1594:
1510:, and organisms with these capabilities are termed anhydrobionts. Under drought conditions, bdelloid rotifers contract into an inert form and lose almost all body water; when rehydrated they resume activity within a few hours. Bdelloids can survive the dry state for long periods, with the longest well-documented dormancy being nine years. Rotifers can also undergo other forms of cryptobiosis, notably cryobiosis which results from decreased temperatures. In 2021, researchers collected samples from remote Arctic locations containing rotifers which when thawed revealed living specimens around 24,000 years old. While in other anhydrobionts, such as the
1404:
Parthenogenesis (amictic phase) dominates the monogonont life cycle, promoting fast population growth and colonization. In this phase males are absent and amictic females produce diploid eggs by mitosis which develop parthenogenetically into females that are clones of their mothers. Some amictic females can generate mictic females that will produce haploid eggs by meiosis. Mixis (meiosis) is induced by different types of stimulus depending on species. Haploid eggs develop into haploid dwarf males if they are not fertilized and into diploid "resting eggs" (or "diapausing eggs") if they are fertilized by males.
132:
1188:
1174:
1045:
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Martine; Da Silva, Corinne; Gladyshev, Eugene; Gouret, Philippe; Hallatschek, Oskar; Hecox-Lea, Bette; Labadie, Karine; Lejeune, Benjamin; Piskurek, Oliver; Poulain, Julie; Rodriguez, Fernando; Ryan, Joseph F.; Vakhrusheva, Olga A.; Wajnberg, Eric; Wirth, Bénédicte; Yushenova, Irina; Kellis, Manolis; Kondrashov, Alexey S.; Mark Welch, David B.; Pontarotti, Pierre; Weissenbach, Jean; Wincker, Patrick; Jaillon, Olivier; Van
Doninck, Karine (August 2013).
157:
114:
1160:
1063:
1251:
1610:
1522:), bdelloids apparently cannot synthesise trehalose. In bdelloids, a major cause of the resistance to desiccation, as well as resistance to ionizing radiation, is a highly efficient mechanism for repairing the DNA double-strand breaks induced by these agents. This repair mechanism likely involves mitotic recombination between homologous DNA regions.
802:
624:, previously considered to be a separate phylum, have been demonstrated to be modified rotifers. The exact relationship to other members of the phylum has not yet been resolved. One possibility is that the Acanthocephala are closer to the Bdelloidea and Monogononta than to the Seisonidea; the corresponding names and relationships are shown in the
1027:
866:
is uniform. Many rotifers can retract the foot partially or wholly into the trunk. The foot ends in from one to four toes, which, in sessile and crawling species, contain adhesive glands to attach the animal to the substratum. In many free-swimming species, the foot as a whole is reduced in size, and may even be absent.
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1255:
1252:
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Fertilization is internal. The male either inserts his penis into the female's cloaca or uses it to penetrate her skin, injecting the sperm into the body cavity. The egg secretes a shell, and is attached either to the substratum, nearby plants, or the female's own body. A few species, such as members
1257:
981:
Much like the organ itself, the precise function and biochemical makeup of the secretions is still unknown. The small size of rotifers and small volume of the secretions makes isolation immensely difficult. The secretions have some similarities to the hydrogel secretions that form gelatinous housings
897:
Despite over 100 years of research, rotifer anatomy still has many poorly understood components. One of the more mysterious organs in rotifers is the "retrocerebral organ" (RCO), which still remains very enigmatic in its morphology, function, development, and evolution. Lying close to the brain, this
1489:
Resting eggs enclose an embryo encysted in a three-layered shell that protects it from external stressors. They are able to remain dormant for several decades and can resist adverse periods (e.g., pond desiccation or presence of antagonists). When favourable conditions return and after an obligatory
865:
The trunk forms the major part of the body, and encloses most of the internal organs. The foot projects from the rear of the trunk, and is usually much narrower, giving the appearance of a tail. The cuticle over the foot often forms rings, making it appear segmented, although the internal structure
898:
organ usually consists of one or more glands and a sac or reservoir. The sac drains into a duct before opening through pores on the uppermost part of the head. Current data shows a wide diversity in structure and potential function. In some species it is reduced or may even be absent completely.
2696:
Flot, Jean-François; Hespeels, Boris; Li, Xiang; Noel, Benjamin; Arkhipova, Irina; Danchin, Etienne G. J.; Hejnol, Andreas; Henrissat, Bernard; Koszul, Romain; Aury, Jean-Marc; Barbe, Valérie; Barthélémy, Roxane-Marie; Bast, Jens; Bazykin, Georgii A.; Chabrol, Olivier; Couloux, Arnaud; Da Rocha,
1576:, was reported to be around 244 Mb. The genomes of Monogononts seem to be significantly smaller than those of Bdelloids. In Monogononta the nuclear DNA content (2C) in eight different species of four different genera ranged almost fourfold, from 0.12 to 0.46 pg. Haploid "1C" genome sizes in
1097:, which are the only fossilizable parts of a rotifer. The shape of the trophi varies between different species, depending partly on the nature of their diet. In suspension feeders, the trophi are covered in grinding ridges, while in more actively carnivorous species, they may be shaped like
1403:
The phylum
Rotifera encloses three classes that reproduce by three different mechanisms: Seisonidea only reproduce sexually; Bdelloidea reproduce exclusively by asexual parthenogenesis; Monogononta reproduce alternating these two mechanisms ("cyclical parthenogenesis" or "heterogony").
1254:
842:
and presence of mastax. In the more primitive species, the corona forms a simple ring of cilia around the mouth from which an additional band of cilia stretches over the back of the head. In the great majority of rotifers, however, this has evolved into a more complex structure.
1481:: This species can normally switch between sexual and asexual reproduction (cyclical parthenogenesis), but occasionally gives rise to purely asexual lineages (obligate parthenogens). These lineages are unable to reproduce sexually due to being homozygous for a recessive allele.
1325:, with the females always being larger than the males. In some species, this is relatively mild, but in others the female may be up to ten times the size of the male. In parthenogenetic species, males may be present only at certain times of the year, or absent altogether.
