4476:
4506:
4517:
1178:
1161:
1194:
643:. The eggs put pressure on the crabs gills which can cause the gill tissue to be damaged or die altogether. However, the survival of snailfish larvae has been shown to increase by the snailfish utilizing the crab host species as a way to care for and aerate their eggs. The eggs themselves are self-adhesive and tend to form masses that replicate the shape of the internal branchial chambers of crabs. Additionally, at least one species of snailfish that utilize the
66:
4501:
1226:
1242:
4483:
4511:
1145:
3288:
4495:
1258:
1210:
1274:
4280:
4262:
664:
evident that these snailfish have adapted to their extreme environment by having a short life span compared to other organisms in the same hadal environment. Many species are located in hadal trenches, which are inherently high-disturbance areas, including lots of seismic activity which can trigger turbidity flows. Because of this, they live significantly shorter lifespans than shallower species.
195:
173:
185:
4489:
4292:
3157:
718:, other crustaceans, fish, and others. Size also affects snailfish diets; snailfish smaller than 50 mm primarily eat gammarids, while species larger than 100 mm primarily eat natantian decapods. Species larger than 150 mm have the highest proportion of fish in their diet. The largest snailfish species tend to be
42:
2914:
332:(TMAO) protein stabilizer. Analysis of Yap hadal snailfish reveals a loss of olfactory receptors and gain of taste receptors, possibly due to the fairly restricted availability of food in the deep-sea. Additionally, perhaps due to lack of light in the deep sea, the Yap genome includes fewer copies of
740:
The snailfish that live in the northern hemisphere also display a higher starvation tolerance, and while it is still being studied, it is suggested that this is due to the triglycerol and cholesterol levels in this species. The snailfish have different lipid concentrations depending on their habitat,
607:
Reproductive strategies vary extensively among snailfish species, though it is thought that many abyssal benthic snailfish spawn seasonally and for relatively long intervals. As far as known, it appears that all species lay eggs that are relatively large in size (diameter up to 9.4 mm ) and
366:
skin which surrounds the spine and can vary in terms of size and shape between species. The gelatinous layer has a high water and low protein, lipid and carbohydrate content, therefore it can provide growth with low metabolic cost. This may aid species in avoiding predation and conserving energy,
663:
analysis (the investigation of snailfish ear bone) gives an abundance of insight into longevity of life by seeing how it is broken into alternating translucent and opaque zones. This relays information about annual growth. By further examining the morphology of the deep-sea snailfish, it may be
651:
has larvae with a lower energy content than normal for most marine fish. A possible explanation for starting life with less energy is due to the safety provided by the king crab, allowing the adult snailfish to not expend as much energy producing an energy-rich yolk sac. A different species,
336:
genes, which encode proteins that sense light and assist in focused vision, in comparison to other teleosts. Meanwhile, Mariana hadal snailfish have lost several photoreceptor genes, decreasing their vision capabilities (especially in terms of color), and have completely lost the
400:
species. Research has revealed that maximum depth of living can be a significant predictor for loss of the pelvic disk in certain species of snailfish. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this ancestral feature has been lost three separate times in
Snailfish.
671:
are believed to wiggle their bodies as attractive or aggressive display. It is thought that in an environment so dark, it is hard to find and win contests for a mate. Therefore, snailfish use hydrodynamic signals that are felt by the mechanosensory
1358:
Gardner, J.R.; J.W. Orr; D.E. Stevenson; I. Spies; D.A. Somerton (2016). "Reproductive
Parasitism between Distant Phyla: Molecular Identification of Snailfish (Liparidae) Egg Masses in the Gill Cavities of King Crabs (Lithodidae)".
748:) are unique among snailfish. They have the ability to blend into the ground, waiting to surprise the next organism to wander into their path. The top prey for this species are fish, making up 97.7% of their overall food intake.
554:, also of the Mariana Trench, which has been recorded to 8,076 m (26,496 ft). In 2023, the record was further extended when an unknown species of snailfish was filmed at a depth of 8,336 m (27,349 ft) in the
2325:
Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Linley, Thomas D.; Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2021-10-22). "Revision of the depth record of bony fishes with notes on hadal snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) and cusk eels (Ophidiidae, Ophidiiformes)".
2635:
Takemura, A.; Tamotsu, S.; Miwa, T.; Yamamoto, H. (2010-10-14). "Preliminary results on the reproduction of a deep-sea snailfish
Careproctus rhodomelas around the active hydrothermal vent on the Hatoma Knoll, Okinawa, Japan".
345:
which prevents cartilage calcification, revealed in their skulls. Further, their genome includes increased amounts of genes encoding enzymes for beta oxidation and transport proteins, thereby increasing membrane fluidity.
421:
It was difficult to initially study snailfish species that dwell at deeper levels because they would explode upon being brought to the surface, but researchers did manage to study the bones of the animal.
540:. These were, at the time, the deepest living fish ever recorded on film. The record was surpassed by a snailfish that was filmed at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft) in December 2014 in the
358:-like shape. Their heads are large in comparison to their body and they have small eyes. Their bodies are slender but deep and they taper to very small tails. The extensive dorsal and anal
241:. Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow coastal waters to more than 8,300 m (27,200 ft), and species of the Liparid family have been found in seven ocean
591:, pressure-stable proteins, increased transport protein activity, higher cell membrane fluidity, and loss of eyesight and other visual characteristics such as color. However, because of
1775:
Eastman, J.T.; M.J. Lannoo (1998). "Morphology of the Brain and Sense Organs in the
Snailfish Paraliparis devriesi: Neural Convergence and Sensory Compensation on the Antarctic Shelf".
