737:
maintaining root nodules for rhizobacteria can cost between 12–25% of the plant's total photosynthetic output. Legumes are often able to colonize early successional environments due to the unavailability of nutrients. Once colonized, though, the rhizobacteria make the soil surrounding the plant more nutrient rich, which in turn can lead to competition with other plants. The symbiotic relationship, in short, can lead to increased competition.
656:
105:
20:
993:
crops found that some root-colonizing bacteria were deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB). Sugar beet seeds inoculated with DRB had reduced germination rates, root lesions, reduced root elongation, root distortions, increased fungi infection, and decreased plant growth. In one trial the sugar beet yield
949:
due to increases in specific ion fluxes at the root surface in the presence of PGPRs has also been reported. PGPR strains may use one or more of these mechanisms in the rhizosphere. Molecular approaches using microbial and plant mutants altered in their ability to synthesize or respond to specific
736:
The symbiotic relationship between rhizobacteria and their host plants is not without costs. For the plant to be able to benefit from the added available nutrients provided by the rhizobacteria, it needs to provide a place and the proper conditions for the rhizobacteria to live. Creating and
748:, a limiting nutrient for plant growth, can be plentiful in soil, but is most commonly found in insoluble forms. Organic acids and phosphotases released by rhizobacteria found in plant rhizospheres facilitate the conversion of insoluble forms of phosphorus to plant-available forms such as H
715:) making it an available nutrient to the host plant which can support and enhance plant growth. The host plant provides the bacteria with amino acids so they do not need to assimilate ammonia. The amino acids are then shuttled back to the plant with newly fixed nitrogen.
1036:
The presence of PGPRs has proven to reduce and inhibit the colonization of DRB on sugar beet roots. Plots inoculated with PGPRs and DRBs had an increase in production of 39% while plots only treated with DRBs had a reduction in production of 30%.
719:
is an enzyme involved in nitrogen fixation and requires anaerobic conditions. Membranes within root nodules are able to provide these conditions. The rhizobacteria require oxygen to metabolize, so oxygen is provided by a hemoglobin protein called
33:, colonizes the roots and establishes a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. This high-magnification image shows part of a cell with single bacteroids within their host plant. In this image, endoplasmic reticulum, dictysome, and cell wall can be seen.
1060:
bacteria are often applied to the seed coat of seeds prior to being sown. Inoculated seeds are more likely to establish large enough rhizobacterial populations within the rhizosphere to produce notable beneficial effects on the crop.
920:
PGPRs enhance plant growth by direct and indirect means, but the specific mechanisms involved have not all been well characterized. Direct mechanisms of plant growth promotion by PGPRs can be demonstrated in the absence of plant
66:. Biofertilization accounts for about 65% of the nitrogen supply to crops worldwide. PGPRs have different relationships with different species of host plants. The two major classes of relationships are rhizospheric and
1478:
Roberts, Daniel P.; Yucel, Irem; Larkin, Robert P. (1998). "Genetic approaches for analysis and manipulation of rhizosphere colonization by bacterial biocontrol agents". In Boland, Greg J.; Kuykendall, L. David (eds.).
55:). Rhizobacteria are often referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, or PGPRs. The term PGPRs was first used by Joseph W. Kloepper in the late 1970s and has become commonly used in scientific literature.