1293:, rotifers contribute to nutrient recycling. For this reason, they are used in fish tanks to help clean the water, to prevent clouds of waste matter. Rotifers affect the species composition of algae in ecosystems through their choice in grazing. Rotifers may compete with
874:
Rotifers have a small cerebral ganglion, effectively its brain, located just above the mastax, from which a number of nerves extend throughout the body. The number of nerves varies among species, although the nervous system usually has a simple layout.
1271:
1013:
Despite recent advancements in understanding RCO organ and secretion ultrastructure, the exact function of the organ is still ultimately unclear. The leading hypotheses are that the RCO secretes a mucus-like substance that aids in
2272:
Nogrady, T., Wallace, R.L., Snell, T.W., 1993. Rotifera vol.1: biology, ecology and systematics. Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world 4. SPB Academic
Publishing bv, The
2151:
Hochberg, R., Araújo, T. Q., Walsh, E. J., Mohl, J. E., & Wallace, R. L. (2023). Fine structure of the retrocerebral organ in the rotifer
Trichocerca similis (Monogononta). Invertebrate Biology, 142(1), e12396.
1699:
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and other species. He was also the first to publish observations of the revivification of certain species after drying. Other forms were described by other observers, but it was not until the publication of
1802:"This Tiny Creature Survived 24,000 Years Frozen in Siberian Permafrost - The microscopic animals were frozen when woolly mammoths still roamed the planet, but were restored as though no time had passed"
1253:
435:
in 1703. Most rotifers are around 0.1–0.5 mm (0.0039–0.0197 in) long (although their size can range from 50 μm (0.0020 in) to over 2 mm (0.079 in)), and are common in
1593:
846:
Modifications to the basic plan of the corona include alteration of the cilia into bristles or large tufts, and either expansion or loss of the ciliated band around the head. In genera such as
2135:
Fontaneto, D., & De Smet, W. H. (2015). Rotifera, chapter 4 Handbook of
Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, Volume 3, Gastrotricha and Gnathifera Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas.
1425:, which closely resemble the adults of related free-swimming species. Females grow rapidly, reaching their adult size within a few days, while males typically do not grow in size at all.
1277:
1275:
1272:
617:. The largest group is the Monogononta, with about 1,500 species, followed by the Bdelloidea, with about 350 species. There are only two known genera with three species of Seisonidea.
1276:
1018:
locomotion, adhesion, and/or reproduction (i.e., attachment of eggs to a substrate), although more research is needed to explore function and evaluate the homology between species.
827:. Rigid cuticles are often composed of multiple plates, and may bear spines, ridges, or other ornamentation. Their cuticle is nonchitinous and is formed from sclerotized proteins.
1707:
2401:
Wurdak, Elizabeth S.; Gilbert, John J.; Jagels, Richard (January 1978). "Fine
Structure of the Resting Eggs of the Rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Asplanchna sieboldi".
2533:
García-Roger, Eduardo M.; Carmona, María José; Serra, Manuel (January 2005). "Deterioration patterns in diapausing egg banks of
Brachionus (Müller, 1786) rotifer species".
969:
to create larger granules with numerous "mesh-like" contents. These contents gradually fuse into tubular secretions that accumulate in the reservoir, awaiting secretion.
2500:
Kotani, T.; Ozaki, M.; Matsuoka, K.; Snell, T. W.; Hagiwara, A. (2001). "Reproductive isolation among geographically and temporally isolated marine
Brachionus strains".
4532:
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form a partial sleeve around the reservoir and may function to squeeze the secretions through the gland's duct that often penetrates through the cerebral ganglion.
815:
and a variety of different shapes. The body of a rotifer is divided into a head, trunk, and foot, and is typically somewhat cylindrical. There is a well-developed
5202:
862:, this plan is further modified, with the upper band splitting into two rotating wheels, raised up on a pedestal projecting from the upper surface of the head.
1093:), sometimes via a ciliated tube, and sometimes directly. The pharynx has a powerful muscular wall and contains tiny, calcified, jaw-like structures called
819:, which may be thick and rigid, giving the animal a box-like shape, or flexible, giving the animal a worm-like shape; such rotifers are respectively called
2922:
605:
of rotifers have been described. Their taxonomy is currently in a state of flux. One treatment places them in the phylum
Rotifera, with three classes:
5289:
5150:
1128:
are present in some species, emptying to the mouth in front of the oesophagus, while the stomach is associated with two gastric glands that produce
889:. In addition, the bristles of the corona are sensitive to touch, and there are also a pair of tiny sensory pits lined by cilia in the head region.
1447:
rotifers are assumed to have reproduced without sex for many millions of years. Males are absent within the species, and females reproduce only by
563:
which could contract itself into a spherical figure and then stretch itself out again; the end of its tail appeared with a forceps like that of an
5189:
4238:
468:, being a major foodsource and with many species also contributing to the decomposition of soil organic matter. Most species of the rotifers are
793:-bearer", due to the corona around the mouth that in concerted sequential motion resembles a wheel (though the organ does not actually rotate).
2568:
Shmakova, Lyubov; Malavin, Stas; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana; Shain, Daniel; Plewka, Michael; Rivkina, Elizaveta (June 2021).
1828:
Shmakova, Lyubov; Malavin, Stas; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana; Shain, Daniel; Plewka, Michael; Rivkina, Elizaveta (June 2021).
1273:
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2021:
1946:
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history. For example, four copies of hsp82 are found. Each is different and found on a different chromosome excluding the possibility of
1289:
Rotifers eat particulate organic detritus, dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They eat particles up to 10 micrometres in size. Like
2952:
1494:
which varies among species, resting eggs hatch releasing diploid amictic females that enter into the asexual phase of the life cycle.
