480:
411:
5451:
143:
423:
119:
4691:
2128:
5413:
2152:
2895:
3851:
5439:
2140:
600:
was about 1.5 metres (5 ft) in body length, similar in size to a modern orangutan. In most respects, it would have resembled a chimpanzee, but its face was closer to that of an orangutan. The shape of its wrists and general body proportions suggest that it spent a significant amount of its time
460:, as the jaw was more like a human's than any other fossil ape then known, a claim revived in the 1960s. At that time, it was believed that the ancestors of humans had diverged from other apes 14 million years ago. Biochemical studies upset this view, suggesting that there was an early split between
620:
bones, narrow setting of eyes from each other, smoothness of nasal floor, and central incisor enlargement. However
Sivapithecus' "dental characteristics and postcranial skeleton do not confirm this phylogenetic position" say Yaowalak Chaimanee of the Paleontology section of Thailand's
654:
in
Pakistan as well as in parts of India. The animal was about the size of a chimpanzee but had the facial morphology of an orangutan; it ate soft fruit (detected in the toothwear pattern) and was probably mainly
5540:
2025:
622:
1261:
1221:
1271:
5527:
2113:
1957:
1015:
Morgan, Michèle E.; Lewton, Kristi L.; Kelley, Jay; Otárola-Castillo, Erik; Barry, John C.; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Pilbeam, David (8 December 2014).
843:
Bhandari, Ansuya; Kay, Richard F.; Williams, Blythe A.; Tiwari, Brahma Nand; Bajpai, Sunil; Hieronymus, Tobin (2018-11-14). Charles, Cyril (ed.).
1266:
5635:
2015:
1276:
2020:
1898:
1149:
1111:
1088:
2190:
5640:
1977:
2086:
1193:
487:
5630:
1952:
1130:
1175:
498:
were found in 1975 and 1976, which showed that it was less human-like than had been thought. It began to look more and more like
510:. They were definitely members of the same genus. It is also likely that they were already separate from the common ancestor of
2096:
1992:
1873:
2091:
1392:
130:
1214:
819:
5429:
1962:
1839:
1725:
142:
5443:
3603:
2156:
2060:
1878:
1399:
1253:
693:
2144:
1918:
1849:
1385:
1378:
1371:
5625:
4690:
2101:
1997:
1893:
2183:
2132:
1435:
1207:
523:
5597:
5412:
558:. The partial skull was likely scavenged after death. The specimen (GSP 15000) bore many similarities to the
4448:
4266:
3673:
2070:
2007:
1967:
1413:
1189:
1185:
616:
Similarities to orangutans in what are chiefly jaw and partial skull fossils are a concave face with large
5467:
3727:
3431:
2812:
2065:
2040:
2035:
1928:
1883:
1844:
1406:
625:
and colleagues, while reporting a find in 2003, so neat affinities are not the state of finding to date.
5566:
4513:
4197:
4139:
4077:
1449:
1080:
5584:
2894:
410:
5514:
4917:
4611:
4104:
4070:
4006:
3747:
3495:
3233:
3110:
3058:
2030:
1933:
1834:
1795:
1740:
1645:
1349:
1342:
966:
856:
777:
4628:
4236:
3850:
3178:
2822:
2712:
2580:
2446:
2310:
479:
5455:
5190:
4571:
4286:
4132:
4118:
3949:
3768:
3713:
3124:
3088:
2968:
2703:
2573:
2524:
2404:
2176:
1442:
372:
4493:
4221:
3451:
3280:
2849:
2832:
2608:
2460:
2453:
2432:
2333:
2151:
1017:"A partial hominoid innominate from the Miocene of Pakistan: Description and preliminary analyses"
4833:
4398:
4023:
4013:
3963:
3643:
3559:
3205:
2805:
2719:
2559:
2538:
2418:
2411:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2340:
2326:
1987:
1854:
1829:
1705:
990:
363:. Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus, dated from 12.2 million years old in the
299:
137:
4125:
3505:
3397:
3290:
3117:
2587:
2566:
2552:
2495:
2488:
2397:
663:
described in 1988, this species is significantly larger and dated to about 10 million years ago.
5571:
5505:
4111:
3270:
2678:
2664:
2615:
2531:
2514:
2467:
2425:
2354:
2319:
502:, meaning that the older name must take priority. It is also possible that fossils assigned to
5620:
5553:
5545:
4412:
4388:
4061:
3373:
2685:
2650:
2594:
2502:
2481:
2439:
2299:
2106:
1972:
1913:
1903:
1674:
1638:
1492:
1286:
1145:
1126:
1107:
1084:
1048:
982:
892:
874:
801:
793:
5558:
3044:
2958:
2726:
2692:
2657:
2629:
2601:
5320:
4964:
4857:
4540:
4323:
4259:
4229:
4166:
3253:
3169:
3103:
3014:
2671:
2622:
1982:
1735:
1552:
1514:
1361:
1038:
1028:
974:
882:
864:
845:"First record of the Miocene hominoid Sivapithecus from Kutch, Gujarat state, western India"
785:
651:
547:
5243:
5212:
5204:
5088:
4988:
4843:
4813:
4430:
4276:
4213:
4043:
3993:
3979:
3972:
3926:
3720:
3515:
3185:
3138:
3072:
2387:
1789:
1762:
1660:
1618:
1230:
970:
860:
781:
589:
southern range in Indian subcontinent significantly. The species can not be identified.