729:), the ratio between food intake and body weight changes as the organism grows; it is also highly seasonally variable. When the local environment experiences an increase in shrimp and
414:
at some 77 cm (30 in) in length. The latter species may reach a weight of 21 kg (46 lb), but most species are smaller. Snailfish are of no interest to commercial
373:, have prickly spines as well. Their teeth are small and simple with blunt cusps. The deep-sea species have prominent, well-developed sensory pores on the head, part of the animals'
1942:
Evans, R.E.; G.L. Fletcher (2001). "Isolation and characterization of type I antifreeze proteins from
Atlantic snailfish (Liparis atlanticus) and dusky snailfish (Liparis gibbus)".
2681:"Some Rare and Insufficiently Studied Snailfish (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes, Pisces) in the Pacific Waters off the Northern Kuril Islands and Southeastern Kamchatka, Russia"
608:
the number of eggs is species dependent. The larger size of eggs in hadal snailfish species indicates continuous spawning. Some species deposit their egg masses among
2112:
1607:
Mu, Yinnan; Bian, Chao; Liu, Ruoyu; Wang, Yuguang; Shao, Guangming; Li, Jia; Qiu, Ying; He, Tianliang; Li, Wanru; Ao, Jingqun; Shi, Qiong; Chen, Xinhua (2021-05-13).
2421:"Description of a New Hadal Notoliparis from the Kermadec Trench, New Zealand, and Redescription of Notoliparis kermadecensis (Nielsen) (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes)"
5263:
2496:"New species of the genus Careproctus (Liparidae) from the Kara Sea with notes on spongiophilia, reproductive commensalism between fishes and sponges (Rossellidae)"
544:, and extended in May 2017 when another was filmed at a depth of 8,178 m (26,831 ft) in the Mariana Trench. The species in these deepest records remain
5302:
5058:
3081:
Stein D.L. (2012). "A Review of the
Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species".
459:. It is the most species-rich family of fish in the Antarctic region, generally found in relatively deep waters (shallower Antarctic waters are dominated by
380:
The pectoral fins are large and provide the snailfish with its primary means of locomotion, although they are fragile. In some species such as the antarctic
4330:
3992:
3189:
2420:
1725:"New and rare snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) with the description of four new species from the Southern Hemisphere and tropical east Pacific"
3734:
1401:
Wang, Kun; Shen, Yanjun; Yang, Yongzhi; Gan, Xiaoni; Liu, Guichun; Hu, Kuang; Li, Yongxin; Gao, Zhaoming; Zhu, Li; Yan, Guoyong; He, Lisheng (2019).
5237:
659:
After the eggs hatch, some species rapidly reach the adult size and only live for about one year, but others have life spans of more than a decade.
526:(less than 4,000 m deep), but the family also includes the deepest-living species of fish. In October 2008, a UK-Japan team discovered a
4475:
5276:
3036:"Biological Characteristics of Simushir Snailfish Polypera simushirae (Liparidae) from the Pacific Waters of the Northern Kuril Islands in Autumn"
2965:"Distribution, Size Composition, and Feeding of the Okhotsk Snailfish Liparis ochotensis (Liparidae) in the Waters of the Primorye (Sea of Japan)"
1569:
Voskoboinikova, O.S. (2015). "Comparative osteology of
Bathylutichthys balushkini and relationship of the family Bathylutichthyidae (Cottoidei)".
2192:
595:
restrictions, 8,000–8,500 m (26,200–27,900 ft) is likely the maximum depth possible for any vertebrate. There are indications that the
1609:"Whole genome sequencing of a snailfish from the Yap Trench (~7,000 m) clarifies the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation to the deep sea"
237:, including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species, but there are also many
1502:
5402:
5063:
2284:
Gerringer, M.E.; A.H. Andrews; G.R. Huus; K. Nagashima; B.N. Popp; T.D. Linley; N.D. Gallo; M.R. Clark; A.J. Jamieson; J.C. Drazen (2017).
1160:
438:. This is a wider depth range than any other family of fish. They are strictly found in cold waters, meaning that species of tropical and
1788:
3561:
2915:"Seasonal migration of the snailfish Liparis tanakae and their habitat overlap with 0-year-old Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus"
2863:"Spatial distribution and diet of larval snailfishes (Liparis fabricii, Liparis gibbus, Liparis tunicatus) in the Canadian Beaufort Sea"
599:
of at least some hadal snailfish species spend time in open water at relatively shallow depths, less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft).
1666:
Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Linley, Thomas D.; Summers, Adam P.; Jamieson, Alan J.; Yancey, Paul H. (December 2017).
300:
and the two families making up the
Cyclopteroidea, meaning that those two families would not be supported as a superfamily within the
3110:
gen. nov. New
Species of the Primitive Snailfish (Liparidae: Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Hemisphere. Description of New Species
3591:
2264:
4505:
1177:
5364:
442:
regions strictly are deepwater. They are common in most cold marine waters and are highly resilient, with some species, such as
4323:
3245:
3182:
1981:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Saundry, P. & Cleveland, C.J. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
1144:
587:
possesses multiple molecular adaptions to survive the intense pressures of a deep sea environment, including pressure-tolerant
4296:
5281:
316:(also known as teleosts) to analyze their adaptions to deep-sea conditions. The genomes of both the Yap hadal snailfish and
2861:
Walkusz, Wojciech; Paulic, Joclyn E.; Wong, Sally; Kwasniewski, Slawomir; Papst, Michael H.; Reist, James D. (2016-04-01).