767:
The
Rotifera, strictly speaking, are confined to the Bdelloidea and the Monogononta. Rotifera, Acanthocephala and Seisonida make up a
2901:
2881:
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secretions showed them to be a series of tube-like secretions with a highly filamentous framework. This is highly suggestive of a
5251:
2989:
921:
has illuminated the fine structure of this organ further. The study, the first of its kind, investigated the RCO in one species,
914:
547:
2984:
2637:
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3058:
3041:
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1502:
Bdelloid rotifer females cannot produce resting eggs, but many can survive prolonged periods of adverse conditions after
962:
930:
131:
5284:
5085:
5072:
4231:
2638:"Gateway to genetic exchange? DNA double-strand breaks in the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga submitted to desiccation"
2461:"Age, viability, and vertical distribution of zooplankton resting eggs from an anoxic basin: Evidence of an egg bank"
2115:
1609:
1105:
rotifers, the mastax is adapted to grip onto the host, although, in others, the foot performs this function instead.
5129:
5207:
1728:
Hendrik Segers (2007). Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy
1389:
to the cloaca of females, but in most species has no connection to the vestigial digestive system, which lacks an
1085:
The coronal cilia create a current that sweeps food into the mouth. The mouth opens into a characteristic chewing
5142:
4375:
469:
156:
2679:
Wallace, R.L., T.W. Snell, C. Ricci & T. Nogrady (2006). Rotifera Vol. 1: Biology, ecology and systematics.
1187:
1173:
460:
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open into a bladder that drains into the cloaca. These organs expel water from the body, helping to maintain
852:, the corona is modified to form a funnel surrounding the mouth. In many species, such as those in the genus
4460:
3073:
2807:"Genome size evolution at the speciation level: The cryptic species complex Brachionus plicatilis(Rotifera)"
1477:
568:
498:
432:
2636:
Hespeels B, Knapen M, Hanot-Mambres D, Heuskin AC, Pineux F, LUCAS S, Koszul R, Van Doninck K (July 2014).
1421:
Most species hatch as miniature versions of the adult. Sessile species, however, are born as free-swimming
1044:
5012:
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1400:
also the females lacks an anus, but have kept the cloacal opening for excretion and the release of eggs.
858:, the cilia around the mouth have disappeared, leaving just two small circular bands on the head. In the
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Males do not usually have a functional digestive system, and are therefore short-lived, often being
1468:
1239:
918:
579:
451:
2285:"Genomic signatures of recombination in a natural population of the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga"
1030:
Scanning electron micrographs showing morphological variation of bdelloid rotifers and their jaws.
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However, a new study provided evidence for interindividual genetic exchange and recombination in
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151:
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2340:
Claus-Peter Stelzer; Johanna Schmidt; Anneliese Wiedlroither; Simone Riss (20 September 2010).
538:. Early purported fossils of rotifers have been suggested in Devonian and Permian fossil beds.
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2017:
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The two most distinctive features of rotifers (in females of all species) are the presence of
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2681:
Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world
1900:"The Oldest Bdelloid Rotifera from Early Permian sediments of Chamba Valley: A New Discovery"
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1740:"Speciation in ancient cryptic species complexes: evidence from the molecular phylogeny of
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252:
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Vakhrusheva, O.A.; Mnatsakanova, E.A.; Galimov, Y.R.; et al. (18 December 2020).
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Jessica L. Mark Welch, David B. Mark Welch & Matthew Meselson (10 February 2004).
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Clément, P.; Wurdak, E. (1991). "Rotifera". In Harrison, F.W.; Ruppert, E.E. (eds.).
1986:
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species. Despite this diversity, positional correspondence of RCOs strongly suggests
595:
487:
285:
70:
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and up to five eyes. The eyes are simple in structure, sometimes with just a single
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1937:
Barnes, R.S.K.; Calow, P.; Olive, P.J.W.; Golding, D.W. & Spicer, J.I. (2001),
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where most of the digestion and absorption occurs. The stomach opens into a short
464:), either sessile or planktonic. Rotifers are an important part of the freshwater
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Rotifers of Germany and Neighbouring Countries (Website with high-quality photos)
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2010:
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878:
The nervous system comprises about 25% of the roughly 1,000 cells in a rotifer.
702:
674:
614:
483:
465:
278:
268:
143:
45:
2459:
Marcus, Nancy H.; Lutz, Robert; Burnett, William; Cable, Peter (January 1994).
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2699:"Genomic evidence for ameiotic evolution in the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga"
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1926:. Vol. XXI (Ninth ed.). Akron, Ohio: The Werner Company. p. 8.
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Gómez, Africa; Serra, Manuel; Carvalho, Gary R.; Lunt, David H. (July 2002).
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Baqai, Aisha; Guruswamy, Vivek; Liu, Janie & Rizki, Gizem (1 May 2000).
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1514:, this desiccation tolerance is thought to be linked to the production of
781:
362:
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Dec 2011 4th Internat. Barcode of Life conference, University of Adelaide
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1054:. The colony is less than 1 mm in diameter, but visible to the naked eye.
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at the posterior end of the animal, which is usually modified to form a
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Like many other microscopic animals, adult rotifers frequently exhibit
1113:
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molecules. These molecules are standard in vertebrate and invertebrate
816:
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532:
458:
that are attached to a substrate. About 25 species are colonial (e.g.,
100:
75:
5168:
2930:
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1227:
Bdelloid rotifer genomes contain two or more divergent copies of each
490:
evidence, however, suggests that some 'cosmopolitan' species, such as
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2758:"A first assessment of genome size diversity in Monogonont rotifers"
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2805:
Stelzer, Claus-Peter; Riss, Simone; Stadler, Peter (7 April 2011).
2091:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 272–286.
2008:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S & Barnes, Robert D. (2004),
1920:
Bourne, A.G. (1907). Baynes, Spencer and W. Robertson Smith (ed.).
