642:
829:; of course, you would need more shuffles if your shuffling technique is poor. Recently, the work of Trefethen et al. has questioned some of Diaconis' results, concluding that six shuffles are enough. The difference hinges on how each measured the randomness of the deck. Diaconis used a very sensitive test of randomness, and therefore needed to shuffle more. Even more sensitive measures exist, and the question of what measure is best for specific card games is still open. Diaconis released a response indicating that you only need four shuffles for un-suited games such as
228:
left hand (say), most of the cards are grasped as a group from the bottom of the pack between the thumb and fingers of the right hand and lifted clear of the small group that remains in the left hand. Small packets are then released from the right hand a packet at a time so that they drop on the top of the pack accumulating in the left hand. The process is repeated several times. The randomness of the whole shuffle is increased by the number of small packets in each shuffle and the number of repeat shuffles performed.
268:, in which half of the deck is held in each hand with the thumbs inward, then cards are released by the thumbs so that they fall to the table interleaved. Many also lift the cards up after a riffle, forming what is called a bridge which puts the cards back into place; it can also be done by placing the halves flat on the table with their rear corners touching, then lifting the back edges with the thumbs while pushing the halves together. While this method is more difficult, it is often used in
596:
other. Performing eight perfect faro shuffles in a row restores the order of the deck to the original order only if there are 52 cards in the deck and if the original top and bottom cards remain in their positions (1st and 52nd) during the eight shuffles. If the top and bottom cards are weaved in during each shuffle, it takes 52 shuffles to return the deck back into original order (or 26 shuffles to reverse the order).
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32:
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930:, where the randomness of the shuffling of packs of simulated cards for online card games is crucial. For this reason, many online gambling sites provide descriptions of their shuffling algorithms and the sources of randomness used to drive these algorithms, with some gambling sites also providing auditors' reports of the performance of their systems.
216:
694:
shuffle the cards, as it gives the casino a few advantages, including an increased complexity to the shuffle and therefore an increased difficulty for players to make predictions, even if they are collaborating with croupiers. The shuffling machines are carefully designed to avoid biasing the shuffle
359:
The
Mongean shuffle, or Monge's shuffle, is performed as follows (by a right-handed person): Start with the unshuffled deck in the left hand and transfer the top card to the right. Then repeatedly take the top card from the left hand and transfer it to the right, putting the second card at the top of
595:
A perfect faro shuffle, where the cards are perfectly alternated, is considered one of the most difficult sleights by card magicians, simply because it requires the shuffler to be able to cut the deck into two equal packets and apply just the right amount of pressure when pushing the cards into each
575:
Weaving is the procedure of pushing the ends of two halves of a deck against each other in such a way that they naturally intertwine. Sometimes the deck is split into equal halves of 26 cards which are then pushed together in a certain way so as to make them perfectly interweave. This is known as a
350:
This method is similar to 52 pickup and also useful for beginners. Also known as the Chemmy, Irish, wash, scramble, hard shuffle, smooshing, schwirsheling, or washing the cards, this involves simply spreading the cards out face down, and sliding them around and over each other with one's hands. Then
632:
Typically performed after a previous shuffling method, the cut is of simply taking a deck, dividing it into two portions of random size, and putting the previously lower portion on top of the previously higher portion. This is occasionally performed by a second shuffler, for additional assurance of
309:
for scissor) or "Kutti
Shuffle". The deck is held face down, with the middle finger on one long edge and the thumb on the other on the bottom half of the deck. The other hand draws off a packet from the top of the deck. This packet is allowed to drop into the palm. The maneuver is repeated over and
587:
is performed by cutting the deck into two, preferably equal, packs in both hands as follows (right-handed): The cards are held from above in the right and from below in the left hand. Separation of the deck is done simply lifting up half the cards with the right hand thumb slightly and pushing the
897:
There are other, less-desirable algorithms in common use. For example, one can assign a random number to each card, and then sort the cards in order of their random numbers. This will generate a random permutation, unless any of the random numbers generated are the same as any others (i.e. pairs,
227:
Johan
Jonasson wrote, "The overhand shuffle... is the shuffling technique where you gradually transfer the deck from, say, your right hand to your left hand by sliding off small packets from the top of the deck with your thumb." In detail as normally performed, with the pack initially held in the
660:
employ various methods of shuffling whereby the deck appears to have been shuffled fairly, when in reality one or more cards (up to and including the entire deck) stays in the same position. It is also possible, though generally considered very difficult, to "stack the deck" (place cards into a
604:
The
Mexican spiral shuffle is performed by cyclic actions of moving the top card onto the table, then the new top card under the deck, the next onto the table, next under the deck, and so on until the last card is dealt onto the table. It takes quite a long time, compared with riffle or overhand
231:
The overhand shuffle offers sufficient opportunity for sleight of hand techniques to be used to affect the ordering of cards, creating a stacked deck. The most common way that players cheat with the overhand shuffle is by having a card at the top or bottom of the pack that they require, and then
341:
A person may throw a deck of cards into the air or across a surface, and then pick up the cards in random order, assembled with the cards facing the same direction. If specific cards are observed too closely as they are picked up, an additional 52 pickup or an additional shuffling method may be
617:
Especially useful for large decks, a shuffler may divide a deck into two or more smaller decks, and give the other portion(s) to (an)other shuffler(s), each to choose their own shuffling method(s). Smaller decks or portions of smaller decks may be traded around as shuffling continues, then the
326:
Cards are simply dealt out into a number of piles, then the piles are stacked on top of each other. Though this is deterministic and does not randomize the cards at all, it ensures that cards that were next to each other are now separated. Some variations on the pile shuffle attempt to make it
749:
means that it is exceedingly improbable that two randomly selected, truly randomized decks will be the same. However, while the exact sequence of all cards in a randomized deck is unpredictable, it may be possible to make some probabilistic predictions about a deck that is not sufficiently
770:
In practice the number of shuffles required depends both on the quality of the shuffle and how significant non-randomness is, particularly how good the people playing are at noticing and using non-randomness. Two to four shuffles is good enough for casual play. But in club play, good
287:
provides a mathematical model of the random outcomes of riffling that has been shown experimentally to be a good fit to human shuffling and that forms the basis for a recommendation that card decks be riffled seven times in order to randomize them thoroughly. Later, mathematicians
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left hand's packet forward away from the right hand. The two packets are often crossed and tapped against each other to align them. They are then pushed together by the short sides and bent (either up or down). The cards then alternately fall into each other, much like a
898:
triplets etc.). This can be eliminated either by adjusting one of the pair's values randomly up or down by a small amount, or reduced to an arbitrarily low probability by choosing a sufficiently wide range of random number choices. If using efficient sorting such as
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divided into suits with two suits in ascending order from ace to king, and the other two suits in reverse. (Many decks already come ordered this way when new.) After shuffling, the measure of randomness is the number of rising sequences that are left in each suit.
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The number of shuffles that are sufficient for a "good" level of randomness depends on the type of shuffle and the measure of "good enough randomness", which in turn depends on the game in question. For most games, four to seven riffle shuffles are sufficient: for
695:
and are typically computer-controlled. Shuffling machines also save time that would otherwise be wasted on manual shuffling, thereby increasing the profitability of the table. These machines are also used to lessen repetitive-motion-stress injuries to a dealer.
351:
the cards are moved into one pile so that they begin to intertwine and are then arranged back into a stack. Statistically random shuffling is achieved after approximately one minute of smoothing. Smooshing has been largely popularized by Simon Hofman.
592:. A flourish can be added by springing the packets together by applying pressure and bending them from above, as called the bridge finish. The faro is a controlled shuffle which does not randomize a deck when performed properly.
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and the Push-Through-False-Shuffle as particularly effective examples of the false shuffle. In these shuffles, the entire deck remains in its original order, although spectators think they see an honest riffle shuffle.
546:
296:
authored a paper using a tweaked version of the
Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model showing that the minimum number of riffles for total randomization could also be six, if the method of defining randomness is changed.
232:
slipping it to the bottom at the start of a shuffle (if it was on top to start), or leaving it as the last card in a shuffle and just dropping it on top (if it was originally on the bottom of the deck).
698:
Players with superstitions often regard with suspicion any electronic equipment, so casinos sometimes still have the croupiers perform the shuffling at tables that typically attract those crowds (e.g.,
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On the other hand, variation distance may be too forgiving a measure and seven riffle shuffles may be many too few. For example, seven shuffles of a new deck leaves an 81% probability of winning
425:
342:
needed for sufficient randomization. This method is useful for beginners, but the shuffle requires a large clean surface for spreading out the cards, and it may take more time than is desired.
767:, four riffle shuffles are sufficient, while for suited games, seven riffle shuffles are necessary. There are some games, however, for which even seven riffle shuffles are insufficient.
775:
players take advantage of non-randomness after four shuffles, and top blackjack players supposedly track aces through the deck; this is known as "ace tracking", or more generally, as "
318:
the cards to the resulting pile. This is the most common shuffling technique in Asia and other parts of the world, while the overhand shuffle is primarily used in
Western countries.
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created a false riffle shuffle of such beauty that it is quite possibly the only move to have been originated by a magician and that has found its way into world of card cheating.
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of the cards; beware that this terminology (an algorithm that perfectly randomizes the deck) differs from "a perfectly executed single shuffle", notably a perfectly interleaving
310:
over, with newly drawn packets dropping onto previous ones, until the deck is all in the second hand. Indian shuffle differs from stripping in that all the action is in the hand
272:
because it minimizes the risk of exposing cards during the shuffle. There are two types of perfect riffle shuffles: if the top card moves to be second from the top then it is an
821:
of random riffle shuffling and concluded that the deck did not start to become random until five good riffle shuffles, and was truly random after seven, in the precise sense of
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shuffles, but allows other players to fully control cards which are on the table. The
Mexican spiral shuffle was popular at the end of the 19th century in some areas of
822:
809:, who began studying the question around 1970, and has authored many papers in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s on the subject with numerous co-authors. Most famous is (
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smaller decks are combined (and briefly shuffled) into the original large deck. This also prevents one shuffler having unfair control of the randomization.