2543:"Parasitism of the Golden King Crab, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict, 1895 (Decapoda, Anomura, Lithodidae) by a Liparid Fish"
1193:
5289:
5068:
2374:"Aspects of Reproduction of Liparid Fishes from the Continental Slope and Abyssal Plain off Oregon, with Notes on Growth"
341:
pigmentation gene, rendering them colorless. Mariana hadal snailfish also have adjusted to pressure due to a mutation in
5075:
3330:
1888:"Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov.: A newly-discovered hadal snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Mariana Trench"
532:
253:
The snailfish family, Liparidae, was first proposed by the
American biologist Theodore Gill in 1861. The 5th edition of
2769:"Energy depletion of embryos and yolk-sac feeding larvae of the liparid snailfish Careproctus pallidus (Vaillant 1888)"
2590:"Energy depletion of embryos and yolk-sac feeding larvae of the liparid snailfish Careproctus pallidus (Vaillant 1888)"
1927:
Sakurai, H.; G. Shinohara (2008). "Careproctus rotundifrons, a New Snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from Japan".
5198:
5185:
3230:
1225:
1184:
1241:
801:
4516:
1005:
5307:
4355:
4316:
3982:
3709:
3679:
3566:
3175:
1151:
369:
65:
4510:
5043:
4255:
4248:
4215:
3957:
3629:
3310:
656:, was found to be a batch spawner, laying multiple batches of large eggs multiple times throughout its lifetime.
555:
5053:
4265:
4024:
2816:"Reproductive behavior and alternative reproductive strategy in the deep-sea snailfish, Careproctus pellucidus"
1200:
922:
797:
480:
51:
3287:
1257:
899:
814:
4500:
4482:
5397:
5101:
4494:
4243:
4225:
3787:
3536:
2151:
578:
3011:"The significance of food web structures for the condition and tracer lipid content of juvenile snail fish"
1209:
945:
5125:
4205:
4029:
4014:
3837:
3556:
3445:
2463:"Selection of Life Histories and its Adaptive Significance in a Snailfish Liparis tanakai from Sendai Bay"
1273:
1232:
771:
628:
where the male snailfish carries the developing eggs around in his mouth. Some other species of the genus
527:
325:
1818:
Gerringer, M. E.; Dias, A. S.; von Hagel, A. A.; Orr, J. W.; Summers, A. P.; Farina, S. (December 2021).
855:
467:
5338:
4235:
4220:
3729:
3546:
1403:"Morphology and genome of a snailfish from the Mariana Trench provide insights into deep-sea adaptation"
1248:
828:
767:
5203:
3161:
5356:
2142:
882:
5369:
5317:
5224:
5172:
5096:
5048:
4735:
4230:
3526:
2874:
2462:
2297:
2286:"Life history of abyssal and hadal fishes from otolith growth zones and oxygen isotopic compositions"
2228:
2084:
2073:"Fishes of the hadal zone including new species, in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae"
1331:
1167:
1070:
1052:
583:
569:
550:
499:
384:
i, the pectoral fins have an expanded somatosensory system, including a taste bud. The snailfish are
317:
2814:
Mori, Toshiaki; Fukuda, Kazuya; Ohtsuka, Syouko; Yamauchi, Shinya; Yoshinaga, Tatsuki (2022-02-28).
859:
784:
733:
numbers, there is also a subsequent decrease in decapods. There are also snailfish localized to the
4019:
3962:
3762:
3649:
3438:
895:
548:, but it has been referred to as the "ethereal snailfish". The deepest-living described species is
410:
255:
238:
5392:
4784:
4632:
3601:
3131:
3063:
2992:
2942:
2843:
2796:
2617:
2570:
2523:
2440:
2401:
2351:
2184:
2168:
1800:
1754:
1586:
1376:
1264:
841:
456:
444:
177:
60:
5343:
962:
388:
fish with pelvic fins modified to form an adhesive disc; this nearly circular disc is absent in
274:. Other authorities do not recognise this superfamily and classify the two families within it,
5325:
5211:
4958:
4906:
4863:
4857:
4820:
4808:
4778:
4433:
4339:
3947:
3852:
3757:
3669:
3664:
3611:
3418:
3225:
3215:
3055:
2984:
2934:
2892:
2835:
2788:
2743:
2661:
2653:
2609:
2562:
2515:
2393:
2343:
2256:
2176:
2071:
Linley, T.D.; M.E. Gerringer; P.H. Yancey; J.C. Drazen; C.L. Weinstock; A.J. Jamieson (2016).
1959:
1909:
1859:
1841:
1792:
1705:
1687:
1648:
1630:
1551:
1498:
1473:
1432:
1424:
1280:
1080:
958:
545:
511:
486:
460:
5268:
5330:
5091:
5002:
4985:
4699:
4614:
3689:
3634:
3596:
3551:
3509:
3433:
3220:
3123:
3090:
3047:
3010:
2976:
2926:
2882:
2827:
2780:
2733:
2725:
2692:
2645:
2601:
2554:
2507:
2474:
2432:
2385:
2335:
2305:
2246:
2236:
2160:
2092:
2041:
1951:
1899:
1849:
1831:
1784:
1744:
1736:
1695:
1679:
1638:
1620:
1578:
1541:
1531:
1463:
1414:
1368:
1216:
1046:
644:
609:
475:
215:
199:
4488:
367:
especially for deep sea snailfish who live in low energy conditions. Some species, such as
4971:
4934:
4814:
4765:
4586:
4388:
3906:
3886:
3714:
3701:
3684:
3639:
3521:
3460:
3384:
3379:
3315:
3302:
3272:
2713:
1992:
1820:"Habitat influences skeletal morphology and density in the snailfishes (family Liparidae)"
1036:
836:
792:
313:
292:
271:
234:
223:
219:
117:
5163:
2211:
1886:
Gerringer, M.E.; T.D. Linley; P.H. Yancey; A.J. Jamieson; E. Goetze; J.C. Drazen (2016).
