443:
semi-tubular rivet is about 1/4 of the amount needed to apply a solid rivet. Tubular rivets are sometimes preferred for pivot points (a joint where movement is desired) since the swelling of the rivet is only at the tail. The type of equipment used to apply semi-tubular rivets ranges from prototyping tools to fully automated systems. Typical installation tools (from lowest to highest price) are hand set, manual squeezer, pneumatic squeezer, kick press, impact riveter, and finally PLC-controlled robotics. The most common machine is the impact riveter and the most common use of semi-tubular rivets is in lighting, brakes, ladders, binders, HVAC duct-work, mechanical products, and electronics. They are offered from 1/16-inch (1.6 mm) to 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) in diameter (other sizes are considered highly special) and can be up to 8 inches (203 mm) long. A wide variety of materials and platings are available, most common base metals are steel, brass, copper, stainless, aluminum and the most common platings are zinc, nickel, brass, tin. Tubular rivets are normally waxed to facilitate proper assembly. An installed tubular rivet has a head on one side, with a rolled-over and exposed shallow blind hole on the other.
136:
70:
484:
expands the diameter of the tube throughout its length, locking the sheets being fastened if the hole was the correct size. The head of the mandrel also expands the blind end of the rivet to a diameter greater than that of the drilled hole, compressing the fastened sheets between the head of the rivet and the head of the mandrel. At a predetermined tension, the mandrel breaks at the necked location. With open tubular rivets, the head of the mandrel may or may not remain embedded in the expanded portion of the rivet, and can come loose at a later time. More expensive closed-end tubular rivets are formed around the mandrel so the head of the mandrel is always retained inside the blind end after installation. "Pop" rivets can be fully installed with access to only one side of a part or structure.
1311:(General Grant) manufactured in the United States. However, many countries soon learned that rivets were a large weakness in tank design since if a tank was hit by a large projectile it would dislocate the rivets and they would fly around the inside of the tank and injure or kill the crew, even if the projectile did not penetrate the armor. Some countries such as Italy, Japan, and Britain used rivets in some or all of their tank designs throughout the war for various reasons, such as lack of welding equipment or inability to weld very thick plates of armor effectively.
1395:. In this process, the installer places a rivet gun against the factory head and holds a bucking bar against the tail or a hard working surface. The bucking bar is a specially shaped solid block of metal. The rivet gun provides a series of high-impulse forces that upsets and work hardens the tail of the rivet between the work and the inertia of the bucking bar. Rivets that are large or hard may be more easily installed by squeezing instead. In this process, a tool in contact with each end of the rivet clinches to deform the rivet.
46:
1227:
665:
681:
with plastic, metal, and other materials and require no special setting tool other than a hammer and possibly a backing block (steel or some other dense material) placed behind the location of the rivet while hammering it into place. Drive rivets have less clamping force than most other rivets. Drive screws, possibly another name for drive rivets, are commonly used to hold nameplates into blind holes. They typically have spiral threads that grip the side of the hole.
332:
1215:
1411:
856:
144:
468:
54:
358:(the 14th Edition) no longer cover their installation. The reason for the change is primarily due to the expense of skilled workers required to install high-strength structural steel rivets. Whereas two relatively unskilled workers can install and tighten high-strength bolts, it normally takes four skilled workers to install rivets (warmer, catcher, holder, basher).
1242:
452:
1250:
232:. A rivet compression or crimping tool can also deform this type of rivet. This tool is mainly used on rivets close to the edge of the fastened material since the tool is limited by the depth of its frame. A rivet compression tool does not require two people and is generally the most foolproof way to install solid rivets.
135:
38:
1345:
in a rivet are analyzed like a bolted joint. However, it is not wise to combine rivets with bolts and screws in the same joint. Rivets fill the hole where they are installed to establish a very tight fit (often called an interference fit). It is difficult or impossible to obtain such a tight fit with
621:
The typical assembly process requires the operator to install the rivet in the nose of the tool by hand and then actuate the tool. However, in recent years automated riveting systems have become popular in an effort to reduce assembly costs and repetitive disorders. The cost of such tools ranges from
647:
Oscar rivets are similar to blind rivets in appearance and installation but have splits (typically three) along the hollow shaft. These splits cause the shaft to fold and flare out (similar to the wings on a toggle bolt's nut) as the mandrel is drawn into the rivet. This flare (or flange) provides a
1430:
for tightness and imperfections. The inspector taps the head (usually the factory head) of the rivet with the hammer while touching the rivet and base plate lightly with the other hand and judges the quality of the audibly returned sound and the feel of the sound traveling through the metal to the
1184:
inch) to indicate they are half-size. The letters and digits in a rivet's identification number that precede its dash numbers indicate the specification under which the rivet was manufactured and the head style. On many rivets, a size in 32nds may be stamped on the rivet head. Other makings on the
739:
A friction-lock rivet cannot replace a solid shank rivet, size for size. When a friction lock is used to replace a solid shank rivet, it must be at least one size larger in diameter because the friction-lock rivet loses considerable strength if its center stem falls out due to vibrations or damage.
