1419:
987:
2375:
53:
2508:
312:
1298:
604:
31:
337:
324:
1054:
only in the broadly defined
Asparagaceae. Other sources prefer to retain the narrower families of APG II; for example, Seberg et al. say that it "remains a moot point whether the difficult-to-recognize bracketed families of APG II are a worse or a better choice than the equally difficult-to-recognize
1042:
of 2009, which allowed only the broader families. The paper presenting the system states "The area around
Asparagaceae is difficult from the standpoint of circumscription. Although Asparagaceae s.l. are heterogeneous and poorly characterized, Asparagaceae s.s., Agavaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Ruscaceae and
1548:
Species are distributed in Europe, the
Mediterranean and North Africa and the Middle East, and then again in the Far East. There are two to eight ovules per carpel; elaiosomes are present in the seeds; and the basic chromosome number is 4 to 8+. The subtribe contains about 14â25 genera (depending on
956:
into smaller more homogeneous families. In the 1930s the
Viennese school elevated Engler's tribes to subfamilies. They questioned the inclusion of such different groups as Lilioideae and Scilloideae within the same family, and even Scilloideae was considered to be composed of at least three groups.
1063:
In 1990, Pfosser and Speta stated that their earlier classification of the
Hyacinthaceae into the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae, Ornithogaloideae, Oziroeoideae and Urgineoideae continued to be supported by ongoing studies. (They further divided the subfamilies Hyacinthoideae and Ornithogaloideae into
1034:
of 2003 was a compromise. It divided the
Asparagales into 14 broadly defined families, while allowing an alternative system in which some of the larger families could be replaced by smaller ones. The Hyacinthaceae was one of these optional smaller families, which could alternatively be sunk into a
302:
of 2009. It is also treated as the separate family
Hyacinthaceae, as it is by many researchers and was in earlier APG systems. Determining the boundaries between genera within the Scilloideae is an active area of research. The number of genera varies widely from source to source, from about 30 to
851:
Although generally agreeing on the main division of the
Asparagaceae into two clades, studies have produced slightly different relationships among the Agavoideae, Aphyllanthoideae, Brodiaeoideae and Scilloideae. For example, Seberg et al. (2012) present analyses based on parsimony and on maximum
961:
was recognizing the
Scilloideae as the family Hyacinthaceae, and dividing it into tribes. How many tribes were recognised and how the genera were distributed within those tribes depended on the diagnostic characters chosen. Huber used seeds, while Schulze in 1980 used pollen. Morphology and
1309:
In terms of the number of species, this is the largest tribe. Its species are distributed in Europe, western Asia and Africa. They have flowers with three stamens which have flattened filaments. Their seeds are flattened and angular. The basic chromosome numbers range from
1629:(with synonyms from the same source), with assignments to the subfamily Scilloideae based on the Germplasm Resources Information Network. As noted above, other sources divide up some of these genera, creating a significantly larger number; thus the genus
1043:
even
Hyacinthaceae have few if any distinctive features." At the same time, Chase et al. provided subfamilies to replace the alternative narrowly defined families of APG II. The Hyacinthaceae became the subfamily Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae.
2977:
Chase, M.W.; Duvall, M. R.; Hills, H.G.; Conran, J.G.; Cox, A.V.; Eguiarte, L.E.; Hartwell, J.; Fay, M.F.; Caddick, L. R.; Cameron, K. M.; Hoot, S. (1995). "Molecular systematics of Lilianae". In Rudall, P.J.; Cribb, P.J.; Cutler, D.F (eds.).
3542:
Manning, John C.; Forest, FĂ©lix; Devey, Dion S.; Fay, Michael F.; Goldblatt, Peter (2009). "A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on an analysis of four plastid DNA regions".
1064:
tribes.) A part of reducing the Hyacinthaceae to the subfamily Scilloideae, Chase et al. (2009) suggested dividing it into four tribes, corresponding to Pfosser and Speta's four subfamilies: Hyacintheae
3988:
MartĂnez-AzorĂn, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Dold, Anthony P.; Pinter, Michael; Wetschnig, Wolfgang (27 February 2015). "New combinations and lectotype designations in Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae".
2933:
Seberg, Ole; Petersen, Gitte; Davis, Jerrold I.; Pires, J. Chris; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Devey, Dion S.; JĂžrgensen, Tina; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Pillon, Yohan (2012).
1279:
Species are found only in western South America. They have flowers with stamens which are joined to the petals, rounded seeds and the embryo as long as the seed. The basic chromosome numbers are
1609:
Both historically and as of March 2013, there has been "considerable disagreement over generic limits" in the remaining Scilloideae, with different sources listing from 15 to 45 genera for
638:
The exact position of the Scilloideae within the broadly defined Asparagaceae is less clear. One possible phylogeny for the seven subfamilies recognised within the family is shown below.
448:
Leaves: fleshy and mucilaginous arranged in a basal rosette, alternate and spiral, simple, margin entire, with parallel venation, sheathing at the base, without stipules and hair simple.
962:
chromosome analysis were supplemented by chemotaxonomy, due to the presence of cardiac steroids, such as the bufadienolids in the Urgineoideae and cardenolids in Ornithogaloideae. Even
541:. The seed coat usually contains phytomelan (phytomelanin), one of the defining characteristics of the order, a black pigment present in the seed coat, creating a dark crust.
860:
Detailed historical accounts of taxonomic issues relating to the modern subfamily Scilloideae have been provided by Pfosser & Speta (1999) and Chase et al. (2009). The
4059:
4303:
1366:
and are distributed mainly in Africa, Madagascar, and the Mediterranean through to India. The seeds are flattened and winged with the head barely attached to the
4329:
3464:"A revised generic synopsis of Hyacintheaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae"
1622:
1047:
3583:"Molecular phylogenetics of subfamily Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on nuclear and plastid DNA regions, including a new taxonomic arrangement"
298:, were at one time placed in a very broadly defined lily family (Liliaceae). The subfamily is recognized in modern classification systems such as the
1027:(a term derived from Dahlgren, and the largest monocot order). One of the 29 families into which the Asparagales were divided was the Hyacinthaceae.
