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1596:, was to be named as minister of finance to prepare for economic union between Germany and Austria. A hundred officers were to be exchanged between the Austrian and the German armies. All imprisoned Nazis were to be amnestied and reinstated. In return, Hitler would publicly reaffirm the treaty of 11 July 1936 and Austria's national sovereignty. "The Fuhrer was abusive and threatening, and Schuschnigg was presented with far-reaching demands ..." According to Schuschnigg's memoirs, he was coerced into signing the "agreement" before leaving Berchtesgaden.
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1681:'s correspondent asked the new Chancellor, Seyss-Inquart, how these stirring events came about, he received the following reply: "The Plebiscite that had been fixed for tomorrow was a breach of the agreement which Dr. Schuschnigg made with Hitler at Berchtesgaden, by which he promised political liberty for National Socialists in Austria." On 12 March 1938, Schuschnigg was placed under house arrest.
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plebiscite to be held on 13 March. But the wording of the referendum which had to be responded to with a "Yes" or a "No" turned out to be controversial. It read: "Are you for a free, German, independent and social, Christian and united
Austria, for peace and work, for the equality of all those who affirm themselves for the people and Fatherland?"
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eventually, under the threat of immediate armed intervention, it was endorsed as well. Schuschnigg resigned on 11 March, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed
Chancellor, but it made no difference; German troops flooded into Austria and were received everywhere by enthusiastic and jubilant crowds. On the morning after the invasion, the London
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The German reaction to the announcement was swift. Hitler first insisted the plebiscite be cancelled. When
Schuschnigg reluctantly agreed to scrap it, Hitler demanded his resignation, and insisted that Seyss-Inquart be appointed his successor. This demand President Miklas was reluctant to endorse but
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There was another issue which drew the ire of the
National Socialists. Although members of Schuschnigg's party (the Fatherland Front) could vote at any age, all other Austrians below the age of 24 were to be excluded under a clause to that effect in the Austrian Constitution. This would shut out from
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residence in an attempt to smooth the worsening relations between their two countries. To
Schuschnigg's surprise, Hitler presented him with a set of demands which, in manner and in terms, amounted to an ultimatum, effectively demanding the handing over of power to the Austrian Nazis. The terms of the
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There is no question of ever accepting Nazi representatives in the
Austrian cabinet. An absolute abyss separates Austria from Nazism ... We reject uniformity and centralization. ... Catholicism is anchored in our very soil, and we know but one God: and that is not the State, or the Nation, or that
1642:(the Austrian Bundestag), was called into session. In his speech to the Diet, Schuschnigg referred to the July 1936 agreement with Germany and stated: "Austria will go thus far and no further." He ended his speech with an emotional appeal to Austrian patriotism: "Red-White-Red (the colours of the
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To resolve the political uncertainty in the country and to convince Hitler and the rest of the world that the people of
Austria wished to remain Austrian and independent of the Third Reich, Schuschnigg, with the full agreement of the President and other political leaders, decided to proclaim a
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towards Hitler and called
Austria the "better German state", but struggled to keep Austria independent. In July 1936, he signed an Austro-German Agreement, which, among other concessions, allowed the release of imprisoned July Putsch insurgents and the inclusion of the Nazi contact men
1552:. The Nazi Party remained banned; however, the Austrian Nazis gained ground and relations between the two countries deteriorated further. In reaction to Hitler's threats to exercise a controlling influence over Austrian politics, Schuschnigg publicly declared in January 1938:
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wrote in 1936 of
Schuschnigg: "It would not be too much to say that he is as much a prisoner of the Italians now —if the Germans don't get him next week." His policy of counterbalancing the German threat by aligning himself with Austria's southern and eastern neighbours—the
1480:, to maintain an army in excess of 30,000 men. At the same time, he had to also cope with armed paramilitary forces in Austria, which owed their allegiance not to the state but to various rival political parties. He also had to be mindful of the growing strength of the
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When
Schuschnigg's efforts to keep Austria independent had failed, he resigned his office. After the Anschluss he was arrested, kept in solitary confinement, and eventually interned in various concentration camps. He was liberated in 1945 by the advancing
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of 1934, he had eight insurgents immediately executed, earning him the reputation of an "assassin of the workers". The executions have since been referred to as a vengeful act of judicial murder. Schuschnigg himself later called his orders a "faux pas".
