:
542:
522:
498:
1210:
van Benten I, Koopman L, Niesters B, Hop W, van
Middelkoop B, de Waal L, et al. (2003).
934:
drug developed for treatment of rhinovirus infections. Rupintrivir inhibits human rhinovirus
615:
Rhinovirus A and C species viruses are more strongly associated with significant illness and
6917:
6879:
6221:
6149:
6042:
5617:
5559:
5522:
5251:
4982:
4940:
4888:
4851:
4821:
4782:
4636:
4562:
4419:
3741:
3704:
3678:
3636:
3437:
3427:
3242:
3094:
3065:
2897:
2889:
2848:
2840:
2799:
2789:
2748:
2740:
2699:
2691:
2650:
2642:
2601:
2593:
2552:
2544:
2505:
2468:
2427:
2419:
2378:
2370:
2329:
2319:
2275:
2267:
2228:
2177:
2129:
2096:
2088:
2047:
2039:
1995:
1987:
1946:
1936:
1895:
1887:
1846:
1838:
1797:
1787:
1738:
1730:
1709:
Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R, Wang S, Djikeng A, Rathe JA, et al. (April 2009).
1683:
1646:
1636:
1592:
1545:
1494:
1486:
1447:
1410:
1402:
1373:
1319:
1282:
1272:
1231:
1223:
1152:
1144:
1096:
1088:
869:
482:
377:
362:
2256:"In vitro antiviral activity of AG7088, a potent inhibitor of human rhinovirus 3C protease"
1549:
637:
of enterovirus species A, B, C, D and rhinovirus A, B, C isolates from Latin
America. The
6681:
6552:
6387:
6335:
6248:
6204:
6193:
6031:
5883:
5824:
5648:
5369:
5299:
5187:
5170:
5105:
4702:
4657:
4378:
3885:
3667:
3578:
3498:
3394:
1923:
Garcia J, Espejo V, Nelson M, Sovero M, Villaran MV, Gomez J, et al. (October 2013).
1310:
Friedlander SL, Busse WW (August 2005). "The role of rhinovirus in asthma exacerbations".
1185:
919:
642:
510:
109:
2406:
Pevear DC, Hayden FG, Demenczuk TM, Barone LR, McKinlay MA, Collett MS (November 2005).
2224:
2173:
2133:
1900:
1875:
1783:
1726:
1287:
1260:
6968:
6724:
6702:
6670:
6635:
6541:
6506:
6442:
6285:
6274:
6237:
6079:
5963:
5853:
5782:
5772:
5533:
5325:
5288:
5194:
4989:
4573:
4546:
4193:
4182:
4086:
4051:
4044:
4030:
4023:
3972:
3944:
3874:
3863:
3828:
3612:
3415:
3284:
3221:
3155:
3133:
3055:
2902:
2877:
2853:
2828:
2804:
2777:
2753:
2728:
2704:
2679:
2655:
2630:
2557:
2532:
2531:
Moynihan R, Bero L, Ross-Degnan D, Henry D, Lee K, Watkins J, et al. (June 2000).
2432:
2407:
2334:
2307:
2101:
2076:
2052:
2027:
2000:
1975:
1951:
1924:
1851:
1826:
1802:
1767:
1743:
1710:
1651:
1624:
1499:
1474:
1415:
1390:
1236:
1211:
1157:
1132:
1101:
1076:
971:
958:
931:
839:
330:
306:
133:
121:
2606:
2581:
2509:
1842:
872:. The virus was crystallized forming cubic crystals with four virus particles in each
30:
7065:
6922:
6692:
6587:
6573:
6401:
6394:
6373:
6214:
6163:
6156:
6020:
5916:
5894:
5867:
5843:
5803:
5760:
5725:
5718:
5690:
5676:
5669:
5570:
5506:
5477:
5456:
5435:
5424:
5404:
5336:
5158:
5127:
5116:
5094:
4961:
4828:
4814:
4804:
4771:
4695:
4647:
4590:
4583:
4430:
4330:
4204:
4118:
4100:
4079:
4065:
3965:
3902:
3852:
3774:
3752:
3725:
3688:
3590:
3557:
3405:
3383:
3183:
3166:
3144:
3122:
3044:
3033:
2423:
2383:
2358:
2280:
2255:
1597:
1580:
1565:
1227:
413:
405:
287:
215:
208:
201:
85:
423:
species in samples from
Queensland, Australia and New York City, United States. The
6932:
6811:
6714:
6659:
6594:
6563:
6530:
6380:
6352:
6170:
6142:
6121:
6107:
6100:
6090:
5926:
5860:
5789:
5637:
5607:
5596:
5543:
5499:
5489:
5470:
5446:
5397:
5309:
5222:
5180:
5019:
4951:
4929:
4909:
4899:
4709:
4625:
4536:
4507:
4495:
4485:
4473:
4463:
4441:
4399:
4389:
4362:
4341:
4319:
4295:
4285:
4263:
4160:
4111:
4072:
4058:
4037:
3806:
3784:
3762:
3629:
3531:
3519:
3476:
3465:
3372:
3361:
3326:
3232:
3084:
2939:
2794:
2197:
954:
935:
843:
835:
807:
578:
420:
97:
1925:"Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America"
1490:
1406:
7030:
6937:
6894:
6821:
6816:
6795:
6580:
6359:
6345:
6258:
6114:
5904:
5817:
5810:
5753:
5659:
5580:
5463:
5380:
5346:
5272:
5234:
5215:
5151:
5144:
4975:
4835:
4524:
4352:
4252:
4147:
3997:
3979:
3955:
3818:
3796:
3622:
3600:
3568:
3509:
3298:
3210:
3072:
3022:
2998:
1212:"Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants"
1022:
1015:
939:
927:
903:
877:
850:
831:
474:
466:
460:
335:
324:
145:
7008:
2844:
2457:"Safety and efficacy evaluation of pleconaril for treatment of the common cold"
2043:
1891:
1827:"Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review"
1825:
Lessler J, Reich NG, Brookmeyer R, Perl TM, Nelson KE, Cummings DA (May 2009).