430:
Snailfish habitats vary widely. They are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from shallow
2878:
2301:
2232:
2088:
2015:
362:
may merge or nearly merge with the tail fin. Snailfish are scaleless with a thin, loose
4946:
4924:
4869:
4851:
4802:
4794:
4771:
4729:
4705:
4450:
4182:
4155:
4047:
4039:
3972:
3942:
3881:
3863:
3817:
3807:
3411:
3364:
2738:
2251:
2212:"Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths"
1854:
1819:
1700:
1667:
1643:
1608:
1546:
1519:
1018:
953:
917:
762:
625:
617:
541:
450:
297:
260:
242:
159:
127:
107:
2964:
1955:
5386:
4895:
4742:
4717:
4666:
4579:
4461:
4441:
4284:
4187:
4101:
3921:
3896:
3891:
3847:
3842:
3797:
3792:
3772:
3644:
3423:
3342:
3067:
2996:
2847:
2800:
2649:
2621:
2527:
2355:
2207:
2138:
1724:
1590:
1451:
1327:
1110:
849:
734:
507:
495:
275:
142:
3135:
2946:
2444:
2188:
1804:
1758:
1380:
5216:
5007:
4886:
4826:
4711:
4644:
4539:
4177:
4001:
3916:
3876:
3777:
3719:
3659:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3487:
3477:
3406:
3389:
3296:
3257:
3250:
2206:
Yanceya, Paul H.; Gerringera, Mackenzie E.; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Rowden, Ashley A.;
1130:
1090:
1000:
970:
940:
907:
890:
877:
867:
779:
700:
673:
537:
523:
396:
374:
230:
5177:
2113:"Scientists find deepest fish ever recorded at 8,300 metres underwater near Japan"
1996:
1668:"Distribution, composition and functions of gelatinous tissues in deep-sea fishes"
741:
making some of them better-suited for longer periods without feeding than others.
194:
5190:
2887:
2862:
1625:
5294:
5250:
5157:
4994:
4980:
4916:
4845:
4650:
4605:
4552:
4397:
4160:
4148:
4074:
3832:
3827:
3802:
3782:
3724:
3619:
3514:
3492:
3482:
3455:
3325:
3277:
1944:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology
1100:
1013:
990:
980:
822:
809:
730:
719:
630:
596:
592:
563:
491:
439:
390:
287:
172:
2831:
2784:
2605:
2339:
1977:
1836:
703:
snailfish species contained 28 food categories, mainly copepods and amphipods.
184:
5012:
4911:
4756:
4693:
4638:
4620:
4419:
4410:
4210:
3977:
3911:
3901:
3822:
3812:
3497:
3465:
3450:
3396:
3369:
3352:
3127:
3094:
3051:
2980:
2930:
2511:
2310:
2285:
2097:
2072:
1904:
1887:
1740:
1582:
1536:
1468:
1419:
1402:
930:
707:
574:
435:
431:
333:
279:
151:
5148:
3059:
2988:
2938:
2896:
2839:
2815:
2792:
2768:
2657:
2613:
2589:
2566:
2519:
2397:
2347:
1845:
1691:
1634:
1428:
4966:
4723:
4687:
4678:
4592:
3967:
3952:
3937:
3767:
3428:
3374:
3359:
3337:
3320:
3267:
3035:
2558:
2495:
2241:
1120:
696:
640:
636:
588:
301:
267:
77:
2747:
2665:
2260:
2180:
1963:
1913:
1863:
1709:
1652:
1555:
1477:
1436:
536:
snailfish at a depth of approximately 7,700 m (25,300 ft) in the
17:
3156:
2697:
2680:
2479:
2164:
1796:
1789:
10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199809)237:3<213::aid-jmor2>3.0.co;2-#
5142:
4929:
4874:
4831:
4626:
4425:
4403:
4365:
4170:
4111:
4057:
4052:
3871:
3739:
3401:
3347:
3262:
2729:
2046:
2020:
1518:
Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017).
1492:
1336:
1026:
715:
688:
359:
264:
97:
2574:
2542:
2172:
2042:"Ghostly fish in Mariana Trench in the Pacific is deepest ever recorded"
1683:
1302:
474:) of the northwestern Atlantic is known to live out its life inside the
5017:
4557:
4547:
4529:
4143:
4138:
4116:
4089:
4084:
4079:
3624:
3576:
3470:
3240:
3235:
2405:
2373:
1450:
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014).
1060:
692:
660:
415:
385:
363:
355:
283:
2436:
1749:
1372:
737:
that purely eat zooplankton, setting them apart from other snailfish.
312:
Species of deep-sea snailfish have been studied and compared to other
41:
5255:
4380:
4062:
667:
Very little is known about snailfish courtship behavior but males of
222:. These fishes make up the Liparidae, which is classified within the
87:
5242:
5119:
4308:
2389:
620:
and males will sometimes guard the egg mass. At least one species,
5351:
4836:
4165:
4094:
3504:
2919:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
711:
684:
434:
zones to depths of more than 8,300 m (27,200 ft) in the
193:
183:
171:
2767:
Bruno, Daniel O.; Rojo, Javier H.; Boy, Claudia C. (2019-06-01).
2588:
Bruno, Daniel O.; Rojo, Javier H.; Boy, Claudia C. (2019-06-01).
4350:
4067:
4009:
3654:
3207:
3198:
2219:
613:
5123:
4312:
3171:
2431:(4). American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology: 907–920.