422:
118:
5369:
5330:
5261:
5118:
5108:
5078:
5055:
5045:
5035:
4947:
4896:
4881:
4866:
4803:
4782:
4772:
4439:
4419:
4034:
3761:
3738:
3196:
1609:
1313:
1299:
1238:
1099:
1043:
1016:
887:
844:
706:
699:
682:
675:
617:
578:
449:
5614:
5348:
5183:
5174:
4903:
4873:
4823:
4793:
4635:
4601:
4533:
4455:
4405:
4364:
4343:
3942:
3902:
3623:
3586:
3542:
3535:
3485:
3461:
3081:
3004:
2771:
1777:
1630:
1320:
1073:
606:
543:
368:
247:
64:
5380:
5309:
5220:
5197:
5128:
5098:
4940:
4888:
4742:
4523:
4476:
4381:
4316:
4306:
4296:
4206:
4088:
4050:
3935:
3782:
3775:
3683:
3421:
3407:
3340:
3219:
2989:
2947:
2745:
2284:
1783:
1771:
1713:
1587:
1535:
1500:
1425:
1332:
994:
602:
869:
5499:
5286:
4469:
4350:
4333:
4097:
3703:
3613:
3478:
3441:
3361:
3300:
3021:
2474:
1667:
1594:
1566:
1559:
1507:
927:
445:
379:. Any one of the species in this genus may have been the ancestor to the modern
39:
4762:
4554:
3881:
3868:
3818:
3754:
3693:
3596:
3579:
3471:
3414:
3387:
3350:
3320:
3310:
3035:
2761:
2643:
2347:
2292:
2244:
2199:
1652:
1573:
511:
465:
204:
84:
49:
5490:
878:
797:
5231:
5161:
5135:
5004:
4954:
4591:
4581:
4504:
4357:
4247:
4146:
3912:
3666:
3569:
2783:
2545:
2261:
1719:
1624:
1033:
559:
519:
461:
380:
224:
154:
89:
33:
1052:
986:
896:
765:
531:
are now considered by most researchers to belong to one or more species of
5438:
1123:
The
Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
805:
5484:
5297:
5273:
5066:
5025:
4971:
4910:
4483:
3633:
3526:
3226:
3151:
3051:
2636:
2276:
2217:
1580:
1545:
1522:
1243:
610:
551:
234:
174:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
978:
562:
skull and strengthened the theory (previously suggested by others) that
5592:
5532:
5358:
5251:
4978:
4618:
4547:
3799:
3792:
3654:
3549:
3331:
3212:
3158:
2978:
2839:
2796:
2229:
1730:
1306:
582:
570:
515:
469:
364:
357:
194:
108:
94:
69:
954:
456:". The discoverer, G. Edward Lewis, claimed that it was distinct from
4928:
4752:
4561:
4462:
4183:
3380:
3096:
2926:
2913:
2865:
2223:
2211:
789:
650:
lived from 9.5 million to 8.5 million years ago. It was found at the
399:
214:
184:
164:
5461:
5579:
1805:
1696:
1686:
1199:
478:
473:
441:
421:
409:
376:
353:
340:
5519:
5338:
4371:
1464:
609:, suggesting a diet of relatively tough food, such as seeds and
391:
5465:
4706:
3866:
2911:
2242:
2172:
1203:
955:"A Middle Miocene hominoid from Thailand and orangutan origins"
642:
fossils date from about 12.5 million to 10.5 million years ago.
4721:
4708:
4658:
688:
452:; a western part of the country in 1932. This find was named "
402:'s Ape), and were thought to be possible ancestors of humans.
360:
2168:
766:"New hominoid skull material from the Miocene of Pakistan"
546:
published a description of a significant fossil find from
1098:
Kelley, Jay (2002). "The hominoid radiation in Asia". In
518:
and humans, which may be represented by the prehistoric
437:
were found in northern India in the late 19th century.
539:
is no longer regarded as a likely ancestor of humans.
5427:
386:
Some early discoveries were given the separate names
5376:
5365:
5354:
5344:
5326:
5316:
5305:
5257:
5239:
5171:
5141:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5094:
5084:
5074:
5051:
5041:
5031:
5021:
4984:
4960:
4936:
4854:
4839:
4829:
4819:
4809:
4799:
4789:
4778:
4768:
4758:
4748:
4738:
4624:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4567:
4529:
4519:
4489:
4394:
4377:
4339:
4329:
4312:
4302:
4292:
4282:
4272:
4255:
4194:
4179:
4019:
3990:
3960:
3923:
3908:
3898:
3788:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3662:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3609:
3592:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3467:
3457:
3447:
3437:
3427:
3403:
3393:
3369:
3346:
3316:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3135:
3069:
3032:
3001:
2985:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2943:
2845:
2828:
2818:
2778:
2767:
2757:
2257:
5474:
5296:
5272:
5230:
5170:
5159:
5065:
5002:
4927:
4853:
4719:
4657:
4503:
4438:
4429:
4246:
4193:
4164:
4087:
4060:
4033:
3989:
3959:
3922:
3879:
3817:
3737:
3653:
3525:
3360:
3330:
3251:
3195:
3168:
3134:
3068:
3031:
3000:
2924:
2864:
2795:
2744:
2702:
2512:
2385:
2309:
2255:
2079:
2053:
2006:
1944:
1863:
1822:
1815:
1761:
1694:
1685:
1608:
1533:
1480:
1463:
1423:
1359:
1330:
1285:
1252:
1237:
1709:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
1072:
633:Currently three species are generally recognized:
554:, formed by a large part of the face and jaw of a
601:on the ground, as well as in trees. It had large
1106:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 369–384.