1772:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1451:
1323:
6884:
6452:
6408:
6302:
6063:
4872:
4862:
4614:
4214:
3541:
3291:
2548:
2092:
1991:
1687:
1345:
983:
975:
974:
to the drug. Subsequently, research into the treatment was abandoned. Inhaled
950:
823:
180:
1941:
1876:"Rhinovirus Infections and Their Roles in Asthma: Etiology and Exacerbations"
733:
In July 2009, the ICTV voted and ratified a proposal to add a third species,
6947:
6942:
6648:
6519:
6053:
6009:
5083:
4760:
4732:
4171:
3011:
2983:
2893:
2308:"Experimental Antiviral Therapeutic Studies for Human Rhinovirus Infections"
2232:
1792:
1734:
1092:
873:
727:
586:
526:
358:
73:
2911:
2862:
2813:
2762:
2713:
2664:
2566:
2517:
2482:
2441:
2392:
2343:
2289:
2271:
2110:
2061:
2009:
1960:
1909:
1860:
1811:
1752:
1695:
1660:
1606:
1557:
1508:
1459:
1424:
1331:
1296:
1245:
1166:
1110:
2928:
2615:
2582:"Intranasal interferon-alpha 2 for prevention of natural rhinovirus colds"
2374:
2240:
2189:
1473:
Kutter JS, Spronken MI, Fraaij PL, Fouchier RA, Herfst S (February 2018).
7002:
6899:
6859:
2695:
2646:
1148:
999:
907:
899:
853:, which is cleaved into the structural and nonstructural viral proteins.
770:
638:
616:
590:
506:
478:
436:
393:
354:
350:
346:
342:
2597:
2324:
2028:"Recommendations for the nomenclature of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses"
998:
against these viruses as there is little-to-no cross-protection between
404:
In 1953, when a cluster of nurses developed a mild respiratory illness,
7022:
6874:
6869:
6849:
6836:
2934:
995:
502:
494:
470:
369:
7035:
1277:
641:
region is much more affected by recombination events than the VP4/VP2
6889:
2744:
2533:"Coverage by the news media of the benefits and risks of medications"
2181:
1641:
1389:
Kennedy JL, Turner RB, Braciale T, Heymann PW, Borish L (June 2012).
895:
827:
619:, while rhinovirus B species are more commonly mild or asymptomatic.
573:(Cluster of Differentiation 54), on respiratory epithelial cells, as
566:
486:
444:
382:
373:
300:
6979:
1350:
Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's
Deadliest Diseases
830:
is a virus-encoded protein and, as in mammalian mRNA, there is a 3'
2473:
2456:
957:
antiviral drug developed for the treatment of infections caused by
376:, and direct person-to-person contact. They primarily infect nasal
6927:
6854:
6844:
6803:
1625:"Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC"
1481:. Emerging viruses: intraspecies transmission • Viral Immunology.
806:
626:
558:
541:
Those most affected by rhinoviruses are infants, the elderly, and
518:
490:
320:
311:
60:
2827:
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L (December 2007).
2678:
Katpally U, Fu TM, Freed DC, Casimiro DR, Smith TJ (July 2009).
2629:
Katpally U, Fu TM, Freed DC, Casimiro DR, Smith TJ (July 2009).
2496:
Senior K (May 2002). "FDA panel rejects common cold treatment".
570:
562:
6983:
6768:
6632:
6503:
5993:
5067:
4744:
4144:
2995:
2943:
553:
The primary route of entry for human rhinoviruses is the upper
6764:
819:
389:
291:
2357:
Pevear DC, Tull TM, Seipel ME, Groarke JM (September 1999).
2306:
Coultas JA, Cafferkey J, Mallia P, Johnston SL (July 2021).
1131:
Jacobs SE, Lamson DM, St George K, Walsh TJ (January 2013).
906:. Antibodies are a major defense against infection with the
649:
Rhinovirus was formerly classified as a genus of the family
1880:
The
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice
280:
1581:"Seasonality of viral infections: mechanisms and unknowns"
1261:"Sudden Infant Death Associated with Rhinovirus Infection"
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
577:
to bind to. Some subgroups under A and B uses the "minor"
1475:"Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans"
978:
has been shown to reduce viral load and pro-inflammatory
1529:
Moriyama M, Hugentobler WJ, Iwasaki A (September 2020).
856:
The structure of the virus was determined in 1985 using
427:
formally designated RV-C as a separate species in 2009.
2580:
Farr BM, Gwaltney JM, Adams KF, Hayden FG (July 1984).
2778:"Recent advances in understanding rhinovirus immunity"
811:
Human rhinovirus genome, virion structure, and species
645:. The paraphyletic nature of "rhinovirus" is visible.
2729:"Rhinovirus and asthma: Challenges and opportunities"
569:(Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1), also known as
525:
are less common in rhinovirus infection compared to
6992:
6961:
6908:
6835:
6802:
6712:
6690:
6679:
6668:
6657:
6646:
6561:
6550:
6539:
6528:
6517:
6490:
6440:
6429:
6333:
6283:
6272:
6246:
6235:
6202:
6191:
6088:
6077:
6051:
6040:
6029:
6018:
6007:
5944:
5914:
5892:
5881:
5841:
5770:
5657:
5646:
5635:
5605:
5594:
5568:
5557:
5531:
5520:
5487:
5444:
5433:
5422:
5378:
5367:
5334:
5323:
5297:
5286:
5232:
5168:
5125:
5114:
5103:
5092:
5081:
5007:
4949:
4938:
4927:
4897:
4886:
4860:
4849:
4802:
4791:
4780:
4769:
4758:
4731:
4683:
4645:
4634:
4623:
4612:
4571:
4560:
4534:
4505:
4483:
4461:
4439:
4428:
4417:
4387:
4376:
4350:
4339:
4328:
4317:
4283:
4272:
4261:
4250:
4202:
4191:
4180:
4169:
4158:
4011:
3989:
3953:
3942:
3935:
3883:
3872:
3861:
3850:
3816:
3794:
3772:
3750:
3739:
3713:
3702:
3676:
3665:
3654:
3610:
3588:
3566:
3555:
3529:
3507:
3496:
3485:
3474:
3463:
3425:
3403:
3392:
3381:
3370:
3359:
3230:
3219:
3208:
3164:
3153:
3142:
3131:
3120:
3082:
3053:
3042:
3031:
3020:
3009:
2982:
849:The viral proteins are translated as a single long
179:
153:
42:
23:
1180:
1178:
1176:
396:or antiviral treatments for rhinovirus infection.
593:(which in turn activate inflammatory mediators).