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2669:
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A new alternative to Fisher-Yates, which does not use any array memory operations, is the use a Pseudo Random Index
Generator (PRIG) function algorithm.
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the new deck, the third at the bottom, the fourth at the top, the fifth at the bottom, etc. The result, if one started with cards numbered consecutively
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791:, which was abandoned in 1955, the question of how many shuffles was required remained open until 1990, when it was convincingly solved as
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745:) possible orderings, or specifically 80,658,175,170,943,878,571,660,636,856,403,766,975,289,505,440,883,277,824,000,000,000,000. The
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1547:
Diaconis and his colleagues are issuing an update. When dealing many gambling games, like blackjack, about four shuffles are enough.
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115:
730:. In other words, there are 52 × 51 × 50 × 49 × ··· × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 possible combinations of card sequence. This is approximately
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For a deck of given size, the number of
Mongean shuffles that it takes to return a deck to starting position, is known (sequence
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1959:
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1332:, Institute of Mathematical Statistics Lecture Notes—Monograph Series, 11, Hayward, CA: Institute of Mathematical Statistics,
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887:-card deck, assuming constant time for fundamental steps) algorithm for doing this. Shuffling can be seen as the opposite of
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where the probability is 50% with a uniform random deck. One sensitive test for randomness uses a standard deck without the
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Cards lifted after a riffle shuffle, forming what is called a bridge which puts the cards back into place
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If a computer has access to purely random numbers, it is capable of generating a "perfect shuffle", a
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randomization, and to prevent either the shuffler or an observer from knowing the top or bottom card.
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2019:
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the cards, whereas in stripping, the action is performed by the hand with the original deck,
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desirable order) by means of one or more riffle shuffles; this is called "riffle stacking".
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Mathematical
Developments from the Analysis of Riffle Shuffling, Technical Report 2002-16
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as elaborated below. Some results preceded this, and refinements have continued since.
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Diaconis, Persi; Pal, Soumik (2017-11-02). "Shuffling cards by spatial motion".
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as a protection from gamblers and con men arriving from the United States.
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Group Representations in Probability and Statistics (Lecture Notes Vol 11)
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Jonasson, Johan (2006). "The overhand shuffle mixes in Θ(n2logn) steps".
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541:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 2n,2n-2,2n-4,\dots ,4,2,1,3,\dots ,2n-3,2n-1}
223:
One of the easiest shuffles to accomplish after a little practice is the
711:"52!" redirects here. For information on the mathematical function, see
327:
slightly random by dealing to the piles in a random order each circuit.
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How We Learned to Cheat at Online Poker: A Study in Software Security
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1216:"The Achilles' Heel of the GSR Shuffle: A Note on New Age Solitaire"
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202:, to help ensure that the shuffler has not manipulated the outcome.
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1437:(1st ed.). New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. p. 109.
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1153:(4), (Consortium for Mathematics and Its Applications): 303–332
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25:
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UMAP Journal (Undergraduate Mathematics and Its Applications)
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1165:(2000). "How many shuffles to randomize a deck of cards?".
561:). Twelve perfect Mongean shuffles restore a 52-card deck.
553:
926:
These issues are of considerable commercial importance in
1223:
Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences
427:, would be a deck with the cards in the following order:
1435:
Phantoms of the Card Table: Confessions of a Card Sharp
664:
Both performance magicians and card sharps regard the
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1143:"How many times should you shuffle a deck of cards?"
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A leading figure in the mathematics of shuffling is
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Group representations in probability and statistics
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Procedure used to randomize a deck of playing cards
1513:
1399:
540:
420:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle 1,2,3,4,5,6,\dots ,2n}
419:
875:, is simple (a few lines of code) and efficient (
280:(which preserves both the top and bottom cards).
305:Also known as the "Indian", "Kattar", "Kenchi" (
1559:Assaf, Sami; Persi Diaconis; K. Soundararajan.
1610:Magician's tool with much shuffling simulation
1605:Illustrated guide to several shuffling methods
19:"Shuffle" redirects here. For other uses, see
4485:
3127:
2675:Worshipful Company of Makers of Playing Cards
1661:
810:
8:
1168:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A
1022:"Trailing the Dovetail Shuffle to its Lair"
256:A common shuffling technique is called the
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2670:Saga Arashiyama Museum of Arts and Culture
2585:
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1654:
1646:
1527:"Shuffling the cards: Math does the trick"
1229:(3). Cambridge University Press: 315–328.
1488:"In Shuffling Cards, 7 Is Winning Number"
1461:
1459:
1457:
1417:
1366:"In Shuffling Cards, 7 Is Winning Number"
1293:
1188:
1131:
1037:
432:
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252:After a riffle shuffle, the cards cascade
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1088:Department of Statistics, archived from
158:of all important aspects of the article.
2960:The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds
1272:
1214:Van Zuylen, A.; Schalekamp, F. (2004).