630:
uses a common flat-head (countersunk) rivet which is drawn into a specially machined nosepiece that forms it into a round-head rivet, taking up much of the variation inherent in hole size found in amateur aircraft construction. Aircraft designed with these rivets use rivet strength figures measured
936:
Rivets need to be harder than the materials being joined. they are heat treated to various levels of hardness depending on the material's ductility and hardness. Rivets come in a range of diameters and lengths depending on the materials being joined; head styles are either flush countersunk or pan
920:
SPRs are cold-forged to a semi-tubular shape and contain a partial hole to the opposite end of the head. The end geometry of the rivet has a chamfered poke that helps the rivet pierce the materials being joined. A hydraulic or electric servo rivet setter drives the rivet into the material, and an
1447:
The shear test involves installing a rivet into two plates at specified hardness and thickness and measuring the force necessary to shear the plates. The tensile test is basically the same, except that it measures the pullout strength. Per the IFI-135 standard, all blind rivets produced must meet
732:
One early form of blind rivet that was the first to be widely used for aircraft construction and repair was the Cherry friction-lock rivet. Originally, Cherry friction locks were available in two styles, hollow shank pull-through and self-plugging types. The pull-through type is no longer common;
680:
protruding from the head that is driven in with a hammer to flare out the end inserted in the hole. This is commonly used to rivet wood panels into place since the hole does not need to be drilled all the way through the panel, producing an aesthetically pleasing appearance. They can also be used
483:
through the center which has a "necked" or weakened area near the head. The rivet assembly is inserted into a hole drilled through the parts to be joined and a specially designed tool is used to draw the mandrel through the rivet. The compression force between the head of the mandrel and the tool
617:
Internally and externally locked structural blind rivets can be used in aircraft applications because, unlike other types of blind rivets, the locked mandrels cannot fall out and are watertight. Since the mandrel is locked into place, they have the same or greater shear-load-carrying capacity as
487:
Prior to the invention of blind rivets, installation of a rivet typically required access to both sides of the assembly: a rivet hammer on one side and a bucking bar on the other side. In 1916, Royal Navy reservist and engineer
Hamilton Neil Wylie filed a patent for an "improved means of closing
397:
With a "rivet set" to the tail of the rivet, making it mushroom against the joint forming the "field head" into its final domed shape. Alternatively, the buck is hammered more or less flush with the structure in a counter-sunk hole. On cooling, the rivet contracted axially exerting the clamping
932:
The self-pierce rivet fully pierces the top sheet material(s) but only partially pierces the bottom sheet. As the tail end of the rivet does not break through the bottom sheet it provides a water or gas-tight joint. With the influence of the upsetting die, the tail end of the rivet flares and
625:
While structural blind rivets using a locked mandrel are common, there are also aircraft applications using "non-structural" blind rivets where the reduced, but still predictable, strength of the rivet without the mandrel is used as the design strength. A method popularized by Chris Heintz of
442:
Semi-tubular rivets (also known as tubular rivets) are similar to solid rivets, except they have a partial hole (opposite the head) at the tip. The purpose of this hole is to reduce the amount of force needed for application by rolling the tubular portion outward. The force needed to apply a
693:
are important. A flush rivet takes advantage of a countersunk or dimpled hole; they are also commonly referred to as countersunk rivets. Countersunk or flush rivets are used extensively on the exterior of aircraft for aerodynamic reasons such as reduced drag and turbulence. Additional
156:
651:
A version of the Oscar rivet is the
Olympic rivet which uses an aluminum mandrel that is drawn into the rivet head. After installation, the head and mandrel are shaved off flush resulting in an appearance closely resembling a brazier head-driven rivet. They are used in the repair of
1606:
940:
Depending on the rivet setter configuration, i.e. hydraulic, servo, stroke, nose-to-die gap, feed system etc., cycle times can be as quick as one second. Rivets are typically fed to the rivet setter nose from tape and come in cassette or spool form for continuous production.
1300:. Riveting can reduce the vibration transmission between joints, thereby reducing the risk of cracking. The firmness is better and more reliable against such repeated stress changes. In order to reduce air resistance, countersunk rivets are generally used in aircraft skins.
1346:
other fasteners. The result is that rivets in the same joint with loose fasteners carry more of the load—they are effectively stiffer. The rivet can then fail before it can redistribute load to the other loose-fit fasteners like bolts and screws. This often causes
1188:
To become a proper fastener, a rivet should be placed in a hole ideally 4–6 thousandths of an inch larger in diameter. This allows the rivet to be easily and fully inserted, then setting allows the rivet to expand, tightly filling the gap and maximizing strength.
1097:
is the German national metric standard used in most
European countries because it closely resembles the newer International Standards Organizations (ISO) specifications. DIN fasteners use a DIN style identifier plus the material and the finish or plating (if any).
1439:
A blind rivet has strength properties that can be measured in terms of shear and tensile strength. Occasionally rivets also undergo performance testing for other critical features, such as pushout force, break load and salt spray resistance. A standardized
1205:
to check both rivet and drill are compatible. For general use, diameters between 2 mm – 20 mm and lengths from 5 mm – 50 mm are common. The design type, material and any finish is usually expressed in plain language (often
English).