5155:
4718:
4590:
2570:"A living bdelloid rotifer from 24,000-year-old Arctic permafrost"
1885:
1830:"A living bdelloid rotifer from 24,000-year-old Arctic permafrost"
1519:
1422:
1382:
1329:
1269:
1249:
1210:
1025:
1007:
938:
835:
800:
790:
768:
517:
349:
2168:"Cytogenetic evidence for asexual evolution of bdelloid rotifers"
1904:
International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Science
1346:
structure in the anterior part of the animal, opening through an
4756:
4248:
2896:
1390:
1369:, associated with a pair of glandular structures referred to as
1339:
1228:
5010:
4220:
3226:
2934:
2915:
2342:"Loss of sexual reproduction and dwarfing in a small metazoan"
2012:
Invertebrate zoology : a functional evolutionary approach
1668:
Harmer, Sidney Frederic & Shipley, Arthur Everett (1896).
406:
337:
5103:
450:, others move by inchworming along a substrate, and some are
1124:
on the posterior dorsal surface of the animal. Up to seven
409:
391:
325:
933:
glandular region, an expansive reservoir, and an anterior
2126:
quote: "What is the function of the retrocerebral organ?"
1418:, retaining the eggs inside their body until they hatch.
400:
331:
2233:
Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology
1461:, a species previously thought to be anciently asexual.
2448:. Aschelminthes, vol. IV. Wiley-Liss. pp. 219–97.
2041:. Boston: McGraw-Hill, Higher Education. p. 178.
1328:
The female reproductive system consists of one or two
512:. In some recent treatments, rotifers are placed with
1748:
Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
1342:. Together, each ovary and vitellarium form a single
1213:
pull the animal, when unattached, through the water.
881:
Rotifers typically possess one or two pairs of short
527:
In June 2021, biologists reported the restoration of
403:
340:
334:
1644:"Welcome to the Wonderfully Weird World of Rotifers"
397:
388:
328:
322:
5019:
4982:
4800:
4717:
4669:
4554:
4545:
4492:
4264:
3897:
3778:
3753:
3744:
3720:
3698:
3663:
3622:
3597:
3590:
3575:
3527:
3500:
3485:
3438:
3416:
3396:
3367:
3360:
3333:
3318:
3307:
3270:
3239:
3162:
3123:
3092:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2227:Hejnol, Andreas; Martín-Durán, José M. (May 2015).
1432:females varies from two days to about three weeks.
594:in 1838 that the rotifers were recognized as being
394:
319:
2535:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
2403:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
2016:(7th ed.), Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole,
2009:
1966:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
1224:within a species, usually on the order of 1,000.
591:Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen
4533:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
1261:Video of rotifer feeding, probably of the genus
2631:
2629:
2173:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1663:
1661:
1582:species range at least from 0.056 to 0.416 pg.
1078:leaf. Note heart-shaped corona of individuals.
555:first described the rotifers (in particular a
4232:
2946:
2867:Jersabek, C. D. & Leitner, M. F. (2013):
1050:Colonial rotifers, tentatively identified as
439:environments throughout the world with a few
8:
1530:Rotifers fall prey to many animals, such as
994:structure- proteins with negatively charged
941:portion has an active cytoplasm with paired
589:
2910:, by Robert Abernathy, on Project Gutenberg
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
1915:
1913:
531:after being frozen for 24,000 years in the
431:in 1696, and other forms were described by
360:
352:
5007:
4551:
4489:
4261:
4257:
4239:
4225:
4217:
3894:
3750:
3726:
3702:
3671:
3594:
3587:
3583:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3422:
3400:
3393:
3364:
3330:
3326:
3315:
3304:
3276:
3247:
3236:
3223:
3135:
3100:
3089:
2953:
2939:
2931:
2110:
2108:
446:Some rotifers are free swimming and truly
130:
112:
31:
2840:
2830:
2781:
2732:
2722:
2656:
2593:
2484:
2377:
2367:
2316:
2252:
2229:"Getting to the bottom of anal evolution"
2203:
2193:
1853:
1759:
3291:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
2873:. World Wide Web electronic publication.
2686:, 299 pp. Kenobi, Ghent/Backhuys, Leiden
298:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1589:
1570:The genome size of a bdelloid rotifer,
961:. Secretion granules accumulate at the
27:Phylum of pseudocoelomate invertebrates
3285:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
3255:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
2082:
2080:
2078:
417:) of microscopic and near-microscopic
2756:Stelzer, Claus-Peter (1 March 2011).
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2027:, p. 788ff. – see particularly p. 804
1886:"Spoilt attack in the Lower Devonian"
559:) in 1696 as "an animal like a large
106:Possible Devonian and Permian records
7:
5143:7b6f75e7-8a13-433c-aca4-2ec935a57181
3556:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
2446:Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates
965:end of the gland where they undergo
454:, living inside tubes or gelatinous
971:Cross-striated longitudinal muscles
680:
670:
648:
638:
631:
3153:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
1761:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01455.x
1674:. The Macmillan company. pp.
1436:Loss of sexual reproduction system
1338:gland that supplies the eggs with
919:confocal laser scanning microscopy
25:
2154:https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12396
1941:, Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell,
1231:, suggesting a long-term asexual
4197:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
2902:Detailed description of Rotifers
1987:"Nano-Animals, Part I: Rotifers"
1608:
1592:
1186:
1172:
1158:
1101:to help bite into prey. In some
1061:
1043:
915:transmission electron microscopy
548:List of bilaterial animal orders
384:
315:
155:
5290:Extant Eocene first appearances
2116:"Rotifers: Exquisite Metazoans"
1985:Shimek, Ronald (January 2006).
1800:Renault, Marion (7 June 2021).
1518:, a non-reducing disaccharide (
1377:). The sperm duct opens into a
902:species have larger RCO's than
571:gave a detailed description of
3384:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
1964:"Introduction to the Rotifera"
1939:The Invertebrates: a synthesis
977:Retrocerebral organ secretions
367:, "bearing"), commonly called
1:
1671:The Cambridge Natural History
1471:can be inherited in a simple
1373:(unrelated to the vertebrate
1361:at birth. They have a single
1220:—they have a fixed number of
806:Anatomy of a bdelloid rotifer
586:Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
508:, among others, are actually
427:They were first described by
5295:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
3996:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
2877:Introduction to the Rotifera
2510:10.1007/978-94-010-0756-6_37
2369:10.1371/journal.pone.0012854
2039:Biology of the invertebrates
925:. It was determined to be a
261:Classes and other subgroups
4053:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
3793:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
3608:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
3519:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
3408:Loricifera (corset animals)
2555:10.1016/j.jembe.2004.08.023
1309:Reproduction and life cycle
577:and subsequently described
5311:
3943:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
3689:Annelida (segmented worms)
3514:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
3430:Onychophora (velvet worms)
2465:Limnology and Oceanography
2309:10.1038/s41467-020-19614-y
2087:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1642:Howey, Richard L. (1999).