1742:
Riaz, Umair; Murtaza, Ghulam; Anum, Wajiha; Samreen, Tayyaba; Sarfraz, Muhammad; Nazir, Muhammad
Zulqernain (2021), Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Dar, Gowhar Hamid; Mehmood, Mohammad Aneesul; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad (eds.),
1076:
to varying degrees and favouring various microbes. Kyselková et al 2015 find planting forage species known to encourage native rhizobacteria retards the spread within the soil of antibiotic resistance genes of
707:) is not available to them due to the high energy required to break the triple bonds between the two atoms. Rhizobacteria, through nitrogen fixation, are able to convert gaseous nitrogen (N
933:. PGPRs have been reported to directly enhance plant growth by a variety of mechanisms: fixation of atmospheric nitrogen transferred to the plant, production of siderophores that
1145:
Antoun H, Prevost D (2005). Ecology of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. In: Siddiqui ZA (Eds.) PGPR: Biocontrol and
Biofertilization, Springer, The Netherlands, pp. 2
977:
could be a novel way of increasing crop yield and decreasing disease incidence, whilst decreasing dependency on chemical pesticides and fertilisers which can often have
950:
phytohormones have increased understanding of the role of phytohormone synthesis as a direct mechanism of plant growth enhancement by PGPRs. PGPR that synthesize
70:. Rhizospheric relationships consist of the PGPRs that colonize the surface of the root, or superficial intercellular spaces of the host plant, often forming
835:. The ineffectiveness of PGPR in the field has often been attributed to their inability to colonize plant roots. A variety of bacterial traits and specific
803:
such as peas. Inoculation with PGPRs ensures efficient nitrogen fixation, and they have been employed in North
American agriculture for over 100 years.
1556:
WCS365 populations expressing three different autofluorescent proteins in the rhizosphere: New perspectives for studying microbial communities"
1033:. Due to a large number of taxonomic species yet to be described, complete characterization has not been possible as DRB are highly variable.
1764:
1488:
1341:
1249:
1221:
687:
799:, as large-scale application techniques have yet to become economically viable. A notable exception is the use of rhizobial inoculants for
287:
1965:
1266:
1056:
strains have been genetically modified to improve plant growth and improve the disease resistance of agricultural crops. In agriculture,
1045:
Rhizobacteria are also able to control plant diseases that are caused by other bacteria and fungi. Disease is suppressed through induced
870:
Progress in the identification of new, previously uncharacterized genes is being made using nonbiased screening strategies that rely on
393:
978:
897:
1046:
388:
740:
PGPRs increase the availability of nutrients through the solubilization of unavailable forms of nutrients and by the production of
1828:
Chaitanya, K. J.; Meenu, S. (2015). "Plant growth promoting
Rhizobacteria (PGPR): a review », , vol. 5, no 2, , p. 108–119".
1642:
strain DR54 and native soil bacteria on sugar beet root surfaces using fluorescence antibody and in situ hybridization techniques"
1332:
Kloepper, Joseph W. (1993). "Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as biological control agents". In
Metting, F. Blaine Jr. (ed.).
1240:
Willey, Joanne M.; Sherwood, Linda M.; Woolverton, Christopher J. (2011). "Chapter 29: Microorganisms in
Terrestrial Ecosystems".
867:
altered in expression of these traits is aiding our understanding of the precise role each one plays in the colonization process.
703:
is one of the most beneficial processes performed by rhizobacteria. Nitrogen is a vital nutrient to plants and gaseous nitrogen (N
1393:
292:
1609:
inoculants: New knowledge on distribution, activity and physiological state derived from micro-scale and single-cell studies".
859:, production of specific cell surface components, ability to use specific components of root exudates, protein secretion, and
473:
2006:
He, Ya; Yuan, Qingbin; Mathieu, Jacques; Stadler, Lauren; Senehi, Naomi; Sun, Ruonan; Alvarez, Pedro J. J. (2020-02-19).
44:
that can have a detrimental (parasitic varieties), neutral or beneficial effect on plant growth. The name comes from the
572:
823:. The following are implicit in the colonization process: ability to survive inoculation onto seed, to multiply in the
724:
which is produced within the nodules. Legumes are well-known nitrogen-fixing crops and have been used for centuries in
1357:
Benizri, E.; Baudoin, E.; Guckert, A. (2001). "Root colonization by inoculated plant growth promoting rhizobacteria".
226:
199:
2077:
1687:
UPMB-10 to young oil palm and measurement of its uptake of fixed nitrogen using the N isotope dilution technique"
1483:. Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment. Vol. 63. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc. pp. 415–431.
80:. Endophytic relationships involve the PGPRs residing and growing within the host plant in the apoplastic space.
1505:
1298:
Aziz, Z.F.A.; Saud, H.M.; Rahim, K.A.; Ahmed, O.H. (2012). "Variable responses on early development of shallot (
680:
639:
634:
342:
1550:
Bloemberg, Guido V.; Wijfjes, André H. M.; Lamers, Gerda E. M.; Stuurman, Nico; Lugtenberg, Ben J. J. (2000).