4251:
4316:
4264:
4148:
1007:
was based on the Dahlgren system, as for example in the work by Chase et al. in 1995. When it was discovered that the Dahlgren families were not
1430:
In terms of the number of species, this is the second largest tribe. Its species have leaves with pustules or spots, rounded seeds and contain
1271:
The exact boundaries between genera within these tribes remains controversial; the situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".
3942:
1613:
alone. The total number of genera has been given as anything between about 30 (with about 500â700 species) and 70 (with about 1000 species).
881:
of 1985, they have been divided between orders and split into many often small families. Dahlgren divided the lilioid monocots in search of
513:: superior ovary, tricarpelate, connate and trilocular. Single stigma, capitate to 3-lobed. May contain from one to several ovules in each
885:, but in practice he was unsuccessful. His major contribution was to split the Liliaceae into two families, the true Liliaceae, Liliaceae
3767:
MartĂnez-AzorĂn, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Alonso-Vargas, MarĂa Ăngeles; Dold, Anthony P.; Pinter, Michael; Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018).
1055:
subfamilies of APG III", and in their analyses of the phylogeny of the Asparagales they continue to use families such as Hyacinthaceae.
4046:
1477:. The basic chromosome number is 5 to 10+ (many 20). The subtribe contains about 13â20 genera (depending on the treatment), including
3978:
4437:
1030:
With further work it was evident that these 29 families, some of which had few genera, could be grouped into larger clades. The
4290:
2800:
588:
171:
852:
likelihood. In the first, the Scilloideae are sister to the Agavoideae; in the second, they are sister to the Brodiaeoideae.
4321:
4153:
1473:
Species are distributed in Africa south of the Sahara and India. There are two or more ovules per carpel. The seeds have
619:
of Scilloideae is well supported by studies based on molecular data. These studies also give support to the exclusion of
1319:
503:
to the tube, often appendiculate. The anthers are dorsifixed and pollen dehiscence occurs by longitudinal openings. The
2831:"A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae"
4225:
4212:
4122:
1633:
as conceived by Manning et al. (2009) is divided by MartĂnez-AzorĂn et al. (2011) into a more narrowly circumscribed
592:
175:
3632:"Phylogenetic relationships among genera of Massonieae (Hyacinthaceae) inferred from plastid DNA and seed morphology"
3388:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
52:
3355:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II"
2914:
1456:, is from eastern South Africa. It has two ovules per carpel with one seed per locule and a basic chromosome number
4368:
3701:
3437:
1016:
4334:
3006:
2791:
4373:
3678:
3297:
Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitÀt Jena, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
3960:
2727:
958:
3773:(Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species"
4011:
Stedje, Brita (2001). "Generic Delimitation of Hyacinthaceae, with Special Emphasis on Sub-Saharan Genera".
2664:
2654:
2613:
2587:
2476:
2300:
1302:
1000:
1418:
4238:
4075:
4051:
927:
578:
138:
4230:
904:
in 1786. Batsch's version of the family only superficially resembles the modern version, but did include
631:
and related genera, i.e. the former Hyacinthaceae subfamily Chlorogaloideae, now placed in the subfamily
4355:
2709:
2437:
1423:
564:
555:
bimodal or trimodal. The basic chromosome number is also very variable (X = 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, etc.).
388:
260:
4243:
4064:
3822:
4432:
4269:
4135:
2488:
2670:
2604:, the sea squill, has been used as a medicinal plant since ancient times. Its use for treatment of
991:
608:
528:
392:
3933:
Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F.; Donoghue, M.J. (2007). "Hyacinthaceae".
4404:
4028:
3804:
3659:
3560:
3524:
3335:
3258:
3051:
2512:
2444:
1610:
978:
proved heterogeneous and characters useful in other families failed to define satisfactory taxa.
931:
160:
47:
986:
4360:
3295:
Schulze, Werner (1980). "BeitrÀge zur Taxonomie der Liliifloren: VI Der Umfang der Liliaceae".
2374:
4342:
3974:
3938:
3903:
3651:
3612:
3074:
3028:
2956:
2765:
2397:
456:
4308:
4113:
4020:
3999:
3794:
3786:
3643:
3602:
3594:
3552:
3516:
3475:
3409:
3399:
3366:
3327:
3250:
3171:
3149:
3141:
3043:
2946:
2842:
2640:
2526:
2192:
1949:
1581:
1431:
906:
865:
861:
665:
583:
486:
431:
350:
288:
224:
218:
4347:
3371:
3354:
2507:
3970:
2737:
2600:
878:
311:
295:
90:
581:
in 1835. When treated as a family, the name Hyacinthaceae is derived from the type genus
3429:
1594:
Some genera that were formerly placed within the Scillioideae (as Hyacinthaceae), e.g.,
1297:
3956:
3607:
3582:
3276:
Huber, H. (1969). "Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhaltnisse der Liliifloren".
3175:
3162:
Baker, J.G. (1873). "Revision of the genera and species of Scilleae and Chlorogaleae".
3145:
2232:
2202:
1452:
1439:
1350:
1039:
452:
423:
299:
276:
77:
39:
3742:
603:
30:
4426:
3768:
3404:
3387:
2847:
2830:
2687:
2622:
2550:
2401:
2389:
2277:
2217:
1931:
1563:
1525:
1363:
1031:
963:
795:
773:
709:
464:
460:
408:
365:
329:
272:
230:
103:
3808:
3631:
3262:
3130:"A revision of the genera and species of herbaceous capsular gamophyllous Liliaceae"
2735:(a bufadienolide) is used to poison rats, traditionally by spreading dried chips of
2447:
both sexually and asexually. The showy flowers of many species of the subfamily are
4409:
3663:
3154:
2732:
2691:
2575:
2556:
2086:
1921:
1626:
1336:
949:
941:
645:
400:
396:
336:
316:
268:
264:
208:
123:
4217:
4127:
4396:
4203:
3964:
3937:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. pp. 269â270.
2935:"Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three plastid and two mitochondrial genes"
2866:
2626:
are used for the production of substances for the treatment of heart conditions.
2591:
and the different cultivars of hyacinths are important in the cut flower market.