2929:VIDEO: Rhinoviruses, the Old, the New and the UW
2155:
2153:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
2301:
2299:
2021:
2019:
1618:
1616:
2878:"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses"
2359:"Activity of pleconaril against enteroviruses"
1312:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1077:"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses"
655:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
6780:
2955:
1531:"Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections"
1378:. Vol. 74. The Service. 1959. p. 9.
1043:
1041:
1039:
653:. The 39th Executive Committee (EC39) of the
8:
2124:Arden KE, MacKay IM (2011). "Rhinoviruses".
1070:
1068:
944:experimentally induced rhinovirus infection
784:is the rhinovirus species (A, B, or C) and
357:, are around ten times larger at about 300
6980:
6787:
6773:
6765:
6687:
6676:
6665:
6654:
6643:
6629:
6558:
6547:
6536:
6525:
6514:
6500:
6496:
6437:
6280:
6243:
6199:
6085:
6048:
6037:
6026:
6015:
6004:
5990:
5889:
5654:
5643:
5602:
5565:
5528:
5441:
5430:
5375:
5331:
5294:
5122:
5111:
5100:
5089:
5078:
5064:
4946:
4935:
4894:
4857:
4799:
4788:
4777:
4766:
4755:
4741:
4737:
4642:
4631:
4620:
4568:
4436:
4425:
4384:
4347:
4336:
4325:
4280:
4269:
4258:
4199:
4188:
4177:
4166:
4155:
4141:
3950:
3939:
3880:
3869:
3858:
3747:
3710:
3673:
3662:
3563:
3504:
3493:
3482:
3471:
3400:
3389:
3378:
3367:
3227:
3216:
3161:
3150:
3139:
3128:
3050:
3039:
3028:
3017:
3006:
2992:
2988:
2962:
2948:
2940:
2935:How Big is a Human rhinovirus? (animation)
2776:Makris S, Johnston S (24 September 2018).
2727:Ortega H, Nickle D, Carter L (July 2021).
910:lying on the exterior regions of VP1-VP3.
465:Rhinoviruses are the primary cause of the
29:
20:
2901:
2852:
2803:
2793:
2752:
2703:
2654:
2605:
2556:
2472:
2431:
2382:
2333:
2323:
2279:
2100:
2051:
1999:
1950:
1940:
1899:
1850:
1801:
1791:
1742:
1650:
1640:
1596:
1498:
1414:
1286:
1276:
1235:
1156:
1100:
838:. The viral particles themselves are not
317:positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus
183:included but traditionally excluded taxa
2455:Fleischer R, Laessig K (December 2003).
938:and prevents cleavage of the rhinovirus
583:cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3)
435:Rhinoviruses may be spread via airborne
1035:
416:. His findings were published in 1956.
1623:Royston L, Tapparel C (January 2016).
1550:10.1146/annurev-virology-012420-022445
1391:"Pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection"
749:named Human rhinovirus C in the genus
605:of greater than four and a half days.
2833:American Journal of Infection Control
2586:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2412:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2363:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2260:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1440:American Journal of Infection Control
894:Human rhinoviruses are composed of a
368:Rhinoviruses are transmitted through
7:
2312:Journal of Experimental Pharmacology
918:There are currently no FDA-approved
2537:The New England Journal of Medicine
2134:10.1002/9780470015902.a0000431.pub3
1974:Carstens EB, Ball LA (2009-07-01).
1585:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
7077:Viral respiratory tract infections
1874:Jackson DJ, Gern JE (March 2022).
1186:"Rhinoviruses: Common Colds | CDC"
1006:development in vaccine treatment.
815:Rhinoviruses have single-stranded
745:2008.084V.A.HRV-C-Sp 2008.084V To
565:). Rhinovirus A and B use "major"
14:
1352:. HarperCollins. pp. 66–68.
822:genomes of between 7200 and 8500
2424:10.1128/AAC.49.11.4492-4499.2005
1676:The European Respiratory Journal
1598:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03968.x
1228:10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.00064.x
1216:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
826:in length. At the 5' end of the
47:
2498:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
1831:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
388:As of April 2024, there are no
2795:10.12688/f1000research.15337.1
16:Genus of viruses (Enterovirus)
1:
2510:10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00277-3
1843:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70069-6
1137:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1016:Common cold § Prevention
2461:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1491:10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.001
1407:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.03.008
730:is not always monophyletic.
686:assign the following species
663:remove the following species
301:
281:
7072:Crystals in space group 198
2733:Reviews in Medical Virology
1479:Current Opinion in Virology
1395:Current Opinion in Virology
1049:"Genus: Enterovirus | ICTV"
581:instead. Rhinovirus C uses
493:; sometimes accompanied by
365:are around 80–120 nm.
7098:
2845:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007
2075:Carstens EB (2010-01-01).
2044:10.1007/s00705-019-04520-6
1892:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.006
1452:10.1016/j.ajic.2022.12.005
1324:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.06.003
1013:
887:3, no. 198), similar to a
458:
292:
270:
6642:
6628:
6513:
6499:
6003:
5989:
5077:
5063:
4754:
4740:
4154:
4140:
3005:
2991:
2549:10.1136/bmj.326.7403.1403
2093:10.1007/s00705-009-0547-x
1992:10.1007/s00705-009-0400-2
1688:10.1183/09031936.00203511
1579:Fisman D (October 2012).
1538:Annual Review of Virology
898:that contains four viral
709:remove the existing genus
187:
158:
44:Scientific classification
37:
28:
1942:10.1186/1743-422x-10-305
665:from the existing genus
410:Johns Hopkins University
372:, respiratory droplets,
2894:10.1126/science.abd9149
2839:(10 Suppl 2): S65-164.
2233:10.1126/science.3018924
1793:10.1073/pnas.1421178112
1735:10.1126/science.1165557
1093:10.1126/science.abd9149
866:University of Wisconsin
610:upper respiratory tract
305:"of the nose", and the
2272:10.1128/AAC.43.10.2444
812:
646:
310:
2375:10.1128/AAC.43.9.2109
1375:Public Health Reports
914:Novel antiviral drugs
858:x-ray crystallography
810:
630:
2975:virus classification
2696:10.1128/JVI.00557-09
2647:10.1128/JVI.00557-09
2081:Archives of Virology
2032:Archives of Virology
1980:Archives of Virology
1149:10.1128/CMR.00077-12
1133:"Human rhinoviruses"
747:create a new species
449:Airborne precautions
441:respiratory droplets
5957:Permutotetraviridae
3716:Orthopolintovirales
3191:Malacoherpesviridae
2684:Journal of Virology
2635:Journal of Virology
2598:10.1128/aac.26.1.31
2325:10.2147/JEP.S255211
2225:1986Sci...233.1286S
2219:(4770): 1286–1293.
