443:
consume it. Starvation periods (with photosynthesis and no active feeding) vary between species of sacoglossans from less than a week to over four months, and photosynthesis is used as a last-resort mechanism to avoid mortality. Another unclear step in the process is how the chloroplasts are protected from digestion, and how they adapt to their new position in animal cells without the membranes that would control their environment in the algae. However it is achieved, kleptoplasty is an important strategy for many genera of
1087:. In another group of 64 without parasites, none self-decapitated, leading the researchers to hypothesize that animals cast off their bodies as a means to get rid of parasites. Another possibility is that the slugs autotomized to escape predators, but when the researchers tried to mimic an enemy's attack by pinching and cutting the creatures, none cast off their bodies. The process itself takes several hours, which the scientists say would make it ineffective as means of escape.
150:
102:
396:. These three areas have distinct ranges of species, indicating a high degree of biogeographic separation. Where sacoglossans are present further from the equator, in places such as Australia or Japan, diversity is lower, and the species present are typically tropical species that have a higher tolerance for temperature variation. Their temperate distribution closely corresponds to the distribution of their important food source,
425:(protists) also employ the strategy. Sacoglossans have been known to survive for months living solely on the photosynthetic products of their acquired plastids. This process is somewhat mystifying, as the upkeep of chloroplasts usually requires interaction with genes encoded in the plant cell nucleus. This seems to suggest that the genes have been laterally transferred from algae to the animals. DNA amplification experiments on
124:
1079:. Over the course of the study, some individuals decapitated themselves, a behavior known as autotomy. The neck wound usually closed within one day, and the heads, especially in younger specimens, began to feed on algae within hours. Twenty days later, an entirely new body had regrown, while the discarded bodies never regrew heads. In
527:, and further bivalved shells are known from later geological periods, although the thin nature of the shells and their high-erosion habitat usually make for poor preservation. The corresponding fossil record of algae points to an origin of the group deeper in time, perhaps as early as the Jurassic or Cretaceous.
416:
The sacoglossans can use the chloroplasts of the algae on which they feed, which they keep alive for hours to months after their ingestion. They maintain the cells and metabolise the photosynthetic products; this process is termed kleptoplasty, and the sacoglossans are the only animals to employ it;
488:
are extraordinary in that they are shelled, bivalved gastropods. They have a shell in two pieces, which resemble the valves of a minute clam. Living members of this family have been known since 1959, and had previously only been known to science as fossils (which had been interpreted as bivalves).
459:
Sacoglossans can also use antiherbivory compounds produced by their algal foodstuffs to deter their own would-be predators, in a process termed kleptochemistry. This may be achieved by converting algal metabolites to toxins, or by using algal pigments for camouflage in a process termed nutritional
442:
supports kleptoplast longevity. Sacoglossans are able to choose which method of feeding they use. The switch from active feeding to photosynthesis in sacoglossans is triggered by the shortage of food resources, and typically not preferred. If food is readily available, the animal will actively
455:
alga. Because it is unable to penetrate the calcified cell walls, the animal can only feed for part of the year, relying on the ingested chloroplasts to survive whilst the foodstuff is calcified, until later in the season when the calcification is lost and the grazing can continue.
2123:
Bouchet P, Gofas S (2018-02-02). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter
Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.).
530:
The loss of the shell, which was apparently a single evolutionary event, opened up a new ecological avenue for the clade, as the chloroplasts of the green algae on which they fed could now be retained and used as functioning chloroplasts, which could generate energy by
1090:
How the slugs survive without a heart and other vital organs for nearly a month remains a mystery. Mitoh and her colleagues suspect it may be tied to their ability to survive using the photosynthetic algae in their diet while other energy sources are unavailable.
437:
derived primers revealed the presence of psbO, an algal nuclear gene. These results were likely an artefact, as most recent results based on transcriptomic analysis and sequencing of genomic DNA from the slug's eggs reject the hypothesis that lateral
508:(and undoubtedly others) do develop a shell before hatching from their egg. Indeed, at least the Elysiidae, Limapontiidae, and Hermaeidae all bear larval shells, which are spiral, and possess between three-quarters and one complete whorl.
289:, hence they are sometimes called "sap-sucking sea slugs". Some sacoglossans simply digest the fluid which they suck from the algae, but in some other species, the slugs sequester and use within their own tissues living
497:
The majority of sacoglossans are shell-less, consequently, the
Plakobranchoidea are commonly described using the vernacular term "sea slugs", which can lead to their confusion with the only very distantly related
376:
extend from the dorsal surface. The majority of sacoglossans are 1â3 cm in length; they are typically uniform in color because the chloroplasts they ingest end up installed in their own cells.