726:) possible orderings of the cards in a
2613:International Skat Players Association
1625:Shuffle - MathWorld - Wolfram Research
1561:"A Rule of Thumb for Riffle Shuffling"
154:Please consider expanding the lead to
2714:Blackstone's Card Trick Without Cards
1636:Real world (historical) application:
1113:"The mathematics of perfect shuffles"
7:
1585:
1056:Institute of Mathematical Statistics
969:"Shuffling Cards and Stopping Times"
918:) average and worst-case algorithm.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
2995:Violin and Playing Cards on a Table
198:. Shuffling is often followed by a
194:to provide an element of chance in
2665:Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer
2651:International Playing-Card Society
2339:United States Playing Card Company
1533:. November 7, 2008. Archived from
813:), co-authored with mathematician
14:
1282:The Annals of Applied Probability
1026:The Annals of Applied Probability
4427:
4426:
2636:Fournier Museum of Playing Cards
2631:Cary Collection of Playing Cards
1620:Real World Shuffling In Practice
1486:Kolata, Gina (January 9, 1990).
1467:Van Zuylen & Schalekamp 2004
1433:Britland, David; Gazzo (2004) .
132:
30:
2953:Card Players in a Rich Interior
1120:Advances in Applied Mathematics
146:may be too short to adequately
41:needs additional citations for
1514:Trefethen & Trefethen 2000
1400:Trefethen & Trefethen 2000
686:often equip their tables with
276:, otherwise it is known as an
156:provide an accessible overview
1:
2854:The Phantom of the Card Table
2641:German Doppelkopf Association
2309:Nürnberger-Spielkarten-Verlag
1387:"Shuffling, what's the Deal?"
977:American Mathematical Monthly
722:(expressed in shorthand as 52
3073:Patience and solitaire games
2967:Cardplayers in a Sunlit Room
2799:The Expert at the Card Table
1133:10.1016/0196-8858(83)90009-X
787:Following early research at
5320:Tarot and Tarock card games
4523:Glossary of card game terms
4456:Tarot and Tarock card games
4447:Non trick-taking card games
3091:Tarot and Tarock card games
3055:Non trick-taking card games
2536:Richard Valentine Pitchford
2506:Master of the Playing Cards
1629:Ivars Peterson's MathTrek:
819:Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model
285:Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model
5365:
2646:German Playing Card Museum
1631:Card Shuffling Shenanigans
1615:Mathematics of shuffling:
1304:10.1214/105051605000000692
1141:Mann, Brad (Winter 1994),
852:
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18:
5285:
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1600:Physical card shuffling:
1235:10.1017/S0269964804183034
811:Bayer & Diaconis 1992
3528:Twenty-five (Spoil Five)
2608:International Skat Court
2598:British Skat Association
827:Markov chain mixing time
747:magnitude of this number
21:Shuffle (disambiguation)
5311:Trick-taking card games
3143:Trick-taking card games
3064:Trick-taking card games
2603:German Skat Association
2381:Bielefelder Spielkarten
1039:10.1214/aoap/1177005705
654:sleight-of-hand artists
186:is a procedure used to
2988:Still Life with a Poem
2191:Guru (circular whirls)
1199:10.1098/rspa.2000.0625
646:
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5344:Card game terminology
5293:Historical card games
4438:Historical card games
4035:(except where stated)
3162:(except where stated)
3046:Historical card games
3027:Play Your Cards Right
2744:Twenty-One Card Trick
2719:The Circus Card Trick
2481:Johann Kaspar Hechtel
1807:Archaeology awareness
1801:Ambraser Hofjagdspiel
817:, which analyzed the
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2810:History of cardistry
2294:J.O. Öberg & Son
1817:Flemish Hunting Deck
869:Fisher–Yates shuffle
855:Fisher–Yates shuffle
431:
364:
50:improve this article
5187:Kings in the Corner
4574:Beggar-my-neighbour
4192:Officers' Schafkopf
3004:Film and television
2946:The Card Players II
2704:The Acme of Control
1364:(January 9, 1990).
1181:2000RSPSA.456.2561N
1175:(2002): 2561–2568.
1086:Stanford University
4388:Swiss German packs
4072:Bohemian Schneider
4019:Württemberg Tarock
2981:Dogs Playing Poker
2546:Johann Georg Rauch
2334:U.S. Games Systems
1696:Playing card suits
1493:The New York Times
1371:The New York Times
1109:Kantor, William M.
1058:, pp. 77–84,
950:Solitaire (cipher)
861:random permutation
823:variation distance
690:instead of having
688:shuffling machines
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294:Lloyd N. Trefethen
290:Lloyd M. Trefethen
254:
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4848:Continental Rummy
4579:Egyptian Ratscrew
4500:Non trick-taking
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4280:Wendish Schafkopf
4227:Russian Schnapsen
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2887:Si Stebbins stack
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2729:Out of This World
2724:The Four Burglars
2685:Card manipulation
2621:
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2571:Fusajiro Yamauchi
2531:Ferdinand Piatnik
2414:
2413:
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1960:Portuguese-suited
1862:
1861:
1839:Most-wanted Iraqi
1822:Hamas most wanted
1779:Curse of Scotland
1105:Graham, Ronald L.
1065:978-0-940600-14-0
940:Card manipulation
871:, popularized by
838:New Age Solitaire
679:Shuffling machine
266:leafing the cards
225:overhand shuffle.
