604:(hence the popular name for the November 1930 election: "the Brest election"). A number of less-known political activists across the country were also arrested; they were released after the election. The Brest trial ended in January 1932, with ten of the accused sentenced to up to three years' imprisonment; appeals in 1933 confirmed the sentences. The government gave those sentenced a choice of emigrating abroad; five took that choice, while the other five decided to serve the prison term.
225:
56:
98:
126:
462:
112:
239:
154:
168:
253:
211:
182:
197:
70:
267:
140:
84:
536:
The personality cult of Józef Piłsudski stemmed from his general popularity among the nation rather than from top-down propaganda; this is notable, considering Piłsudski's disdain for democracy. Sanation's ideology never went beyond populist calls to clean up the country's politics and economy; it
503:
A distinguishing feature of the regime was that, unlike the situation in most of non-democratic Europe, it never transformed itself into a full-blown dictatorship. Freedom of press, speech, and political parties was never legally abolished, and opponents were usually dealt with via "unidentified
441:, which he saw as promoting their own interests rather than supporting the state and the people. For this reason, the Sanation movement never led to the creation of a political party. Instead, in 1928 Sanation members created a
637:
termed it); and a search for a more suitable ideology which Piłsudski's supporters might accept. The intersection of personal competition and ideological differences led to discord and splintering.
620:, adopted a few weeks earlier, had been tailored for Marshal Piłsudski. In the absence of a successor with equal authority, a reinterpretation of the new Constitution was in order. In the words of
469:
Although Piłsudski never claimed personal power, he exercised extensive influence over Polish politics after
Sanation took power in 1926. For the next decade, he dominated Polish affairs as
566:
537:
did not occupy itself with society, as was the case with contemporary fascist regimes. From 1929, the semi-official newspaper of
Sanation, and thus of the Polish government, was
555:
The
Sanation government invalidated the May 1930 election results by disbanding the parliament in August. New elections were scheduled for November 1930. Using anti-government
450:
324:
970:
1. w Polsce międzywojennej — obóz Józefa Piłsudskiego, który pod hasłem uzdrowienia stosunków politycznych i życia publicznego dokonał przewrotu wojskowego w maju 1926 r....
342:. The movement functioned integrally until his death in 1935. Following his death, Sanation split into several competing factions, including "the Castle" (President
419:
in Polish politics. Sanation was a coalition of rightists, leftists, and centrists whose main focus was the elimination of corruption and the reduction of inflation.
1321:
689:
The first of these
Sanation factions soon lost much of its importance, while the other two continued their ideological struggle until the outbreak of World War II.
1033:"—has much currency in its respective language. The terms' unfamiliarity doubtless accounts for misconceptions about the meaning of the Polish political term.
1185:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
1160:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
1135:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
627:
Piłsudski's death triggered
Sanation's splintering, driven by two processes: competition for power and influence among Piłsudski's heirs (the wars among the
570:
1341:
1336:
480:
In the course of pursuing "sanation", Piłsudski mixed democratic and authoritarian elements. Poland's internal stability was enhanced, while
1192:
1167:
1142:
678:
525:(Center-Left) coalition calling for the overthrow of the government; Sanation reacted by arresting more than 20 prominent opposition-leader
477:'s government and all subsequent governments were first unofficially approved by Piłsudski before they could be confirmed by the President.
1326:
1137:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. pp. 38–39.
1271:
1187:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 47.
1162:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 55.
578:
949:
516:
508:
1311:
1216:
865:
878:, founded in 2001, one of Poland's major political parties today often considered a modern successor to the Sanation movement
1290:
1316:
539:
728:, many continued influential. During the war, Sanationists created several resistance organizations, including in 1942 the
1103:
1086:
1072:
652:), which sought to continue the erstwhile Piłsudskiite idea in conformity with the wording of the April Constitution;
1331:
881:
725:
1306:
788:
130:
886:
833:
682:
386:
229:
729:
394:
860:
848:
782:
664:
556:
434:
366:
362:
271:
116:
31:
808:
382:
187:
497:
485:
973:
926:
823:
818:
777:
378:
309:
201:
102:
60:
224:
470:
416:
243:
1278:
1245:
Seidner, Stanley S. (1975). "The Camp of
National Unity: An Experiment in Domestic Consolidation".