1578:"Transcriptomic evidence that longevity of acquired plastids in the photosynthetic slugs Elysia timida and Plakobranchus ocellatus does not entail lateral transfer of algal nuclear genes"
472:. None of these organisms benefits from the photosynthesis of the ingested chloroplasts, but the chloroplasts may have been retained to perform a camouflaging function. The shells of the
1908:
922:
511:
The plakobranchoids have a more diverse feeding range than the
Oxynoacea, feeding on a wider range of green (and sometimes red) algae, and even, in three cases, being carnivorous.
2083:
316:
The
Sacoglossa are divided into two clades - the shelled families (Oxynoacea) and the shell-less families (Plakobranchacea). The four families of shelled species are
1737:
Gavagnin, M.; Marin, A.; Mollo, E.; Crispino, A.; Villani, G.; Cimino, G. (1994). "Secondary metabolites from
Mediterranean Elysioidea: origin and biological role".
2421:
1764:
Clark, K. B.; Jensen, K. R.; Stirts, H. M. (2009). "Survey for
Functional Kleptoplasty among West Atlantic Ascoglossa (= Sacoglossa) (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)".
1083:, three of 82 studied individuals autotomized, and two of the three eventually grew new bodies. All of these animals were infected with small crustaceans known as
2460:
1576:
WĂ€gele, H.; Deusch, O.; HĂ€ndeler, K.; Martin, R.; Schmitt, V.; Christa, G.; Pinzger, B.; Gould, S. B.; Dagan, T.; Klussmann-Kolb, A.; Martin, W. F. (2011).
2544:
2549:
2395:
2434:
1814:
THOMPSON, T. E. (1961). "The
Importance of the Larval Shell in the Classification of the Sacoglossa and the Acoela (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia)".
1627:"Genome analysis of Elysia chlorotica Egg DNA provides no evidence for horizontal gene transfer into the germ line of this Kleptoplastic Mollusc"
1172:
1469:
2251:
468:
Around 20% of sacoglossan species bear a shell. The
Oxynoacea contains three shelled families, and all feed solely on algae of the genus
1125:
Jensen, K. R. (1997). "Evolution of the
Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants".
2082:; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Kaim, Andrzej; Kano, Yasunori; NĂŒtzel, Alexander; Parkhaev, Pavel; Schrödl, Michael; Strong, Ellen E. (2017). "
1926:
1419:
2506:
2133:
1964:"On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia"
1211:
2439:
1203:
2447:
285:. There are 284 valid species recognized within this superorder. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular contents of
2028:"Molecular Phylogeny of the Sacoglossa, With a Discussion of Gain and Loss of Kleptoplasty in the Evolution of the Group"
2221:
1525:
Rumpho, M. E.; Worful, J. M.; Lee, J.; Kannan, K.; Tyler, M. S.; Bhattacharya, D.; Moustafa, A.; Manhart, J. R. (2008).
392:, where they frequent the shorelines of tropical islands; diverse tracts of species are also known in the Caribbean and
2369:
2356:
364:
spp.) resemble winged slugs with a pair of cephalic tentacles. In photosynthetic members of the group, the wings, or
149:
2465:
1238:
1968:
1784:
439:
402:
spp. They typically live at very low population densities, making scientific study of the group difficult.
2296:
1527:"Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica"
1263:
de Vries, Jan; Christa, Gregor; Gould, Sven B. (2014). "Plastid survival in the cytosol of animal cells".
1180:
344:. All sacoglossans are distinguished from related groups by the presence of a single row of teeth on the
2539:
2483:
2374:
1184:
1676:"Foraging behavior under starvation conditions is altered via photosynthesis by the marine gastropod,
2475:
2382:
2343:
2166:
1977:
1691:
1312:
1134:
863:
519:
The ancestor of the
Sacoglossa is presumed to have fed on a now-extinct calcifying green alga in the
2271:
2534:
2032:
1167:
1030:
898:
368:, can be unfurled to maximise the area of the organism that is struck by sunlight. In others (e.g.