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policies were not much different from the policies of his predecessor. He had to manage the economy of a near-bankrupt state and to maintain law and order in a country which was forbidden, by the terms of the 1919
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1565:’s rise to fame have also come to light. It’s rumoured that upon hearing the Von Trapp family sing over the radio, he invited them to perform in Vienna which greatly helped them in their rise to fame.
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On the following day, 14 February, Schuschnigg reorganised his cabinet on a broader basis and included representatives of all former and present political parties. Hitler immediately appointed a new
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1492:. His overriding political concern was to preserve Austria's independence within the borders imposed on it by the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain, which ultimately failed.
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for Austria, a Nazi Austrian army officer who had just been released from prison in accordance with the terms of the general amnesty stipulated by the Berchtesgaden agreement.
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1471:, Schuschnigg on 29 July was appointed Austrian chancellor. Like Dollfuss, Schuschnigg ruled mostly by decree. Although his rule was milder than that of Dollfuss, his
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Missouri History Museum, fully executed bequest documents in the possession of the Missouri Historical Society Archives, St. Louis, MO, Joseph Desloge Collection,
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His first wife Herma died in a car accident in 1935. He remarried in 1938, but lost his second wife, Vera Fugger von Babenhausen (née Countess Czernin), in 1959.
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1. The Chancellor resign and the President call on a new Chancellor to form a Cabinet, which would be under no obligation to the commitments of Berchtesgaden.
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2142:"Morning Telegraph" of London (January 5, 1938), reprinted in "Let the Record Speak", Dorothy Thompson, Boston: MA, Houghton Mifflin Company (1939) p. 135
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1705:. In late April 1945, Schuschnigg narrowly escaped an execution order by Adolf Hitler, along with other prominent concentration camp inmates, by being
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1646:) until we're dead!" The speech was received with disapproval from the Austrian Nazis and they began mobilising their supporters. The headline in
1603:, was reluctant to endorse the agreement but eventually did so. Then he, Schuschnigg and a few key Cabinet members considered a number of options:
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1635:. A key phrase in the speech was: "The German Reich is no longer willing to tolerate the suppression of ten million Germans across its borders."
1337:), the son of Anna Josefa Amalia (Wopfner) and Austrian General Artur von Schuschnigg, member of a long-established Austrian officers' family of
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2017:
Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's The Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's In Der Löwengrube
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214:
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of London was "Schuschnigg's Speech – Nazis Disturbed". The phrase "thus far and no further" was found "disturbing" by the German press.
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In Austria, the speech was met with concern and by demonstrations by both pro and anti-Nazi elements. On the evening of 24 February, the
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1451:. In March 1933, he and Chancellor Dollfuss took the occasion to dissolve the National Council parliament. After the socialist
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troops on 4 May 1945. From there, Schuschnigg and his family were transported, along with many of the ex-prisoners, to the
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1280:. Although Schuschnigg considered Austria a "German state" and Austrians to be Germans, he was strongly opposed to
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agreement, presented to Schuschnigg for immediate endorsement, stipulated the appointment of Nazi sympathiser
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Der lange Weg nach Hause. Der Sohn des Bundeskanzlers erinnert sich. Aufgezeichnet von Janet von Schuschnigg
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Chancellor Schuschnigg (right) with his state secretary Guido Schmidt and the Italian foreign minister
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the polls most of the Nazi sympathisers in Austria, since the movement was strongest among the young.