602:
An "external" mechanically locked structural blind rivet that is used where a watertight, vibration resistant connection is of importance. Typically used in manufacture or repair of truck bodies. A special nosepiece is required to apply this rivet.
504:. Together with Armstrong-Whitworth, the Geo. Tucker Co. further modified the rivet design to produce a one-piece unit incorporating a mandrel and rivet. This product was later developed in aluminium and trademarked as the "POP" rivet. The
640:
435:
511:
They are available in flat head, countersunk head, and modified flush head with standard diameters of 1/8, 5/32, and 3/16 inch. Blind rivets are made from soft aluminum alloy, steel (including stainless steel), copper, and
947:
SPR joins a range of dissimilar materials such as steel, aluminum, plastics, composites and pre-coated or pre-painted materials. Benefits include low energy demands, no heat, fumes, sparks or waste and very repeatable quality.
460:
203:
with rivet holes where the handles would have been. The rivets themselves were essentially short rods of metal, which metalworkers hammered into a pre-drilled hole on one side and deformed on the other to hold them in place.
1448:
this standard. These tests determine the strength of the rivet, and not the strength of the assembly. To determine the strength of the assembly a user must consult an engineering guide or the
Machinery's Handbook.
1201:. Conveniently, the rivet diameter relates to the drill required to make a hole to accept the rivet, rather than the actual diameter of the rivet, which is slightly smaller. This facilitates the use of a simple
162:
161:
158:
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269:) prior to being bucked. "Ice box" aluminium alloy rivets harden with age, and must likewise be annealed and then kept at sub-freezing temperatures (hence the name "ice box") to slow the age-hardening process.
163:
916:
Self-pierce riveting (SPR) is a process of joining two or more materials using an engineered rivet. Unlike solid, blind and semi-tubular rivets, self-pierce rivets do not require a drilled or punched hole.
956:
Compression rivets are commonly used for functional or decorative purposes on clothing, accessories, and other items. They have male and female halves that press together, through a hole in the material.
1109:(ISO) is a worldwide metric standard. Clarified ISO standards for (metric) fasteners are rapidly gaining international recognition in preference to the similar DIN, on which SI was originally based.
944:
Riveting systems can be manual or automated depending on the application requirements; all systems are very flexible in terms of product design and ease of integration into a manufacturing process.
736:
Cherry friction-lock rivets are available in two head styles, universal and 100-degree countersunk. Furthermore, they are usually supplied in three standard diameters, 1/8, 5/32 and 3/16 inch.
492:
Ltd to advise on metal construction techniques; here he continued to develop his rivet design with a further 1927 patent that incorporated the pull-through mandrel and allowed the rivet to be used
1402:. The head is placed in a special hole made to accommodate it, known as a rivet-set. The hammer is applied to the buck-tail of the rivet, rolling an edge so that it is flush against the material.
611:
An "internal" mechanically locked structural blind rivet that is used where a watertight, vibration resistant connection is of importance. Typically used in manufacture or repair of truck bodies.
377:(usually) caught the rivet in a leather or wooden bucket with an ash-lined bottom. The catcher inserted the rivet into the hole to be riveted, then quickly turned to catch the next rivet. The
160:
414:
if the structure was not engineered for such forces, a common problem of older steel bridges. This is because a hot rivet cannot be properly heat treated to add strength and hardness. In the
1900:
Haque, R.,"Quality of self-piercing riveting (SPR) joints from cross-sectional perspective: A review," Archives of Civil and
Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2018, pp. 83–93,
1867:
Haque, R. and
Durandet, Y.,"Investigation of self-pierce riveting (SPR) process data and specific joining events," Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 30, No. 2017, pp. 148–60,
1998:
comes from a name for one of the two parts of a rivet. The head of the rivet is one part, and is the part that the air-hammer strikes. The other part is referred to as the
69:
1562:
1296:
alloys used in aircraft skins are generally not welded, because the aircraft in high-speed flight skins will be stretched, extrusion may occur deformation and change in
2089:
1981:
1801:
Haque, R. and
Durandet, Y.,"Strength prediction of self-pierce riveted joint in cross-tension and lap-shear," Materials & Design, Vol. 108, No. 2016, pp. 666–78,
1086:(JIS) is a metric system largely based on DIN with some minor modifications to meet the needs of the Japanese market, notably used in Japanese electronic equipment.
1106:
475:
Blind rivets, commonly referred to as "pop" rivets (POP is the brand name of the original manufacturer, now owned by
Stanley Engineered Fastening, a division of
1045:
648:
wide bearing surface that reduces the chance of rivet pull-out. This design is ideal for high-vibration applications where the back surface is inaccessible.
235:
Solid rivets are used in applications where reliability and safety count. A typical application for solid rivets can be found within the structural parts of
2145:
159:
1140:-inch increments, expressed as "dash numbers" at the end of the rivet identification number. A "dash 3 dash 4" (XXXXXX-3-4) designation indicates a
1918:
1431:
operator's fingers. A rivet tightly set in its hole returns a clean and clear ring, while a loose rivet produces a recognizably different sound.