1000:
976:, who worked a military coup in May 1926 under the banner of healing politics and public life...)
481:
97:
1233:
828:
760:
698:
621:
617:
430:
358:
301:
215:
172:
838:
813:
660:
415:"), the Sanation movement mainly comprised former military officers who were disgusted with the
343:
125:
74:
1283:
925:(Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), New York, Polish Book Importing Co., 1918 (8 years before
1286:
1267:
1247:
1188:
1163:
1138:
1120:
930:
798:
593:
423:
390:
320:
313:
158:
1049:". Other English-language authors, baffled by the Polish term and unfamiliar with its Latin
803:
1225:
843:
756:
649:
474:
354:
350:
257:
55:
461:
875:
438:
305:
296:
284:
111:
613:
718:
601:
589:
238:
69:
1300:
1259:
1237:
1034:
772:
574:
374:
88:
944:'s Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo S. Arcta, 1947, p. 313.
941:
1211:
752:
634:
533:
won over 46 percent of the vote and a large majority in both houses of parliament.
339:
153:
1116:
1014:
961:
411:
335:
252:
210:
181:
167:
465:
In front, left to right: Józef Piłsudski, Walery Sławek, Edward Rydz-Śmigły, 1930
433:
but was never formalized. Piłsudski, though he had been the former leader of the
1087:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's
Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
1042:
891:
870:
597:
559:
as a pretext, 20 opposition-party members, including most of the leaders of the
1229:
196:
1046:
334:
The
Sanation movement took its name from Piłsudski's aspirations for a moral "
1050:
737:
561:
521:
489:
978:
2. rzad: uzdrowienie, np. stosunków w jakiejś instytucji, w jakimś kraju.
492:
parties (on the ostensible formal grounds that they had failed to legally
793:
740:
and in 1944 merged along with the
Council of Independence Organizations (
629:
370:
144:
577:, on the mere order of Piłsudski and the Minister of Internal Security,
266:
1117:
Domestic problems and foreign policies of interwar east
European states
1054:
1018:
706:
702:
17:
1264:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture
1039:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture
488:'s economic reforms. At the same time, the Sanation regime prosecuted
710:
1073:
Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom
139:
453:"), a pro-government grouping that denied being a political party.
1026:
714:
460:
406:
83:
582:
353:, rested on a circle of Piłsudski's close associates, including
980:(2. rare: healing, e.g., of an institution, of a country.)"
785:
588:
The opposition leaders (including the former prime minister
30:
For retrospective recognition of marriage in canon law, see
496:
as political parties) and sought to limit the influence of
724:
Though France insisted on excluding Sanationists from the
624:, "We must replace the Great Man with an organization."
323:. In 1928 its political activists would go on to form a
515:
supporters came up far short of a majority. Before the
511:
to be relatively free, but was dealt a setback when its
1214:(July 1977). "The Political Right in Poland, 1918-39".
952:, 1971, p. 665, defines the expression as follows: "
451:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
325:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
393:in governance, and contended against the system of
1067:
1065:
1063:
640:Eventually Sanation devolved into three factions:
948:(PWN Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw,
573:leaders) were arrested in September 1930 without
1107:By Richard & Benjamin Crampton, pp. 102–103.
1104:Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
744:) into the Union of Independence Organizations (
685:as a stand-in for the late Marshal Piłsudski.
581:, and accused of plotting an anti-government
8:
1098:
1096:
746:Zjednoczenie Organizacji Niepodległościowych
504:perpetrators" rather than court sentences.