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1990:, found by the Allies in the ruins of the Reichkanzlei in Berlin, see the Appendix in Schuschnigg's
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1983:
1958:
1933:
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where he downplayed his time exercising dictatorial powers as chancellor and tried to justify
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863:
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2015:
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he had had many social democrats killed as Minister of Justice. Schuschnigg emigrated to the
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and Seyss-Inquart and other Nazis in Vienna concerning various procedural aspects of the
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Anti-Anschluss posters often depicted Schuschnigg's face, accompanied by "Osterreich"
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2521:"Portrait of Kurt Schuschnigg (1897-1977), Chancellor of Austria from 1934 to 1938"
1930:
Sofort vernichten. Die vertraulichen Briefe Kurt und Vera von Schuschnigg 1938–1945
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2690:
Alone Against Hitler: Kurt Von Schuschnigg's Fight to Save Austria from the Nazis.
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2386:
Alone Against Hitler: Kurt Von Schuschnigg's Fight to Save Austria from the Nazis
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2. The Berchtesgaden agreement be carried out under a newly appointed Chancellor.
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from 24 May 1933. As justice minister, he openly discussed the abolition of the
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which was broadcast live and which for the first time was relayed also by the
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as minister of security, which controlled the police. Another pro-Nazi, Dr.
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522:
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Der Austrofaschismus – Das Ende der ersten Republik und ihr letzter Kanzler
1368:
and held captive until September 1919. Subsequently, he studied law at the
17:
2679:(in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 766–767
1527:—was doomed to failure after Mussolini had sought Hitler's support in the
3059:
2546:"Celebration ceremony at the castle Schonbrunn on the occasion of the..."
1669:
Knowing he was in a bind, Schuschnigg held talks with the leaders of the
1406:
1404:, then the youngest parliamentary deputy. Suspicious of the paramilitary
1330:
1297:
1063:
2496:"Le chancelier autrichien Kurt von Schuschnigg en uniforme militaire..."
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1784:
1690:
1665:
Jubilant crowds greet Hitler's motorcade entering Vienna, 15 March 1938
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309:
301:
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3. The agreement be carried out and the Chancellor remain at his post.
2471:"Chancellor Dr. Kurt von Schuschnigg with his family. Schuschnigg..."
1982:
For a transcript of telephone conversations on 11 March 1938 between
1903:
Ein Requiem in Rot-Weiß-Rot. Aufzeichnungen des Häftlings Dr. Auster
2710:
2305:(First ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960. p. 333.
1964:
1722:
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1494:
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to tolerate Schuschnigg's presence in the party, since after the
636:
3063:
2768:
2207:"Trapp Family Choir / Singers (Vocal Ensemble) - Short History"
2072:
Das austrofaschistische Herrschaftssystem. Österreich 1933–1938
1757:, where he was sheltered at the chateau estate Vouziers of the
1689:
After initial house arrest followed by solitary confinement at
1967:
1531:
and left Austria under the increasing pressure of a massively
1435:, an office he retained in the cabinet of Buresch's successor
1717:
officers, who then freed them. They were then turned over to
3190:
1831:
Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
2322:(Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)
1777:
from 1948 to 1967. He became an American citizen in 1956.
2089:
Austrofaschismus. Politik – Ökonomie – Kultur 1933–1938.
1617:
In the event, they decided to go with the third option.
1583:
On 12 February 1938, Schuschnigg met with Hitler in his
1384:. After graduating in 1922, he practiced as a lawyer in
1915:
Im Kampf gegen Hitler. Die Überwindung der Anschlußidee
1957:
Between his family's ennoblement in 1898 and the 1919
1713:
guards abandoned the prisoners into the hands of some
1459:
On 1 May 1934, Dollfuss had erected the authoritarian
1741:
because the party wanted to distance itself from the
521:
Order of Schuschnigg to the Austrian army during the
1427:
On 29 January 1932, the Christian Social chancellor
3202:
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1304:. Schuschnigg gained American citizenship in 1956.