367:, have been found since the 19th century in the
1125:. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 292–293.
527:. Siwalik specimens once assigned to the genus
2184:
1215:
8:
1159:Szalay, Frederick S.; Delson, Eric (1979).
330:
5462:
5278:
5167:
5014:
5010:
4731:
4727:
4716:
4703:
4654:
4435:
4172:
3998:
3891:
3887:
3876:
3863:
3814:
3259:
3143:
2936:
2932:
2921:
2908:
2750:
2741:
2268:
2252:
2239:
2191:
2177:
2169:
1819:
1691:
1484:
1477:
1291:
1249:
1222:
1208:
1200:
117:
20:
1042:
1032:
886:
868:
2114:Human evolutionary developmental biology
5434:
1144:. Oxford University Press. p. 52.
751:
739:
720:
914:
910:
908:
906:
727:
494:Meanwhile, more complete specimens of
464:ancestors and the common ancestors of
1899:Evolutionary models of human drug use
7:
5598:970C0E63-EC14-4E23-BDE2-976F55E673F4
5585:645DF1C6-1676-5AE3-1A8D-84737CAE8AB5
2139:
1161:Evolutionary History of the Primates
566:was closely related to orangutans.
1194:National Museum of Natural History
569:In 2011, a 10.8 million-year old (
433:The first incomplete specimens of
14:
820:"Extinct ape evidence from Kutch"
5449:
5437:
5411:
4689:
3849:
2893:
2150:
2138:
2127:
2126:
585:, India. The find also extended
486:skull cast of GSP 15000. At the
141:
764:Pilbeam, David (January 1982).
623:Department of Mineral Resources
506:belonged to the female form of
131:Natural History Museum, London
1:
5636:Fossil taxa described in 1910
1186:Human Timeline (Interactive)
953:Chaimanee, Yaowalak (2003).
870:10.1371/journal.pone.0206314
689:History of hominoid taxonomy
2157:Evolutionary biology Portal
1163:. New York: Academic Press.
694:Human evolutionary genetics
5657:
5641:Prehistoric primate genera
129:GSP 15000, on loan at the
16:Genus of extinct Asian ape
5408:
5281:
5017:
5013:
4734:
4730:
4715:
4702:
4687:
4653:
4175:
4001:
3894:
3890:
3875:
3862:
3847:
3813:
3262:
3146:
2939:
2935:
2920:
2907:
2890:
2753:
2740:
2271:
2251:
2238:
2206:
2122:
2102:Evolutionary anthropology
1487:
1294:
1104:The Primate Fossil Record
934:. Encyclopedia Britannica
573:period) upper jawbone of
440:Another find was made in
316:Palaeopithecus sivalensis
305:
298:
277:
272:
138:Scientific classification
136:
125:
116:
23:
5631:Miocene primates of Asia
1121:Palmer, Douglas (1999).
524:Nakalipithecus nakayamai
2008:Origin of modern humans
1034:10.1073/pnas.1420275111
647:Sivapithecus sivalensis
824:www.telegraphindia.com
491:
430:
419:
5567:Paleobiology Database
2016:Recent African origin
1254:Last common ancestors
1140:Sharma, R.S. (2007).
1071:Gibbons, Ann (2006).
482:
425:
413:
5444:Evolutionary biology
2031:Behavioral modernity
2021:Multiregional origin
1801:archaic Homo sapiens
1796:Homo heidelbergensis
1741:Red Deer Cave people
1142:India's Ancient Past
660:Sivapithecus parvada
639:Sivapithecus indicus
4572:Paradolichopithecus
1668:H. neanderthalensis
1588:H. e. tautavelensis
1182:skull ("GSP 15000")
979:10.1038/nature01449
971:2003Natur.422...61C
861:2018PLoSO..1306314B
782:1982Natur.295..232P
444:on the bank of the
373:Indian subcontinent
4198:Victoriapithecidae
4140:Plesiopliopithecus
4078:Platodontopithecus
1855:Self-domestication
1646:H. heidelbergensis
1595:H. e. yuanmouensis
1560:H. e. lantianensis
1287:Australopithecines
492:
431:
420:
5608:
5607:
5554:Open Tree of Life
5468:Taxon identifiers
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5155:
5154:
4998:
4997:
4698:
4697:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4062:Dionysopithecidae
3964:Propliopithecidae
3858:
3857:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3809:
3808:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
2903:
2902:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2860:
2859:
2736:
2735:
2166:
2165:
2107:Paleoanthropology
2049:
2048:
2026:Archaic admixture
1904:Stoned ape theory
1840:Endurance running
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1604:
1603:
1567:H. e. nankinensis
1523:H. tsaichangensis
1459:
1458:
1151:978-0-19-568785-9
1113:978-0-521-66315-1
1090:978-0-385-51226-8
776:(5846): 232–234.