1506:. This facility is termed
1475:in the monogonont rotifer
1317:and reproduce sexually or
1108:Behind the mastax lies an
545:
472:, but there are also some
4488:
4260:
4256:
4251:phyla/divisions by domain
4193:
3991:Asterozoans inc. starfish
3893:
3886:
3837:
3788:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
3769:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
3729:
3705:
3674:
3614:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
3586:
3509:
3496:
3425:
3403:
3392:
3343:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
3329:
3303:
3279:
3250:
3235:
3222:
3187:
3138:
3115:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
3103:
3088:
2972:
2870:The Rotifer World Catalog
2774:10.1007/s10750-010-0487-1
2595:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.077
2486:10.4319/lo.1994.39.1.0154
2245:10.1016/j.jcz.2015.02.006
2037:Pechenik, Jan A. (2005).
1855:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.077
1195:Brachionus quadridentatus
982:in some rotifer species.
834:on the head, a structure
724:
700:
685:
678:
668:
653:
646:
636:
265:
260:
152:Scientific classification
150:
138:
129:
120:
111:
34:
3549:Rotifera (wheel animals)
3348:Priapulida (penis worms)
2892:Tree of Life Web Project
2811:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1603:rotifers from pond water
461:Sinantherina semibullata
4461:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3763:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
3735:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
3456:Tardigrada (waterbears)
3449:Arthropoda (arthropods)
2923:Encyclopædia Britannica
2832:10.1186/1471-2148-11-90
2195:10.1073/pnas.0307677100
1923:Encyclopædia Britannica
1478:Brachionus calyciflorus
569:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
433:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
140:Pulchritia dorsicornuta
3938:Anthozoans inc. corals
3637:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
2926:(11th ed.). 1911.
1615:Locula of the rotifer
1286:
1267:
1031:
808:
590:
361:
353:
5229:Paleobiology Database
4689:Neocallimastigomycota
4068:Hexapods inc. insects
3378:Nematoda (roundworms)
1742:Brachionus plicatilis
1280:
1260:
1120:that terminates in a
1112:, which opens into a
1029:
838:in all genera except
804:
493:Brachionus plicatilis
5138:Fauna Europaea (new)
4354:Coprothermobacterota
3261:Chordata (chordates)
2504:. pp. 283–290.
2124:10.1093/icb/42.3.660
2114:Robert Lee Wallace.
2089:Invertebrate Zoology
1687:john harris rotifer.
1618:Keratella cochlearis
1070:Sinantheria socialis
479:Cephalodella vittata
3711:Mollusca (molluscs)
3196:of the animal root
2823:2011BMCEE..11...90S
2724:10.1038/nature12326
2715:2013Natur.500..453F
2586:2021CBio...31.R712S
2547:2005JEMBE.314..149G
2477:1994LimOc..39..154M
2360:2010PLoSO...512854S
2301:2020NatCo..11.6421V
2186:2004PNAS..101.1618W
1846:2021CBio...31.R712S
1646:. Micscape Magazine
1469:sexual reproduction
1465:Recent transitions:
1319:parthenogenetically
1240:sexual reproduction
1152:Individual rotifers
923:Trichocerca similis
913:A 2023 study using
893:Retrocerebral organ
771:called Syndermata.
542:Taxonomy and naming
5285:Gnathifera (clade)
4684:Blastocladiomycota
3924:Calcareous sponges
3109:Porifera (sponges)
1807:the New York Times
1442:Ancient asexuals':
1385:. The gonopore is
1323:sexually dimorphic
1287:
1268:
1032:
887:photoreceptor cell
813:bilateral symmetry
809:
785:is derived from a
121:Bdelloid rotifer (
5267:
5266:
5216:Open Tree of Life
5013:Taxon identifiers
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4978:
4977:
4541:
4540:
4484:
4483:
4476:Verrucomicrobiota
4214:
4213:
4189:
4188:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3356:
3355:
3299:
3298:
3218:
3217:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
2709:(7463): 453–457.
2658:10.1111/jeb.12326
2580:(11): R712–R713.
2519:978-94-010-3820-1
2098:978-0-03-056747-6
2048:978-0-07-234899-6
2023:978-0-03-025982-1
1989:. Reefkeeping.com
1948:978-0-632-04761-1
1840:(11): R712–R713.
1473:Mendelian fashion
1428:The life span of
1278:
1258:
1130:digestive enzymes
992:glycosaminoglycan
764:
763:
755:
754:
746:
745:
737:
736:
713:
712:
580:Melicerta ringens
529:bdelloid rotifers
510:species complexes
373:wheel animalcules
307:
306:
256:
16:(Redirected from
5302:
5260:
5259:
5247:
5246:
5237:
5236:
5224:
5223:
5211:
5210:
5198:
5197:
5185:
5184:
5172:
5171:
5159:
5158:
5146:
5145:
5133:
5132:
5120:
5119:
5107:
5106:
5094:
5093:
5081:
5080:
5068:
5067:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5008:
4752:Anthocerotophyta
4631:Hemimastigophora
4552:
4523:Nitrososphaerota
4490:
4466:Thermomicrobiota
4406:Kiritimatiellota
4401:Ignavibacteriota
4366:Deferribacterota
4329:Campylobacterota
4314:Bdellovibrionota
4262:
4258:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4218:
3895:
3851:
3751:
3727:
3703:
3672:
3668:
3595:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3507:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3423:
3401:
3394:
3365:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3277:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3224:
3201:
3136:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3001:
2981:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2917:"Rotifera"
2855:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2693:
2687:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2597:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2180:(6): 1618–1621.