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3382:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
1737:, Kurt Schuschnigg was forbidden from joining the
2154:"'The Sound of Music' and the demagogue's allure"
3387:Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war in World War I
2254:The Holocaust" - pp 111-112 -Penguin Viking 2017
1627:On 20 February, Hitler made a speech before the
2605:. Simon & Schuster, 2009, pp. 104–38,
1266:from the 1934 assassination of his predecessor
1463:. After Dollfuss was assassinated by the Nazi
1254:; 14 December 1897 – 18 November 1977) was an
3457:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
3075:
2780:
1535:Third Reich. Schuschnigg adopted a policy of
1223:
265:Kurt Alois Josef Johann Edler von Schuschnigg
8:
3447:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
3432:Christian Social Party (Austria) politicians
1167:
2711:Schuschnigg's career as Austrian Chancellor
2314:
2312:
2039:
2037:
3437:Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
3392:World War I prisoners of war held by Italy
3082:
3068:
3060:
2787:
2773:
2765:
2728:
2716:Newspaper clippings about Kurt Schuschnigg
2603:Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II
2342:
2340:
1561:Rumours concerning his involvement in the
1410:organisation, he established the Catholic
1296:and spent most of the rest of his life in
1230:
1216:
540:
42:
31:
3452:Naturalized citizens of the United States
2571:"Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990"
1745:. Moreover, the ÖVP did not expect their
1288:and wished for it to remain independent.
2625:Kurt Schuschnigg. Ein Mann gegen Hitler.
1396:Schuschnigg first joined the right-wing
3377:Austrian emigrants to the United States
2411:"Das zweite Leben des Kurt Schuschnigg"
2006:
1950:
1243:Kurt Alois Josef Johann von Schuschnigg
552:
481:
386: 1938; died 1959)
363: 1926; died 1935)
227:29 January 1932 – 10 July 1934
27:Chancellor of Austria from 1934 to 1938
2182:"Schuschnigg, Kurt Alois Josef Johann"
1707:transferred from Dachau to South Tyrol
2692:Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 2020,
2465:
2463:
2461:
2434:
2432:
2176:
2174:
2115:. Harper & Brothers. p. 314.
2099:, S. 298–321, hier: S. 303.
1249:
145:29 July 1934 – 11 March 1938
71:29 July 1934 – 11 March 1938
7:
3427:Austrian people of Slovenian descent
3407:People of Carinthian Slovene descent
2320:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
2303:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1693:headquarters, he spent the whole of
1488:'s ambitions to absorb Austria into
3417:Dachau concentration camp survivors
3357:20th-century chancellors of Austria
1911:. Verlag Thomas Morus, Sarnen 1946.
1845:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1747:social democratic coalition partner
1284:'s goal to absorb Austria into the
2085:Repressionsapparat – und Maßnahmen
2074:. 2. Aufl., LIT, Wien 2013, S. 48.
2058:"Kurt von Schuschnigg (A Tribute)"
2014:Ryschka, Birgit (1 January 2008).
1959:abolition of the Austrian nobility
1909:Österreich. Eine historische Schau
1899:. Verlag Thomas Hegner, Wien 1937.
1376:, where he became a member of the
993:Alliance for the Future of Austria
187:24 May 1933 – 14 May 1936
25:
1352:He received his education at the
822:Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior
2925:
2642:. Wien-München: Amalthea, 1992,
2440:"Bundeskanzler Kurt Schuschnigg"
1725:in Italy before being set free.
1197:
1185:
562:
509:
446:
428:
3362:Ministers of defence of Austria
3324:indicate interim officeholders.
1400:and in 1927 was elected to the
1364:, he was taken prisoner at the
1345:spelling of the family name is
383:
360:
3422:Saint Louis University faculty
2235:Benito Mussolini – A Biography
2087:. In: Emmerich Tálos (Hrsg.):
1838:Order of St. Gregory the Great
1783:Kurt Schuschnigg went back to
1354:Stella Matutina Jesuit College
1070:Identitäre Bewegung Österreich
1:
2747:Federal Chancellor of Austria
1685:Prison and concentration camp
1153:German nationalism in Austria
3442:Fatherland Front politicians
3402:Foreign ministers of Austria
2796:Foreign Ministers of Austria
1833:, Pre-war version (2 awards)
2720:20th Century Press Archives
2580:(in Czech). 28 January 2015
2350:Cassell 1939, London. p. 92
2043:Obituary of Schuschnigg in
373:Vera Fugger von Babenhausen
3473:
3367:People from Riva del Garda
2047:, London, 19 November 1977
1928:Dieter A. Binder (Hrsg.):
1529:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1003:Christian Party of Austria
3319:
3188:
2923:
2753:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2627:Graz/Wien: Styria, 1989,
2417:(in German). 9 March 2018
2030:– via Google Books.