414:Jaw fragments of
322:
321:
268:
111:
5648:
5626:Prehistoric apes
5601:
5600:
5588:
5587:
5575:
5574:
5562:
5561:
5549:
5548:
5536:
5535:
5523:
5522:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5416:
5415:
5378:
5367:
5356:
5346:
5328:
5321:Australopithecus
5318:
5307:
5279:
5259:
5241:
5173:
5168:
5143:
5126:
5116:
5106:
5096:
5086:
5076:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5023:
5015:
5011:
4986:
4962:
4938:
4858:Dendropithecidae
4856:
4841:
4831:
4821:
4811:
4801:
4791:
4780:
4770:
4760:
4750:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4717:
4704:
4693:
4655:
4626:
4609:
4599:
4589:
4579:
4569:
4531:
4521:
4491:
4436:
4396:
4379:
4341:
4331:
4314:
4304:
4294:
4284:
4274:
4260:Cercopithecoides
4257:
4230:Victoriapithecus
4196:
4181:
4173:
4167:Cercopithecoidea
4021:
3999:
3992:
3962:
3925:
3910:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3877:
3864:
3853:
3815:
3790:
3711:
3701:
3691:
3681:
3664:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3611:
3594:
3577:
3567:
3557:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3439:
3429:
3405:
3395:
3371:
3348:
3318:
3308:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3260:
3170:Proteopithecidae
3144:
3137:
3071:
3034:
3003:
2987:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2922:
2909:
2898:
2897:
2847:
2830:
2820:
2780:
2769:
2759:
2751:
2742:
2269:
2259:
2253:
2240:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2129:
2066:Human prehistory
2041:Recent evolution
2036:Early migrations
1978:Thermoregulation
1879:Expensive tissue
1850:Sexual selection
1820:
1692:
1574:H. e. pekinensis
1485:
1478:
1393:A. bahrelghazali
1362:Australopithecus
1292:
1262:Chimpanzee–human
1250:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1164:
1155:
1136:
1117:
1094:
1078:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
924:
918:
917:, pp. 292–3
912:
901:
900:
890:
872:
855:(11): e0206314.
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
816:
810:
809:
790:10.1038/295232a0
761:
755:
754:, pp. 76–77
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
347:
344:
338:
335:
332:
266:
259:
246:
146:
145:
121:
107:
106:
36:
29:Temporal range:
21:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5596:
5591:
5583:
5578:
5570:
5565:
5557:
5552:
5544:
5539:
5531:
5526:
5518:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5470:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5436:
5428:
5426:
5417:
5410:
5386:
5292:
5268:
5244:Chororapithecus
5226:
5213:Pierolapithecus
5205:Hispanopithecus
5164:
5151:
5089:Gigantopithecus
5061:
5007:
4994:
4989:Yuanmoupithecus
4923:
4918:Turkanapithecus
4849:
4844:Samburupithecus
4814:Nacholapithecus
4724:
4711:
4694:
4673:
4641:
4612:Procynocephalus
4499:
4431:Cercopithecinae
4425:
4277:Dolichopithecus
4242:
4214:Nsungwepithecus
4189:
4169:
4152:
4105:Barberapithecus
4083:
4071:Dionysopithecus
4056:
4044:Epipliopithecus
4029:
4007:Krishnapithecus
3994:Pliopithecoidea
3985:
3980:Propliopithecus
3973:Aegyptopithecus
3955:
3927:Oligopithecidae
3918:
3884:
3871:
3854:
3833:
3805:
3733:
3649:
3521:
3496:Proteropithecia
3356:
3326:
3256:
3239:
3234:Ucayalipithecus
3191:
3164:
3139:Parapithecoidea
3130:
3111:Myanmarpithecus
3073:Amphipithecidae
3064:
3059:Phenacopithecus
3027:
2996:
2929:
2916:
2899:
2892:
2880:
2856:
2791:
2732:
2698:
2508:
2388:Anaptomorphinae
2381:
2305:
2265:
2247:
2234:
2202:
2197:
2167:
2162:
2118:
2075:
2061:Human evolution
2045:
2002:
1946:
1940:
1919:Cooperative eye
1864:Specific models
1859:
1811:
1790:Homo antecessor
1745:
1681:
1675:H. rhodesiensis
1639:H. floresiensis
1600:
1581:H. e. soloensis
1553:H. e. georgicus
1529:
1493:H. gautengensis
1468:
1466:
1455:
1419:
1355:
1326:
1281:
1272:Orangutan–human
1241:
1233:
1231:Human evolution
1228:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1139:
1133:
1120:
1114:
1097:
1091:
1075:The first human
1070:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
965:(6927): 61–65.