39:
736:), which in 1943 became subordinate to the
616:came in 1935 with Piłsudski's death. The
763:and executed or forced many into exile.
473:of a generally popular centrist regime.
319:, and came to power in the wake of that
990:
988:
986:
902:
742:Konwent Organizacji Niepodległościowych
1322:Politics of the Second Polish Republic
38:
679:General Inspector of the Armed Forces
295:
7:
1266:, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1994,
1076:By Andrzej Paczkowski, page 28.
972:(1. in interwar Poland, the camp of
709:, whence they were able to go on to
519:some opposition parties united in a
443:Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem
500:parties by splitting their forces.
717:and, after the fall of France, to
571:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
25:
913:" is defined identically as "ł:
701:, many Sanationists evacuated to
675:Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych
667:— hence that faction's name); and
389:. It preached the primacy of the
27:Defunct Polish political movement
1342:Democratic backsliding in Poland
1090:By Timothy Snyder, page 73.
612:A crucial turning point for the
265:
251:
237:
223:
209:
195:
180:
166:
152:
138:
124:
110:
96:
82:
68:
54:
1217:Journal of Contemporary History
938:M. Arcta słownik wyrazów obcych
866:European interwar dictatorships
422:Sanation appeared prior to the
1183:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1158:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1133:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1:
1337:Political movements in Poland
1025:"—both derived from the same
950:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
567:Polish People's Party "Piast"
437:, had grown to disapprove of
1057:, have left it untranslated.
755:, Poland's Soviet-installed
1327:Political history of Poland
579:Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
529:participants. Subsequently
1358:
1230:10.1177/002200947701200301
946:Słownik wyrazów obcych PWN
726:Polish Government in Exile
659:, formed around President
349:Sanation, which advocated
338:" (healing) of the Polish
29:
264:
250:
236:
222:
208:
194:
179:
165:
151:
137:
123:
109:
95:
81:
67:
53:
46:
887:Polish Underground State
759:branded Sanationists as
730:Polish Fighting Movement
304:that was created in the
618:April 1935 Constitution
395:parliamentary democracy
1312:Military dictatorships
923:Słownik wyrazów obcych
861:Bereza Kartuska prison
596:) were imprisoned and
466:
435:Polish Socialist Party
288:
32:Validation of marriage
1284:Google Books, p. 601–
1013:Neither the English "
734:Obóz Polski Walczącej
663:, who resided in the
565:alliance (Socialist,
507:Sanation allowed the
486:Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski
464:
409:word for "healing" ("
882:Piłsudski's colonels
761:enemies of the state
417:perceived corruption
346:and his partisans).
297:[saˈnat͡sja]
186:Bogusław Miedziński
1279:Encyklopedia Polski
1001:Encyklopedia Polski
849:Kazimierz Świtalski
809:Bogusław Miedziński
789:Wacław Jędrzejewicz
783:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
713:or French-mandated
633:– "the heirs" – as
482:economic stagnation
383:Bogusław Miedziński
367:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
363:Kazimierz Świtalski
272:Kazimierz Świtalski
131:Wacław Jędrzejewicz
117:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
43:
936:), p. 701; and in
834:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
829:Aleksander Prystor
819:Bronisław Pieracki
804:Ignacy Matuszewski
699:invasion of Poland
683:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
622:Ignacy Matuszewski
551:Legislative agenda
467:
387:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
359:Aleksander Prystor
351:authoritarian rule
302:political movement
230:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
216:Aleksander Prystor
202:Bronisław Pieracki
173:Ignacy Matuszewski
1332:May Coup (Poland)
1248:The Polish Review
1194:978-83-226-4040-1
1169:978-83-226-4040-1
1144:978-83-226-4040-1
1121:Anna M. Cienciala
958:= uzdrowienie>
954:sanacja <łac.