1075:
is a worldwide organization that provides (mostly
Imperial) specifications for design and testing for components used in the automotive industry.
239:. Hundreds of thousands of solid rivets are used to assemble the frame of a modern aircraft. Such rivets come with rounded (universal) or 100°
393:
or another (larger) pneumatic jack against the round "shop head" of the rivet, while the riveter (sometimes two riveters) applied a hammer or
2121:
2073:
1585:
1059:. provides four-figure BS numbers for Imperial standards and also provides similar BS numbers for official translations into English for the
590:. Typically used in soft plastics where a wide footprint is needed at the rear surface. Used in automotive interiors and vinyl fences. (See
508:
produced the design in the U.S. as inventors such as Carl Cherry and Lou Huck experimented with other techniques for expanding solid rivets.
1744:
2170:
496:. By 1928, the George Tucker Eyelet Company, of Birmingham, England, produced a "cup" rivet based on the design. It required a separate
1884:
Haque, R. (2018). Residual stress in self-piercing riveting (SPR) joints – A review. Materials Performance and Characterization, 7(4)
1698:
2153:
903:
505:
1094:
1941:
569:
There is a vast array of specialty blind rivets that are suited for high strength or plastic applications. Typical types include:
1023:
830:
1354:. In general, a joint composed of similar fasteners is the most efficient because all fasteners reach capacity simultaneously.
1034:
1554:
881:
1600:
365:
was set up. Rivets were placed in the furnace and heated to approximately 900 °C or "cherry red". The rivet warmer or
2209:
2179:
1821:"An Overview of Self-piercing Riveting Process with Focus on Joint Failures, Corrosion Issues and Optimisation Techniques"
1056:
990:
2024:
1083:
419:
1940:
Hongwei Zhao, Jiangjing Xi, Kailun Zheng, Zhusheng Shi, Jianguo Lin, Kamran Nikbin, Shihui Duan et Binwen Wang (2020).
866:
689:
A flush rivet is used primarily on external metal surfaces where good appearance and the elimination of unnecessary
501:
1704:
885:
870:
2224:
2219:
999:
476:
354:
have largely replaced structural steel rivets. Indeed, the latest steel construction specifications published by
1718:
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solid rivets and may be used to replace solid rivets on all but the most critical stressed aircraft structures.
212:
There are several types of rivets, designed to meet different cost, accessibility, and strength requirements:
288:
The setting of these fasteners requires access to both sides of a structure. Solid rivets are driven using a
1522:
1048:(ASME) 18-digit PIN code Imperial system is approved by ANSI and adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense.
925:
die provides a cavity for the displaced bottom sheet material to flow. The SPR process is described in here
266:
120:
62:
1478:
1427:
1060:
877:
127:
was introduced and, where they are remembered, are usually classified among nails and bolts respectively.
31:
2214:
1975:
1278:
362:
74:
45:
2159:
system used by both the US and Germany in World War Two for aircraft assembly – see bottom half of page
1926:
1185:
rivet head, such as small raised or depressed dimples or small raised bars indicate the rivet's alloy.
407:
The last commonly used high-strength structural steel rivets were designated ASTM A502 Grade 1 rivets.
1953:
1832:
1347:
725:
except the shaft snaps below the surface when the tension is sufficient. The blind end may be either
373:
to remove individual rivets and throw them to a catcher stationed near the joints to be riveted. The
350:
Until relatively recently, structural steel connections were either welded or riveted. High-strength
1226:
664:
1441:
1297:
489:
90:
733:
however, the self-plugging Cherry friction-lock rivet is still used for repairing light aircraft.
2083:
1752:
336:
331:
265:). Some aluminium alloy rivets are too hard to buck and must be softened by solution treating (
65:. The woman on the left operates an air hammer, while the man on the right holds a bucking bar.
2117:
2069:
1850:
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220:
Solid rivets are one of the oldest and most reliable types of fasteners, having been found in
148:
105:
1961:
1901:
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tubular rivets" (granted May 1917). In 1922 Wylie joined the British aircraft manufacturer
1610:
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1202:
627:
351:
312:
311:
Solid rivets are also used by some artisans in the construction of modern reproduction of
278:
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force on the joint. Before the use of pneumatic hammers, e.g. in the construction of RMS
1957:
1836:
1641:
1026:(AIA) Imperial Standard, NASM is an acronym for National Aerospace Standards, MIL-STD.
982:
722:
926:
104:
Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support
2203:
2139:
2107:
1415:
1326:
1274:
922:
706:
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mandrel and the rivet body to be hand-assembled prior to use for the building of the
320:
228:. Solid rivets consist simply of a shaft and head that are deformed with a hammer or
182:
116:
2189:
1631:
Improvements in and relating to rivets and riveting – United Kingdom Patent GB286471
643:
Oscar rivet shown with mandrel (dashed lines depict flare/flange after installation)
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240:
109:
2053:(7th ed.). Industrial Fasteners Institute: Industrial Fasteners Institute.