952:
951:
947:
937:
935:
926:
925:
921:
913:
904:
842:
841:
837:
828:
826:
818:
817:
813:
763:
762:
758:
750:
746:
738:
734:
726:
722:
717:
712:
670:
652:Pothwar plateau
631:
595:
408:
375:as well as in
345:
339:
336:
333:
314:
310:
265:
257:
244:
140:
112:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5654:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5613:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5589:
5576:
5563:
5550:
5537:
5524:
5511:
5496:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5458:
5446:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5374:
5370:Sahelanthropus
5363:
5352:
5342:
5335:
5331:Graecopithecus
5324:
5314:
5302:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5262:Nakalipithecus
5255:
5248:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5179:
5177:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5132:
5122:
5119:Lufengpithecus
5112:
5109:Khoratpithecus
5102:
5092:
5082:
5079:Ankarapithecus
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5056:Ouranopithecus
5049:
5046:Nakalipithecus
5039:
5036:Graecopithecus
5029:
5018:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4897:Rangwapithecus
4893:
4885:
4882:Nyanzapithecus
4878:
4870:
4867:Dendropithecus
4862:
4860:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4827:
4817:
4807:
4804:Morotopithecus
4797:
4787:
4783:Kamoyapithecus
4776:
4773:Griphopithecus
4766:
4756:
4746:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4629:Soromandrillus
4622:
4615:
4605:
4595:
4585:
4575:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4527:
4517:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4449:Allenopithecus
4444:
4442:
4440:Cercopithecini
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4420:Trachypithecus
4416:
4409:
4402:
4392:
4385:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4320:
4310:
4300:
4290:
4280:
4270:
4263:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4237:Zaltanpithecus
4233:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4176:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4037:
4035:Pliopithecidae
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4010:
4002:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3895:
3885:
3880:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3786:
3779:
3776:Leontopithecus
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3741:
3739:Callitrichidae
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3707:
3697:
3687:
3677:
3670:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3600:
3590:
3583:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3465:
3455:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3197:Parapithecidae
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3179:Proteopithecus
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2983:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2836:
2826:
2823:Hesperotarsius
2816:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2776:
2765:
2754:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2581:Gunnelltarsius
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2447:Pseudotetonius
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2313:
2311:Microchoerinae
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2256:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2071:Human timeline
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:Drunken monkey
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1823:General models
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1610:Archaic humans
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1515:H. rudolfensis
1511:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1436:P. aethiopicus
1431:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:Sahelanthropus
1310:
1303:
1300:Nakalipithecus
1295:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1196:(August 2016).
1183:
1171:
1170:External links
1168:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1137:
1131:
1118:
1112:
1095:
1089:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1007:
945:
928:"Sivapithecus"
919:
902:
835:
811:
756:
744:
732:
719:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:
707:Lufengpithecus
703:
700:Khoratpithecus
696:
691:
686:
683:Griphopithecus
679:
676:Ankarapithecus
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
656:
643:
630:
627:
618:zygomatic arch
594:
591:
579:Kutch district
548:Potwar Plateau
450:Palpa District
407:
404:
320:
319:
308:Brahmapithecus
303:
302:
296:
295:
294:
293:
288:
283:
275:
274:
270:
269:
255:
251:
250:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
123:
122:
114:
113:
100:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
37:
32:12.5–8.5
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5653:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5414:
5383:
5382:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5349:Kenyanthropus
5343:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5184:Anoiapithecus
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5175:Dryopithecini
5169:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:Rukwapithecus
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:Micropithecus
4871:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4824:Otavipithecus
4818:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4794:Kenyapithecus
4788:
4785:
4784:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4692:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4638:
4637:
4636:Theropithecus
4633:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4602:Procercocebus
4596:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4534:Gorgopithecus
4528:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4463:Cercopithecus
4460:
4458:
4457:
4456:Allochrocebus
4453:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4406:Semnopithecus
4403:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4389:Rhinopithecus
4386:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4344:Parapresbytis
4338:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:Kuseracolobus
4281:
4279:
4278:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4133:Laccopithecus
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4119:Egarapithecus
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3950:Talahpithecus
3947:
3945:
3944:
3943:Oligopithecus
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:Micropithecus
3897:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3852:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3624:Protopithecus