4277:
4107:
3952:
3315:
2409:
2262:
1596:
1392:
1024:
894:
810:
627:
544:
435:
253:
113:
4176:
4003:
3790:
1080:. The possible relationship of the four tribes is represented in the following
940:. introducing the Hyacintheae, Scilleae, Massonieae, and Chlorogaleae. In 1887
900:
Splitting off the Hyacinthaceae from the Liliaceae was originally suggested by
3647:
3581:
Martinez-Azorin, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Juan, Ana; Fay, Michael F. (2011).
3480:
3463:
3071:
Dispositio generum plantarum Jenensium secundum Linnaeum et familias naturales
2703:
2581:
2544:
2448:
2333:
2242:
1991:
1959:
1866:
1720:
1551:
1531:
1503:
1497:
1485:
1354:. By contrast, MartĂnez-AzorĂn et al. (2011) divide the tribe into 19 genera.
1020:
936:
912:
873:
687:
632:
568:
548:
492:
342:
248:
4098:
3990:
3777:
3078:
2496:
2429:
2076:
2001:
1906:
1710:
1696:
1474:
1402:
1367:
1081:
1008:
917:
882:
869:
616:
552:
518:
510:
478:
474:
470:
439:
323:
280:
199:
4386:
4166:
3907:
3655:
3616:
3241:
Buchner, L. (1949). "Vergleichende embryologische Studien an Scilloideae".
2960:
2769:
889:, and the Hyacinthaceae (families which are now placed in separate orders,
537:: Seed morphology is diverse, from globular to flattened, and occasionally
349:
The subfamily contains many popular spring-flowering garden bulbs, such as
222:. Scilloideae or Hyacinthaceae include many familiar garden plants such as
1621:
Unless otherwise noted, the list below is based on genera accepted by the
303:
about 70. The situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".
4381:
4197:
4161:
4092:
3598:
2683:
2634:
The Scilloideae are only occasionally used as food plants for humans. In
2484:
2433:
2343:
2041:
2016:
1759:
1749:
1602:
1557:
1519:
1509:
1479:
1374:= 6, 7 and 10. Depending on the source, the tribe may include the genera
922:
890:
621:
500:
482:
427:
404:
377:
284:
3564:
2951:
2934:
4256:
4032:
3799:
3556:
3528:
3414:
3339:
3254:
3055:
2731:
and several members of the tribe Urgineeae are poisonous to livestock.
2609:
2569:
2532:
2480:
2452:
2358:
2323:
2252:
2051:
1881:
1784:
1686:
1569:
1491:
1330:
864:
have long created classification problems. At one extreme, e.g. in the
489:
may be white, yellow, violet, blue, brown and even black (see images).
419:
383:
359:
236:
4282:
563:
When treated as a subfamily, the name Scilloideae is derived from the
3204:
Fritsch, K. (1932). "Die systematische Gruppierung der Monokotylen".
2659:
2649:
2645:
2538:
2405:
2393:
2384:
2287:
2174:
1891:
1799:
1738:
1643:
1575:
1382:
1376:
1324:
1285:
901:
573:
514:
504:
496:
415:
371:
242:
194:
4295:
4069:
4024:
3520:
3331:
3129:
3094:
The Genera of Plants : A Fragment Containing Part of Liriogamae
3047:
3969:. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3. Berlin:
2475:. Both nectar and pollen act as incentives to pollinating species.
1318:= 10. In the treatment by Manning et al. (2009) and Stevens at the
3854:
2635:
2605:
2506:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2382:
Scilloideae are widely but discontinuously distributed. The genus
2373:
1434:. The tribe can in turn be divided into three clades (subtribes):
1417:
1296:
1012:
999:
Modern classification systems for plants are largely derived from
985:
948:
into two tribes, Lilieaoe and Scilleae. In the twentieth century,
602:
524:
477:). When joined, the perianth forms a tubular bell. The tepals are
335:
322:
310:
146:
64:
4140:
3223:
Krause, K. (1930). "Liliaceae". In Engler, A.; Prantl, K (eds.).
3189:
Engler, A. (1887). "Liliaceae". In Engler, A.; Prantl, K (eds.).
2524:
Many members of the subfamily are popular garden plants, such as
1011:, the tendency was to create new families out of each identified
3316:"An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants"
2492:
2456:
538:
534:
203:
4073:
3966:
Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)
3029:"Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae based on plastid DNA sequences"
2363:
N.R.Crouch, Mart.-AzorĂn, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter & M.Ă.Alonso
1046:
Many sources have adopted the APG III system; for example, the
426:, a characteristic which placed them within the older order of
930:
redistributed the genera into several families. In the 1870s,
3877:
375:). Other members are summer- and autumn-flowering, including
3693:
1023:. This placed many lilioid families and genera in the order
3630:
Pfosser, M.; Wetschnig, W.; Ungar, S.; Prenner, G. (2004).
1084:, which has, however, only "moderate" statistical support.
414:
Morphologically the subfamily is characterised by having 6
3507:, a new genus and species of Massonieae (Hyacinthaceae)".
455:
inflorescences (in racemes, in spikes, and in heads). The
2697:
Several species are toxic. In South Africa, for example,
3928:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
2915:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Scilloideae"
2440:(i.e., with a pronounced dry season during the summer).
212:. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family
3679:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Agavoideae"
275:. Their flowers have six tepals and six stamens with a
868:
of 1968, they have been regarded as one large family (
473:: six tepals divided into two whorls, free or joined (
3576:
3574:
2972:
2970:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2908:
2906:
4187:
4082:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
1003:. The initial molecular analysis of the Liliaceae
438:order. They have also been included in the family
430:in many older classification systems, such as the
3894:L. (Squill): A Poisonous Plant of North Africa".
3890:el Bahri, L.; Djegham, M.; Makhlouf, M. (2000). "
3503:sensu lato in southern Africa and description of
3462:Manning, J.C.; Goldblatt, P.; Fay, M.F. (2004).
3457:
3455:
3453:
3164:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany
3134:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany
547:: Chromosome size varies widely, from 1.2 to 18
495:: composed of 6 stamens (exceptionally 3, as in
2982:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 109â137.
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2775:
1038:This compromise approach was abandoned in the
3737:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2829:Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L.; Fay, M.F. (2009).