1966:
1905:
1845:
1820:
965:
have caps on just one side; the other side is low profile with a visible hole.
143:
123:, work on the same principle as the rivet but were in use long before the term
2162:
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225:
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1854:
1527:
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1374:
1315:
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US$ 1,500 for auto-feed pneumatics to US$ 50,000 for fully robotic systems.
467:
418:
of such structures, it is common practice to remove critical rivets with an
394:
316:
293:
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247:
229:
53:
410:
Such riveted structures may be insufficient to resist seismic loading from
1241:
2002:, and is the part that the bucking bar is held against. Hence the terms
1458:
308:. Applications where only one side is accessible require "blind" rivets.
282:
254:
236:
86:
2157:, November 1941, "Self-Setting Explosive Rivet Speeds Warplane Building"
1889:
1622:
Improved means of closing tubular rivets. United Kingdom Patent GB106169
1314:
Blind rivets are used almost universally in the construction of plywood
998:
The main official standards relate more to technical parameters such as
969:
are commonly used to attach handles to knife blades and other utensils.
451:
2028:
1498:
1468:
1303:
A large number of countries used rivets in the construction of armored
1285:
1258:
677:
639:
480:
463:
Animation of a rivet being tightened (necked area of mandrel not shown)
434:
400:
17:
1688:
93:
shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the
1722:
1511:
1308:
1289:
694:
post-installation machining may be performed to perfect the airflow.
669:
423:
305:
274:
258:
200:
192:
of between 4400 and 3000 B.C. Archeologists have also uncovered many
189:
530:
The rivet body is normally manufactured using one of three methods:
459:
1245:
Detail of a 1941 riveted ship hull, with the rivets clearly visible
37:
1488:
1409:
1322:
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Corrosion led the material to bulge between the rivets on a 1904
1304:
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58:
933:
interlocks into the bottom sheet forming a low profile button.
404:, the person who hammered the rivet was known as the "basher".
346:
during work to reinforce the structure to resist seismic loads.
1942:"A review on solid riveting techniques in aircraft assembling"
849:
497:
438:
A typical technical drawing of an oval head semi-tubular rivet
2113:
Carroll Smith's Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook
1444:
according to the Inch Fastener Standards is widely accepted.
2138:
1288:. Riveting is still widely used in applications where light
986:(fractions of inches) with diameters such as 1/8″ or 5/16″.
73:
Women rivet heaters, with their tongs and catching buckets,
1426:
A hammer is also used to "ring" an installed rivet, as a
1170:-inch) length. Some rivets lengths are also available in
555:
Common in longer lengths, not normally as strong as wire
2064:
Heald, Oberg, Jones, Ryffel, McCauley and Heald (2008).
1292:
and high strength are critical, such as in an aircraft.
676:
A drive rivet is a form of blind rivet that has a short
426:
the hole, then insert a machined and heat-treated bolt.
1367:
There are several methods for installing solid rivets.
1321:
Common but more exotic uses of rivets are to reinforce
697:
Flush riveting was invented in America in the 1930s by
656:
trailers to replicate the look of the original rivets.
108:
loads. However, it is much more capable of supporting
89:. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth
1037:
used by the USA army, navy, or air force is Imperial.
527:, which are designed to take shear and tensile loads.
361:
At a central location near the areas being riveted, a
2068:(28th ed.). Industrial Press: Industrial Press.
1253:
Impact method for solid rivet and semi-tubular rivets
1745:"Countersunk Rivet Method is Patented For Airplanes"
744:
Rivet alloys, shear strengths, and driving condition
455:
Three aluminium blind rivets: 1/8″, 3/32″, and 1/16″
1536: – Cultural icon of the US during World War II
977:Rivets come in both inch series and metric series:
709:in the design and production of his H-1 plane, the
2167:, film made by Disney Studios during World War Two
2116:. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 112.
1519: – Holds parts together before final assembly
1281:were generally held together by riveting, as were
97:. On installation, the deformed end is called the
586:A rivet that splits into three equal legs like a
273:rivets can be found in static structures such as
479:) are tubular and are supplied with a nail-like
112:(loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft).
57:Riveting team working on the cockpit shell of a
563:Least popular and generally the weakest option
49:Sophisticated riveted joint on a railway bridge
2176:new rivet types developed during World War Two
1777:"The Great Jet Engine Race... And How We Lost"
1391:Rivets small enough and soft enough are often
1107:International Organization for Standardization
1371:Manual with hammer and handset or bucking bar
1063:of the European Union (see below: DIN or SI)
1006:than physical length and diameter. They are:
253:(2017, 2024, 2117, 7050, 5056, 55000, V-65),
8:
2088:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2049:IFI, Industrial Fasteners Institute (2003).
1980:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1197:Rivet diameters and lengths are measured in
1046:The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
994:with diameters such as 3 mm, 8 mm.