3618:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3486:Plecturocebus
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:Miocallicebus
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3125:Siamopithecus
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:Bugtipithecus
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:Amphipithecus
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:Afrotarsiidae
2999:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:Aseanpithecus
2963:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:Cephalopachus
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:Afrotarsiidae
2766:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2704:Tarkadectinae
2701:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:Ekwiiyemakius
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:Ageitodendron
2522:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:Anaptomorphus
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:Life history
1924:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:Homo ergaster
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1707:H. s. sapiens
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Modern humans
1684:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1661:H. luzonensis
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1619:H. antecessor
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:H. e. erectus
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1400:A. deyiremeda
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1321:Kenyanthropus
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:Gorilla–human
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1132:1-84028-152-9
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
946:
933:
929:
923:
920:
916:
911:
909:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
884:
880:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
825:
821:
815:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
757:
753:
748:
745:
741:
736:
733:
729:
724:
721:
714:
709:
708:
704:
702:
701:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:
680:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
662:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
644:
641:
640:
636:
635:
634:
628:
626:
624:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
592:
590:
588:
587:Sivapithecus'
584:
580:
577:was found in
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:David Pilbeam
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
485:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
428:
427:S. punjabicus
424:
417:
416:S. sivalensis
412:
405:
403:
401:
397:
396:Bramapithecus
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:Sivalik Hills
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
350:Ramapithecus)
342:
328:
327:
318:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
297:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:S. sivalensis
279:
278:
276:
271:
267:Pilgrim, 1910
264:
263:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:Sivapithecini
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
110:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
35:
26:
22:
19:
5506:Sivapithecus
5476:Sivapithecus
5475:
5456:Paleontology
5381:Paranthropus
5379:
5368:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5329:
5319:
5310:Ardipithecus
5308:
5285:
5260:
5250:
5242:
5221:Rudapithecus
5219:
5211:
5203:
5198:Dryopithecus
5196:
5189:
5182:
5146:Sivapithecus
5145:
5144:
5134:
5129:Meganthropus
5127:
5117:
5107:
5099:Indopithecus
5097:
5087:
5077:
5054:
5044:
5034:
5024:
4987:
4979:Symphalangus
4977:
4970:
4963:
4953:
4946:
4941:Bunopithecus
4939:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4889:Oreopithecus
4887:
4880:
4872:
4865:
4842:
4832:
4822:
4812:
4802:
4792:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4751:
4743:Afropithecus
4741:
4634:
4627:
4617:
4610:
4600:
4590:
4580:
4570:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4524:Dinopithecus
4522:
4512:
4494:Nanopithecus
4492:
4482:
4477:Erythrocebus
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4387:
4382:Rhinocolobus
4380:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4351:Piliocolobus
4349:
4342:
4332:
4322:
4317:Microcolobus
4315:
4307:Mesopithecus
4305:
4297:Libypithecus
4295:
4285:
4275:
4265:
4258:
4235:
4228:
4222:Prohylobates
4220:
4212:
4207:Noropithecus
4205:
4182:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:Crouzeliidae
4076:
4069:
4051:Pliopithecus
4049:
4042:
4022:
4012:
4005:
3978:
3971:
3948:
3941:
3936:Catopithecus
3934:
3911:
3901:
3798:
3791:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3702:
3692:
3684:Dolichocebus
3682:
3672:
3665:
3642:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3602:
3595:
3585:
3578:
3568:
3558:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3460:
3452:Mazzonicebus
3450:
3440:
3430:
3420:
3413:
3408:Cebupithecia
3406:
3396:
3386:
3379:
3374:Antillothrix
3372:
3349:
3339:
3319:
3309:
3299:
3289:
3281:Perupithecus
3279:
3269:
3232:
3225:
3220:Parapithecus
3218:
3211:
3204:
3184:
3177:
3157:
3150:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3020:
3013:
2990:Phileosimias
2988:
2977:
2967:
2957:
2948:Altiatlasius
2946:
2850:Xanthorhysis
2848:
2838:
2833:Oligotarsius
2831:
2821:
2811:
2804:
2781:
2770:
2760:
2746:Tarsiiformes
2725:
2718:
2711:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2609:Macrotarsius
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2461:Strigorhysis
2459:
2454:Sphacorhysis
2452:
2445:
2438:
2433:Chlororhysis
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2334:Microchoerus
2332:
2325:
2318:
2298:
2291:
2285:Altiatlasius
2283:
2275:
2155:
2143:
2131:
1998:Gender roles
1993:Intelligence
1806:Homo sapiens
1804:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1784:Homo erectus
1782:
1776:
1772:Homo habilis
1770:
1731:Manot people
1720:H. s. idaltu
1718:
1714:Jebel Irhoud
1706:
1697:Homo sapiens
1695:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1617:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1536:Homo erectus
1534:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1481:Proto-humans
1470:
1467:proto-humans
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:Paranthropus
1424:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1386:A. anamensis
1384:
1379:A. africanus
1377:
1372:A. afarensis
1370:
1360:
1348:
1341:
1333:Ardipithecus
1331:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1277:Gibbon–human
1180:Sivapithecus
1179:
1178:of the 1982
1160:
1141:
1122:
1103:
1074:
1027:(1): 82–87.