2163:
2157:
2149:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2053:
2052:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1857:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1763:
1754:(7): 1431–1444.
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1710:on 1 August 2012
1706:. Archived from
1696:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1639:
1612:
1596:
1359:sexually fertile
1279:
1259:
1190:
1176:
1166:Philodina rugosa
1162:
1065:
1047:
1037:Rotifer colonies
1022:Digestive system
967:homotypic fusion
929:, composed of a
681:
671:
649:
639:
632:
593:
574:Rotifer vulgaris
557:bdelloid rotifer
553:Rev. John Harris
514:acanthocephalans
429:Rev. John Harris
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
366:
358:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
251:
160:
159:
134:
116:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5255:
5250:
5242:
5240:
5232:
5227:
5219:
5214:
5206:
5201:
5193:
5188:
5180:
5175:
5167:
5162:
5154:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5128:
5123:
5115:
5110:
5102:
5097:
5089:
5084:
5076:
5071:
5063:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5015:
5005:
4996:
4974:
4925:Gnathostomulida
4830:Xenacoelomorpha
4796:
4792:Flowering plant
4747:Marchantiophyta
4713:
4679:Chytridiomycota
4665:
4537:
4480:
4436:Planctomycetota
4396:Gemmatimonadota
4381:Elusimicrobiota
4274:Acidobacteriota
4252:
4245:
4215:
4210:
4185:
4111:Phylactolaemata
3899:
3889:
3888:
3874:
3865:Xenambulacraria
3841:
3797:
3774:
3740:
3722:Kryptotrochozoa
3716:
3694:
3664:
3651:
3642:Monoblastozoa (
3618:
3576:
3563:
3535:Micrognathozoa
3523:
3486:
3461:
3434:
3412:
3388:
3352:
3319:
3308:
3295:
3266:
3240:
3231:
3214:
3191:
3175:
3158:
3127:
3119:
3093:
3084:
3083:
2999:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2914:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2678:
2674:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2574:Current Biology
2567:
2566:
2562:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2415:10.2307/3225684
2400:
2399:
2395:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2056:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1834:Current Biology
1827:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1704:Freshwater Life
1698:
1697:
1693:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1568:
1528:
1500:
1487:
1449:parthenogenesis
1438:
1311:
1285:rotifer feeding
1270:
1250:
1248:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1141:osmotic balance
1126:salivary glands
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1024:
998:chains forming
979:
927:syncytial organ
895:
872:
807:
799:
777:
765:
756:
747:
738:
714:
550:
544:
499:B. calyciflorus
419:pseudocoelomate
387:
383:
359:, "wheel", and
318:
314:
250:
154:
107:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5308:
5306:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5272:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5248:
5238:
5225:
5212:
5199:
5186:
5173:
5160:
5147:
5134:
5125:Fauna Europaea
5121:
5108:
5095:
5082:
5069:
5056:
5041:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4990:
4988:
4985:Incertae sedis
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4930:Micrognathozoa
4927:
4922:
4920:Acanthocephala
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4762:Lycopodiophyta
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:Ancyromonadida
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4528:Thermoproteota
4525:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4498:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4441:Pseudomonadota
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:Mycoplasmatota
4413:
4411:Lentisphaerota
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Fusobacteriota
4388:
4386:Fibrobacterota
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:Armatimonadota
4286:
4281:
4279:Actinomycetota
4276:
4270:
4268:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4076:Platyhelminths
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3903:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3870:Centroneuralia
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3675:
3669:
3666:Lophotrochozoa
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3581:
3578:Platytrochozoa
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3540:
3537:(Limnognathia)
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3324:
3313:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:(Triploblasts)
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3147:and relatives)
3139:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3104:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:Mesomycetozoea
3071:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3010:Diaphoretickes
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2897:Rotifer Videos
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2863:
2862:External links
2860:
2857:
2856:
2797:
2748:
2688:
2672:
2651:(7): 1334–45.
2625:
2560:
2541:(2): 149–161.
2525:
2518:
2492:
2471:(1): 154–158.
2451:
2436:
2393:
2332:
2275:
2260:
2219:
2158:
2137:
2128:
2104:
2097:
2054:
2047:
2029:
2022:
2000:
1977:
1954:
1947:
1929:
1909:
1891:
1877:
1820:
1792:
1783:
1730:
1721:
1691:
1657:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1567:
1564:
1527:
1524:
1499:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1437:
1434:
1332:, each with a
1310:
1307:
1305:food sources.
1247:
1244:
1206:
1203:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1180:Ptygura pilula
1178:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1137:protonephridia
1067:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1020:
996:polysaccharide
984:Ultrastructure
978:
975:
894:
891:
871:
870:Nervous system
868:
811:Rotifers have
805:
798:
795:
789:word meaning "
776:
773:
762:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:
740:
739:
735:
734:
731:
730:
727:Acanthocephala
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
711:
710:
707:
706:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
684:
679:
677:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
652:
647:
645:
637:
635:
630:
622:Acanthocephala
543:
540:
476:species, like
305:
304:
303:
302:
295:
294:
293:
283:
282:
281:
276:
263:
262:
258:
257:
245:
241:
240:
235:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
108:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5307:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5009:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4709:Basidiomycota
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4694:Glomeromycota
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Stramenopiles
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Apusomonadida
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4517:Nanoarchaeota
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:Euryarchaeota
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Spirochaetota
4449:
4447:
4446:Rhodothermota
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Dictyoglomota
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4360:Cyanobacteria
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Chrysiogenota
4347:
4345:
4344:Chloroflexota
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Calditrichota
4322:
4320:
4319:Caldisericota
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Atribacterota
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4206:
4205:dubious phyla
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4004:Hemichordates
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Glass sponges
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Deuterostomia
3858:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:of Bilateria
3845:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3679:Cycliophora (
3677:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Panarthropoda
3415:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Stramenopiles
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3000:(major groups
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:Hydrobiologia
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:J. Evol. Biol
2639:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:(9): e12854.