335:An original structural steel rivet from the
246:. Typical materials for aircraft rivets are
1265:were developed, metal-framed buildings and
884:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2027:. Industrial-fasteners.org. Archived from
1398:Rivets may also be upset by hand, using a
1325:and to produce the distinctive sound of a
1965:
1844:
1825:Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering
1613:early article that explains how they work
1120:Rivet diameters are commonly measured in
904:Learn how and when to remove this message
1008:
747:
571:
532:
2180:"Blind Rivets they get it all together"
1546:
1174:, and have a dash number such as –3.5 (
2081:
1973:
1130:-inch increments and their lengths in
115:Fastenings used in traditional wooden
2149:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911.
1674:
327:High-strength structural steel rivets
7:
882:adding citations to reliable sources
139:Drawing of a round head rivets, 1898
1307:during World War II, including the
961:have aesthetic caps on both sides.
2171:"Hold Everything", February 1946,
1580:(4th ed.). Toronto: Thomson.
25:
2186:, October 1975, pp. 126–128.
991:Système international or SI units
591:
471:Pop rivet gun with rivet inserted
2025:"Industrial Fasteners Institute"
1919:"Straight Facts on Blind Rivets"
1707:from the original on 2017-07-10.
1565:from the original on 2014-10-06.
1555:"Three workers securing a rivet"
1350:of the joint when the fasteners
1024:Aerospace Industries Association
854:
1530: – Kind of threaded insert
1073:Society of Automotive Engineers
1035:United States Military Standard
181:Rivet holes have been found in
151:of a universal head solid rivet
2164:Four Methods of Flush Riveting
1604:, August 1942, Popular Science
1095:Deutsches Institut für Normung
1:
1775:Lee Payne (January 1, 1982).
1665:Emhart News June 2011 GB
1422:Solid rivets for construction
1363:Solid and semi-tubular rivets
1057:British Standards Institution
705:. The technology was used by
340:
339:(1937). Removed and replaced
27:Permanent mechanical fastener
1873:10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.09.018
1819:Ang, Hua Qian (2021-01-04).
1807:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.029
1084:Japanese Industrial Standard
224:findings dating back to the
119:, such as copper nails and
2241:
2196:– The Lads in the Shipyard
1906:10.1016/j.acme.2017.06.003
1846:10.1186/s10033-020-00526-3
1576:Segui, William T. (2007).
729:('flush') or dome-shaped.
631:with the mandrel removed.
477:Stanley Black & Decker
85:is a permanent mechanical
61:transport at the plant of
29:
1642:"George Tucker Eyelet Co"
1000:ultimate tensile strength
506:United Shoe Machinery Co.
1967:10.1051/mfreview/2020036
1690:Flying On Your Own Wings
1559:NYPL Digital Collections
216:Solid/ round head rivets
2146:Encyclopædia Britannica
2051:Inch Fastener Standards
1783:. Air Force Association
1523:Clinker (boat building)
1435:Testing of blind rivets
547:The most common method
523:structural blind rivets
267:precipitation hardening
63:North American Aviation
1687:Heintz, Chris (2010).
1418:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1223:
673:
644:
472:
464:
456:
439:
395:pneumatic rivet hammer
347:
178:
152:
140:
78:
66:
50:
42:
32:Rivet (disambiguation)
1413:
1387:Pin hammer, rivet set
1279:Sydney Harbour Bridge
1252:
1244:
1229:
1222:on a steam locomotive
1217:
668:Installing rivets on
667:
642:
470:
462:
454:
437:
334:
261:-based alloys (e.g.,
167:Riveters work on the
166:
146:
138:
75:Puget Sound Navy Yard
72:
56:
48:
40:
2210:Mechanical fasteners
2066:Machinery's Handbook
1946:Manufacturing Review
1428:non-destructive test
1348:catastrophic failure
878:improve this section
846:Self-piercing rivets
754:Alphabetical letter
608:Structural rivet(b)
599:Structural rivet(a)
30:For other uses, see
1958:2020ManRv...7...40Z
1890:10.1520/MPC20170109
1837:2021ChJME..34....2A
1298:material properties
1150:-inch diameter and
717:Friction-lock rivet
502:Siskin III aircraft
490:Armstrong-Whitworth
430:Semi-tubular rivets
385:would hold a heavy
304:or even a handheld
300:actuated squeezing
298:electromagnetically
188:dating back to the
1781:Air Force Magazine
1753:The New York Times
1725:on 18 January 2013
1609:2018-01-26 at the
1419:
1379:Handheld squeezers
1255:
1247:
1239:
1224:
1015:Issuing authority
952:Compression rivets
821:TWO RAISED DASHES
721:These resemble an
674:
645:
473:
465:
457:
440:
348:
337:Golden Gate Bridge
179:
153:
141:
79:
67:
51:
43:
2123:978-0-87938-406-7
2075:978-0-8311-2828-9
1923:machinedesign.com
1587:978-0-495-24471-4
1534:Rosie the Riveter
1383:Riveting machines
1375:Pneumatic hammers
1113:
1112:
1004:surface finishing
963:Single cap rivets
959:Double cap rivets
914:
913:
906:
843:
842:
757:Driven condition
699:Vladimir Pavlecka
615:
614:
567:
566:
164:
149:technical drawing
16:(Redirected from
2232:
2225:Textile closures
2220:Structural steel
2150:
2142:
2127:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2061:
2055:
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2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2021:
2015:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1925:. Archived from
1915:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1882:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1816:
1810:
1799:
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1788:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1721:. Archived from
1715:
1709:
1708:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1638:
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1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1551:
1442:destructive test
1400:ball-peen hammer
1183:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1139:
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1134:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1009:
909:
902:
898:
895:
889:
858:
850:
760:Marking on head
748:
711:Hughes H-1 Racer
703:Douglas Aircraft
701:and his team at
691:aerodynamic drag
572:
533:
525:
524:
416:seismic retrofit
345:
342:
177:(December 2014).