764:
929:, while indirect mechanisms involve the ability of PGPRs to reduce the harmful effects of plant pathogens on
856:
796:
567:
2147:
577:
378:
221:
51:, meaning root. The term usually refers to bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with many plants (
2073:"Antibiotics in the Soil Environment—Degradation and Their Impact on Microbial Activity and Diversity"
1907:
1280:. Angers, France: Station de Pathologie Végétale et Phytobactériologie, INRA: 879–882. Archived from
673:
660:
538:
398:
383:
240:
594:
457:
245:
190:
180:
52:
811:
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were first defined by
Kloepper and Schroth to be soil
235:
2043:
1876:
1770:
1374:
1128:
905:
758:
587:
447:
251:
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2100:
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1988:
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1532:
1484:
1420:
1337:
1281:
1245:
1217:
1181:
1120:
997:
Six strains of rhizobacteria have been identified as being DRB. The strains are in the genera
700:
357:
172:
151:
2108:
2090:
2025:
2021:
2008:"Antibiotic resistance genes from livestock waste: Occurrence, dissemination, and treatment"
1980:
1931:
1915:
1860:
1802:
1752:
1714:
1698:
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1618:
1577:
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1524:
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1412:
1366:
1173:
1112:
882:
452:
426:
317:
213:
185:
114:
1605:
Sørensen, Jan; Jensen, Linda E.; Nybroe, Ole (2001). "Soil and rhizosphere as habitats for
2152:
2086:
2012:
437:
421:
352:
146:
1896:"A neonicotinoid pesticide impairs foraging, but not learning, in free-flying bumblebees"
1103:
Vessy, J. Kevin (August 2003). "Plant Growth
Promoting Rhizobacteria as Biofertilizers".
878:
and in vitro expression technology (IVET) to detect genes expressed during colonization.
1911:
2113:
2072:
1936:
1895:
1719:
1682:
1658:
1637:
1213:
1205:
1017:
946:
938:
896:, it is possible to monitor the location of individual rhizobacteria on the root using
860:
792:
562:
442:
347:
45:
29:
1681:
Zakry, F.A.A.; Shamsuddin, Z.H.; Khairuddin, A.R.; Zakaria, Z.Z.; Anuar, A.R. (2012).
1428:
2136:
2047:
1793:
Glick, Bernard R. (1995). "The enhancement of plant growth by free-living bacteria".
1774:
1528:
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970:
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725:
721:
614:
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367:
63:
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1378:
1161:
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1416:
1029:
999:
974:
942:
824:
820:
741:
599:
582:
502:
468:
156:
127:
76:
71:
1756:
1745:"Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as Biofertilizers and Biopesticides"
1622:
1572:
1551:
1334:
Soil
Microbial Ecology: Applications in Agricultural and Environmental Management
1749:
Microbiota and
Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Continuum for Plant and Soil Health
1073:
1011:
955:
909:
886:
871:
848:
832:
716:
552:
281:
141:
136:
59:
1919:
1744:
839:
contribute to this process, but only a few have been identified. These include
104:
2030:
2007:
1966:"Role of Deleterious Rhizobacteria as Minor Pathogens in Reducing Crop Growth"
1864:
1370:
1116:
1053:
1005:
990:
930:
875:
844:
745:
604:
557:
518:
497:
362:
309:
256:
122:
96:
67:
2104:
2095:
2039:
1992:
1927:
1872:
1814:
1710:
1124:
1274:
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
1078:
1057:
934:
543:
413:
322:
276:
74:. The dominant species found in the rhizosphere is a microbe from the genus
2122:
1945:
1728:
1667:
1591:
1536:
1424:
1185:
1162:"Molecular basis of plant growth promotion and biocontrol by rhizobacteria"
19:
1848:
1702:
2071:
Cycoń, Mariusz; Mrozik, Agnieszka; Piotrowska-Seget, Zofia (2019-03-08).