1413:Ostmärkische Sturmscharen
535:
505:Kurt Schuschunigg's voice
498:
251:
220:
180:
156:Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg
138:
92:Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg
64:
53:
41:
3412:Austrian Roman Catholics
3397:American Roman Catholics
2676:Neue Deutsche Biographie
2657:. Wien: Amalthea, 2008,
1461:Federal State of Austria
1439:, and he also served as
1317:Schuschnigg was born in
1264:Federal State of Austria
1035:The Reform Conservatives
1008:Freedom Party of Austria
720:Federal State of Austria
622:Catholic social teaching
589:Conservative corporatism
3195:Coat of arms of Austria
2669:Michael Gehler (2007),
2653:Schuschnigg, Kurt von.
2620:. London: Cassell 1939.
2241:, London, 1962, p. 115.
2133:1947, London. pp. 16–17
2091:Verlag Lit, Wien 2005,
1932:. Amalthea, Wien 1997,
1917:. Amalthea, Wien 1988,
1905:. Amstutz, Zürich 1946.
1852:Order of the White Lion
1765:; and then he became a
1542:Edmund Glaise-Horstenau
1478:Treaty of Saint-Germain
1374:University of Innsbruck
1258:politician who was the
1192:Conservatism portal
1148:Conservatism in Germany
1020:Catholic People's Party
998:Austrian People's Party
555:Conservatism in Austria
436:Austro-Hungarian Empire
102:Edmund Glaise-Horstenau
3342:Chancellors of Austria
3306:Alexander Schallenberg
3196:
3091:Chancellors of Austria
3049:Alexander Schallenberg
3039:Alexander Schallenberg
3014:Benita Ferrero-Waldner
2125:Kurt von Schuschnigg,
2109:Gunther, John (1936).
1806:Awards and decorations
1775:Saint Louis University
1666:
1633:Austrian radio network
1580:
1559:
1504:
1431:appointed Schuschnigg
1424:
1398:Christian Social Party
1370:University of Freiburg
1168:
1103:Salzburger Nachrichten
1025:Christian Social Party
844:von Coudenhove-Kalergi
526:Recorded 11 March 1938
409:University of Freiburg
333:Christian Social Party
95:Eduard Baar-Baarenfels
3273:Reinhold Mitterlehner
3194:
2902:Egon Berger-Waldenegg
2211:www.bach-cantatas.com
2083:Wolfgang Neugebauer:
1847:, Knight Grand Cordon
1743:Austrian dictatorship
1664:
1640:Austrian Federal Diet
1578:
1554:
1498:
1441:Minister of Education
1422:
1358:Feldkirch, Vorarlberg
1058:Black-Yellow Alliance
667:Political Catholicism
489:Battles of the Isonzo
460:Years of service
454:Austro-Hungarian Army
247:Egon Berger-Waldenegg
175:Minister of Education
59:Chancellor of Austria
3182:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
3024:Michael Spindelegger
2969:Rudolf Kirchschläger
2757:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2623:Hopfgartner, Anton.
2578:prazskyhradarchiv.cz
2152:Andrews, William X.
1961:, he bore the title
1854:, Knight Grand Cross
1840:, Knight Grand Cross
1819:Military Merit Medal
1813:Military Merit Cross
1794:Schuschnigg died at
1711:SS-Totenkopfverbände
1590:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1557:elusive thing, Race.
1445:parliamentary system
1110:Tiroler Tageszeitung
768:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
599:Liberal conservatism
579:Austrian nationalism
413:Innsbruck University
168:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
126:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2671:"Schuschnigg, Kurt"
2638:Lucian O. Meysels.
2501:. 11 September 2017
2334:, February 26, 1938
2301:Shirer, William L.