216:
2511:
2125:
782:
738:
2202:
2079:
2057:
1900:
1862:"Chemical defenses in Sacoglossan Opisthobranchs: Taxonomic trends and evolutionary implications"
1861:
1491:"Chemical defenses in Sacoglossan Opisthobranchs: Taxonomic trends and evolutionary implications"
1490:
1150:
1071:
891:
848:
775:
703:
504:
237:
144:
745:
2488:
731:
724:
2194:
2105:
2084:
Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families
2049:
2005:
1932:
1922:
1719:
1656:
1607:
1558:
1465:
1415:
1392:
1341:
1288:
1280:
577:
433:
427:
2498:
2426:
2263:
2184:
2174:
2097:
2075:
2041:
1995:
1985:
1896:
1876:
1842:
1823:
1746:
1709:
1699:
1646:
1638:
1597:
1589:
1548:
1538:
1505:
1457:
1382:
1372:
1331:
1321:
1272:
1142:
1065:
1011:
834:
690:
582:
337:
317:
2334:
1361:"Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life"
1308:"Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life"
2267:
1827:
956:
696:
682:
444:
333:
301:. This earns them the title of the "solar-powered sea slugs", and makes them unique among
115:
110:
2170:
2027:
1981:
1962:
Jörger, K. M.; Stöger, I.; Kano, Y.; Fukuda, H.; Knebelsberger, T.; Schrödl, M. (2010).
1695:
1138:
2000:
1963:
1949:
1904:
1714:
1675:
1651:
1626:
1602:
1577:
1553:
1526:
1387:
1360:
1336:
1307:
964:
793:
767:
532:
341:
278:
268:
132:
123:
101:
2528:
2206:
1750:
1625:
Bhattacharya, D.; Pelletreau, K. n.; Price, D. C.; Sarver, K. E.; Rumpho, M. (2013).
1035:
975:
971:
945:
799:
717:
627:
612:
588:
481:
473:
452:
389:
321:
59:
2061:
1154:
1014:
belongs to the superfamily Cylindrobulloidea in the sister "group" Cylindrobullida.
2348:
1023:
422:
411:
393:
294:
225:
2361:
1452:
Rumpho, M. E.; Dastoor, F. P.; Manhart, J. R.; Lee, J. (2007). "The Kleptoplast".
1276:
523:. The first fossil evidence of the group comes from bivalved shells dating to the
1704:
1461:
2452:
2408:
2328:
2088:
1913:
1881:
1510:
1220:
1048:
960:
905:
870:
753:
619:
290:
34:
2319:
336:
are grouped in six families, divided between two clades ("superfamilies"), the
2179:
2154:
1456:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 23. pp. 451â473.
1146:
979:
885:
855:
827:
710:
668:
640:
520:
499:
306:
256:
201:
191:
79:
44:
2109:
1990:
1936:
1284:
2285:
1642:
1593:
1543:
1047:
Bouchet et al. (2017) moved Sacoglossa from Panpulmonata to the subterclass
937:
813:
648:
633:
599:
477:
385:
365:
349:
325:
271:
264:
161:
137:
84:
2198:
2053:
2009:
1723:
1660:
1611:
1562:
1396:
1377:
1345:
1326:
1292:
2155:"Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs"
2313:
2101:
2045:
1841:
Maggenti, Mary Ann Basinger; Maggenti, Armand R.; Gardner, Scott (2005).
1060:
941:
820:
759:
606:
485:
418:
398:
329:
260:
181:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1084:
841:
806:
661:
310:
302:
298:
274:
89:
64:
2189:
2413:
877:
654:
562:
524:
373:
345:
171:
2290:
2400:
1800:
1359:
Handeler, K.; Grzymbowski, Y. P.; Krug, P. J.; Wagele, H. (2009).
1306:
HĂ€ndeler, K.; Grzymbowski, Y. P.; Krug, P. J.; WĂ€gele, H. (2009).
926:
286:
2387:
2252:"Systematics of the genera of the order Ascoglossa (Gastropoda)"
305:
organisms, for otherwise kleptoplasty is known only among other
2294:
2222:"This sea slug cut off its own headâand lived to tell the tale"
1950:
Discussion in the Seaslug Forum : Ascobulla, Cylindrobulla
1414:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 377.
1204:"Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)"
1170:(1876). "Versuch eines natĂŒrlichen Systemes der Mollusken".
293:
from the algae they eat, a very unusual phenomenon known as
1849:. Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. p. 800.
1033:
analysis by Maeda et al. (2010) confirmed the placement of
2026:
Maeda, T.; Kajita, T.; Maruyama, T.; Hirano, Y. (2010).
1785:"Unusual features of the development of the sacoglossan
1674:
Middlebrooks, M. L.; Pierce, S. K.; Bell, S. S. (2011).