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5089:Snip-Snap-Snorum
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4116:German Schafkopf
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3401:Norseman's knock
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2939:The Card Players
2932:The Bezique Game
2915:
2897:Three-card monte
2776:Cards in the hat
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2657:The Playing-Card
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2521:Samuel J. Murray
2461:Thierry Depaulis
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2128:German and Swiss
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1890:Four-colour pack
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1163:Trefethen, L. M.
1159:Trefethen, L. N.
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777:shuffle tracking
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219:Overhand shuffle
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4883:Liverpool rummy
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4710:Ranter-Go-Round
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4099:Dreierschnapsen
4077:Bohemian Watten
4049:Bauernschnapsen
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3964:Bavarian Tarock
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3793:Klaberjass/Bela
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3353:Knock-out whist
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2561:Charles Troedel
2556:Howard Thurston
2476:Richard Harding
2410:
2391:Charles Goodall
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2254:ASS Altenburger
2239:
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2226:Tens of Myriads
2216:Strings of Cash
2203:Chinese (Money)
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1767:Queen of spades
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1190:10.1.1.167.7656
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1101:Diaconis, Persi
1099:
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1073:Diaconis, Persi
1071:
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1048:Diaconis, Persi
1046:
1018:Diaconis, Persi
1012:
990:10.2307/2323590
971:
965:Diaconis, Persi
963:Aldous, David;
962:
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928:online gambling
924:
922:Online gambling
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793:seven shuffles,
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645:Shuffling trick
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5349:Card shuffling
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5182:Jack Change It
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4938:Viennese Rummy
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4923:Three thirteen
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4898:Robbers' rummy
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4853:Contract rummy
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4546:Costly colours
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3908:Tausendundeins
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3833:Officers' Skat
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3718:Bauernheinrich
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3271:Call-ace whist
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3209:Auction bridge
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2974:The Cardsharps
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2860:Second dealing
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2815:House of cards
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2756:Bottom dealing
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2709:Ambitious Card
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2419:Notable people
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2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1926:Hyakunin Isshu
1922:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1854:Transformation
1851:
1849:Stuttgart pack
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Jerry's Nugget
1831:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1794:
1793:Specific decks
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1597:
1596:External links
1594:
1591:
1590:
1577:
1551:
1518:
1505:
1471:
1453:
1444:978-1568582993
1443:
1425:
1404:
1392:
1378:
1353:
1338:
1317:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1211:
1155:
1138:
1126:(2): 175–196.
1097:
1069:
1064:
1044:
1032:(2): 295–313.
1010:
984:(5): 333–348.
959:
957:
954:
953:
952:
947:
942:
935:
932:
923:
920:
853:Main article:
850:
847:
807:Persi Diaconis
784:
781:
763:games such as
755:
752:
708:
705:
677:Main article:
674:
671:
666:Zarrow shuffle
638:
635:
626:Main article:
623:
620:
614:
611:
601:
600:Mexican spiral
598:
569:Main article:
566:
563:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
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491:
488:
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479:
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467:
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400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
356:
353:
347:
344:
335:Main article:
332:
329:
323:
320:
302:
299:
237:
234:
212:
209:
207:
204:
179:Riffle shuffle
171:
170:
164:September 2024
150:the key points
140:
138:
131:
124:
123:
106:September 2024
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5361:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5321:
5312:
5303:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:Lusti-Kartl'n
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4788:Rosbiratschka
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:Chase the Ace
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:My ship sails
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4457:
4448:
4439:
4433:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4408:Hindersi-Jass
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Unteransetzen
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:Rosbiratschka
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Lusti-Kartl'n
4165:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Slobberhannes
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:Letzter Stich
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Catch the ten
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:(Danish) (20)
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:Konter a Matt
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3288:
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3282:
3279:
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3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
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3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
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3193:
3190:
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3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
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3137:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:Playing Cards
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
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2978:
2976:
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2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:Art and media
2909:
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2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
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2876:
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2829:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Herrmann pass
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Cardistry-Con
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:Card throwing
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2742:
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2735:
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2722:
2720:
2717:
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2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:52 Plus Joker
2624:
2623:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:organisations
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:David Parlett