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:, fish (e.g.
1533:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:anhydrobiosis
1505:
1498:Anhydrobiosis
1497:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1416:ovoviviparous
1413:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1396:In the genus
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:Rotifers are
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1266:
1265:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1161:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1103:ectoparasitic
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1053:
1046:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
976:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
892:
890:
888:
884:
879:
876:
869:
867:
863:
861:
857:
856:
851:
850:
844:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
803:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:
774:
772:
770:
760:
759:
751:
750:
742:
741:
733:
732:
729:
728:
722:
721:
718:
717:
709:
708:
705:
704:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
683:
682:
676:
673:
672:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
644:
641:
640:
634:
633:
629:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
596:multicellular
592:
587:
582:
581:
576:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
541:
539:
537:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
500:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
420:
414:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:wheel animals
365:
364:
357:
356:
351:
345:
312:
300:
296:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:Pararotatoria
284:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
266:
264:
259:
254:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
124:
119:
115:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:Eocene–Recent
33:
30:
19:
5020:
4991:
4983:
4905:Orthonectida
4900:Gastrotricha
4875:Nematomorpha
4850:Chaetognatha
4840:Hemichordate
4767:Pteridophyta
4636:Malawimonada
4510:Korarchaeota
4471:Thermotogota
4456:Synergistota
4431:Nitrospirota
4426:Nitrospinota
4371:Deinococcota
4304:Bacteroidota
4203:Potentially
4198:
4151:
4127:
4121:Gymnolaemata
4116:Stenolaemata
4105:Ectoproctans
4103:
4074:
4045:
4021:
4015:Pterobranchs
4002:
3978:
3954:
3930:
3906:
3900:within phyla
3898:Major groups
3768:
3755:Bryozoa s.l.
3746:Lophophorata
3734:
3710:
3688:
3680:
3643:
3632:Orthonectida
3607:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3536:
3455:
3448:
3377:
3335:Scalidophora
3284:
3272:Ambulacraria
3259:
3172:(see below↓)
3152:
3144:
3108:
3059:Opisthokonta
2921:
2908:The Rotifers
2907:
2869:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2768:(1): 77–82.
2765:
2761:
2751:
2734:1721.1/87072
2706:
2702:
2691:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2648:
2644:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2501:
2495:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2445:
2439:
2409:(1): 49–72.
2406:
2402:
2396:
2351:
2345:
2335:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2177:
2171:
2161:
2131:
2088:
2038:
2032:
2011:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1957:
1938:
1932:
1922:
1903:
1894:
1880:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1805:
1795:
1786:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:the original
1703:
1694:
1686:
1679:. Retrieved
1670:
1648:. Retrieved
1616:
1600:
1577:
1573:Adineta vaga
1571:
1569:
1548:comb jellies
1529:
1512:brine shrimp
1501:
1488:
1485:Resting eggs
1476:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1453:
1441:
1439:
1427:
1420:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1370:
1356:
1333:
1327:
1312:
1288:
1264:Cephalodella
1262:
1233:evolutionary
1226:
1215:
1209:The coronal
1208:
1193:
1179:
1165:
1145:
1134:
1107:
1094:
1090:
1089:(called the
1084:
1075:Elodea densa
1073:
1069:
1051:
1012:
1000:proteoglycan
987:
986:analysis of
980:
959:mitochondria
922:
912:
896:
880:
877:
873:
864:
855:Testudinella
853:
847:
845:
839:
831:
829:
824:
820:
810:
780:
778:
766:
725:
701:
686:
654:
619:
601:About 2,200
600:
578:
572:
567:". In 1702,
551:
526:
521:
516:in a larger
505:Lecane bulla
503:
497:
491:
477:
470:cosmopolitan
459:
445:
426:
380:
375:, make up a
372:
368:
310:
308:
247:
231:
221:(unranked):
211:(unranked):
198:
185:
139:
29:
5164:iNaturalist
5045:Wikispecies
4960:Brachiopoda
4935:Cycliophora
4880:Onychophora
4855:Kinorhyncha
4777:Ginkgophyta
4772:Cycadophyta
4737:Chlorophyta
4727:Glaucophyta
4421:Myxococcota
4339:Chlorobiota
4334:Chlamydiota
4179:Tusk shells
4164:Cephalopods
4135:Polychaetes
4082:Turbellaria
4063:Crustaceans
4039:Secernentea
4029:Chromadorea
4010:Acorn worms
3980:Echinoderms
3972:Vertebrates
3914:Demosponges
3848:is disputed
3310:Protostomia
3198:is disputed
3125:ParaHoxozoa
2502:Rotifera IX
2295:(1): 6421.