2682:Many Scilloideae produce poisonous steroidal
434:, but they now separate from them within the
8:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
2392:. Other genera occur in Africa south of the
1283:= 15, 17. The tribe contains only the genus
252:(squills or scillas). Some are important as
3007:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales"
2436:habitats, but are more diverse in areas of
499:, for example), with the filaments free or
4070:
3935:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
3698:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
3434:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2860:
2858:
2585:, among others, are grown as ornamentals.
1623:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1606:, are currently placed in the Agavoideae.
1048:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
283:(Liliaceae), and their leaves are fleshy,
279:, which previously placed them within the
29:
20:
3848:
3846:
3798:
3749:. United States Department of Agriculture
3606:
3479:
3413:
3403:
3370:
3153:
2980:Monocotyledons: Systematics and evolution
2950:
2846:
2491:of seeds may occur by water, wind, or by
507:is monosulcate (having a linear furrow).
387:('pineapple lilies'). Most are native to
3495:Wetschnig, W.; Pfosser, M. (2003). "The
3392:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3359:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2835:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2755:
2753:
3747:Germplasm Resources Information Network
3320:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
3314:The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998).
3036:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
2749:
934:used tribes to divide up the Liliaceae
3827:U.MĂŒll.-Doblies & D.MĂŒll.-Doblies"
3372:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x
3027:Pfosser, Martin; Speta, Franz (1999).
2786:
2784:
916:. The group was reduced to a tribe by
259:Scilloideae are distributed mostly in
3499:puzzle â present status of the genus
2992:
2081:U.MĂŒll.-Doblies & D.MĂŒll.-Doblies
877:). At the other extreme, e.g. in the
445:Roots: contractile and mucilaginous.
7:
3191:Die naaturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 11
2560:(including those formerly placed in
2416:, and on the east coast of Asia, in
4013:Systematics and Geography of Plants
3386:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
3353:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003).
2801:The International Plant Names Index
2378:Distribution of Scilloideae species
1370:. The basic chromosome numbers are
1185:
1163:
1155:
1135:
1115:
1095:
1087:
952:proposed the division of Liliaceae
788:
766:
702:
680:
658:
651:
641:
391:zones and neighboring areas in the
16:Subfamily of bulbous monocot plants
4374:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30298455-2
3176:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1872.tb00093.x
3146:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1870.tb00068.x
3107:Baker, J.G. (1870). "Monograph of
2793:IPNI Plant Name Query Results for
2388:is found only in parts of western
1362:Species within this tribe contain
1322:, the tribe contains four genera,
591:from ("ex") a 1797 publication by
14:
3225:Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien
2662:some tribes consume the bulbs of
2648:they are consumed as pickles. In
459:are articulated. The flowers are
3743:"Query GRIN Taxonomy for Plants"
3405:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
2871:The families of flowering plants
2848:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
2760:Burnett, Gilbert Thomas (1835).
2616:. Bufadienolides isolated from
1691:(Wendelbo) Perss. & Wendelbo
51:
3896:Veterinary and Human Toxicology
3853:Pfosser, Martin; Speta, Franz.
3700:. The Board of Trustees of the
3278:Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Munchen
2658:is consumed as a vegetable. In
2567:In South Africa the species of
1450:The only species in the genus,
1074:M.W.Chase, Reveal & M.F.Fay
1001:molecular phylogenetic analysis
587:, and is usually attributed to
1637:plus an additional 11 genera.
1340:(about 160 species, including
1035:broadly defined Asparagaceae.
1:
521:at the septa of the ovaries.
2776:Chase, Reveal & Fay 2009
1406:(also sometimes included in
1320:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
3880:Lampascioni.it (in Italian)
3694:"search for "Asparagaceae""
3468:Edinburgh Journal of Botany
2865:Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J.
2428:. Scilloideae are found in
1745:(Climbing Onion, Sea Onion)
294:The Scilloideae, like most
4454:
4004:10.11646/phytotaxa.201.2.7
3955:(1998). "Hyacintheae". In
3878:http://www.lampascione.it/
3791:10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
3702:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
3438:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2939:American Journal of Botany
2644:are grown for food and in
1549:the treatment), including
1453:Pseudoprospero firmifolium
1017:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
4047:Hyacinthaceae in Topwalks
3648:10.1007/s10265-003-0076-8
3636:Journal of Plant Research
3481:10.1017/S0960428603000404
3069:Batsch, A.I.G.C. (1786).
1328:(about 110â140 species),
1203:
1190:
1183:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1140:
1133:
1120:
1113:
1100:
1093:
808:
793:
786:
771:
764:
722:
707:
700:
685:
678:
663:
656:
649:
206:plants within the family
166:
159:
152:
145:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
3859:Tree of Life Web Project
3092:Salisbury, R.A. (1866).
2764:. London: J. Churchill.
2728:Ornithogalum saundersiae
2694:, making them inedible.
2370:Distribution and ecology
1678:; sometimes included in
216:, named after the genus
4438:Asparagales subfamilies
4394:Watson & Dallwitz:
3505:Spetaea lachenaliiflora
3155:2027/hvd.32044106471428
3096:. London: J. v. Voorst.
2699:Ornithogalum thyrsoides
2655:Ornithogalum pyrenaicum
2614:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
2588:Ornithogalum thyrsoides
2477:Vegetative reproduction
2400:, on both sides of the
2350:(sometimes included in
2328:Wetschnig & Pfosser
2269:(sometimes included in
2224:(sometimes included in
2209:(sometimes included in
2008:(sometimes included in
1913:(sometimes included in
1898:(sometimes included in
1873:(sometimes included in
1791:(sometimes included in
1579:(about 30 species) and
1467:Bentham & Hooker f.
1396:(sometimes included in
1303:Ornithogalum narbonense
577:, and is attributed to
192:(named after the genus
3924:Mabberley, D. (1997).