2239:The Reprint Society
2231:Christopher Hibbert
1886:The Brutal Takeover
1763:St. Louis, Missouri
1433:Minister of Justice
627:Class collaboration
584:Christian democracy
215:Minister of Justice
133:Minister of Defence
48:Schuschnigg in 1936
3197:
3172:Engelbert Dollfuss
2959:Lujo Tončić-Sorinj
2732:Political offices
2348:Year of Reckoning,
1897:Dreimal Österreich
1843:Kingdom of Italy:
1667:
1581:
1525:Kingdom of Hungary
1505:
1437:Engelbert Dollfuss
1425:
1339:Carinthian Slovene
1294:United States Army
1268:Engelbert Dollfuss
1204:Austria portal
715:Congress of Vienna
700:Austrian Civil War
594:Green conservatism
114:Engelbert Dollfuss
3372:Edlers of Austria
3329:
3328:
3296:Brigitte Bierlein
3262:Alfred Gusenbauer
3257:Wolfgang Schüssel
3147:Ernst Streeruwitz
3057:
3056:
3009:Wolfgang Schüssel
2994:Peter Jankowitsch
2897:Stephan Tauschitz
2892:Engelbert Dollfuß
2867:Ernst Streeruwitz
2847:Alfred Grünberger
2763:
2762:
2754:Succeeded by
2740:Engelbert Dollfuß
2663:978-3-85002-638-3
2648:978-3-85002-320-7
2618:Year of Reckoning
2551:. 25 October 2009
2372:Year of Reckoning
2360:Year of Reckoning
2097:978-3-8258-7712-5
1880:International Law
1829:Austria-Hungary:
1823:Austria-Hungary:
1817:Austria-Hungary:
1811:Austria-Hungary:
1771:political science
1751:civil war of 1934
1453:February Uprising
1447:and restored the
1423:Schuschnigg, 1923
1416:forces in 1930.
1251:[ˈʃʊʃnɪk]
1240:
1239:
1143:Austrian nobility
812:Sex and Character
725:Habsburg monarchy
539:
538:
516:
16:(Redirected from
3464:
3177:Kurt Schuschnigg
3152:Johannes Schober
3127:Johannes Schober
3117:Johannes Schober
3084:
3077:
3070:
3061:
2929:
2907:Kurt Schuschnigg
2882:Johannes Schober
2872:Johannes Schober
2832:Johannes Schober
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2751:1934–1938
2737:Preceded by
2729:
2683:full text online
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2318:William Shirer,
2316:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2289:Austrian Requiem
2286:
2280:
2277:Austrian Requiem
2274:
2268:
2265:Austrian Requiem
2262:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2228:
2222:
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2127:Austrian Requiem
2123:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2081:
2075:
2070:Emmerich Tálos:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2011:
1995:
1992:Austrian Requiem
1980:
1974:
1955:
1874:Austrian Requiem
1850:Czechoslovakia:
1825:Karl Troop Cross
1671:Social Democrats
1563:Von Trapp family
1550:Austrian cabinet
1521:Benito Mussolini
1513:Kingdom of Italy
1484:, who supported
1392:Political career
1253:
1248:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1173:
1096:Neues Volksblatt
1030:Fatherland Front
827:
817:
763:von Hofmannsthal
710:Carlsbad Decrees
657:Multiculturalism
617:Austrian culture
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556:
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431:
419:Military service
387:
385:
364:
362:
320:Fatherland Front
298:
295:18 November 1977
278:Reiff am Gartsee
275:14 December 1897
274:
272:
256:Personal details
244:
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225:
206:
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185:
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143:
122:
110:
88:
69:
46:
36:Kurt Schuschnigg
32:
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3247:Franz Vranitzky
3204:Second Republic
3198:
3186:
3093:
3088:
3058:
3053:
3044:Michael Linhart
3019:Ursula Plassnik
2936:Second Republic
2930:
2921:
2852:Heinrich Mataja
2798:
2793:
2759:
2750:
2742:
2707:
2668:
2616:G. Ward Price.