744:
The ambush hunting methods employed by the Simushir snailfish (
4106:
3674:
5229:
2913:
Tomiyama, Takeshi; Yamada, Manabu; Yoshida, Tetsuya (2013).
522:
Most snailfish species live in habitats no deeper than the
2467:
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries
706:
Snailfish prey can be grouped into six main categories:
3167:
2461:
Kawasaki, I.; J. Hashimoto; H. Honda; A. Otake (1983).
2290:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2279:
2277:
2077:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
510:. Other species are found on muddy or silty bottoms of
573:) are the most common and dominant fish family in the
4999:
4954:
4921:
4903:
4753:
4675:
4602:
4569:
4457:
4446:
4437:
4430:
4415:
4393:
4376:
1491:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
5132:
5084:
5036:
4945:
4894:
4885:
4793:
4752:
4674:
4665:
4601:
4568:
4538:
4528:
4364:
4198:
4131:
4038:
4000:
3991:
3930:
3861:
3748:
3700:
3610:
3535:
3295:
3205:
2963:Panchenko, V. V.; Pushchina, O. I. (2022-02-01).
2718:Integrative Organismal Biology (Oxford, England)
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
290:. An osteological analysis found that the genus
2456:
2454:
320:have been found to contain an abundance of the
756:This family contains these genera as of 2020:
4324:
3183:
2066:
2064:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
8:
3114:sp. nov. (Cooperation Sea, the Antarctic)".
1520:"Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes"
639:, laying their eggs in the gill cavities of
2541:Love, David C.; Shirley, Thomas C. (1993).
624:of the North Pacific, is known to practice
5120:
4891:
4671:
4535:
4331:
4317:
4309:
3997:
3190:
3176:
3168:
1322:
1320:
259:classifies this family within superfamily
40:
31:
3735:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
2886:
2737:
2714:"On the Success of the Hadal Snailfishes"
2696:
2478:
2309:
2250:
2240:
2096:
1903:
1853:
1835:
1748:
1699:
1642:
1624:
1545:
1535:
1497:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495.
1467:
1418:
1294:
1140:
561:In general, snailfish (notably genera
2958:
2956:
2908:
2906:
2419:Stein, David L. (December 16, 2016).
2367:
2365:
1770:
1768:
1452:"Family-group names of Recent fishes"
7:
5357:AC642D14-3A55-FFD7-34F2-FA2DDFCF2D4F
5318:28144031-1293-4252-8b06-333944f4bb65
3108:Balushkin A.V. (2012). "Volodichthys
1602:
1600:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
4291:
3562:Electroreception and electrogenesis
2679:Orlov, A.M.; A.M. Tokranov (2011).
1997:"'Deepest ever' living fish filmed"
55:) caught in the eastern Bering Sea
1305:. Gulf of Maine Research Institute
1303:"The Sea Snails. Family Liparidae"
25:
4515:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4290:
4279:
4278:
4261:
4260:
3286:
3155:
2650:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02789.x
2270:from the original on 2019-07-04.
2195:from the original on 2019-12-09.
1272:
1256:
1240:
1224:
1208:
1192:
1176:
1159:
1143:
64:
3246:Environmental impact of fishing
2141:; Yancey, Paul H. (June 2012).
2014:Morelle, Rebecca (2014-12-19).
2494:Chernova, N. V. (2014-09-01).
2147:Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth"
1407:Nature Ecology & Evolution
502:. The single species in genus
408:at 5 cm (2.0 in) to
1:
3034:Poltev, Yu. N. (2022-04-01).
2016:"New record for deepest fish"
1956:10.1016/S0167-4838(01)00190-X
404:Snailfish range in size from
354:Snailfish have an elongated,
296:was intermediate between the
5076:List of transitional fossils
3331:intramembranous ossification
2888:10.1016/j.oceano.2015.12.001
1626:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009530
725:With the Okhotsk snailfish (
533:Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis
229:Widely distributed from the
5403:Taxa named by Theodore Gill
1185:Crystallichthys cyclospilus
699:. The larval diet of three
687:snailfish feed on a mix of
278:and Liparidae, within the
5419:
4356:Timeline of fish evolution
3710:Fin and flipper locomotion
3680:Sequential hermaphroditism
3567:Jamming avoidance response
3284:
2832:10.1007/s00227-022-04028-9
2785:10.1007/s00300-019-02500-9
2606:10.1007/s00300-019-02500-9
2340:10.1007/s00227-021-03950-8
1929:Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci.
1837:10.1186/s12983-021-00399-9
1723:Chernova, Natalia (2006).
1672:Royal Society Open Science
1152:Acantholiparis opercularis
1115:Pitruk & Fedorov, 1993
603:Reproduction and life span
370:Acantholiparis opercularis
5110:
5044:Lists of prehistoric fish
4472:
4346:
4274:
3128:10.1134/s0032945212010018
3095:10.11646/zootaxa.3588.1.1
3052:10.1134/S0032945222010106
2981:10.1134/S003294522201009X
2931:10.1017/S0025315413000544
2512:10.1134/S0032945214050038
2311:10.1016/j.dsr.2017.12.002
2098:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.003
1905:10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.7
1741:10.1134/S0032945206100018
1583:10.1134/S0032945215030157
1537:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
1469:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
1420:10.1038/s41559-019-0864-8
975:Gilbert & Burke, 1912
872:Gilbert & Burke, 1912
324:gene, which produces the
157:
150:
61:Scientific classification
59:
48:
39:
34:
2372:Stein, David L. (1980).
2143:"On the Validity of the
1524:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1340:. February 2015 version.