2665:Ledebouria apertiflora
2516:
2379:
1427:
1306:
1050:places genera such as
996:
982:Modern classifications
944:divided the Liliaceae
920:in 1836, and included
612:
579:Gilbert Thomas Burnett
399:. Others are found in
346:
333:
320:
261:Mediterranean climates
240:(grape hyacinths) and
4356:Paleobiology Database
4060:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2652:the inflorescence of
2510:
2438:Mediterranean climate
2377:
2222:Garbari & Greuter
1501:(about 110 species),
1424:Lachenalia orchioides
1421:
1300:
989:
856:Early classifications
606:
451:Flowers: arranged in
389:Mediterranean climate
339:
326:
314:
4065:links at CSDL, Texas
3973:. pp. 261â285.
3206:Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges
3128:Baker, J.G. (1871).
2483:or by seeds through
1573:(about 50 species),
1555:(about 50 species),
1507:(about 80 species),
1019:system of 1998, the
357:), grape hyacinths (
340:Leaves and bulbs of
287:, and arranged in a
3230:. pp. 227â386.
3073:(in Latin). Jenae.
2952:10.3732/ajb.1100468
2671:Ledebouria revoluta
2451:by a wide range of
2404:, further north in
1871:Lindl. & Paxton
1585:(about 25 species).
995:, glory-of-the-snow
992:Chionodoxa luciliae
609:Ornithogalum dubium
393:Mediterranean Basin
3599:10.1093/aob/mcq207
3557:10.1002/tax.581011
3255:10.1007/bf01256694
3140:(54â55): 349â436.
3121:Saunder's Ref. Bot
2762:Outlines of Botany
2719:L. ovatifolia
2710:Ledebouria cooperi
2612:from 1554 BC, the
2608:is mentioned in a
2517:
2513:Eucomis autumnalis
2380:
1611:sub-Saharan Africa
1590:Genera and species
1428:
1307:
1015:, as in the first
997:
613:
347:
334:
321:
296:lily-like monocots
4420:
4419:
4343:Open Tree of Life
4076:Taxon identifiers
3944:978-0-87893-407-2
3193:. pp. 10â91.
2774:p. 428. Cited in
2715:L. inguinata
2398:Arabian Peninsula
2396:and parts of the
2364:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2306:
2293:
2283:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2223:
2208:
2198:
2187:
2180:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2082:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2047:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2007:
1997:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1955:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1912:
1897:
1887:
1872:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1790:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1744:
1733:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1692:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1625:as in the family
1543:
1468:
1445:
1432:homoisoflavanones
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
848:
847:
839:
838:
830:
829:
821:
820:
753:
752:
744:
743:
735:
734:
593:Moritz Borkhausen
327:Inflorescence of
198:, "squill") is a
187:
186:
178:
141:
4445:
4413:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4377:
4376:
4364:
4363:
4351:
4350:
4338:
4337:
4325:
4324:
4312:
4311:
4299:
4298:
4286:
4285:
4273:
4272:
4260:
4259:
4247:
4246:
4234:
4233:
4221:
4220:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4180:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4157:
4156:
4144:
4143:
4131:
4130:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4071:
4053:Monocot families
4036:
4007:
3984:
3948:
3929:
3912:
3911:
3892:Urginea maritima
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3739:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3587:Annals of Botany
3578:
3569:
3568:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3459:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3159:
3157:
3124:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3033:
3024:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2930:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2826:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2757:
2723:L. revoluta
2641:Leopoldia comosa
2362:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2304:
2291:
2281:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2221:
2206:
2196:
2185:
2178:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2080:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2045:
2034:
2027:
2021:Thunb. ex Houtt.
2020:
2005:
1995:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1953:
1942:
1935:
1925:
1910:
1895:
1885:
1870:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1788:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1753:
1743:Harv. ex Hook.f.
1742:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1701:Martinez-AzorĂn
1700:
1690:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1541:
1466:
1443:
1186:
1164:
1156:
1136:
1116:
1096:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:, Ornithogaleae
1065:
866:Cronquist system
862:lilioid monocots
789:
767:
703:
681:
666:Aphyllanthoideae
659:
652:
642:
432:Cronquist system
422:with a superior
170:
137:
56:
55:
33:
21:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4408:
4403:
4395:
4393:
4385:
4380:
4372:
4367:
4359:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4255:
4250:
4242:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4183:
4175:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4152:
4147:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4078:
4043:
4025:10.2307/3668693
4010:
3987:
3981:
3971:Springer-Verlag
3957:Kubitzki, Klaus
3951:
3945:
3932:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3861:
3855:"Hyacinthaceae"
3852:
3851:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3521:10.2307/3647303
3494:
3493:
3489:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3332:10.2307/2992015
3313:
3312:
3308:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3170:(68): 209â292.
3161:
3160:
3127:
3126:
3125:Appendix: 1â18.
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3048:10.2307/2666172
3031:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2932:
2931:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2867:"Hyacinthaceae"
2864:
2863:
2856:
2828:
2827:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2799:. Vol. 1.
2790:
2789:
2782:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2738:Drimia maritima
2680:
2632:
2618:Drimia maritima
2601:Drimia maritima
2597:
2522:
2505:
2372:
2367:
1964:Jacq. ex Murray
1936:Heist. ex Fabr.
1619:
1592:
1416:
1360:
1295:
1277:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1061:
984:
966:genera such as
879:Dahlgren system
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
754:
745:
736:
601:
561:
467:, often showy.
369:) and squills (
309:
136:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:wfo-7000001198
4401:
4391:
4378:
4365:
4352:
4339:
4326:
4313:
4300:
4287:
4274:
4261:
4248:
4235:
4222:
4209:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4158:
4145:
4132:
4119:
4104:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4042:
4041:External links
4039:
4038:
4037:
4019:(2): 449â454.
4008:
3985:
3979:
3961:Huber, Herbert
3949:
3943:
3930:
3926:The Plant-Book
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3902:(2): 108â110.
3882:
3870:
3842:
3814:
3785:(2): 101â129.
3759:
3713:
3684:
3677:Stevens, P.F.
3669:
3642:(2): 115â132.
3622:
3570:
3534:
3497:Scilla plumbea
3487:
3474:(3): 533â568.
3449:
3421:
3398:(2): 105â121.
3378:
3365:(4): 399â436.
3345:
3326:(4): 531â553.
3306:
3287:
3268:
3249:(4): 428â450.
3243:Ăsterr. Bot. Z
3233:
3215:
3196:
3181:
3123:. Vol. 3.