165:
21:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2200:
2199:
2184:Popular Science
2173:Popular Science
2155:Popular Science
2137:
2134:
2124:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2080:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
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2023:
2022:
2018:
1993:
1989:
1972:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1883:
1879:
1866:
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1818:
1817:
1813:
1800:
1796:
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1784:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1756:. March 9, 1941
1747:
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1726:
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1701:
1686:
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1664:
1660:
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1648:
1640:
1639:
1635:
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1621:
1617:
1611:Wayback Machine
1599:
1595:
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1548:
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1508:
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1454:
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1365:
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1335:
1261:techniques and
1212:
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1061:Internal market
975:
954:
910:
899:
893:
890:
875:
859:
848:
746:
719:
687:
662:
637:
628:Zenith Aircraft
522:
521:
519:There are also
449:
432:
343:
329:
313:medieval armour
218:
210:
155:
133:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2187:
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2133:
2132:External links
2130:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2108:Smith, Carroll
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2074:
2056:
2041:
2016:
1987:
1932:
1929:on 2012-09-02.
1910:
1893:
1877:
1860:
1811:
1794:
1767:
1736:
1719:"Hanson Rivet"
1710:
1700:978-1425188283
1699:
1679:
1677:, p. 159.
1667:
1658:
1633:
1624:
1615:
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1334:
1333:Joint analysis
1331:
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1038:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
996:
995:
987:
983:Imperial units
974:
971:
967:Cutlery rivets
953:
950:
912:
911:
862:
860:
853:
847:
844:
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840:
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766:
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761:
758:
755:
752:
745:
742:
723:expanding bolt
718:
715:
686:
683:
661:
658:
636:
633:
613:
612:
609:
605:
604:
600:
596:
595:
592:§ Oscar rivets
584:
580:
579:
576:
565:
564:
561:
557:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
541:
540:
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448:
445:
431:
428:
328:
325:
222:archaeological
217:
214:
209:
206:
190:Naqada culture
132:
129:
101:or buck-tail.
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2237:
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2166:
2165:
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2158:
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2148:
2147:
2141:
2140:"Rivet"
2136:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2031:on 2002-09-13
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1968:
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1822:
1815:
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1540:
1535:
1532:
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1521:
1518:
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1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Folded joints
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Bolted joints
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1416:cooling tower
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1327:sizzle cymbal
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:Shukhov Tower
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:bolted joints
1260:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1207:
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1200:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1173:
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1082:
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1005:
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934:
930:
928:
924:
918:
908:
905:
897:
887:
883:
879:
873:
872:
868:
863:This section
861:
857:
852:
851:
845:
838:
835:
832:
829:E (or KE per
828:
825:
824:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
793:RAISED CROSS
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
772:
769:
768:
764:
763:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
743:
741:
737:
734:
730:
728:
724:
716:
714:
712:
708:
707:Howard Hughes
704:
700:
695:
692:
684:
682:
679:
671:
666:
659:
657:
655:
649:
641:
634:
632:
629:
623:
619:
610:
607:
606:
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597:
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589:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
573:
570:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
534:
531:
528:
526:
517:
515:
509:
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503:
499:
495:
491:
485:
482:
478:
469:
461:
453:
446:
444:
436:
429:
427:
425:
421:
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413:
408:
405:
403:
402:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
338:
333:
326:
324:
322:
321:metal couture
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:pneumatically
291:
290:hydraulically
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
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256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
238:
233:
231:
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223:
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207:
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202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
184:
176:
175:
174:John W. Brown
170:
150:
145:
137:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
117:boat building
113:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
71:
64:
60:
55:
47:
39:
33:
19:
2215:Metalworking
2191:
2183:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2144:
2112:
2101:Bibliography
2065:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1976:cite journal
1949:
1945:
1935:
1927:the original
1922:
1913:
1896:
1880:
1863:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1780:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1751:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:the original
1713:
1693:. Trafford.