1330:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1201:Elassodiscus tremebundus
481:Placopecten magellanicus
52:Elassodiscus tremebundus
5102:Vertebrate paleontology
4226:Glossary of ichthyology
3788:Diel vertical migration
2712:Gerringer, M E (2019).
2638:Journal of Fish Biology
2559:10.1163/156854093X00414
2242:10.1073/pnas.1322003111
2152:The Biological Bulletin
318:Mariana hadal snailfish
282:Cottales alongside the
3592:Surface wave detection
3557:Hydrodynamic reception
3231:Diseases and parasites
3116:Journal of Ichthyology
3040:Journal of Ichthyology
2969:Journal of Ichthyology
2500:Journal of Ichthyology
1729:Journal of Ichthyology
1571:Journal of Ichthyology
1233:Nectoliparis pelagicus
654:Careproctus rhodomelas
478:cavity of the scallop
426:Occurrence and habitat
203:
191:
181:
5339:Paleobiology Database
3730:Undulatory locomotion
3547:Ampullae of Lorenzini
2480:10.2331/suisan.49.367
2165:10.1086/BBLv222n3p171
1950:(Suppl. 2): 235–244.
1777:Journal of Morphology
1249:Paraliparis bathybius
649:Careproctus pallidus,
406:Paraliparis australis
197:
187:
175:
5097:Transitional fossils
4736:Pseudopetalichthyida
3958:Genetically modified
3164:at Wikimedia Commons
1976:Hogan, C.M. (2011):
1824:Frontiers in Zoology
1168:Careproctus ovigerus
669:Careproctus pallidus
622:Careproctus ovigerus
584:Pseudoliparis swirei
556:Izu–Ogasawara Trench
551:Pseudoliparis swirei
500:Gulf of St. Lawrence
49:Snailfish (probably
3763:Aquatic respiration
3650:Life history theory
2879:2016Ocga...58..117W
2698:10.5402/2011/341640
2302:2018DSRI..132...37G
2233:2014PNAS..111.4461Y
2089:2016DSRI..114...99L
1684:10.1098/rsos.171063
1494:Fishes of the World
844:& Gilbert, 1898
746:Polypera simushirae
468:inquiline snailfish
457:antifreeze proteins
411:Polypera simushirae
382:Paraliparis devries
286:, within the order
256:Fishes of the World
239:undescribed species
4785:Ischnacanthiformes
4633:Cephalaspidomorphi
3602:Weberian apparatus
2730:10.1093/iob/obz004
1931:(Suppl. 2): 39–45.
1332:"Family Liparidae"
1265:Rhodichthys regina
727:Liparis ochotensis
716:natantian decapods
691:, small and large
581:it was found that
512:continental slopes
506:is endemic to the
490:lives amongst the
472:Liparis inquilinus
445:Liparis atlanticus
204:
192:
182:
178:Liparis marmoratus
5380:
5379:
5326:Open Tree of Life
5126:Taxon identifiers
5117:
5116:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
4959:Palaeonisciformes
4907:Onychodontiformes
4864:Petalodontiformes
4858:Iniopterygiformes
4821:Phoebodontiformes
4809:Ctenacanthiformes
4779:Diplacanthiformes
4661:
4660:
4434:Myllokunmingiidae
4340:Evolution of fish
4306:
4305:
4216:Fish common names
4127:
4126:
3758:Aquatic predation
3582:Capacity for pain
3311:Age determination
3160:Media related to
2437:10.1643/CI-16-451
2227:(12): 4461–4465.
2139:Jamieson, Alan J.
1504:978-1-118-34233-6
1373:10.1643/CI-15-374
1281:Temnocora candida
1136:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1081:Pseudonotoliparis
1076:
1066:
1056:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1009:
996:
986:
976:
966:
949:
936:
926:
913:
903:
886:
873:
863:
845:
832:
818:
805:
788:
775:
610:cold-water corals
487:Liparis tunicatus
461:Antarctic icefish
314:ray-finned fishes
308:Molecular biology
226:Scorpaeniformes.
220:ray-finned fishes
170:
169:
146:
16:(Redirected from
5410:
5373:
5372:
5360:
5359:
5347:
5346:
5334:
5333:
5321:
5320:
5311:
5310:
5298:
5297:
5295:NHMSYS0021053436
5285:
5284:
5272:
5271:
5259:
5258:
5246:
5245:
5233:
5232:
5220:
5219:
5207:
5206:
5194:
5193:
5181:
5180:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5121:
5092:Prehistoric life
5003:Pycnodontiformes
5001:
4986:Acipenseriformes
4956:
4923:
4905:
4892:
4755:
4700:Brindabellaspida
4677:
4672:
4615:Pteraspidomorphi
4604:
4571:
4536:
4520:
4519:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4459:
4448:
4439:
4432:
4417:
4395:
4378:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4310:
4294:
4293:
4282:
4281:
4264:
4263:
3998:
3290:
3221:Ethnoichthyology
3192:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3159:
3143:
3140:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3015:academic.oup.com
3007:
3001:
3000:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2925:(7): 1981–1987.
2910:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2779:(6): 1199–1204.
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2741:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2644:(7): 1709–1715.
2632:
2626:
2625:
2600:(6): 1199–1204.
2585:
2579:
2578:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2244:
2216:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1993:Morelle, Rebecca
1989:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1883:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1839:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1628:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1299:
1276:
1260:
1244:
1228:
1217:Liparis fabricii
1212:
1196:
1180:
1163:
1147:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1075:Andriashev, 1955
1074:
1064:
1050:
1047:Prognatholiparis
1041:Andriashev, 2003
1040:
1030:
1017:
1004:
994:
985:Andriashev, 1975
984:
974:
957:
944:
934:
921:
911:
894:
881:
871:
853:
840:
826:
813:
796:
783:
766:
676:to communicate.