3099:
3084:
3061:
3042:(4): 852â875.
3012:
3005:Stevens, P.F.
2997:
2985:
2966:
2945:(5): 875â889.
2920:
2913:Stevens, P.F.
2882:
2854:
2841:(2): 132â136.
2812:
2780:
2778:, p. 135.
2748:
2746:
2743:
2701:, and several
2688:bufadienolides
2679:
2676:
2631:
2628:
2596:
2593:
2521:
2518:
2504:
2501:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2284:
2274:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2233:Pseudoprospero
2229:
2214:
2207:(Kuntze) Engl.
2203:Pseudogaltonia
2199:
2189:
2171:
2083:
2073:
2048:
2038:
2013:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1946:
1928:
1918:
1903:
1888:
1878:
1863:
1796:
1781:
1756:
1746:
1735:
1717:
1707:
1693:
1683:
1639:
1618:
1617:List of genera
1615:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1447:
1446:
1440:Pseudoprospero
1415:
1412:
1364:bufadienolides
1359:
1356:
1351:Pseudogaltonia
1294:
1291:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:Pseudoprospero
1167:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:Ornithogaleae
1119:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1076:and Urgineeae
1060:
1057:
1040:APG III system
983:
980:
857:
854:
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
833:
832:
828:
827:
824:
823:
819:
818:
815:
814:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
792:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
770:
765:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
751:
750:
747:
746:
742:
741:
738:
737:
733:
732:
729:
728:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
706:
701:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
684:
679:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
640:
600:
597:
560:
557:
461:hermaphroditic
363:), bluebells (
308:
305:
300:APG III system
277:superior ovary
185:
184:
183:
182:
179:
169:Hyacinthaceae
164:
163:
157:
156:
150:
149:
143:
142:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
40:Scilla bifolia
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4450:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4189:Hyacinthaceae
4186:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3980:3-540-64060-6
3976:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3760:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:WCSP (2011).
3688:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:(1): 77â107.
3550:
3546:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:Hyacinthaceae
2794:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:the bulbs of
2637:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:Drimia indica
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2595:Medicinal use
2594:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:Hyacinthoides
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2495:attracted by
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:, as well as
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:Mediterranean
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:South America
2387:
2386:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:Nectaroscilla
2310:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:van der Merwe
2280:
2279:
2278:Schizocarphus
2275:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:van der Merwe
2255:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2218:Pseudomuscari
2215:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2158:Neopatersonia
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1932:Hyacinthoides
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1666:Stellarioides
1660:
1653:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:Hyacinthoides
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1540:Hyacinthinae
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:Schizocarphus
1522:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:Neopatersonia
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:Ornithogaleae
1292:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:Hyacinthinae
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1032:APG II system
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
994:
993:
988:
981:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:
933:
929:
925:
924:
919:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
887:sensu stricto
884:
880:
876:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
853:
844:
843:
835:
834:
826:
825:
817:
816:
813:
812:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
796:Asparagoideae
791:
790:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
774:Lomandroideae
769:
768:
762:
761:
758:
757:
749:
748:
740:
739:
731:
730:
727:
726:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
710:Brodiaeoideae
705:
704:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
683:
682:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
661:
660:
654:
653:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
634:
630:
629:
624:
623:
618:
611:
610:
605:
598:
596:
594:
590:
589:August Batsch
586:
585:
580:
576:
575:
570:
566:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
531:loculicidal.
530:
526:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
466:
465:actinomorphic
462:
458:
454:
449:
446:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
409:South America
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
380:
379:
374:
373:
368:
367:
366:Hyacinthoides
362:
361:
356:
352:
345:
344:
338:
332:
331:
330:Hyacinthoides
325:
319:
318:
313:
306:
304:
301:
297:
292:
290:
289:basal rosette
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:South America
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
250:
245:
244:
239:
238:
234:(bluebells),
233:
232:
231:Hyacinthoides
228:(hyacinths),
227:
226:
221:
220:
215:
214:Hyacinthaceae
211:
210:
205:
201:
197:
196:
191:
180:
177:
173:
168:
167:
165:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Tracheophytes
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4188:
4083:
4052:
4016:
4012:
3995:
3989:
3965:
3953:Speta, Franz
3934:
3925:
3918:Bibliography
3899:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3873:
3862:. Retrieved
3858:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:
3824:
3817:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3762:
3751:. Retrieved
3746:
3705:. Retrieved
3697:
3687:
3672:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3590:
3586:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3515:(1): 75â91.
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3471:
3467:
3441:. Retrieved
3433:
3430:"Hyacinthus"
3424:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3227:2 Aufl., 15a
3224:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3167:
3163:
3137:
3133:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3093:
3087:
3070:
3064:
3039:
3035:
3000:
2988:
2979:
2942:
2938:
2874:. Retrieved
2870:
2838:
2834:
2804:. Retrieved
2796:
2792:
2761:
2736:
2733:Scilliroside
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2692:cardenolides
2681:
2669:
2663:
2653:
2639:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2599:
2598:
2586:
2580:
2576:Ornithogalum
2574:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2557:Ornithogalum
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2511:
2443:Scilloideae
2442:
2408:through the
2383:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2251:
2241:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2211:Ornithogalum
2210:
2201:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:Ornithogalum
2085:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2000:
1990:
1981:
1974:
1968:Brachyscypha
1967:
1958:
1954:Tourn. ex L.