1689:
1682:
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1646:Graces Guide
1636:
1627:
1618:
1602:Blind Rivets
1601:
1596:
1578:Steel Design
1577:
1571:
1558:
1549:
1452:Alternatives
1446:
1438:
1425:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1366:
1358:Installation
1351:
1336:
1320:
1313:
1302:
1271:Eiffel Tower
1269:such as the
1256:
1236:Orange River
1232:truss bridge
1210:Applications
1196:
1187:
1171:
1119:
1012:Abbreviation
997:
989:
981:
976:
966:
962:
958:
955:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
919:
915:
900:
891:
876:Please help
864:
839:RAISED RING
738:
735:
731:
720:
696:
688:
675:
650:
646:
635:Oscar rivets
624:
620:
616:
578:Description
568:
539:Description
529:
520:
518:
510:
493:
486:
474:
447:Blind rivets
441:
422:, precision
420:oxygen torch
409:
406:
399:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
360:
349:
310:
287:
234:
219:
211:
180:
173:
169:Liberty ship
124:
121:clinch bolts
114:
103:
98:
94:
82:
80:
41:Solid rivets
2194:Remembered"
2004:bucking bar
1787:January 16,
1760:January 20,
1294:Sheet metal
1220:buffer beam
1203:drill-gauge
1199:millimeters
1042:ASME / ANSI
927:SPR process
807:RAISED DOT
751:Alloy type
727:countersunk
685:Flush rivet
660:Drive rivet
412:earthquakes
387:bucking bar
344: 2000
241:countersunk
110:shear loads
91:cylindrical
2204:Categories
2035:2012-04-28
1675:Smith 1990
1541:References
1316:road cases
1283:automobile
1267:structures
1230:A riveted
1218:A riveted
1172:half sizes
1160:-inch (or
1020:AIA / NASM
588:molly bolt
226:Bronze Age
194:Bronze Age
186:spearheads
147:A typical
77:, May 1919
2084:cite book
1994:The term
1855:1000-9345
1528:Rivet nut
1494:Soldering
1474:Clinching
1459:Adhesives
1234:over the
923:upsetting
894:July 2009
865:does not
654:Airstream
383:holder on
379:holder up
317:jewellery
248:aluminium
230:rivet gun
99:shop head
2110:(1990).
2012:buck-man
2000:bucktail
1831:(1): 2.
1729:18 April
1705:Archived
1607:Archived
1563:Archived
1506:See also
1277:and the
1116:Imperial
836:7050T73
818:2024T31
804:2017T31
790:5056H32
583:TriFold
285:frames.
283:building
255:titanium
237:aircraft
183:Egyptian
87:fastener
2192:Titanic
1954:Bibcode
1833:Bibcode
1499:Welding
1469:Brazing
1406:Testing
1286:chassis
1259:welding
1257:Before
1179:⁄
1165:⁄
1155:⁄
1145:⁄
1135:⁄
1125:⁄
1053:BS /BSI
1031:AN / MS
937:heads.
886:removed
871:sources
779:DIMPLE
776:2117T3
678:mandrel
670:M3 tank
481:mandrel
401:Titanic
375:catcher
363:furnace
275:bridges
201:daggers
131:History
106:tension
18:Riveter
2120:
2072:
2010:, and
2008:bucked
1996:bucked
1952:: 40.
1853:
1697:
1651:8 July
1584:
1512:Boiler
1489:Screws
1393:bucked
1339:stress
1309:M3 Lee
1290:weight
1193:Metric
765:PLAIN
560:Sheet
306:hammer
281:, and
279:cranes
259:nickel
257:, and
251:alloys
197:swords
2190:"RMS
1748:(PDF)
1517:Cleco
1484:Nails
1352:unzip
1343:shear
1323:jeans
1305:tanks
973:Sizes
826:7050
812:2024
798:2017
784:5056
770:2117
575:Name
552:Tube
544:Wire
536:Name
514:Monel
494:blind
391:dolly
371:tongs
369:used
352:bolts
296:, or
271:Steel
263:Monel
244:heads
208:Types
125:rivet
83:rivet
2118:ISBN
2090:link
2070:ISBN
1982:link
1851:ISSN
1789:2021
1762:2021
1731:2013
1695:ISBN
1653:2020
1582:ISBN
1341:and
1337:The
1071:The
1002:and
869:any
867:cite
672:hull
424:ream
367:cook
356:AISC
319:and
302:tool
199:and
95:tail
59:C-47
1962:doi
1902:doi
1886:doi
1869:doi
1841:doi
1803:doi
1103:ISO
1091:DIN
1080:JIS
1068:SAE
880:by
831:NAS
815:DD
773:AD
594:.)
498:GKN
389:or
381:or
172:SS
2206::
2182:.
2143:.
2086:}}
2082:{{
2006:,
1978:}}
1974:{{
1960:.
1948:.
1944:.
1921:.
1849:.
1839:.
1829:34
1827:.
1823:.
1779:.
1750:.
1703:.
1644:.
1561:.
1557:.
1329:.
1318:.
1273:,
1181:32
1157:16
1147:32
1137:16
1127:32
929:.
833:)
801:D
787:B
713:.
516:.
341:c.
323:.
315:,
292:,
277:,
81:A
2126:.
2092:)
2078:.
2038:.
2014:.
1984:)
1970:.
1964::
1956::
1950:7
1908:.
1904::
1888::
1875:.
1871::
1857:.
1843::
1835::
1809:.
1805::
1791:.
1764:.
1733:.
1655:.
1590:.
1177:7
1167:4
1163:1
1153:4
1143:3
1133:1
1123:1
907:)
901:(
896:)
892:(
888:.
874:.
34:.
20:)
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