645:golden king crab
579:genomic analysis
235:Antarctic Oceans
200:Liparis fabricii
189:Liparis catharus
141:
69:
68:
44:
32:
27:Family of fishes
21:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5368:
5363:
5355:
5350:
5342:
5337:
5329:
5324:
5316:
5314:
5306:
5301:
5293:
5288:
5280:
5275:
5267:
5262:
5254:
5249:
5241:
5236:
5228:
5223:
5215:
5210:
5202:
5197:
5189:
5184:
5176:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5080:
5024:
4972:Polypteriformes
4941:
4935:Tetrapodomorpha
4881:
4815:Hybodontiformes
4789:
4766:Acanthodiformes
4748:
4657:
4597:
4587:Paraconodontida
4564:
4532:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4514:
4492:
4480:
4470:
4389:Cephalochordate
4360:
4342:
4337:
4307:
4302:
4270:
4194:
4123:
4034:
3987:
3926:
3857:
3750:
3744:
3696:
3640:Ichthyoplankton
3606:
3538:
3531:
3527:Digital Library
3522:Teleost leptins
3461:Shark cartilage
3385:pharyngeal slit
3380:pharyngeal arch
3316:Anguilliformity
3301:
3299:
3291:
3282:
3201:
3196:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2390:10.2307/1444445
2371:
2370:
2363:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1885:
1884:
1871:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1619:(5): e1009530.
1606:
1605:
1598:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1135:Balushkin, 2012
1037:Praematoliparis
837:Crystallichthys
793:Allocareproctus
754:
682:
605:
520:
466:The diminutive
428:
352:
326:trimethylamine
310:
293:Bathylutichthys
272:Scorpaeniformes
251:
166:
163:
140:
118:Scorpaeniformes
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5416:
5414:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5398:Cyclopteroidea
5395:
5385:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5361:
5348:
5335:
5322:
5312:
5299:
5286:
5273:
5260:
5247:
5234:
5221:
5208:
5195:
5182:
5169:
5154:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4963:
4962:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4925:Porolepiformes
4914:
4909:
4900:
4898:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4870:Symmoriiformes
4866:
4860:
4854:
4852:Eugeneodontida
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4803:Elasmobranchii
4799:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4772:Climatiiformes
4768:
4761:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4730:Acanthothoraci
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4706:Petalichthyida
4702:
4696:
4690:
4683:
4681:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4610:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4580:Protoconodonta
4575:
4573:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4526:
4525:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4455:
4451:Myllokunmingia
4428:
4423:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4288:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4044:
4042:
4040:Wild fisheries
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:Hallucinogenic
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3838:Schooling fish
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3798:Filter feeders
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Bottom feeders
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:Leydig's organ
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:pharyngeal jaw
3409:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:branchial arch
3357:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3151:
3150:External links
3148:
3145:
3144:
3100:
3073:
3046:(2): 236–243.
3026:
3002:
2952:
2902:
2873:(2): 117–123.
2853:
2820:Marine Biology
2806:
2759:
2704:
2671:
2627:
2580:
2533:
2506:(8): 501–512.
2486:
2473:(3): 367–377.
2450:
2411:
2384:(4): 687–699.
2361:
2328:Marine Biology
2317:
2273:
2210:(March 2014).
2208:Jamieson, Alan
2198:
2159:(3): 171–175.
2130:
2119:. 3 April 2023
2104:
2060:
2033:
2006:
1984:
1969:
1934:
1919:
1898:(1): 161–177.
1869:
1810:
1783:(3): 213–236.
1764:
1715:
1678:(12): 171063.
1658:
1596:
1577:(3): 303–310.
1561:
1510:
1503:
1483:
1462:(2): 001–230.
1442:
1413:(5): 823–833.
1386:
1367:(3): 645–657.
1343:
1328:Froese, Rainer
1316:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1010:
997:
987:
977:
967:
954:Menziesichthys
950:
937:
927:
914:
904:
887:
874:
864:
846:
833:
819:
806:
789:
776:
763:Acantholiparis
758:
753:
750:
681:
678:
626:mouth brooding
618:xenophyophores
604:
601:
542:Mariana Trench
519:
516:
455:having type-1
451:Liparus gibbus
427:
424:
351:
348:
309:
306:
298:Psychrolutidae
263:, part of the
261:Cyclopteroidea
250:
247:
168:
167:
164:
155:
154:
148:
147:
135:
131:
130:
128:Cyclopteroidea
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
108:Actinopterygii
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5415:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:cartilaginous
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4795:Cartilaginous
4792:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4743:Stensioellida
4740:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4718:Ptyctodontida
4715:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4477:
4464:
4463:
4462:Zhongxiniscus
4456:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4443:
4442:Haikouichthys
4435:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4374:
4373:Basal member
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4299:
4298:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4266:more lists...
4259:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Fish families
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:Aquarium life
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4188:fleshy-finned
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:Cartilaginous
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Electric fish
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Mauthner cell
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Chromatophore
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:V. solovjevae
3111:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:(1): 99–108.
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:Polar Biology
2770:
2763:
2760:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:(1): obz004.
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:Polar Biology
2591:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:(1): 97–104.