1984:
963:
922:
893:
840:
812:
507:
327:
62:
bacteria are PGPR. They are an important group of microorganisms used in
41:
1447:"Tales from the underground: Molecular plant-rhizobacteria interactions"
2057:
959:
889:
828:
800:
513:
1582:
772:
and notable nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with legumes includes
1069:
1065:
864:
489:
1806:
1327:
1325:
1392:
Lugtenberg, Ben J. J.; Dekkers, Linda; Bloemberg, Guido V. (2001).
912:
and showed that bacteria located at the root tip were most active.
2054:
951:
852:
18:
1638:"Simultaneous detection of the establishment of seed-inoculated
901:
836:
831:, to attach to the root surface, and to colonize the developing
816:
1204:
Cain, Michael L.; Bowman, William D.; Hacker, Sally D. (2011).
1751:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 181–196,
815:
that colonize the roots of plants following inoculation onto
1445:
Persello-Cartieaux, F.; Nussaume, L.; Robaglia, C. (2003).
1160:
Bloemberg, Guido V.; Lugtenberg, Ben J. J. (August 2001).
1636:
Lübeck, Peter S.; Hansen, Michael; Sørensen, Jan (2000).
795:
can be beneficial for crops, they are not widely used in
1849:"Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers"
1394:"Molecular determinants of rhizosphere colonization by
1964:
Suslow, Trevor V.; Schroth, Milton N. (January 1982).
1336:. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc. pp. 255–274.
1049:
and through the production of antifungal metabolites.
744:
which aids in the facilitating of nutrient transport.
1267:"Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on radishes"
827:(region surrounding the seed) in response to seed
1481:Plant-Microbe interactions and Biological Control
941:of minerals such as phosphorus, and synthesis of
1265:Kloepper, Joseph W.; Schroth, Milton N. (1978).
1155:
1153:
1151:
900:. This approach has also been combined with an
874:technologies. These strategies employ reporter
1959:
1957:
1955:
937:iron and make it available to the plant root,
1235:
1233:
681:
8:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1064:They can also combat pathogenic microbes in
1199:
1197:
1195:
688:
674:
87:
2112:
2094:
2029:
1935:
1718:
1657:
1581:
1571:
1462:
27:'Essex') root nodule: The rhizobacteria,
16:Group of bacteria affecting plant growth
1894:Muth, F.; Leonard, A. S. (2019-03-18).
1090:
95:
981:on the local ecology and environment.
7:
1560:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
807:Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
728:to maintain the health of the soil.
1206:"Chapter 16: Change in Communities"
1659:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00721.x
908:of a rhizobacterial strain in the
898:confocal laser scanning microscopy
14:
1359:Biocontrol Science and Technology
1312:Malaysian Journal of Microbiology
1244:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 703–706.
1795:Canadian Journal of Microbiology
1529:10.1046/j.1462-2920.1999.00040.x
1464:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00956.x
1166:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
966:synthesis have been identified.
904:-targeting probe to monitor the
655:
654:
103:
23:Cross section though a soybean (
1847:Vessey, J. Kevin (2003-08-01).
1405:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1212:. Sinauer Associates. pp.
1417:10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.461
1:
1451:Plant, Cell & Environment
962:or that interfere with plant
1757:10.1007/978-3-030-48771-3_11
1623:10.1007/978-94-010-0566-1_10
1573:10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.11.1170
1178:10.1016/S1369-5266(00)0183-7
573:Microbial population biology
2169:
1920:10.1038/s41598-019-39701-5
1517:Environmental Microbiology
969:Development of PGPRs into
200:Marine microbial symbiosis
2078:Frontiers in Microbiology
2031:10.1038/s41545-020-0051-0
1691:Microbes and Environments
1646:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1552:"Simultaneous imaging of
1510:to the plant rhizosphere"
1371:10.1080/09583150120076120
58:Generally, about 2–5% of
2096:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00338
1830:E3 J. Agric.Res. Develop
1504:Rainey, Paul B. (1999).