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Lennart Green
2469:
2467:
2466:S. W. Erdnase
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
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2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Oishi Tengudo
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:France Cartes
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:Manufacturers
2245:
2242:
2238:Manufacturers
2236:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
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2200:
2192:
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2186:
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2141:
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2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Stripped deck
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1984:
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1837:
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1832:
1830:
1829:
1828:Hofämterspiel
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
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1795:
1791:
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1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:Ace of hearts
1748:
1746:
1745:Ace of spades
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1677:Playing cards
1671:
1666:
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1659:
1657:
1652:
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1648:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
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1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1588:, section 10)
1587:
1581:
1578:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1537:on 2009-01-11
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
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1495:
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1482:
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1420:
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1401:
1396:
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1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1339:0-940600-14-5
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
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1273:
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1244:
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1228:
1224:
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1196:
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1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
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1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:on 2010-08-04
1091:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
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983:
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966:
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886:
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870:
866:
862:
856:
848:
846:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
825:described in
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:
801:
800:mathematician
796:
794:
790:
782:
780:
778:
774:
768:
766:
762:
753:
751:
748:
744:
729:
725:
721:
718:There are 52
714:
707:Randomization
706:
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242:
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217:
210:
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201:
197:
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192:playing cards
189:
185:
177:
167:
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144:
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120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
5323:}}
5317:{{
5314:}}
5308:{{
5305:}}
5299:{{
5296:}}
5290:{{
5162:Dupa biskupa
5142:Crazy Eights
4933:Treppenrommé
4893:Penang rummy
4873:Indian rummy
4863:German Rummy
4738:Bauernfangen
4657:Stop the Bus
4512:
4459:}}
4453:{{
4450:}}
4444:{{
4441:}}
4435:{{
4404:Schieberjass
4343:Calabresella
4043:Bauernfangen
4029:German packs
3985:Haferltarock
3959:Bauerntarock
3948:German packs
3928:Twenty-eight
3883:Siebenschräm
3686:French packs
3646:Six-bid solo
3559:French packs
3533:Two-ten-jack
3523:Turkish King
3323:German whist
3318:French whist
3156:French packs
3103:}}
3100:Occult tarot
3097:{{
3094:}}
3088:{{
3085:}}
3079:{{
3076:}}
3070:{{
3067:}}
3061:{{
3058:}}
3052:{{
3049:}}
3043:{{
3025:
3017:
3010:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2925:The Acrobats
2923:
2864:
2852:
2820:One-way deck
2797:
2761:Card marking
2739:Spelling Bee
2655:
2551:Juan Tamariz
2456:Dan and Dave
2446:Derren Brown
2441:David Blaine
2376:Aspioti-ELKA
2324:Ravensburger
2041:
1981:
1974:
1947:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1894:
1877:
1826:
1799:
1687:52-card deck
1635:
1614:
1599:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1554:
1546:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1531:Science News
1530:
1521:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1491:
1448:
1434:
1428:
1407:
1395:
1381:
1369:
1362:Kolata, Gina
1356:
1329:
1320:
1295:math/0501401
1285:
1281:
1275:
1254:. Retrieved
1226:
1222:
1172:
1166:
1150:
1146:
1123:
1119:
1090:the original
1077:
1051:
1029:
1025:
981:
975:
945:Mental poker
925:
915:
911:
896:
893:
884:
880:
873:Donald Knuth
865:faro shuffle
858:
835:
797:
792:
786:
769:
757:
750:randomized.
743:vigintillion
728:52-card deck
717:
697:
682:
663:
648:
631:
616:
613:Team shuffle
603:
594:
585:faro shuffle
582:
578:Faro Shuffle
577:
574:
571:Faro shuffle
550:
358:
349:
340:
325:
315:
311:
304:
282:
265:
261:
257:
255:
230:
224:
222:
183:
182:
161:
145:
143:lead section
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
5247:Ristiseiska
5122:Brede Mette
5117:Black Peter
4858:Dummy rummy
4748:Davoserjazz
4604:Schlafmütze
4589:Ninety-nine
4551:Ninety-nine
4414:Kaiserspiel
4368:Truc y Flou
4295:Zehnerlegen
4177:Matzlfangen
4121:German Solo
3708:Bassadewitz
3641:Scharwenzel
3479:Skærvindsel
3468:Sixty-three
3448:Ristikontra
3396:Ninety-nine
3313:Forty-fives
3298:Court piece
3241:Black Maria
3012:Card Sharks
2902:Trick decks
2793:Double lift
2734:Rising Card
2516:Anton Moser
2511:John McLeod
2496:René Lavand
2451:Lewis Cohen
2431:Hubert Auer
2406:Waddingtons
2401:Lewis Cohen
2284:F.X. Schmid
2080:Other suits
1868:Other packs
1844:Politicards
1570:14 November
1541:14 November
1256:14 November
1014:Bayer, Dave
906:this is an
754:Sufficiency
658:card cheats
628:Cut (cards)
278:out shuffle
264:shuffle or
65:"Shuffling"
5338:Categories
5217:Paskahousu
5172:Hahndreier
5059:Nain Jaune
5026:Tablanette
4971:Byggkasino
4918:Thirty-one
4813:Bing rummy
4763:Kein Stich
4725:Compendium
4715:Vogelspiel
4695:Höllfahren
4637:James Bond
4566:Collecting
4502:card games
4265:Trischettn
4146:Kein Stich
4087:Doppelkopf
4002:Mulatschak
3933:Zwanzig ab
3878:Sheepshead
3863:Préférence
3651:Svängknack
3631:Marjapussi
3621:Hindersche
3495:Spoil Five
3338:Hucklebuck
3236:Black lady
2892:Spoke card
2841:mechanic's
2836:magician's
2827:and grips
2766:Card sharp
2580:Groups and
2566:Dai Vernon
2436:Bryan Berg
2259:Cartamundi
2240:and brands
2223:of Strings
2159:Portuguese
2010:Court card
1970:Tarot pack
1940:uta-garuta
1499:2012-11-14
1419:1708.08147
956:References
849:Algorithms
815:Dave Bayer
274:in shuffle
206:Techniques
196:card games
190:a deck of
76:newspapers
5242:Red nines
5227:Pusoy dos
5222:President
5192:Last Card
5157:Dou dizhu
5064:Newmarket
4908:Gin rummy
4888:Militaire
4783:Quodlibet
4667:Comparing
4652:Schwimmen
4513:Shuffling
4358:Tressette
4328:Botifarra
4270:Wallachen
4254:Sixty-six
4238:Schnapsen
4233:Schafkopf
4207:Ramscheln
4197:Quodlibet
4182:Mauscheln
4131:Grasobern
4013:Schnalzen
4007:Perlaggen
3873:Schwimmen
3858:Preferans
3803:Klaverjas
3783:Herzblatt
3778:Fünf dazu
3733:Bierlachs
3713:Bauerchen
3500:Stýrivolt
3381:Lanterloo
3343:Kachufool
3225:Bid whist
3204:All fours
2918:Paintings
2875:Gilbreath
2865:Shuffling
2831:gambler's
2690:cardistry
2486:Ricky Jay
2426:Lee Asher
2386:C.L. Wüst
2269:Dal Negro
2187:Japanese
2056:Nicknames
1870:and decks
1784:Beer card
1685:Standard
1586:Mann 1994
1312:119648392
1267:Footnotes
1243:0269-9648
1185:CiteSeerX
900:mergesort
831:blackjack
789:Bell Labs
765:blackjack
720:factorial
713:factorial
703:tables).