1024:
1021:Anthropology
1020:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
962:
958:
948:
936:. Retrieved
931:
922:
852:
848:
838:
827:. Retrieved
823:
814:
773:
769:
759:
752:Gibbons 2006
747:
742:, p. 64
740:Gibbons 2006
735:
730:, p. 52
723:
705:
698:
681:
674:
659:
658:
646:
645:
638:
637:
632:
615:
605:, and heavy
603:canine teeth
598:Sivapithecus
597:
596:
586:
575:Sivapithecus
574:
568:
564:Sivapithecus
563:
556:Sivapithecus
555:
541:
537:Ramapithecus
536:
533:Sivapithecus
532:
529:Ramapithecus
528:
522:
508:Sivapithecus
507:
504:Ramapithecus
503:
500:Sivapithecus
499:
496:Ramapithecus
495:
493:
483:
458:Sivapithecus
457:
454:Ramapithecus
453:
448:situated in
439:
435:Sivapithecus
434:
432:
426:
415:
395:
394:'s Ape) and
388:Ramapithecus
387:
385:
349:
326:Sivapithecus
325:
324:
323:
315:
312:Ramapithecus
311:
307:
306:
290:
285:
280:
262:Sivapithecus
261:
260:
211:Infraorder:
126:
25:Sivapithecus
24:
18:
5500:Wikispecies
4929:Hylobatidae
4619:Rungwecebus
4484:Miopithecus
4470:Chlorocebus
4399:Sawecolobus
4334:Paracolobus
4098:Anapithecus
4014:Paidopithex
3769:Leontocebus
3704:Panamacebus
3614:Paralouatta
3550:Brachyteles
3442:Insulacebus
3362:Pitheciidae
3301:Canaanimico
3254:Platyrrhini
3206:Abuqatrania
3022:Afrotarsius
2927:Simiiformes
2914:Simiiformes
2866:Simiiformes
2720:Tarkadectes
2560:Diablomomys
2539:Brontomomys
2475:Teilhardina
2419:Arapahovius
2412:Anemorhysis
2376:Vectipithex
2369:Quercyloris
2362:Pseudoloris
2341:Nannopithex
2327:Melaneremia
1929:Grandmother
1884:Shore-based
1845:Aquatic ape
1736:Tam Pa Ling
1631:H. ergaster
1450:P. robustus
1190:Smithsonian
1000:30 December
938:30 December
915:Palmer 1999
728:Sharma 2007
593:Description
512:chimpanzees
466:chimpanzees
446:Tinau River
231:Subfamily:
215:Simiiformes
5615:Categories
4763:Equatorius
4722:Hominoidea
4709:Hominoidea
4668:see below↓
4659:Hominoidea
4555:Mandrillus
4541:Lophocebus
4514:Cercocebus
4365:Procolobus
4126:Fanchangia
3882:Catarrhini
3869:Catarrhini
3828:see below↓
3819:Catarrhini
3755:Callithrix
3694:Killikaike
3597:Mohanamico
3580:Chilecebus
3506:Soriacebus
3472:Nuciruptor
3432:Homunculus
3422:Chiropotes
3415:Cheracebus
3398:Carlocebus
3388:Callicebus
3351:Tremacebus
3321:Lagonimico
3311:Branisella
3291:Szalatavus
3118:Pondaungia
3036:Eosimiidae
2875:see below↓
2762:Archicebus
2644:Shoshonius
2588:Hemiacodon
2567:Dyseolemur
2553:Chumashius
2496:Trogolemur
2489:Tetonoides
2398:Absarokius
2348:Necrolemur
2293:Bownomomys
2245:Haplorhini
2200:Haplorhini
1968:Skin color
1953:Bipedalism
1914:Killer ape
1726:Cro-Magnon
1625:Denisovans
1501:H. habilis
1465:Humans and
1350:A. ramidus
1343:A. kadabba
1100:Hartwig, W
1064:References
932:Britannica
829:2020-09-07
484:S. indicus
381:orangutans
291:S. indicus
286:S. parvada
205:Haplorhini
201:Suborder:
127:S. indicus
5232:Gorillini
5162:Homininae
5005:Hominidae
4955:Hylobates
4834:Proconsul
4592:Pliopapio
4582:Parapapio
4505:Papionini
4372:Pygathrix
4358:Presbytis
4248:Colobinae
4147:Pliobates
4112:Crouzelia
3913:Saadanius
3748:Callimico
3667:Acrecebus
3644:Stirtonia
3587:Lagothrix
3570:Cartelles
3516:Xenothrix
3271:Parvimico
2797:Tarsiidae
2784:Omomyidae
2679:Washakius
2665:Uintanius
2616:Nesomomys
2546:Chipetaia
2532:Asiomomys
2515:Omomyinae
2468:Tatmanius
2426:Aycrossia
2355:Paraloris
2320:Indusomys
2262:Omomyidae
2210:Kingdom:
2087:Theorists
2054:Timelines
1934:Patriarch
1910:Behavior
1835:Gathering
1763:Ancestors
1508:H. naledi
1443:P. boisei
1414:A. sediba
1081:Doubleday
879:1932-6203
798:0028-0836
655:arboreal.
613:grasses.
560:orangutan
542:In 1982,
520:great ape
462:orangutan
406:Discovery
225:Hominidae
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
5621:Ponginae
5485:Wikidata
5298:Hominina
5274:Hominini
5191:Danuvius
5067:Ponginae
5026:Buronius
4972:Nomascus
4911:Simiolus
3800:Saguinus
3762:Cebuella
3714:Patasola
3634:Solimoea
3536:Alouatta
3527:Atelidae
3479:Pithecia
3227:Qatrania
3152:Arsinoea
3052:Eosimias
2686:Wyomomys
2651:Steinius
2637:Rooneyia
2595:Jemezius
2503:Walshina
2482:Tetonius
2440:Gazinius
2300:Kohatius
2277:Altanius
2230:Primates
2224:Mammalia
2218:Chordata
2216:Phylum:
2212:Animalia
2133:Category
1988:Language
1958:Skeleton
1653:H. longi
1407:A. garhi
1244:Hominins
1239:Taxonomy
1053:25489095
987:12621432
897:30427876
849:PLOS ONE
668:See also
611:savannah
552:Pakistan
516:gorillas
470:gorillas
348:) (syn:
300:Synonyms
273:Species
235:Ponginae
221:Family:
195:Primates
185:Mammalia
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
5593:ZooBank
5559:4941855
5546:1037834
5533:4827519
5520:4454583
5491:Q132950
5430:Portals
5359:Orrorin
5252:Gorilla
4948:Hoolock
4324:Nasalis
4267:Colobus
3793:Micodon
3728:Sapajus
3721:Saimiri
3655:Cebidae
3604:Oreonax
3560:Caipora
3381:Cacajao
3332:Aotidae
3213:Apidium
3186:Serapia
3159:Biretia
3045:Bahinia
3015:Afrasia
2979:Nosmips
2959:Amamria
2840:Tarsius
2806:Carlito
2727:Tarkops
2693:Yaquius
2658:Stockia
2630:Ourayia
2602:Loveina
2228:Order:
2222:Class:
2145:Commons
2097:Fossils
1963:Muscles
1874:Cooking
1830:Hunting
1307:Orrorin
1102:(ed.).