945:. Direct enhancement of
765:Azospirillum fluorescens
756:. PGPR bacteria include
640:Earth Microbiome Project
635:Human Microbiome Project
394:Accessible carbohydrates
30:Bradyrhizobium japonicum
1865:10.1023/A:1026037216893
1640:Pseudomonas fluorescens
1554:Pseudomonas fluorescens
1508:Pseudomonas fluorescens
1242:Prescott's Microbiology
1117:10.1023/A:1026037216893
732:Symbiotic relationships
797:industrial agriculture
770:Azospirillum lipoferum
568:Biological dark matter
34:
1703:10.1264/jsme2.ME11309
989:Studies conducted on
925:or other rhizosphere
578:Microbial cooperation
22:
1985:10.1094/phyto-77-111
994:was reduced by 48%.
916:Mechanisms of action
863:. The generation of
793:microbial inoculants
539:Biomass partitioning
474:hologenome evolution
399:Flora (microbiology)
40:are root-associated
2058:0000-0002-6725-7199
1912:2019NatSR...9.4764M
1685:Bacillus sphaericus
1072:regulate their own
1047:systemic resistance
595:Metatranscriptomics
389:Initial acquisition
384:Microbial community
91:Part of a series on
1900:Scientific Reports
1300:Allium ascalonicum
906:metabolic activity
759:Pseudomonas putida
173:Marine microbiomes
35:
1766:978-3-030-48771-3
1566:(11): 1170–1176.
1490:978-0-8247-0043-0
1343:978-0-8247-8737-0
1251:978-0-07-131367-4
1223:978-0-87893-445-4
883:molecular markers
819:and that enhance
701:Nitrogen fixation
698:
697:
288:Built environment
270:Other microbiomes
214:Human microbiomes
115:Plant microbiomes
84:Nitrogen fixation
2160:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2098:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2033:
2022:Nature Portfolio
2003:
1997:
1996:
1970:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1683:"Inoculation of
1678:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1514:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1427:. Archived from
1402:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1157:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1100:
985:Pathogenic roles
851:, production of
711:) to ammonia (NH
690:
683:
676:
663:
658:
657:
427:Marine holobiont
227:Fecal transplant
107:
88:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2052:
2013:npj Clean Water
2005:
2004:
2000:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1807:10.1139/m95-015
1792:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1617:(1–2): 97–108.
1604:
1603:
1599:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1512:
1506:"Adaptation of
1503:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1308:Bacillus cereus
1304:Brassica juncea
1302:) and mustard (
1297:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1203:
1202:
1193:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1087:
1043:
987:
979:harmful effects
918:
892:or fluorescent
809:
755:
751:
734:
714:
710:
706:
694:
653:
646:
645:
644:
629:
621:
620:
619:
548:
533:
525:
524:
523:
510:
492:
482:
481:
480:
464:
431:
422:Plant holobiont
416:
406:
405:
404:
403:
374:
312:
302:
301:
300:
284:
271:
263:
262:
261:
248:
231:
216:
206:
205:
204:
195:
175:
165:
164:
163:
152:soil microbiome
147:root microbiome
132:
117:
86:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2063:
1998:
1979:(1): 111–115.
1973:Phytopathology
1951:
1886:
1859:(2): 571–586.
1853:Plant and Soil
1839:
1820:
1801:(2): 109–117.
1785:
1765:
1734:
1697:(3): 257–262.
1673:
1628:
1611:Plant and Soil
1597:
1542:
1523:(3): 243–257.
1496:
1489:
1470:
1457:(2): 189–199.
1437:
1434:on 2014-07-14.
1384:
1365:(5): 557–574.
1349:
1342:
1321:
1310:inoculation".
1290:
1287:on 2014-07-14.
1257:
1250:
1229:
1222:
1191:
1172:(4): 343–350.
1147:
1138:
1111:(2): 571–586.