1173:
JahrbĂŒcher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft
384:
Sacoglossa species are found worldwide in tropical and
991:
is considered a synonym of the family Placobranchidae
1909:
Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
2303:
2286:The Sea Slug Forum's solar powered sea slug page.
561:"tongue" because the species have single toothed
1921:(1â2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1â397.
1022:Jörger et al. (2010) moved Sacoglossa into the
1783:Thompson, T. E.; Salghetti-Drioli, U. (1984).
2021:
2019:
1907:; ValdĂ©s, Ăngel & WarĂ©n, Anders (2005). "
1197:
1195:
1193:
543:The suborder name comes from the Greek words
8:
1483:
1481:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
553:
544:
2291:
332:, the bivalved gastropods. The shell-less
122:
100:
20:
2188:
2178:
1999:
1989:
1880:
1847:Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology
1739:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B
1713:
1703:
1650:
1601:
1552:
1542:
1509:
1386:
1376:
1335:
1325:
1003:are synonyms of the family Limapontiidae
1100:
987:In this taxonomy, the family Elysiidae
1454:The Structure and Function of Plastids
796:(= Polybranchioidea; = Stiligeroidea)
136:, a shelled sacoglossan in the family
2268:10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065666
1828:10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a064867
955:Superfamily Plakobranchoidea: family
388:oceans, but most live in the central
114:, a shell-less species in the family
7:
2476:034cc137-8770-4aed-a116-b5ad44060493
970:Superfamily Limapontioidea: family
929:Sacoglossa is arranged as follows:
1903:; FrĂœda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard;
1202:Jensen, Kathe R. (November 2007).
1063:has been observed on two species,
693:(= Plakobranchacea; = Elysioidea)
573:This taxonomy follows Marin 2004.
14:
2545:Taxa named by Hermann von Ihering
406:Use of ingested cellular material
2134:World Register of Marine Species
923:taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi
348:. The teeth are adapted for the
148:
2550:Extant Eocene first appearances
936:Superfamily Oxynooidea: family
480:somewhat resemble those of the
360:Many of these gastropods (e.g.
2220:Shultz, David (8 March 2021).
1860:MarĂn, A.; Ros, J. N. (2007).
1489:MarĂn, A.; Ros, J. N. (2007).
1219:(3â4): 255â281. Archived from
1001:Iredale & O'Donoghue, 1923
502:. However, the plakobranchoid
1:
1277:10.1016/j.tplants.2014.03.010
352:feeding habits of the group.
2256:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1751:10.1016/0305-0491(94)90170-8
1705:10.1371/journal.pone.0022162
1462:10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_23
2250:Marcus E. d. B.-R. (1982).
1882:10.3989/scimar.2004.68s1227
1511:10.3989/scimar.2004.68s1227
1237:Tan, Rina (December 2008).
1212:Bonner zoologische BeitrÀge
1183:-148. Sacoglossa is on the
995:, and the families Oleidae
2566:
1799:(1): 61â63. Archived from
1410:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
686:(Non-shelled sacoglossans)
409:
2180:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.014
1789:in the Mediterranean Sea"
989:Forbes & Hanley, 1851
952:Subclade Plakobranchacea
554:
545:
277:that belong to the clade
243:
236:
231:
224:
145:Scientific classification
143:
130:
121:
108:
99:
23:
1991:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323
1969:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1531:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1544:10.1073/pnas.0804968105
1265:Trends in Plant Science
1147:10.1023/A:1018468420368
1039:within the Sacoglossa.
603:(Shelled sacoglossans)
245:Ascoglossa Bergh, 1876
2153:Mitoh, Sayaka (2021).
1378:10.1186/1742-9994-6-28
1327:10.1186/1742-9994-6-28
451:feeds on a seasonally
431:adults and eggs using
2484:Paleobiology Database
1875:(Suppl. 1): 227â241.
1643:10.1093/molbev/mst084
1594:10.1093/molbev/msq239
1504:(Suppl. 1): 227â241.
2102:10.4002/040.061.0201
2046:10.1086/bblv219n1p17
1412:Invertebrate Zoology
1313:Frontiers in Zoology
1127:Evolutionary Ecology
2171:2021CBio...31.R233M
2080:Rocroi, Jean-Pierre
2033:Biological Bulletin
1982:2010BMCEE..10..323J
1901:Rocroi, Jean-Pierre
1696:2011PLoSO...622162M
1239:"Sap-sucking slugs"
1139:1997EvEco..11..301J
1031:molecular phylogeny
933:Subclade Oxynoacea
484:bubble snails. The
372:spp.), cylindrical
297:, for the "stolen"
16:Clade of gastropods
1226:on 5 October 2013.