1044:4291661
995:4422882
967:Bibcode
888:6235281
857:Bibcode
806:6799831
778:Bibcode
629:Species
583:Gujarat
571:Neogene
371:of the
365:Miocene
358:extinct
334:
254:Genus:
241:Tribe:
191:Order:
181:Class:
109:Miocene
101:↓
4753:Ekembo
4548:Macaca
4413:Simias
4184:Alophe
3543:Ateles
3104:Krabia
3097:Ganlea
2672:Utahia
2623:Omomys
2080:Others
1983:Speech
1945:Topics
1890:Drugs
1816:Models
1148:
1129:
1110:
1087:
1051:
1041:
993:
985:
959:Nature
895:
885:
877:
804:
796:
770:Nature
607:molars
474:humans
400:Brahma
343:'s Ape
5580:Plazi
5572:40898
5541:IRMNG
5136:Pongo
4965:Junzi
4562:Papio
3674:Cebus
3341:Aotus
2713:Tarka
2092:Books
1870:Diet
1176:Photo
991:S2CID
715:Notes
442:Nepal
377:Kutch
354:genus
352:is a
341:Shiva
5528:GBIF
5339:Homo
4024:Kapi
3783:Mico
1973:Hair
1793:) →
1471:Homo
1146:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1049:PMID
1002:2022
983:PMID
940:2022
893:PMID
875:ISSN
802:PMID
794:ISSN
488:AMNH
472:and
392:Rama
361:apes
331:lit.
40:PreꞒ
5515:EoL
5287:Pan
1787:(→
1678:(?)
1656:(?)
1634:(?)
1526:(?)
1518:(?)
1496:(?)
1039:PMC
1029:doi
1025:112
975:doi
963:422
883:PMC
865:doi
786:doi
774:295
581:of
429:jaw
356:of
5617::
5595::
5582::
5569::
5556::
5543::
5530::
5517::
5502::
5487::
1803:→
1799:→
1781:/
1775:→
1192:,
1188:–
1083:.
1079:.
1047:.
1037:.
1023:.
1019:.
989:.
981:.
973:.
961:.
957:.
930:.
905:^
891:.
881:.
873:.
863:.
853:13
851:.
847:.
822:.
800:.
792:.
784:.
772:.
768:.
550:,
535:.
514:,
476:.
468:,
383:.
90:Pg
34:Ma
5432::
5377:†
5373:?
5366:†
5362:?
5355:†
5345:†
5334:?
5327:†
5317:†
5313:?
5306:†
5265:?
5258:†
5247:?
5240:†
5216:?
5208:?
5172:†
5142:†
5125:†
5115:†
5105:†
5095:†
5085:†
5075:†
5052:†
5042:†
5032:†
5022:†
4985:†
4961:†
4937:†
4892:?
4877:?
4855:†
4840:†
4830:†
4820:†
4810:†
4800:†
4790:†
4786:?
4779:†
4769:†
4759:†
4749:†
4739:†
4625:†
4608:†
4598:†
4588:†
4578:†
4568:†
4530:†
4520:†
4490:†
4395:†
4378:†
4340:†
4330:†
4313:†
4303:†
4293:†
4283:†
4273:†
4256:†
4225:?
4217:?
4195:†
4180:†
4020:†
3991:†
3961:†
3924:†
3909:†
3899:†
3789:†
3710:†
3700:†
3690:†
3680:†
3663:†
3640:†
3630:†
3620:†
3610:†
3593:†
3576:†
3566:†
3556:†
3512:†
3502:†
3492:†
3468:†
3458:†
3448:†
3438:†
3428:†
3404:†
3394:†
3370:†
3347:†
3317:†
3307:†
3297:†
3287:†
3277:†
3267:†
3136:†
3092:?
3070:†
3033:†
3007:?
3002:†
2993:?
2986:†
2982:?
2975:†
2965:†
2955:†
2951:?
2944:†
2853:?
2846:†
2829:†
2819:†
2788:?
2786:"
2782:"
2779:†
2775:?
2768:†
2758:†
2517:"
2513:"
2390:"
2386:"
2288:?
2280:?
2264:"
2260:"
2258:†
2192:e
2185:t
2178:v
1473:)
1469:(
1246:)
1242:(
1223:e
1216:t
1209:v
1154:.
1135:.
1116:.
1093:.
1055:.
1031::
1004:.
977::
969::
942:.
899:.
867::
859::
832:.
808:.
788::
780::
490:.
418:.
398:(
390:(
346:'
337:'
329:(
258:†
245:†
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:Ꞓ
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