1948:
1939:
1938:(including
1930:
1922:Hyacinthella
1920:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1890:
1880:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1815:Rhadamanthus
1814:
1807:
1798:
1793:Ornithogalum
1792:
1783:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1748:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1685:
1680:Ornithogalum
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1635:Ornithogalum
1634:
1631:Ornithogalum
1630:
1627:Asparagaceae
1620:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1465:Massoniinae
1457:
1451:
1438:
1429:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:Ornithogalum
1335:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1204:
1192:Massoniinae
1191:
1170:
1169:
1159:Hyacintheae
1141:
1121:
1101:
1091:Scilloideae
1072:, Oziroëeae
1062:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1009:monophyletic
1004:
998:
990:
975:
971:
967:
953:
945:
935:
921:
911:
905:
899:
886:
872:
859:
850:
809:
794:
772:
724:
723:
708:
686:
664:
646:Asparagaceae
637:
626:
620:
614:
607:
582:
572:
565:generic name
562:
543:
533:
523:
517:. They have
509:
491:
469:
453:scapiflorous
450:
447:
444:
413:
401:Central Asia
397:South Africa
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
354:
348:
341:
328:
317:Ornithogalum
315:
293:
285:mucilaginous
269:Central Asia
265:South Africa
263:, including
258:
247:
241:
235:
229:
223:
217:
213:
209:Asparagaceae
207:
193:
189:
188:
153:
133:
124:Asparagaceae
97:
84:
71:
38:
24:Scilloideae
18:
4433:Scilloideae
4278:iNaturalist
4114:Scilloideae
4108:Wikispecies
4084:Scilloideae
3800:10045/78227
3593:(1): 1â37.
3415:10654/18083
2520:Cultivation
2410:Middle East
2294:(including
2263:Schizobasis
2181:(including
2119:F.M.Leight.
2093:(including
2060:Botryanthus
2058:(including
2032:Whiteheadia
2023:(including
1966:(including
1857:Urgineopsis
1806:(including
1775:Androsiphon
1768:Amphisiphon
1766:(including
1727:(including
1673:Trimelopter
1652:Battandiera
1650:(including
1597:Chlorogalum
1515:Whiteheadia
1513:(including
1414:Hyacintheae
1393:Schizobasis
1386:(including
1025:Asparagales
976:Ornithoglum
895:Asparagales
811:Nolinoideae
725:Scilloideae
628:Chlorogalum
559:Systematics
551:in length,
545:Chromosomes
436:Asparagales
307:Description
281:lily family
254:cut flowers
190:Scilloideae
134:Scilloideae
130:Subfamily:
114:Asparagales
91:Angiosperms
4427:Categories
4296:30298455-2
3998:(2): 165.
3864:2013-03-23
3836:2013-03-22
3753:2013-03-22
3707:2013-03-22
3443:2013-03-27
3303:: 607â636.
3284:: 219â538.
3212:: 162â184.
3117:Drimiopsis
3113:Ledebouria
2993:Speta 1998
2876:2013-03-23
2806:2013-03-27
2745:References
2704:Ledebouria
2582:Veltheimia
2545:Puschkinia
2527:Hyacinthus
2497:elaiosomes
2479:may be by
2455:including
2449:pollinated
2334:Veltheimia
2301:Chionodoxa
2243:Puschkinia
2186:J.F.Macbr.
2183:Fortunatia
2144:Loncomelos
2109:Eliokarmos
2067:Muscarimia
2025:Neobakeria
1992:Ledebouria
1960:Lachenalia
1950:Hyacinthus
1875:Ledebouria
1867:Drimiopsis
1846:C.H.Wright
1843:Thuranthos
1829:Sypharissa
1822:Rhodocodon
1771:W.F.Barker
1729:Strangweja
1721:Bellevalia
1552:Bellevalia
1532:Veltheimia
1504:Ledebouria
1498:Lachenalia
1486:Drimiopsis
1475:elaiosomes
1142:Urgineeae
1102:Oziroëeae
1052:Hyacinthus
1021:APG system
968:Hyacinthus
926:. In 1866
913:Lachenalia
907:Hyacinthus
874:sensu lato
688:Agavoideae
633:Agavoideae
584:Hyacinthus
569:type genus
529:dehiscence
493:Androecium
355:Hyacinthus
343:Ledebouria
249:Puschkinia
225:Hyacinthus
219:Hyacinthus
4204:Q13833438
3991:Phytotaxa
3825:Namophila
3778:Phytotaxa
3771:Austronea
2707:species (
2489:dispersal
2445:reproduce
2430:temperate
2317:Oncostema
2309:Chouardia
2161:Schönland
2151:Melomphis
2077:Namophila
2002:Leopoldia
1907:Fusifilum
1808:Litanthus
1711:Barnardia
1697:Austronea
1542:Parlatore
1403:Fusifilum
1368:endosperm
1358:Urgineeae
1275:Oziroëeae
1082:cladogram
957:By 1969,
928:Salisbury
918:Endlicher
883:monophyly
870:Liliaceae
617:monophyly
599:Phylogeny
553:karyotype
519:nectaries
511:Gynoecium
479:imbricate
471:Perianths
457:peduncles
440:Liliaceae
351:hyacinths
200:subfamily
154:See text
61:Kingdom:
4397:hyacinth
4387:50324572
4382:Tropicos
4198:Wikidata
4174:VASCAN:
4167:50126263
4162:Tropicos
4141:65060379
4093:Wikidata
3963:(eds.).
3908:10750179
3831:eMonocot
3809:91373318
3656:12736783
3617:21163815
3565:27756826
3263:39696095
3079:84354311
2961:22539521
2686:such as
2684:saponins
2678:Toxicity
2562:Galtonia
2485:apomixis
2434:tropical
2344:Zagrosia
2193:Prospero
2137:Honorius
2130:Galtonia
2102:Cathissa
2095:Avonsera
2042:Merwilla
2017:Massonia
1982:Polyxena
1975:Periboea
1940:Endymion
1836:Tenicroa
1760:Daubenya
1750:Brimeura
1659:Coilonox
1603:Camassia
1582:Prospero
1558:Brimeura
1520:Merwilla
1510:Massonia
1480:Daubenya
1342:Galtonia
964:Linnaean
923:Camassia
891:Liliales
622:Camassia
483:petaloid
428:Liliales
405:Far East
378:Galtonia
181:Scilleae
161:Synonyms
120:Family:
104:Monocots
4257:3647445
4099:Q133292
4033:3668693
3664:7554964
3608:3002468
3529:3647303
3340:2992015
3056:2666172
2770:9537633
2741:bulbs.
2610:papyrus
2570:Eucomis
2533:Muscari
2481:bulbils
2453:insects
2359:Zingela
2324:Spetaea
2296:Autonoe
2253:Resnova
2226:Muscari
2197:Salisb.
2123:Ethesia
2105:Salisb.
2070:Kostel.
2052:Muscari
2028:Schltr.
2010:Muscari
1943:Dumort.