909:The Polish word "
839:Adam Skwarczyński
677:}, formed around
594:Wojciech Korfanty
439:political parties
429:and lasted until
391:national interest
278:
277:
244:Adam Skwarczyński
16:(Redirected from
1349:
1307:Guided democracy
1256:
1241:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1130:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1058:
1011:
1005:
992:
981:
921:: healing") in
907:
757:communist regime
697:During the 1939
648:, formed around
644:"the Colonels" (
475:Kazimierz Bartel
405:Named after the
299:
294:
269:
255:
241:
227:
213:
199:
184:
170:
156:
142:
128:
114:
100:
86:
72:
58:
44:
21:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1317:Józef Piłsudski
1297:
1296:
1255:(2–3): 231–236.
1244:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1094:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1061:
1037:, for example (
1012:
1008:
993:
984:
974:Józef Piłsudski
927:Józef Piłsudski
908:
904:
900:
876:Law and Justice
857:
824:Józef Piłsudski
814:Ignacy Mościcki
778:Tadeusz Hołówko
769:
767:Notable members
695:
661:Ignacy Mościcki
610:
553:
459:
403:
379:Tadeusz Hołówko
344:Ignacy Mościcki
310:Józef Piłsudski
306:interwar period
300:) was a Polish
292:
274:
260:
246:
232:
218:
204:
190:
175:
161:
147:
133:
119:
105:
103:Tadeusz Hołówko
91:
77:
75:Ignacy Mościcki
63:
61:Józef Piłsudski
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1275:
1257:
1242:
1224:(3): 395–412.
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1175:
1168:
1150:
1143:
1125:
1109:
1092:
1078:
1059:
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982:
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896:
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873:
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853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
799:Leon Kozłowski
796:
791:
786:
780:
775:
768:
765:
694:
691:
687:
686:
668:
655:"the Castle" (
653:
609:
606:
602:Brest Fortress
590:Wincenty Witos
557:demonstrations
552:
549:
545:Polish Gazette
458:
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402:
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159:Leon Kozłowski
157:
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1272:0-7818-0200-8
1269:
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1261:
1260:Adam Zamoyski
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
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1212:Holzer, Jerzy
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1079:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:mistranslates
1040:
1036:
1035:Adam Zamoyski
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
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844:Walery Sławek
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665:Warsaw Castle
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650:Walery Sławek
647:
643:
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619:
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614:Piłsudskiites
607:
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541:
540:Gazeta Polska
534:
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528:
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523:
518:
517:1930 election
514:
510:
509:1928 election
505:
501:
499:
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491:
487:
484:was ended by
483:
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355:Walery Sławek
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258:Walery Sławek
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1159:
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1102:
1085:
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1071:
1053:and English
1038:
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937:
932:
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905:
753:World War II
750:
745:
741:
733:
723:
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688:
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670:
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635:Adam Pragier
628:
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964:, from Lat
942:Michał Arct
933:Coup d'État
915:uzdrowienie
892:Prometheism
871:Intermarium
608:Splintering
426:Coup d'État
316:Coup d'État
308:, prior to
1301:Categories
1291:8386328606
1205:References
1047:sanitation
1017:" nor the
773:Józef Beck
646:Pułkownicy
498:opposition
401:Background
375:Józef Beck
293:pronounced
89:Józef Beck
1238:153991392
1051:etymology
1004:, p. 601.
931:May 1926
738:Home Army
562:Centrolew
527:Centrolew
522:Centrolew
490:communist
471:strongman
424:May 1926
314:May 1926
1021:Polish "
1015:sanation
962:sanation
855:See also
794:Adam Koc
681:Marshal
630:diadochi
575:warrants
494:register
371:Adam Koc
336:sanation
281:Sanation
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1055:cognate
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1031:sanatio
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1023:sanacja
1019:cognate
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703:Romania
600:in the
457:History
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1027:Latin
898:Notes
715:Syria
657:Zamek
598:tried
543:(the
407:Latin
1287:ISBN
1282:via
1268:ISBN
1189:ISBN
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