692:croupiers
650:Magicians
532:−
517:−
505:…
475:…
466:−
451:−
405:…
337:52 pickup
331:52 pickup
188:randomize
184:Shuffling
148:summarize
5302:Patience
5272:Tiến lên
5252:Shithead
5232:Quatorze
5212:One-card
5207:Old maid
5099:Shedding
5084:Slapjack
5041:Matching
4986:Cuarenta
4843:Conquian
4833:Chinchón
4803:Draw and
4632:Commerce
4619:Commerce
4599:Quartets
4541:Cribbage
4432:Category
4338:Briscola
4260:Sticheln
4082:Bolachen
4055:Bierkopf
4033:32 cards
3975:Brusbart
3951:36 cards
3853:Polignac
3838:Oma Skat
3828:Mistigri
3823:Marjolet
3798:Klammern
3738:Brandeln
3690:32 cards
3671:Viersche
3661:Tarabish
3636:Rutersju
3563:36 cards
3463:Sheng ji
3453:Rödskägg
3432:Polskpas
3416:Pinochle
3391:Napoleon
3375:Knüffeln
3370:Köpknack
3328:Gong Zhu
3303:Cucumber
3160:52 cards
2501:Ed Marlo
2304:Nintendo
2274:Fournier
2032:Pip card
1949:Kvitlech
1933:kabufuda
1919:hanafuda
1812:Charruan
1719:Diamonds
1328:(1988),
1251:18330303
1207:14055379
1111:(1983).
1075:(2002),
1050:(1988),
1020:(1992).
1006:11625632
967:(1986).
934:See also
904:heapsort
883:) on an
804:magician
783:Research
761:unsuited
701:baccarat
673:Machines
262:dovetail
211:Overhand
5277:Vändtia
5237:Rabouge
5202:Mau-Mau
5152:Daifugō
5112:Big two
5079:Sedmice
5049:Go Fish
5031:Zwicker
5006:Go-Stop
4976:Cassino
4958:Fishing
4948:500 rum
4878:Kalooki
4838:Colonel
4828:Carioca
4823:Canasta
4805:discard
4758:Herzeln
4518:Cutting
4400:Chratze
4318:Aluette
4309:Spanish
4305:Italian
4249:Sedmice
4151:Lampeln
4136:Herzeln
4067:Blattla
4061:Binokel
3996:Kratzen
3938:Zwicken
3903:Solo 66
3843:Pilotta
3818:Manille
3808:Letzter
3753:Coinche
3748:Chouine
3728:Bezique
3676:Voormsi
3666:Trekort
3548:Zwikken
3512:Tarneeb
3406:Oh hell
3386:Mizerka
3308:Femkort
3281:Clabber
2788:Cutting
2396:Dondorf
2369:Defunct
2360:Grimaud
2355:Bicycle
2319:Piatnik
2299:Modiano
2221:Myriads
2155:Spanish
2151:Italian
2149:Latin (
2114:Shields
2071:Unicode
1965:Russian
1903:ganjapa
1896:Ganjifa
1885:Chinese
1566:. t.b.a
1348:0964069
1177:Bibcode
998:2323590
889:sorting
738:(80,658
684:Casinos
557:in the
554:A019567
355:Mongean
270:casinos
258:riffle,
90:scholar
5267:Switch
5137:Craits
5107:Bartok
5021:Skwitz
4996:Escopa
4991:Escoba
4981:Cicera
4966:Bastra
4913:Rumino
4818:Buraco
4743:Bonken
4680:Coucou
4533:Adding
4353:Julepe
4333:Brisca
4323:Bestia
4275:Watten
4222:Rumpel
4212:Ramsen
4202:Ramsch
4187:Mucken
4172:Mariáš
4161:Lupfen
4141:Herzla
4126:Gilten
4112:(2x24)
4110:Gaigel
4105:Elfern
4089:(2x24)
4063:(2x24)
3990:Jaggln
3969:Bieten
3923:Tuppen
3918:Toepen
3913:Tippen
3848:Piquet
3788:Kaiser
3773:Fipsen
3768:Euchre
3758:Écarté
3723:Belote
3703:Baloot
3517:Thunee
3490:Spades
3458:Shelem
3438:Priffe
3418:(2x24)
3333:Hearts
3292:Chlust
3266:Bridge
3261:Bourré
3256:Boston
3251:Bonken
3022:(1896)
2880:Zarrow
2846:Tenkai
2698:Tricks
2348:Brands
2289:Gemaco
2183:Swords