1744:(Rotifera)"
1714:19 February
1650:19 February
1566:Genome size
1560:tardigrades
1504:desiccation
1335:vitellarium
1321:. They are
1291:crustaceans
1281:Video of a
945:, abundant
840:Cupelopagis
703:Monogononta
675:Eurotatoria
615:Monogononta
484:Lake Baikal
466:zooplankton
348:, from the
279:Monogononta
269:Eurotatoria
215:Protostomia
144:Monogononta
5274:Categories
4993:Parakaryon
4955:Entoprocta
4890:Arthropoda
4885:Tardigrada
4865:Priapulida
4860:Loricifera
4845:Echinoderm
4815:Ctenophora
4787:Gnetophyta
4742:Charophyta
4732:Rhodophyta
4704:Ascomycota
4699:Zygomycota
4641:Metamonada
4616:Euglenozoa
4601:Ciliophora
4309:Balneolota
4284:Aquificota
4159:Gastropods
4140:Clitellata
4047:Arthropods
3986:Sea lilies
3932:Cnidarians
3850:; see also
3780:Brachiozoa
3543:Syndermata
3502:Gnathifera
3200:; see also
3145:Trichoplax
3143:Placozoa (
3130:Planulozoa
2254:1956/10848
1700:"Rotifers"
1626:References
1579:Brachionus
1490:period of
1430:monogonont
1398:Asplanchna
1387:homologous
1367:sperm duct
1303:planktonic
1237:homozygous
1135:A pair of
1110:oesophagus
1068:Colony of
1052:Conochilus
988:T. similis
904:planktonic
849:Collotheca
825:illoricate
688:Bdelloidea
643:Syndermata
611:Bdelloidea
607:Seisonidea
546:See also:
536:permafrost
522:Syndermata
448:planktonic
437:freshwater
291:Seisonidae
274:Bdelloidea
238:Gnathifera
123:Bdelloidea
4910:Dicyemida
4782:Pinophyta
4661:Telonemia
4596:Cryptista
4586:Breviatea
4571:Amoebozoa
4566:Alveolata
4547:Eukaryote
4299:Bacillota
4145:Sipuncula
4092:Monogenea
4087:Trematoda
4058:Myriapods
4023:Nematodes
3967:Tunicates
3962:Lancelets
3956:Chordates
3948:Myxozoans
3855:Nephrozoa
3844:phylogeny
3644:Salinella
3599:Rouphozoa
3440:Tactopoda
3369:Nematoida
3321:Ecdysozoa
3242:Bilateria
3229:Bilateria
3210:Benthozoa
3205:Eumetazoa
3194:phylogeny
3164:Bilateria
3054:Amoebozoa
3032:Alveolata
3020:Cryptista
2995:Eukaryota
2817:(1): 90.
2620:235365588
2604:0960-9822
2239:: 61–74.
1872:235365588
1770:0014-3820
1601:Lepadella
1552:jellyfish
1526:Predators
1516:trehalose
1371:prostates
1350:into the
1344:syncitial
1315:dioecious
1295:cladocera
1118:intestine
951:ribosomes
939:glandular
931:posterior
860:bdelloids
787:Neo-Latin
779:The word
775:Etymology
656:Seisonida
626:cladogram
598:animals.
488:barcoding
486:. Recent
456:holdfasts
443:species.
441:saltwater
205:Nephrozoa
192:Bilateria
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
5280:Rotifers
5078:Rotifera
5065:Rotifera
5051:Rotifera
5030:Wikidata
5021:Rotifera
4970:Annelida
4965:Mollusca
4945:Phoronid
4940:Nemertea
4915:Rotifera
4895:Flatworm
4870:Nematoda
4835:Chordate
4825:Cnidaria
4820:Placozoa
4651:Rhizaria
4626:Haptista
4606:Cercozoa
4266:Bacteria
4169:Bivalves
4153:Molluscs
4129:Annelids
3488:Spiralia
3095:Animalia
3049:Amorphea
3027:Rhizaria
3015:Hacrobia
3005:Excavata
2990:Bacteria
2887:Rotifers
2851:21473744
2792:34764494
2743:23873043
2667:25105197
2612:34102116
2388:20862222
2347:PLoS ONE
2327:33339818
2214:14747655
2118:. 2002.
1864:34102116
1778:12206243
1599:Pair of
1556:starfish
1532:copepods
1492:diapause
1467:Loss of
1445:Bdelloid
1379:gonopore
1375:prostate
1363:testicle
1299:copepods
1283:bdelloid
1006:such as
1004:gelatins
963:anterior
947:rough ER
908:homology
883:antennae
836:ciliated
821:loricate
533:Siberian
381:Rotifera
311:rotifers
299:See text
248:Rotifera
244:Phylum:
225:Spiralia
179:Animalia
165:Domain:
35:Rotifera
18:Rotifers
5244:4333491
5036:Q180148
4950:Bryozoa
4646:Provora
4621:Jakobea
4611:Discoba
4557:Protist
4494:Archaea
4247:Extant
4174:Chitons
4097:Cestoda
4034:Enoplea
3908:Sponges
3681:Symbion
3624:Mesozoa
3064:Animals
2985:Archaea
2961:Extant
2842:3087684
2819:Bibcode
2783:7611972
2711:Bibcode
2582:Bibcode
2543:Bibcode
2473:Bibcode
2423:3225684
2379:2942836
2356:Bibcode
2318:7749112
2297:Bibcode
2182:Bibcode
1993:27 July
1970:27 July
1952:, p. 98
1842:Bibcode
1681:25 July
1586:Gallery
1544:bryozoa
1536:herring
1457:Adineta
1411:Rotaria
1408:of the
1348:oviduct
1330:ovaries
1246:Feeding
1205:Biology
1114:stomach
1099:forceps
1087:pharynx
1016:benthic
900:Benthic
817:cuticle
797:Anatomy
782:rotifer
628:below.
603:species
520:called
474:endemic
452:sessile
422:animals
5241:uBio:
5221:471706
5169:126917
5117:1ROTIP
4810:Sponge
4802:Animal
4199:bolded
3042:Plants
2979:Domain
2963:animal
2849:
2839:
2790:
2780:
2741:
2703:Nature
2665:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2516:
2431:564567
2429:
2421:
2386:
2376:
2325:
2315:
2289:Nature
2273:Hague.
2212:
2205:341792
2202:
2095:
2045:
2020:
1945:
1870:
1862:
1813:8 June
1776:
1768:
1558:, and
1540:salmon
1423:larvae
1414:, are
1352:cloaca
1218:eutely
1122:cloaca
1095:trophi
1091:mastax
1072:on an
957:, and
943:nuclei
937:. The
832:corona
565:earwig
561:maggot
377:phylum
255:, 1798
253:Cuvier
5257:14260
5252:WoRMS
5234:67114
5208:10190
5195:58239
5177:IRMNG
5130:12167
4719:Plant
4671:Fungi
4591:CRuMs
3361:N+L+P
3069:Fungi
2966:phyla
2641:(PDF)
2616:S2CID
2419:JSTOR
1868:S2CID
1520:sugar
1383:penis
1222:cells
1211:cilia
1008:mucus
955:Golgi
791:wheel
769:clade
518:clade
350:Latin
232:Clade
199:Clade
186:Clade
5203:NCBI
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