1105:Plant and Soil
1089:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1070:forage species
1042:
1039:
1018:Flavobacterium
986:
983:
971:biofertilisers
947:mineral uptake
939:solubilization
927:microorganisms
917:
914:
885:such as green
861:quorum sensing
808:
805:
782:Bradyrhizobium
753:
749:
733:
730:
712:
708:
704:
696:
695:
693:
692:
685:
678:
670:
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666:
665:
664:
648:
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623:
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570:
565:
563:Quorum sensing
560:
555:
549:
547:
546:
541:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
522:
521:
516:
511:
505:
500:
494:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
479:
478:
477:
476:
465:
463:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
432:
430:
429:
424:
418:
417:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
373:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
339:
338:
337:
336:
335:
330:
325:
314:
313:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
290:
285:
279:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
249:
243:
238:
236:Gut–brain axis
232:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
212:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
196:
194:
193:
188:
183:
177:
176:
171:
170:
167:
166:
162:
161:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
133:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
112:
109:
108:
100:
99:
93:
92:
85:
82:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2165:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:Achromobacter
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
995:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
975:biopesticides
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
943:phytohormones
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:root exudates
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:Allorhizobium
771:
767:
766:
761:
760:
747:
743:
738:
731:
729:
727:
726:crop rotation
723:
722:leghemoglobin
718:
702:
691:
686:
684:
679:
677:
672:
671:
669:
668:
662:
652:
651:
650:
649:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
625:
624:
616:
615:Symbiogenesis
613:
611:
610:Superorganism
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
529:
528:
520:
517:
515:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
486:
485:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
410:
409:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
334:
333:rhizobacteria
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
315:
311:
306:
305:
297:
295:
291:
289:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
267:
266:
258:
255:
253:
250:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
215:
210:
209:
201:
198:
197:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
174:
169:
168:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
116:
111:
110:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
90:
89:
83:
81:
79:
78:
73:
69:
65:
64:biofertilizer
61:
56:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
38:Rhizobacteria
32:
31:
26:
21:
2148:Soil biology
2082:
2076:
2066:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1976:
1972:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1778:, retrieved
1748:
1737:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1652:(1): 11–19.
1649:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1499:
1480:
1473:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1429:the original
1408:
1404:
1395:
1387:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1333:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:) plants to
1303:
1299:
1293:
1282:the original
1277:
1273:
1260:
1241:
1209:
1169:
1165:
1141:
1108:
1104:
1068:. Different
1063:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1030:Arthrobacter
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1000:Enterobacter
998:
996:
988:
968:
956:gibberellins
919:
880:
869:
847:to seed and
825:spermosphere
821:plant growth
810:
790:
785:
781:
778:Azorhizobium
777:
773:
769:
763:
757:
742:siderophores
739:
735:
699:
600:Metabolomics
583:Metagenomics
469:Hologenomics
332:
293:
157:spermosphere
128:Phyllosphere
77:Azospirillum
75:
72:root nodules
57:
48:
37:
36:
28:
24:
1906:(1): 4764.
1607:Pseudomonas
1411:: 461–490.
1396:Pseudomonas
1318:(1): 47–50.
1074:rhizosphere
1051:Pseudomonas
1012:Citrobacter
910:rhizosphere
887:fluorescent
876:transposons
872:gene fusion
833:root system
717:Nitrogenase
553:Gnotobiosis
282:Phycosphere
142:laimosphere
137:Rhizosphere
97:Microbiomes
60:rhizosphere
25:Glycine max
2137:Categories
1780:2022-03-23
1583:1887/62882
1085:References
1081:bacteria.
1079:cow faeces
1054:biocontrol
1041:Biocontrol
1006:Klebsiella
991:sugar beet
931:crop yield
894:antibodies
845:chemotaxis
746:Phosphorus
605:Pan-genome
558:Phytobiome
519:Virosphere
414:Holobionts
310:Microbiota
294:Drosophila
257:Necrobiome
222:Human milk
123:Endosphere
68:endophytic
2105:1664-302X
2087:Frontiers
2048:211169969
2040:2059-7037
1993:0031-949X
1928:2045-2322
1873:1573-5036
1836:(2): 108.
1815:0008-4166
1775:230587254
1711:1342-6311
1125:0032-079X
1058:inoculant
923:pathogens
786:Rhizobium
544:Dysbiosis
458:rhodolith
323:endophyte
277:Mycobiome
241:Placental
53:mutualism
2143:Bacteria
2123:30906284
2024:: 1–11.