2174:1985Natur.317..145R
1784:2015PNAS..112.5485B
1727:2009Sci...324...55P
990:Vaccine development
4275:Malgrandaviricetes
3910:Sphaerolipoviridae
3896:Matshushitaviridae
3488:Nucleocytoviricota
1087:(6558): eabd9149.
889:cubic close-packed
813:
798:Rhinovirus C: 1–57
735:Human rhinovirus C
722:hereby disappears.
718:. Note: The genus
702:Human rhinovirus B
699:Human rhinovirus A
679:Human rhinovirus B
676:Human rhinovirus A
647:
635:phylogenetic trees
632:Maximum likelihood
455:Signs and symptoms
7059:
7058:
6986:Taxon identifiers
6977:
6976:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6432:Yunchangviricetes
6425:
6424:
6268:
6267:
6231:
6230:
6187:
6186:
6073:
6072:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5877:
5876:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5590:
5589:
5553:
5552:
5516:
5515:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5391:Carmotetraviridae
5363:
5362:
5319:
5318:
5282:
5281:
5266:Gammaflexiviridae
5259:Deltaflexiviridae
5245:Alphaflexiviridae
5138:Alphatetraviridae
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4882:
4881:
4845:
4844:
4794:Chrymotiviricetes
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4556:
4555:
4452:Bacilladnaviridae
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4372:
4371:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4094:Portogloboviridae
4007:
4006:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3735:
3734:
3698:
3697:
3657:Preplasmiviricota
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3551:
3550:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3250:Autographiviridae
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3177:Alloherpesviridae
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
2690:(14): 7040–7048.
2641:(14): 7040–7048.
2543:(22): 1645–1650.
2418:(11): 4492–4499.
2266:(10): 2444–2450.
2168:(6033): 145–153.
2143:978-0-470-01617-6
1778:(17): 5485–5490.
1359:978-0-06-122795-0
1278:10.3390/v16040518
862:Purdue University
860:by researcher at
603:incubation period
599:incubation period
555:respiratory tract
543:immunocompromised
363:influenza viruses
319:belonging to the
299:
279:
259:
258:
7089:
7052:
7051:
7039:
7038:
7026:
7025:
7013:
7012:
7011:
6981:
6918:Acute bronchitis
6880:Nasal congestion
6865:Loss of appetite
6789:
6782:
6775:
6766:
6688:
6677:
6666:
6655:
6644:
6636:dsDNA-RT viruses
6630:
6559:
6548:
6537:
6526:
6515:
6507:ssRNA-RT viruses
6501:
6497:
6438:
6281:
6249:Serpentovirales
6244:
6222:Orthomyxoviridae
6200:
6150:Peribunyaviridae
6086:
6049:
6043:Chunqiuviricetes
6038:
6027:
6016:
6005:
5997:(–)ssRNA viruses
5991:
5890:
5733:Nanghoshaviridae
5655:
5644:
5618:Botourmiaviridae
5603:
5566:
5560:Howeltoviricetes
5529:
5523:Amabiliviricetes
5442:
5431:
5376:
5332:
5295:
5252:Betaflexiviridae
5123:
5112:
5101:
5090:
5079:
5071:(+)ssRNA viruses
5065:
4983:Picobirnaviridae
4947:
4941:Duplopiviricetes
4936:
4895:
4889:Vidaverviricetes
4858:
4852:Resentoviricetes
4822:Megabirnaviridae
4800:
4789:
4783:Duplornaviricota
4778:
4767:
4756:
4742:
4738:
4643:
4637:Huolimaviricetes
4632:
4621:
4569:
4563:Repensiviricetes
4437:
4426:
4420:Cressdnaviricota
4385:
4348:
4337:
4326:
4281:
4270:
4259:
4200:
4189:
4178:
4167:
4156:
4142:
3951:
3940:
3881:
3870:
3859:
3748:
3742:Tectiliviricetes
3711:
3705:Polintoviricetes
3679:Priklausovirales
3674:
3663:
3637:Marseilleviridae
3564:
3505:
3494:
3483:
3472:
3438:Papillomaviridae
3428:Zurhausenvirales
3401:
3390:
3379:
3368:
3243:Ackermannviridae
3228:
3217:
3162:
3151:
3140:
3129:
3095:Tristromaviridae
3066:Lipothrixviridae
3051:
3040:
3029:
3018:
3007:
2993:
2989:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2797:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2745:10.1002/rmv.2193
2724:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2369:(9): 2109–2115.
2354:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2182:10.1038/317145a0
2157:
2148:
2147:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1986:(7): 1181–1188.
1971:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1929:Virology Journal
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1642:10.3390/v8010016
1620:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1535:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1280:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1182:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1045:
968:Interferon-alpha
870:Michael Rossmann
714:from the family
707:2005.266V.04 To
684:2005.265V.04 To
661:2005.264V.04 To
515:loss of appetite
483:nasal congestion
378:epithelial cells
304:
297:
295:
294:
290:
284:
274:
272:
154:Groups included
52:
51:
33:
21:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7047:
7042:
7034:
7029:
7021:
7016:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6988:
6978:
6973:
6969:Antiviral drugs
6957:
6904:
6831:
6798:
6793:
6763:
6730:
6708:
6682:Revtraviricetes
6638:
6600:
6553:Revtraviricetes
6509:
6458:
6421:
6388:Paramyxoviridae
6336:Mononegavirales
6329:
6310:Crepuscuviridae
6264:
6227:
6205:Articulavirales
6194:Insthoviricetes
6183:
6069:
6032:Negarnaviricota
5999:
5969:
5932:
5910:
5884:Stelpaviricetes
5873:
5837:
5832:Polycipiviridae
5825:Dicistroviridae
5766:
5649:Pisoniviricetes
5623:
5586:
5549:
5512:
5483:
5410:
5370:Tolucaviricetes
5359:
5315:
5300:Amarillovirales
5278:
5228:
5188:Closteroviridae
5171:Martellivirales
5164:
5106:Kitrinoviricota
5073:
5043:
5027:Polymycoviridae
4995:
4915:
4878:
4841:
4750:
4715:
4703:Finnlakeviridae
4663:
4658:Pleolipoviridae
4596:
4552:
4530:
4501:
4479:
4457:
4405:
4379:Quintoviricetes
4368:
4301:
4234:
4150:
4124:
4003:
3985:
3915:
3886:Halopanivirales
3834:
3812:
3790:
3768:
3731:
3694:
3668:Maveriviricetes
3642:
3606:
3584:
3579:Phycodnaviridae
3547:
3525:
3499:Pokkesviricetes
3443:
3421:
3395:Papovaviricetes
3339:
3306:Rountreeviridae
3196:
3100:
3078:
3001:
2978:
2968:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2025:
2024:
2017:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1721:(5923): 55–59.