866:(= Caliphyllidae)
309:and single-celled
2522:
2521:
2297:Taxon identifiers
2165:(5): PR233âR234.
2076:Bouchet, Philippe
1897:Bouchet, Philippe
1816:J. Molluscan Stud
1793:J. Molluscan Stud
1471:978-1-4020-4060-3
1006:
1002:
999:and Stiligeridae
998:
994:
990:
802:(Stillergeridae)
578:Cylindrobulloidea
447:. One species of
434:Vaucheria litorea
428:Elysia chlorotica
250:
249:
220:
2557:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2453:NHMSYS0021056278
2443:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2292:
2275:
2270:. Archived from
2262:(supp10): 1â31.
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2192:
2182:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1537:(46): 17867â71.
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1495:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1449:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1208:
1199:
1188:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1122:
1066:Elysia marginata
1012:Cylindrobullidae
1004:
1000:
997:O'Donoghue, 1926
996:
992:
988:
691:Plakobranchoidea
583:Cylindrobullidae
557:
556:
548:
547:
493:Plakobranchoidea
338:Plakobranchoidea
318:Cylindrobullidae
215:
153:
152:
126:
104:
94:
31:
30:Eocene â present
27:Temporal range:
21:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2299:
2282:
2249:
2246:
2244:Further reading
2241:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2159:Current Biology
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2122:
2121:
2117:
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864:Polybranchiidae
697:Plakobranchidae
683:Plakobranchacea
678:
571:
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445:Placobranchacea
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2274:on 2013-04-15.
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2096:(1â2): 1â526.
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2015:
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1822:(5): 233â238.
1806:
1803:on 2005-07-10.
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1081:E. atroviridis
1072:E. atroviridis
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1690:(7): e22162.
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1678:Elysia clarki
1670:
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1042:
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1038:
1037:
1036:Cylindrobulla
1032:
1027:
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1018:2010 taxonomy
1017:
1015:
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973:
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946:Volvatellidae
943:
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917:2005 taxonomy
916:
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718:Plakobranchus
715:
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591:
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589:Cylindrobulla
586:
585:
584:
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574:
569:2004 taxonomy
568:
566:
564:
560:
552:"shield" and
551:
538:
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534:
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526:
522:
514:
512:
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471:
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436:
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387:
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71:
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61:
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51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2540:Panpulmonata
2304:
2272:the original
2259:
2255:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2215:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2137:. Retrieved
2130:MolluscaBase
2129:
2126:"Sacoglossa"
2118:
2093:
2087:
2070:
2040:(1): 17â26.
2037:
2031:
1973:
1967:
1957:
1945:
1918:
1912:
1891:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1846:
1843:"sacoglossa"
1836:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:the original
1796:
1792:
1787:Elysia hopei
1786:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1634:
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1364:
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1301:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:
1232:
1221:the original
1216:
1210:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1130:
1126:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1028:
1024:Panpulmonata
1021:
1009:
986:
925:(2005), the
920:
904:
897:
890:
876:
869:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
792:Superfamily
783:Gaschignella
781:
774:
770:
758:
744:
739:Tridachiella
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
689:Superfamily
681:
667:
660:
653:
639:
632:
618:
611:
598:
587:
572:
558:
549:
542:
529:
518:
510:
503:
496:
469:
467:
460:homochromy.
458:
448:
432:
426:
423:foraminifera
415:
412:kleptoplasty
397:
394:Indo-Pacific
383:
380:Distribution
369:
361:
359:
315:
307:euthyneurans
295:kleptoplasty
291:chloroplasts
283:sacoglossans
282:
252:
251:
244:
232:284 species
211:
208:Superorder:
198:Infraclass:
131:
109:
18:
2409:iNaturalist
2329:Wikispecies
2089:Malacologia
1914:Malacologia
1745:: 107â115.
1049:Tectipleura
1010:The family
961:Boselliidae
906:Aplysiopsis
892:Hermaeopsis
871:Calliphylla
849:Alderiopsis
776:Platyhedyle
754:Boselliidae
620:Berthelinia
500:nudibranchs
482:cephalaspid
2535:Sacoglossa
2529:Categories
2362:Sacoglossa
2349:Sacoglossa
2335:Sacoglossa
2305:Sacoglossa
2226:Sciencemag
2190:10935/5590
2139:2018-05-15
1976:(1): 323.