1946:30886154
1881:37031212
1729:22446306
1668:10922498
1592:11059483
1537:11207743
1425:11701873
1379:83702938
1186:11418345
1133:37031212
964:ethylene
960:kinetins
857:fimbriae
841:motility
829:exudates
813:bacteria
661:Category
628:Projects
508:Mangrove
448:seagrass
328:epiphyte
246:Salivary
191:Cetacean
181:Seagrass
42:bacteria
2114:6418018
2089:: 338.
1937:6423345
1908:Bibcode
1720:4036051
1214:359–362
1210:Ecology
935:chelate
890:protein
865:mutants
801:legumes
791:Though
532:Related
514:Viriome
490:Viromes
368:vaginal
252:Uterine
2153:Botany
2121:
2111:
2103:
2053:(PJJA
2046:
2038:
1991:
1944:
1934:
1926:
1879:
1871:
1813:
1773:
1763:
1727:
1717:
1709:
1666:
1590:
1535:
1487:
1423:
1377:
1340:
1248:
1220:
1184:
1131:
1123:
1066:cattle
1027:, and
952:auxins
881:Using
784:, and
768:, and
659:
453:sponge
379:Marine
2055:ORCID
2044:S2CID
2020:(1).
1969:(PDF)
1877:S2CID
1771:S2CID
1513:(PDF)
1432:(PDF)
1401:(PDF)
1375:S2CID
1285:(PDF)
1270:(PDF)
1129:S2CID
837:genes
588:viral
503:Human
438:coral
343:Human
318:Plant
186:Coral
49:rhiza
46:Greek
2119:PMID
2101:ISSN
2036:ISSN
1989:ISSN
1942:PMID
1924:ISSN
1869:ISSN
1811:ISSN
1761:ISBN
1725:PMID
1707:ISSN
1664:PMID
1588:PMID
1533:PMID
1485:ISBN
1421:PMID
1338:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1182:PMID
1121:ISSN
973:and
958:and
902:rRNA
853:pili
817:seed
443:crab
363:skin
358:oral
353:lung
2109:PMC
2091:doi
2026:doi
1981:doi
1932:PMC
1916:doi
1861:doi
1857:255
1803:doi
1753:doi
1715:PMC
1699:doi
1654:doi
1619:doi
1615:232
1578:hdl
1568:doi
1525:doi
1459:doi
1413:doi
1367:doi
1174:doi
1113:doi
1109:255
855:or
498:Bat
348:gut
296:gut
2139::
2117:.
2107:.
2099:.
2085:.
2083:10
2081:.
2075:.
2042:.
2034:.
2016:.
2010:.
1987:.
1977:72
1975:.
1971:.
1954:^
1940:.
1930:.
1922:.
1914:.
1902:.
1898:.
1875:.
1867:.
1855:.
1851:.
1832:.
1809:.
1799:41
1797:.
1769:,
1759:,
1747:,
1723:.
1713:.
1705:.
1695:27
1693:.
1689:.
1662:.
1650:33
1648:.
1644:.
1613:.
1586:.
1576:.
1564:13
1562:.
1558:.
1531:.
1519:.
1515:.
1455:26
1453:.
1449:.
1419:.
1409:39
1407:.
1403:.
1373:.
1363:11
1361:.
1324:^
1314:.
1276:.
1272:.
1232:^
1216:.
1208:.
1194:^
1180:.
1168:.
1164:.
1150:^
1127:.
1119:.
1107:.
1093:^
1021:,
1015:,
1009:,
1003:,
954:,
843:,
788:.
780:,
776:,
762:,
752:PO
2125:.
2093::
2060:)
2050:.
2028::
2018:3
1995:.
1983::
1948:.
1918::
1910::
1904:9
1883:.
1863::
1834:5
1817:.
1805::
1755::
1731:.
1701::
1670:.
1656::
1625:.
1621::
1594:.
1580::
1570::
1539:.
1527::
1521:1
1493:.
1467:.
1461::
1415::
1398:"
1381:.
1369::
1346:.
1316:8
1278:2
1254:.
1226:.
1188:.
1176::
1170:4
1135:.
1115::
754:4
750:2
713:3
709:2
705:2
689:e
682:t
675:v
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