1708:
1707:
1703:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1591:(10): 946–954.
1578:
1577:
1573:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1032:
1018:
1012:
992:
920:antiviral drugs
916:
886:
805:
767:
643:coding sequence
625:
551:
535:
511:muscle weakness
463:
457:
433:
402:
385:exacerbations.
286:
111:Pisoniviricetes
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7095:
7093:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7064:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7040:
7027:
7014:
6998:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6808:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6769:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6725:Caulimoviridae
6720:
6718:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6703:Hepadnaviridae
6698:
6696:
6685:
6674:
6671:Artverviricota
6663:
6652:
6640:
6639:
6633:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6569:
6567:
6556:
6545:
6542:Artverviricota
6534:
6523:
6511:
6510:
6504:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6448:
6446:
6443:Goujianvirales
6435:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6341:
6339:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6291:
6289:
6286:Jingchuvirales
6278:
6275:Monjiviricetes
6270:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6254:
6252:
6241:
6238:Milneviricetes
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6208:
6197:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6129:Leishbuviridae
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6096:
6094:
6083:
6080:Ellioviricetes
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6059:
6057:
6046:
6035:
6024:
6013:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5964:Sarthroviridae
5960:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5922:
5920:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5900:
5898:
5887:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5854:Alvernaviridae
5849:
5847:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5797:Solinviviridae
5793:
5786:
5783:Picornaviridae
5778:
5776:
5773:Picornavirales
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5740:Nanhypoviridae
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5712:Medioniviridae
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5684:Cremegaviridae
5680:
5673:
5665:
5663:
5652:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5613:
5611:
5600:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5576:
5574:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5539:
5537:
5534:Wolframvirales
5526:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5503:
5495:
5493:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5452:
5450:
5439:
5428:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5384:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5354:Sinhaliviridae
5350:
5342:
5340:
5329:
5326:Magsaviricetes
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5305:
5303:
5292:
5289:Flasuviricetes
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5240:
5238:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5195:Endornaviridae
5191:
5184:
5176:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5131:
5120:
5109:
5098:
5087:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5038:Botybirnavirus
5030:
5023:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4990:Partitiviridae
4986:
4979:
4972:
4969:Curvulaviridae
4965:
4957:
4955:
4944:
4933:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4892:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4868:
4866:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4808:
4797:
4786:
4775:
4764:
4752:
4751:
4745:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4651:
4640:
4629:
4618:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4577:
4574:Geplafuvirales
4566:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4547:Redondoviridae
4542:
4540:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4521:
4513:
4511:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4491:
4489:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4447:
4445:
4434:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4393:
4382:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4345:
4334:
4323:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4291:
4289:
4278:
4267:
4256:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4229:Plectroviridae
4225:
4222:Paulinoviridae
4218:
4210:
4208:
4197:
4194:Faserviricetes
4186:
4183:Hofneiviricota
4175:
4164:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4087:Polydnaviridae
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4052:Globuloviridae
4048:
4045:Fuselloviridae
4041:
4034:
4031:Bicaudaviridae
4027:
4024:Ampullaviridae
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3973:Hytrosaviridae
3969:
3961:
3959:
3948:
3945:Naldaviricetes
3937:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3878:
3875:Laserviricetes
3867:
3864:Dividoviricota
3856:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3829:Corticoviridae
3824:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3719:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3682:
3671:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3616:
3613:Pimascovirales
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3502:
3491:
3480:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3416:Polyomaviridae
3411:
3409:
3398:
3387:
3376:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3313:Salasmaviridae
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3285:Herelleviridae
3281:
3274:
3271:Drexlerviridae
3267:
3264:Demerecviridae
3260:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3236:
3225:
3222:Caudoviricetes
3214:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3170:
3159:
3156:Herviviricetes
3148:
3137:
3134:Heunggongvirae
3126:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3059:
3056:Ligamenvirales
3048:
3037:
3026:
3015:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2923:External links
2921:
2918:
2917:
2868:
2819:
2768:
2719:
2670:
2621:
2572:
2523:
2488:
2474:10.1086/379830
2447:
2398:
2349:
2295:
2246:
2203:
2149:
2142:
2116:
2087:(1): 133–146.
2067:
2038:(3): 793–797.
2015:
1966:
1915:
1886:(3): 673–681.
1866:
1837:(5): 291–300.
1817:
1758:
1701:
1682:(2): 443–452.
1666:
1612:
1571:
1514:
1465:
1446:(8): 938–957.
1430:
1401:(3): 287–293.
1381:
1365:
1358:
1337:
1318:(2): 267–273.
1302:
1251:
1222:(5): 363–370.
1202:
1172:
1143:(1): 135–162.
1116:
1064:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1014:Main article:
1011:
1008:
991:
988:
963:
962:
959:picornaviruses
948:
932:peptidomimetic
915:
912:
884:
846:in structure.