1882:Eucomis
1860:Compton
1853:Steinh.
1850:Urginea
1832:Salisb.
1818:Salisb.
1785:Dipcadi
1778:Schltr.
1754:Salisb.
1732:Bertol.
1725:Lapeyr.
1687:Alrawia
1570:Muscari
1492:Eucomis
1388:Urginea
1331:Dipcadi
1314:= 2 to
1066:Dumort.
950:Fritsch
567:of the
487:corolla
475:connate
420:stamens
384:Eucomis
360:Muscari
237:Muscari
204:bulbous
139:Burnett
110:Order:
65:Plantae
4322:897532
4309:100733
4283:204437
4231:413990
4218:127026
4128:223507
4055:(USDA)
4031:
3977:
3941:
3906:
3807:
3662:
3654:
3615:
3605:
3563:
3527:
3501:Scilla
3338:
3261:
3109:Scilla
3077:
3054:
2959:
2768:
2660:Africa
2650:France
2646:Greece
2554:, and
2539:Scilla
2487:. The
2406:Europe
2394:Sahara
2385:Oziroe
2352:Scilla
2305:Boiss.
2288:Scilla
2271:Drimia
2175:Oziroe
2165:Nicipe
2133:Decne.
2116:Elsiea
1915:Drimia
1900:Scilla
1892:Fessia
1886:L'HĂ©r.
1800:Drimia
1789:Medik.
1764:Lindl.
1739:Bowiea
1715:Lindl.
1669:Medik.
1644:Albuca
1576:Scilla
1408:Drimia
1400:) and
1398:Drimia
1383:Drimia
1377:Bowiea
1348:) and
1325:Albuca
1286:Oziroë
1059:Tribes
972:Scilla
942:Engler
902:Batsch
574:Scilla
515:locule
505:pollen
501:adnate
497:Albuca
485:. The
418:and 6
416:tepals
403:, the
372:Scilla
243:Scilla
195:Scilla
172:Batsch
147:Genera
4361:55845
4348:47206
4335:44985
4304:IRMNG
4244:10419
4029:JSTOR
3805:S2CID
3660:S2CID
3561:JSTOR
3545:Taxon
3525:JSTOR
3509:Taxon
3336:JSTOR
3259:S2CID
3052:JSTOR
3032:(PDF)
2636:Italy
2606:edema
2473:birds
2469:moths
2465:flies
2461:wasps
2426:Japan
2422:Korea
2418:China
2414:India
2348:Speta
2338:Gled.
2267:Baker
2247:Adams
2237:Speta
2098:Speta
2063:Kunth
2056:Mill.
2046:Speta
2035:Harv.
2006:Parl.
1985:Kunth
1978:Kunth
1971:Baker
1926:Schur
1896:Speta
1825:Baker
1811:Harv.
1804:Jacq.
1703:et al
1655:Maire
1444:Speta
1013:clade
959:Huber
932:Baker
525:Fruit
424:ovary
176:Bork.
98:Clade
85:Clade
72:Clade
4369:POWO
4330:NCBI
4317:ITIS
4291:IPNI
4265:GRIN
4252:GBIF
4226:BOLD
4213:APNI
4154:2525
4149:GRIN
4123:APNI
3975:ISBN
3939:ISBN
3904:PMID
3652:PMID
3613:PMID
3115:and
3075:OCLC
2957:PMID
2766:OCLC
2690:and
2668:and
2630:Food
2620:and
2503:Uses
2493:ants
2467:and
2457:bees
2424:and
2179:Raf.
2168:Raf.
2154:Raf.
2147:Raf.
2140:Gray
2126:Raf.
2112:Raf.
1996:Roth
1911:Raf.
1839:Raf.
1676:Raf.
1662:Raf.
1600:and
1529:and
1460:= 9.
1344:and
1078:Rouy
1070:Rouy
1005:s.l.
974:and
954:s.l.
946:s.l.
937:s.l.
910:and
893:and
615:The
539:aril
535:Seed
481:and
407:and
395:and
381:and
271:and
246:and
4405:WFO
4270:555
4239:FNA
4177:364
4136:EoL
4021:doi
4000:doi
3996:201
3795:hdl
3787:doi
3783:365
3644:doi
3640:116
3603:PMC
3595:doi
3591:107
3553:doi
3517:doi
3476:doi
3410:hdl
3400:doi
3396:161
3367:doi
3363:141
3328:doi
3251:doi
3210:50a
3172:doi
3150:hdl
3142:doi
3119:".
3044:doi
2947:doi
2843:doi
2839:161
2725:),
2564:).
2432:to
2412:to
1517:),
1410:).
1390:),
897:).
202:of
174:ex
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4407::
4384::
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4095::
4027:.
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3994:.
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3898:.
3857:.
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3696:.
3658:.
3650:.
3638:.
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3601:.
3589:.
3585:.
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3559:.
3549:58
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3523:.
3513:52
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3394:.
3390:.
3361:.
3357:.
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3322:.
3318:.
3301:29
3299:.
3280:.
3257:.
3247:95
3245:.
3208:.
3168:13
3166:.
3148:.
3138:11
3136:.
3132:.
3111::
3050:.
3040:86
3038:.
3034:.
3015:^
2969:^
2955:.
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2941:.
2937:.
2923:^
2885:^
2869:.
2857:^
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2833:.
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2752:^
2721:,
2717:,
2713:,
2674:.
2579:,
2573:,
2548:,
2542:,
2536:,
2530:,
2499:.
2463:,
2459:,
2420:,
2315:,
2311:,
2307:,
2298:,
2292:L.
2163:,
2156:,
2149:,
2142:,
2135:,
2128:,
2121:,
2114:,
2107:,
2100:,
2091:L.
2065:,
2030:,
1980:,
1973:,
1855:,
1848:,
1841:,
1834:,
1827:,
1820:,
1813:,
1773:,
1671:,
1664:,
1657:,
1648:L.
1567:,
1561:,
1523:,
1495:,
1489:,
1483:,
1380:,
1334:,
1289:.
970:,
635:.
625:,
595:.
571:,
549:ÎŒm
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463:,
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411:.
291:.
267:,
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3867:.
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3756:.
3710:.
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