2611:978-1-439149928
2598:
2596:Further reading
2593:
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2477:
2476:. 30 April 2016
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2346:G. Ward Price:
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2013:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1981:
1977:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1864:
1808:
1731:
1687:
1599:The president,
1573:
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1327:Austria-Hungary
1315:
1310:
1270:until the 1938
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3301:Sebastian Kurz
3298:
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3286:
3284:Sebastian Kurz
3281:
3279:Christian Kern
3276:
3269:
3267:Werner Faymann
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
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3227:Alfons Gorbach
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3124:
3122:Walter Breisky
3119:
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3103:
3101:
3099:First Republic
3095:
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3079:
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3055:
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3046:
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3036:
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3029:Sebastian Kurz
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
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2979:Willibald Pahr
2976:
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2842:Leopold Hennet
2839:
2837:Walter Breisky
2834:
2829:
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2819:
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2808:
2806:
2804:First Republic
2800:
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2706:
2705:External links
2703:
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2415:science.ORF.at
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2170:
2158:The Tennessean
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2101:
2076:
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2049:
2033:
2026:
2020:. Peter Lang.
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1601:Wilhelm Miklas
1594:Hans Fischböck
1572:
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1501:Galeazzo Ciano
1482:Austrian Nazis
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2251:Laurence Rees
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1789:Austrofascism
1786:
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1755:United States
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1473:Austrofascist
1470:
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1462:
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1449:death penalty
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33:
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3252:Viktor Klima
3217:Leopold Figl
3176:
3167:Karl Buresch
3157:Carl Vaugoin
3142:Ignaz Seipel
3137:Rudolf Ramek
3132:Ignaz Seipel
3112:Michael Mayr
2974:Erich Bielka
2949:Leopold Figl
2917:Wilhelm Wolf
2906:
2887:Karl Buresch
2877:Ignaz Seipel
2862:Ignaz Seipel
2857:Rudolf Ramek
2827:Michael Mayr
2812:Victor Adler
2745:
2689:
2681:; (
2674:
2654:
2639:
2624:
2617:
2602:
2582:. Retrieved
2577:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:Getty Images
2548:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2525:agefotostock
2524:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:Getty Images
2498:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:Getty Images
2473:
2448:. Retrieved
2443:
2419:. Retrieved
2414:
2405:
2394:
2385:
2384:Bray, Jack.
2379:
2371:
2367:
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2331:
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2234:
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2214:. Retrieved
2210:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:
2147:
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2126:
2121:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2052:
2044:
2016:
2009:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1857:other medals
1793:
1782:
1779:
1735:World War II
1732:
1695:World War II
1688:
1678:
1675:
1668:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1598:
1582:
1569:
1560:
1555:
1508:John Gunther
1506:
1490:Nazi Germany
1486:Adolf Hitler
1458:
1429:Karl Buresch
1426:
1411:
1405:
1395:
1382:A.V. Austria
1351:
1346:
1316:
1290:
1282:Adolf Hitler
1278:Nazi Germany
1271:
1242:
1241:
1170:Überfremdung
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1062:
1013:
1012:
987:
893:
864:von Habsburg
820:
810:
672:Subsidiarity
468:Battles/wars
350:Herma Masera
329:affiliations
297:(1977-11-18)
243:Succeeded by
237:Hans Schürff
222:
209:Hans Pernter
205:Succeeded by
182:
163:Succeeded by
140:
121:Succeeded by
66:
29:
3352:1977 deaths
3347:1897 births
3232:Josef Klaus
3222:Julius Raab
3212:Karl Renner
3107:Karl Renner
2944:Karl Gruber
2822:Karl Renner
2688:Jack Bray.
2555:16 November
2530:16 November
2505:16 November
2480:16 November
2450:16 November
2446:(in German)
2267:, pp. 20–32
2191:16 November
1970:Schuschnigg
1802:, in 1977.