836:picornaviruses
817:positive sense
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
793:
766:
763:
759:
758:
755:Picornaviridae
724:
723:
716:Picornaviridae
705:
704:
703:
700:
694:Picornaviridae
692:in the family
682:
681:
680:
677:
671:Picornaviridae
669:in the family
651:Picornaviridae
624:
621:
550:
547:
534:
531:
459:Main article:
456:
453:
432:
429:
401:
398:
331:Picornaviridae
328:in the family
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
212:
205:
198:
193:
185:
184:
177:
176:
175:
174:
169:
164:
156:
155:
151:
150:
143:
139:
138:
135:Picornaviridae
131:
127:
126:
123:Picornavirales
119:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
95:
91:
90:
83:
79:
78:
71:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7094:
7083:
7082:Enteroviruses
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7050:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7019:
7015:
7010:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6982:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6923:Bronchiolitis
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6910:Complications
6907:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6778:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6693:Blubervirales
6689:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6627:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6588:Pseudoviridae
6585:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6574:Belpaoviridae
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6402:Rhabdoviridae
6399:
6397:
6396:
6395:Pneumoviridae
6392:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6374:Mymonaviridae
6371:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6324:Natareviridae
6321:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6215:Amnoonviridae
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6180:
6179:
6178:Wupedeviridae
6175:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6164:Phenuiviridae
6161:
6159:
6158:
6157:Phasmaviridae
6154:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6021:Orthornavirae
6017:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5988:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5917:Stellavirales
5913:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5895:Patatavirales
5891:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5870:
5869:
5868:Solemoviridae
5865:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5844:Sobelivirales
5840:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5804:Caliciviridae
5801:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5761:Tobaniviridae
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5726:Mononiviridae
5723:
5721:
5720:
5719:Mesoniviridae
5716:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5705:Gresnaviridae
5702:
5700:
5699:
5698:Euroniviridae
5695:
5693:
5692:
5691:Coronaviridae
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5677:Arteriviridae
5674:
5672:
5671:
5670:Abyssoviridae
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5571:Cryppavirales
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5509:
5508:
5507:Steitzviridae
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5478:Solspiviridae
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5457:Atkinsviridae
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5436:Leviviricetes
5432:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5425:Lenarviricota
5421:
5407:
5406:
5405:Tombusviridae
5402:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5337:Nodamuvirales
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5159:Matonaviridae
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:Hepelivirales
5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5117:Alsuviricetes
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5095:Orthornavirae
5091:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5062:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5006:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4962:Amalgaviridae
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:Quadriviridae
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4815:Chrysoviridae
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4805:Ghabrivirales
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:Orthornavirae
4768:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4748:dsRNA viruses
4743:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4696:Anelloviridae
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:Haloruvirales
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4593:
4592:
4591:Genomoviridae
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:Geminiviridae
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4518:Metaxyviridae
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:Arfiviricetes
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4331:Cossaviricota
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:Tubulavirales
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4148:ssDNA viruses
4143:
4139:
4121:
4120:
4119:Rhizidiovirus
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:Thaspiviridae
4098:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4080:Plasmaviridae
4077:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:Halspiviridae
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3966:Baculoviridae
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:Simuloviridae
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:Helvetiavirae
3849:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3775:Kalamavirales
3771:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:Belfryvirales
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3726:Adintoviridae
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3691:
3690:
3689:Lavidaviridae
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:Imitervirales
3587:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:Megaviricetes
3554:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:Sepolyvirales
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:Cossaviricota
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3336:
3335:
3334:Zobellviridae
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3320:Schitoviridae
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:Guelinviridae
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:Herpesviridae
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:Herpesvirales
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:Peploviricota
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:Duplodnaviria
3119:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:Tokiviricetes
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:Taleaviricota
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:dsDNA viruses
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:F1000Research
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:(1): 83–101.
1543:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
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1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
994:There are no
989:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
960:
956:
953:is an orally
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
891:arrangement.
890:
882:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:
809:
802:
797:
794:
791:
790:
789:
787:
783:
779:
778:
772:
764:
762:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
742:
740:
737:to the genus
736:
731:
729:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
701:
698:
697:
695:
691:
688:to the genus
687:
683:
678:
675:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:
658:
656:
652:
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
622:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
600:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
546:
544:
539:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
417:
415:
414:Johns Hopkins
411:
407:
406:Winston Price
399:
397:
395:
391:
386:
384:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
332:
327:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
303:
289:
283:
277:
268:
267:Ancient Greek
264:
253:
252:Enterovirus L
250:
248:
247:Enterovirus K
245:
243:
242:Enterovirus J
240:
238:
237:Enterovirus I
235:
233:
232:Enterovirus H
230:
228:
227:Enterovirus G
225:
223:
222:Enterovirus F
220:
218:
217:
216:Enterovirus E
213:
211:
210:
209:Enterovirus D
206:
204:
203:
202:Enterovirus C
199:
197:
196:Enterovirus B
194:
192:
191:Enterovirus A
189:
188:
186:
182:
181:Cladistically
178:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
157:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:Orthornavirae
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6993:
6953:Strep throat
6933:Otitis media
6875:Muscle aches
6826:
6723:
6715:Ortervirales
6713:
6701:
6691:
6680:
6669:
6660:Pararnavirae
6658:
6647:
6595:Retroviridae
6593:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6564:Ortervirales
6562:
6551:
6540:
6531:Pararnavirae
6529:
6518:
6451:
6441:
6430:
6416:Xinmoviridae
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6381:Nyamiviridae
6379:
6372:
6367:Lispiviridae
6365:
6358:
6353:Bornaviridae
6351:
6344:
6334:
6322:
6317:Myriaviridae
6315:
6308:
6301:
6296:Aliusviridae
6294:
6284:
6273:
6257:
6247:
6236:
6220:
6213:
6203:
6192:
6176:
6171:Tospoviridae
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6143:Nairoviridae
6141:
6134:
6127:
6122:Hantaviridae
6120:
6113:
6108:Arenaviridae
6106:
6101:Cruliviridae
6099:
6091:Bunyavirales
6089:
6078:
6062:
6052:
6041:
6030:
6019:
6008:
5962:
5955:
5951:
5927:Astroviridae
5925:
5915:
5903:
5893:
5882:
5866:
5861:Barnaviridae
5859:
5852:
5842:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5790:Marnaviridae
5788:
5781:
5771:
5759:
5752:
5747:Olifoviridae
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5658:
5647:
5638:Pisuviricota
5636:
5616:
5608:Ourlivirales
5606:
5597:Miaviricetes
5595:
5579:
5569:
5558:
5544:Narnaviridae
5542:
5532:
5521:
5505:
5500:Blumeviridae
5498:
5490:Timlovirales
5488:
5476:
5471:Fiersviridae
5469:
5462:
5455:
5447:Norzivirales
5445:
5434:
5423:
5403:
5398:Luteoviridae
5396:
5389:
5379:
5368:
5352:
5345:
5335:
5324:
5310:Flaviviridae
5308:
5298:
5287:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5233:
5223:Virgaviridae
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5181:Bromoviridae
5179:
5169:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5126:
5115:
5104:
5093:
5082:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5020:Birnaviridae
5018:
5014:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4952:Durnavirales
4950:
4939:
4930:Pisuviricota
4928:
4910:Cystoviridae
4908:
4900:Mindivirales
4898:
4887:
4871:
4861:
4850:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4803:
4792:
4781:
4770:
4759:
4710:Spiraviridae
4708:
4701:
4694:
4690:
4656:
4646:
4635:
4626:Saleviricota
4624:
4613:
4589:
4582:
4572:
4561:
4545:
4537:Recrevirales
4535:
4523:
4516:
4508:Mulpavirales
4506:
4496:Smacoviridae
4494:
4486:Cremevirales
4484:
4474:Circoviridae
4472:
4464:Cirlivirales
4462:
4450:
4442:Baphyvirales
4440:
4429:
4418:
4400:Parvoviridae
4398:
4390:Piccovirales
4388:
4377:
4363:Bidnaviridae
4361:
4351:
4342:Mouviricetes
4340:
4329:
4320:Shotokuvirae
4318:
4296:Microviridae
4294:
4286:Petitvirales
4284:
4273:
4264:Phixviricota
4262:
4251:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4203:
4192:
4181:
4170:
4161:Monodnaviria
4159:
4117:
4112:Dinodnavirus
4110:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4073:Ovaliviridae
4071:
4064:
4059:Guttaviridae
4057:
4050:
4043:
4038:Clavaviridae
4036:
4029:
4022:
4018:
3996:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3954:
3943:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3884:
3873:
3862:
3851:
3827:
3817:
3807:Adenoviridae
3805:
3795:
3785:Tectiviridae
3783:
3773:
3763:Turriviridae
3761:
3751:
3740:
3724:
3714:
3703:
3687:
3677:
3666:
3655:
3635:
3630:Iridoviridae
3628:
3621:
3611:
3599:
3589:
3577:
3567:
3556:
3540:
3532:Chitovirales
3530:
3520:Asfarviridae
3518:
3508:
3497:
3486:
3477:Bamfordvirae
3475:
3466:Varidnaviria
3464:
3436:
3426:
3414:
3404:
3393:
3382:
3373:Shotokuvirae
3371:
3362:Monodnaviria
3360:
3332:
3327:Siphoviridae
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3257:Chaseviridae
3255:
3248:
3241:
3233:Caudovirales
3231:
3220:
3209:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3165:
3154:
3143:
3132:
3121:
3093:
3085:Primavirales
3083:
3071:
3064:
3054:
3043:
3032:
3021:
3010:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2739:(4): e2193.
2736:
2732:
2722:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2592:(1): 31–34.
2589:
2585:
2575:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2467:(12): 1722.
2464:
2460:
2450:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2315:
2311:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2165:
2161:
2125:
2119:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2035:
2031:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1632:
1628:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1541:
1537:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1349:
1340:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1192:. 2023-03-09
1189:
1140:
1136:
1084:
1080:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:
1019:
1004:
993:
964:
955:bioavailable
917:
893:
880:
855:
848:
844:dodecahedral
814:
785:
781:
776:
774:
768:
760:
754:
750:
746:
738:
734:
732:
725:
719:
715:
711:
708:
693:
689:
685:
670:
666:
662:
650:
648:
614:
607:
595:
579:LDL receptor
552:
549:Pathogenesis
540:
536:
533:Epidemiology
521:and extreme
495:muscle aches
464:
434:
431:Transmission
421:rhinovirus C
418:
403:
387:
367:
340:
329:
323:
262:
260:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
214:
207:
200:
195:
190:
172:Rhinovirus C
171:
167:Rhinovirus B
166:
162:Rhinovirus A
161:
146:
134:
122:
110:
99:Pisuviricota
98:
86:
74:
67:
57:(unranked):
18:
7031:iNaturalist
6938:Pharyngitis
6895:Sore throat
6822:Enterovirus
6817:Coronavirus
6796:Common cold
6581:Metaviridae
6360:Filoviridae
6346:Artoviridae
6259:Aspiviridae
6136:Mypoviridae
6115:Fimoviridae
5905:Potyviridae
5818:Secoviridae
5811:Iflaviridae
5754:Roniviridae
5660:Nidovirales
5581:Mitoviridae
5464:Duinviridae
5381:Tolivirales
5347:Nodaviridae
5273:Tymoviridae
5235:Tymovirales
5216:Togaviridae
5209:Mayoviridae
5202:Kitaviridae
5152:Hepeviridae
5145:Benyviridae
4976:Hypoviridae
4836:Totiviridae
4525:Nanoviridae
4353:Polivirales
4253:Sangervirae
3998:Nimaviridae
3980:Nudiviridae
3956:Lefavirales
3819:Vinavirales
3797:Rowavirales
3623:Ascoviridae
3601:Mimiviridae
3569:Algavirales
3510:Asfuvirales
3299:Podoviridae
3211:Uroviricota
3073:Rudiviridae
3023:Zilligvirae
2318:: 645–659.
1485:: 142–151.
1190:www.cdc.gov
1053:ictv.global
1023:handwashing
940:polyprotein
928:Rupintrivir
904:icosahedron
878:space group
851:polypeptide
832:poly-A tail
824:nucleotides
751:Enterovirus
739:Enterovirus
690:Enterovirus
475:sore throat
467:common cold
461:Common cold
408:, from the
336:common cold
325:Enterovirus
147:Enterovirus
38:Rhinovirus
24:Rhinovirus
7066:Categories
6885:Rhinorrhea
6827:Rhinovirus
6812:Adenovirus
6453:Yueviridae
6409:Sunviridae
6303:Chuviridae
6064:Qinviridae
5945:Unassigned
5008:Unassigned
4873:Reoviridae
4863:Reovirales
4684:Unassigned
4615:Trapavirae
4215:Inoviridae
4012:Unassigned
3990:Unassigned
3936:Unassigned
3542:Poxviridae
3292:Myoviridae
2504:(5): 264.
1271:(4): 518.
1196:2023-12-28
1058:2023-12-29
1030:References
1010:Prevention
984:Omalizumab
976:budesonide
951:Pleconaril
936:3Cprotease
720:Rhinovirus
712:Rhinovirus
667:Rhinovirus
587:chemokines
523:exhaustion
479:runny nose
392:-approved
359:nanometers
298:romanized:
265:(from the
263:rhinovirus
6948:Sinusitis
6943:Pneumonia
6649:Riboviria
6520:Riboviria
6054:Muvirales
6010:Riboviria
5084:Riboviria
4761:Riboviria
4172:Loebvirae
3012:Adnaviria
2971:Baltimore
1635:(1): 16.