1365:Front Zool
1248:12 January
1095:References
1075:, studied
1005:Gray, 1847
993:Gray, 1840
980:Hermaeidae
886:Hermaeidae
856:Limapontia
828:Calliopaea
746:Pattyclaya
711:Thuridilla
669:Roburnella
641:Volvatella
521:Udoteaceae
453:calcifying
356:Appearance
265:sea snails
257:superorder
253:Sacoglossa
212:Sacoglossa
202:Euthyneura
192:Gastropoda
24:Sacoglossa
2207:232145105
2110:0076-2997
1937:0076-2997
1371:(1): 28.
1285:1360-1385
978:, family
974:, family
963:, family
959:, family
944:, family
940:, family
938:Oxynoidae
814:Ercolania
732:Tridachia
725:Elysiella
649:Oxynoidae
634:Ascobulla
600:Oxynoacea
515:Evolution
478:Oxynoidae
464:Oxynoacea
386:temperate
366:parapodia
350:suctorial
326:Oxynoidae
281:known as
272:gastropod
261:sea slugs
259:of small
226:Diversity
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
138:Oxynoidae
2388:46448596
2320:Q1339464
2314:Wikidata
2231:22 April
2199:33689716
2062:27608931
2054:20813986
2010:20973994
1724:21799783
1684:PLOS ONE
1661:23645554
1612:20829345
1563:19004808
1397:19951407
1346:19951407
1293:24767983
1185:page 146
1155:30138345
1085:copepods
1077:in vitro
1061:autotomy
1059:Extreme
1055:Autotomy
942:Juliidae
821:Stiliger
760:Bosellia
607:Juliidae
539:Taxonomy
486:Juliidae
470:Caulerpa
419:ciliates
399:Caulerpa
340:and the
330:Juliidae
311:protists
303:metazoan
299:plastids
275:mollusks
238:Synonyms
182:Mollusca
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
2167:Bibcode
2001:3087543
1978:Bibcode
1766:Veliger
1715:3140505
1692:Bibcode
1652:3708498
1603:3002249
1554:2584685
1388:2790442
1337:2790442
1135:Bibcode
921:In the
899:Hermaea
842:Alderia
807:Placida
662:Lobiger
563:radulas
370:Placida
188:Class:
2499:425110
2496:uBio:
2473:NZOR:
2205:
2197:
2108:
2060:
2052:
2008:
1998:
1935:
1925:
1722:
1712:
1659:
1649:
1610:
1600:
1561:
1551:
1487:After
1468:
1418:
1395:
1385:
1344:
1334:
1320:: 28.
1291:
1283:
1153:
878:Cyerce
704:Elysia
655:Oxynoe
559:glĂłssa
555:γλÏÏÏα
525:Eocene
505:Elysia
449:Elysia
374:cerata
362:Elysia
346:radula
328:, and
269:marine
255:are a
219:, 1876
2507:WoRMS
2489:12259
2466:71490
2440:77931
2427:12259
2422:IRMNG
2414:47801
2375:84913
2203:S2CID
2058:S2CID
1865:(PDF)
1494:(PDF)
1224:(PDF)
1207:(PDF)
1151:S2CID
927:clade
613:Julia
550:sĂĄkos
546:ÏÎŹÎșÎżÏ
417:some
287:algae
2461:NCBI
2435:ITIS
2396:GBIF
2370:BOLD
2233:2021
2195:PMID
2106:ISSN
2050:PMID
2006:PMID
1933:ISSN
1923:ISBN
1720:PMID
1657:PMID
1608:PMID
1559:PMID
1466:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1393:PMID
1342:PMID
1289:PMID
1281:ISSN
1250:2010
1069:and
835:Olea
476:and
421:and
263:and
35:Preê
2512:167
2448:NBN
2401:449
2383:EoL
2357:AFD
2344:ADW
2264:doi
2185:hdl
2175:doi
2098:doi
2086:".
2042:doi
2038:219
1996:PMC
1986:doi
1911:".
1877:doi
1824:doi
1747:doi
1743:108
1710:PMC
1700:doi
1647:PMC
1639:doi
1598:PMC
1590:doi
1549:PMC
1539:doi
1535:105
1506:doi
1458:doi
1383:PMC
1373:doi
1332:PMC
1322:doi
1273:doi
1143:doi
2531::
2509::
2486::
2463::
2450::
2437::
2424::
2411::
2398::
2385::
2372::
2359::
2346::
2331::
2316::
2260:48
2258:.
2254:.
2224:.
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