1537:appeasement
1469:July Putsch
1467:during the
1402:Nationalrat
1380:fraternity
1362:World War I
1286:Third Reich
1163:Remigration
929:Starhemberg
894:Schuschnigg
838:Politicians
647:Imperialism
632:Clericalism
472:World War I
335:(1927–1933)
322:(1933–1938)
233:Preceded by
193:Preceded by
151:Preceded by
109:Preceded by
18:Schuschnigg
3336:Categories
3162:Otto Ender
3004:Otto Rösch
2999:Alois Mock
2984:Erwin Lanc
2817:Otto Bauer
2698:1633886123
2362:pp. 91–117
2216:25 October
2163:25 October
2002:References
1892:In German
1868:My Austria
1836:Holy See:
1729:Later life
1679:Daily Mail
1515:under the
1313:Early life
1260:Chancellor
1124:Österreich
972:Tschugguel
914:Rosenkranz
805:Literature
662:Organicism
652:Monarchism
611:Principles
573:Ideologies
424:Allegiance
404:Alma mater
271:1897-12-14
2332:The Times
2045:The Times
1988:Anschluss
1800:Innsbruck
1767:professor
1715:Wehrmacht
1648:The Times
1629:Reichstag
1622:Gauleiter
1570:Anschluss
1386:Innsbruck
1360:. During
1308:Biography
1273:Anschluss
962:Schönfeld
951:Activists
859:von Gentz
758:von Hayek
753:von Gentz
677:Tradition
463:1915–1919
223:In office
183:In office
141:In office
76:President
67:In office
1719:American
1523:and the
1519:rule of
1407:Heimwehr
1378:Catholic
1372:and the
1331:Trentino
1329:(now in
1323:Tyrolean
1298:academia
1256:Austrian
1064:Heimwehr
919:Schüssel
889:Nehammer
849:Dollfuss
773:Mannheim
546:a series
544:Part of
395:Children
3322:Italics
2722:of the
2718:in the
2421:19 June
2291:, p. 35
2279:, p. 33
2060:. 1942.
1798:, near
1796:Mutters
1785:Austria
1701:, then
1691:Gestapo
1585:Berghof
1548:in the
1533:rearmed
1517:fascist
1343:Slovene
1321:in the
1300:in the
1262:of the
1247:German:
1014:Defunct
984:Parties
967:Sellner
924:Stadler
783:Schoeck
689:History
479: (
388:
380:
376:
365:
357:
353:
340:Spouses
310:Austria
302:Mutters
2696:
2661:
2646:
2631:
2609:
2374:p. 105
2095:
2024:
1984:Göring
1936:
1921:
1888:(1969)
1882:(1959)
1876:(1946)
1870:(1937)
1733:After
1709:where
1703:Dachau
1503:, 1936
1347:Šušnik
988:Active
934:Taaffe
869:Haider
826:(1966)
816:(1903)
778:Müller
748:Burger
743:Berger
451:
433:
2584:6 May
2574:(PDF)
1965:Edler
1945:Notes
1862:Works
1335:Italy
1276:with
1082:Media
957:Feigl
879:Klaus
788:Spann
382:(
378:
359:(
355:
306:Tyrol
2694:ISBN
2659:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2586:2023
2557:2021
2532:2021
2507:2021
2482:2021
2452:2021
2423:2023
2218:2022
2193:2021
2165:2022
2093:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1544:and
909:Raab
884:Kurz
854:Figl
637:Duty
292:Died
261:Born
2724:ZBW
1968:von
1773:at
1769:of
1761:in
1739:ÖVP
1697:in
1356:in
482:POW
3338::
2673:,
2576:.
2523:.
2460:^
2442:.
2431:^
2413:.
2339:^
2311:^
2237:.
2233::
2209:.
2184:.
2173:^
2156:.
2129:,
2036:^
1791:.
1388:.
1349:.
1333:,
548:on
485:)
384:m.
361:m.
308:,
304:,
284:,
280:,
3083:e
3076:t
3069:v
2788:e
2781:t
2774:v
2700:.
2685:)
2665:.
2650:.
2635:.
2613:.
2588:.
2559:.
2534:.
2509:.
2484:.
2454:.
2425:.
2388:.
2220:.
2195:.
2167:.
1994:.
1973:.
1940:.
1925:.
1245:(
1231:e
1224:t
1217:v
398:2
273:)
269:(
20:)
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