2178:Batons
2135:Acorns
2096:Leaves
2088:German
2015:knight
2000:Banner
1983:Zi pai
1976:Tujeon
1955:Polish
1912:Karuta
1879:As-Nas
1714:Hearts
1709:Spades
1700:French
1441:
1346:
1336:
1310:
1249:
1241:
1205:
1187:
1062:
1004:
996:
867:. The
842:jokers
773:bridge
740:
732:8.0658
656:, and
637:Faking
607:Mexico
590:zipper
316:giving
312:taking
236:Riffle
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
5257:Speed
5167:Durak
5147:Cheat
5132:Comet
5127:Burro
5074:Sedma
5016:Scopa
5011:Mulle
5001:Pasur
4943:Yaniv
4903:Rummy
4773:Lorum
4753:Dreeg
4733:Barbu
4705:Kille
4685:Cuccù
4642:Kemps
4556:Noddy
4373:Truco
4311:packs
4244:Sedma
4156:Lorum
4093:Dreeg
3980:Dobbm
3888:Sjavs
3763:Enflé
3743:Bruus
3626:Knack
3596:Bruus
3581:Bräus
3571:Agram
3543:Whist
3506:Sueca
3485:Smear
3473:Sjavs
3422:Pitch
3411:Pedro
3276:Cinch
3246:Bluke
3230:Bisca
3219:Baśka
3214:Barbu
3176:3-5-8
3170:3-2-5
3082:Poker
2825:Palms
2329:Trefl
2264:Copag
2173:Coins
2140:Bells
2119:Roses
2106:Swiss
2066:Talon
2051:Joker
2037:deuce
2025:Unter
2005:Blank
1993:Cards
1762:Queen
1733:Ranks
1724:Clubs
1564:(PDF)
1414:arXiv
1308:S2CID
1290:arXiv
1247:S2CID
1219:(PDF)
1203:S2CID
1116:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
1082:(PDF)
1002:S2CID
994:JSTOR
972:(PDF)
346:Corgi
307:Hindi
301:Hindu
97:JSTOR
83:books
5262:Spit
5177:Hund
5069:Poch
4928:Tonk
4868:Golf
4793:Trex
4778:Poch
4768:King
4700:Hypp
4690:Gnav
4627:Brag
4396:Jass
4378:Tute
4363:Truc
4348:Gilé
4285:Ulti
4256:(24)
4240:(20)
4229:(24)
4163:(20)
4101:(20)
4095:(24)
4057:(20)
4051:(20)
4045:(20)
4015:(33)
4009:(33)
3998:(33)
3992:(33)
3971:(33)
3893:Skat
3868:Rams
3656:Tapp
3616:Frog
3611:Dapp
3601:Bura
3591:Brús
3586:Brus
3576:Bête
3550:(20)
3538:Vira
3519:(24)
3508:(40)
3502:(48)
3481:(28)
3434:(24)
3427:Phat
3377:(48)
3366:(16)
3360:(24)
3348:King
3294:(20)
3287:Clag
3283:(24)
3232:(40)
3221:(16)
3200:(24)
3198:1001
3194:(24)
3192:1000
3188:(43)
3172:(30)
3147:list
2870:faro
2688:and
2590:Skat
2211:Cash
2168:Cups
2043:Weli
2020:Ober
1774:Jack
1757:King
1572:2008
1543:2008
1439:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1258:2009
1239:ISSN
1060:ISBN
914:log
802:and
583:The
565:Faro
559:OEIS
322:Pile
292:and
283:The
69:news
5197:Mao
4647:Mus
4609:War
4594:Pig
4307:or
3698:304
3443:Put
3364:Kop
3186:500
3181:400
1740:Ace
1300:doi
1231:doi
1195:doi
1173:456
1128:doi
1034:doi
986:doi
902:or
779:".
622:Cut
260:or
200:cut
52:by
5340::
4406:,
4402:,
1545:.
1529:.
1490:.
1474:^
1456:^
1447:.
1368:.
1344:MR
1342:,
1306:.
1298:.
1288:.
1286:16
1284:.
1245:.
1237:.
1227:18
1225:.
1221:.
1201:.
1193:.
1183:.
1171:.
1161:;
1151:15
1149:,
1145:,
1122:.
1118:.
1107:;
1103:;
1084:,
1054:,
1028:.
1024:.
1016:;
1000:.
992:.
982:93
980:.
974:.
891:.
833:.
736:10
652:,
580:.
548:.
4493:e
4486:t
4479:v
4410:)
4398:(
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