1566:214601321
1000:serotypes
982:in mice.
972:tolerance
874:unit cell
840:enveloped
803:Structure
753:, family
728:phylogeny
591:cytokines
575:receptors
527:influenza
443:and from
276:romanized
82:Kingdom:
75:Riboviria
7009:Q1351647
7003:Wikidata
6900:Weakness
6890:Sneezing
6860:Headache
6837:Symptoms
5952:Families
5015:Families
4691:Families
4019:Families
2912:34446582
2888:(6558).
2863:18068815
2814:30345002
2788:: 1537.
2763:33217098
2714:19403680
2665:19403680
2567:10833211
2518:12062983
2483:14689362
2442:16251287
2393:10471549
2344:34276229
2290:10508022
2111:19960211
2062:31980941
2010:19495937
1961:24119298
1910:35074599
1901:10314805
1861:19393959
1812:25848009
1753:19213880
1696:22743674
1661:26761027
1607:22817528
1558:32196426
1509:29452994
1460:36535318
1425:22542099
1348:(2007).
1346:Offit PA
1332:16083778
1297:38675861
1288:11054477
1246:14641606
1167:23297263
1111:34446582
996:vaccines
908:epitopes
900:proteins
864:and the
842:and are
771:serotype
623:Taxonomy
617:wheezing
545:people.
507:headache
487:sneezing
473:include
471:Symptoms
437:aerosols
394:vaccines
370:aerosols
361:, while
355:vaccinia
351:smallpox
347:genetics
343:antigens
285:"nose",
130:Family:
94:Phylum:
7049:1330291
7023:4819384
6870:Malaise
6850:Fatigue
6804:Viruses
2903:8721651
2882:Science
2854:7119119
2805:6173106
2754:8365703
2705:4291752
2656:2704786
2616:6089652
2558:1126289
2433:1280128
2335:8277446
2241:3018924
2221:Bibcode
2213:Science
2198:4288590
2190:2993920
2170:Bibcode
2102:7086975
2053:7024059
2001:7086627
1952:3854537
1935:: 305.
1852:4327893
1803:4418890
1780:Bibcode
1744:3923423
1723:Bibcode
1715:Science
1652:4728576
1629:Viruses
1500:7102683
1416:3378761
1265:Viruses
1237:7168036
1158:3553670
1102:8721651
1081:Science
947:halted.
868:led by
503:malaise
499:fatigue
445:fomites
400:History
374:fomites
315:) is a
278::
142:Genus:
118:Order:
106:Class:
7036:199586
5033:Genera
4107:Genera
2910:
2900:
2861:
2851:
2812:
2802:
2761:
2751:
2712:
2702:
2663:
2653:
2614:
2607:179911
2604:
2565:
2555:
2516:
2481:
2440:
2430:
2391:
2381:
2342:
2332:
2288:
2278:
2239:
2196:
2188:
2162:Nature
2140:
2109:
2099:
2060:
2050:
2008:
1998:
1959:
1949:
1908:
1898:
1859:
1849:
1810:
1800:
1751:
1741:
1694:
1659:
1649:
1605:
1564:
1556:
1507:
1497:
1458:
1423:
1413:
1356:
1330:
1295:
1285:
1244:
1234:
1165:
1155:
1109:
1099:
896:capsid
828:genome
780:where
567:ICAM-1
383:asthma
302:rhinos
7044:IRMNG
6994:Viula
6962:Drugs
6928:Croup
6855:Fever
6845:Cough
6634:VII:
4746:III:
2384:89431
2281:89498
2194:S2CID
1562:S2CID
1534:(PDF)
980:IL-1β
930:is a
765:Types
639:5'UTR
559:mouth
519:Fever
513:, or
491:cough
321:genus
312:vīrus
307:Latin
293:ῥινός
68:Realm
61:Virus
7018:GBIF
6505:VI:
5069:IV:
4146:II:
2908:PMID
2859:PMID
2810:PMID
2759:PMID
2710:PMID
2661:PMID
2612:PMID
2563:PMID
2514:PMID
2479:PMID
2438:PMID
2389:PMID
2340:PMID
2286:PMID
2237:PMID
2186:PMID
2138:ISBN
2107:PMID
2058:PMID
2006:PMID
1957:PMID
1906:PMID
1857:PMID
1808:PMID
1749:PMID
1692:PMID
1657:PMID
1603:PMID
1554:PMID
1505:PMID
1456:PMID
1421:PMID
1354:ISBN
1328:PMID
1293:PMID
1242:PMID
1163:PMID
1107:PMID
589:and
571:CD54
563:nose
561:and
489:and
425:ICTV
353:and
282:rhis
261:The
5995:V:
4733:RNA
2997:I:
2984:DNA
2898:PMC
2890:doi
2886:373
2849:PMC
2841:doi
2800:PMC
2790:doi
2749:PMC
2741:doi
2700:PMC
2692:doi
2651:PMC
2643:doi
2602:PMC
2594:doi
2553:PMC
2545:doi
2541:342
2506:doi
2469:doi
2428:PMC
2420:doi
2379:PMC
2371:doi
2330:PMC
2320:doi
2276:PMC
2268:doi
2229:doi
2217:233
2178:doi
2166:317
2130:doi
2126:eLS
2097:PMC
2089:doi
2085:155
2048:PMC
2040:doi
2036:165
1996:PMC
1988:doi
1984:154
1947:PMC
1937:doi
1896:PMC
1888:doi
1847:PMC
1839:doi
1798:PMC
1788:doi
1776:112
1739:PMC
1731:doi
1719:324
1684:doi
1647:PMC
1637:doi
1593:doi
1546:doi
1495:PMC
1487:doi
1448:doi
1411:PMC
1403:doi
1320:doi
1316:116
1283:PMC
1273:doi
1232:PMC
1224:doi
1153:PMC
1145:doi
1097:PMC
1089:doi
1085:373
820:RNA
775:RV-
390:FDA
345:or
288:gen
271:ῥίς
7068::
7046::
7033::
7020::
7005::
6492:RT
5954::
5035::
5017::
4693::
4109::
4021::
2906:.
2896:.
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