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Norwegian Sea
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:PLOS Genetics
1610:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:Squaloliparis
1108:
1105:Collett, 1879
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:Gilbert, 1896
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:Pseudoliparis
1068:
1065:Barnard, 1927
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
993:
992:
988:
983:
982:
978:
973:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:
938:
935:Gilbert, 1915
933:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
915:
912:Gilbert, 1896
910:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
875:
870:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
851:
850:Eknomoliparis
847:
843:
839:
838:
834:
830:
827:Jordan &
825:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:
760:
759:
757:
751:
749:
747:
742:
738:
736:
735:Terpeniya Bay
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
677:
675:
670:
665:
662:
657:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
632:
627:
623:
619:
616:, stones, or
615:
611:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
571:
570:Pseudoliparis
566:
565:
559:
557:
553:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
508:Norwegian Sea
505:
501:
497:
496:Bering Strait
493:
489:
488:
483:
482:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
452:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
419:
417:
413:
412:
407:
402:
399:
398:
393:
392:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
371:
365:
361:
357:
349:
347:
344:
340:
335:
331:
329:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Cyclopteridae
273:
270:of the order
269:
266:
262:
258:
257:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
202:
201:
196:
190:
186:
180:
179:
174:
165:Scopoli, 1777
162:
161:
156:
153:
149:
144:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
124:Superfamily:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5133:
5049:spiny sharks
5008:Halecomorphi
4827:Xenacanthida
4712:Phyllolepida
4645:Pituriaspida
4606:Ostracoderms
4540:Cyclostomata
4530:Jawless fish
4479:
4460:
4449:
4440:
4418:
4396:
4379:
4295:
4283:
4183:spiny-finned
4132:Major groups
3853:Intelligence
3833:Scale eaters
3778:Cleaner fish
3660:Mouthbrooder
3612:Reproduction
3587:Schreckstoff
3572:Lateral line
3488:Swim bladder
3478:Spiral valve
3407:hyomandibula
3390:pseudobranch
3273:Hypoxia in -
3141:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3018:. Retrieved
3014:
3005:
2972:
2968:
2922:
2918:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2751:. Retrieved
2721:
2717:
2707:
2688:
2685:ISRN Zoology
2684:
2674:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2470:
2466:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2381:
2377:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2293:
2289:
2224:
2218:
2201:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:The Guardian
2116:
2107:
2080:
2076:
2052:. Retrieved
2050:. 2017-08-25
2045:
2036:
2025:. Retrieved
2019:
2009:
2000:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1895:
1891:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1780:
1776:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1616:
1612:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1530:(162): 162.
1527:
1523:
1513:
1493:
1486:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1410:
1406:
1364:
1360:
1335:
1307:. Retrieved
1297:
1279:
1263:
1247:
1231:
1215:
1199:
1183:
1166:
1150:
1131:Volodichthys
1129:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1091:Rhinoliparis
1089:
1085:Pitruk, 1991
1079:
1069:
1059:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1012:
1001:Palmoliparis
999:
989:
979:
971:Nectoliparis
969:
952:
941:Lopholiparis
939:
929:
916:
908:Gyrinichthys
906:
891:Genioliparis
889:
878:Eutelichthys
876:
868:Elassodiscus
866:
848:
835:
821:
808:
791:
780:Aetheliparis
778:
761:
755:
745:
743:
739:
726:
724:
705:
701:Beaufort Sea
683:
674:lateral line
668:
666:
658:
653:
648:
629:
621:
606:
582:
568:
562:
560:
549:
538:Japan Trench
531:
524:bathyal zone
521:
518:Depth record
503:
492:kelp forests
485:
479:
471:
465:
449:
443:
429:
420:
409:
405:
403:
397:Nectoliparis
395:
389:
381:
379:
375:lateral line
368:
353:
342:
338:
327:
321:
311:
291:
254:
252:
228:
211:
207:
205:
198:
188:
176:
158:
137:
50:
29:
5251:iNaturalist
5158:Wikispecies
5069:lobe-finned
4995:Neopterygii
4981:Chondrostei
4917:Rhipidistia
4896:Lobe-finned
4846:Holocephali
4651:Osteostraci
4553:Hyperoartia
4398:Cathaymyrus
4366:Forerunners
4297:WikiProject
4256:Prehistoric
4240:Threatened
3931:Other types
3828:Sardine run
3803:Forage fish
3783:Corallivory
3635:Development
3620:Bubble nest
3493:physoclisti
3483:Suckermouth
3456:Root effect
3278:Ichthyology
3122:(1): 1–10.
2867:Oceanologia
2547:Crustaceana
2334:(11): 167.
1125:Burke, 1930
1101:Rhodichthys
1031:Burke, 1912
1014:Paraliparis
995:Stein, 1978
991:Osteodiscus
981:Notoliparis
856:Meléndez C.
823:Crystallias
810:Careproctus
731:crangonidae
720:piscivorous
647:as a host,
631:Careproctus
593:biochemical
564:Notoliparis
546:undescribed
504:Rhodichthys
440:subtropical
391:Paraliparis
350:Description
288:Perciformes
208:snailfishes
18:Snailfishes
5387:Categories
5054:placoderms
5013:Ginglymodi
4947:Ray-finned
4912:Coelacanth
4757:Acanthodii
4694:Arthrodira
4679:Placoderms
4667:Jawed fish
4639:Galeaspida
4621:Thelodonti
4420:Haikouella
4411:Olfactores
3912:Groundfish
3907:Freshwater
3902:Euryhaline
3887:Coral reef
3823:Salmon run
3813:Paedophagy
3715:Amphibious
3702:Locomotion
3510:pharyngeal
3498:physostome
3451:Photophore
3397:Glossohyal
3370:gill raker
3353:dorsal fin
3303:physiology
3020:2023-04-11
2753:2023-03-27
2691:: 341640.
2083:: 99–110.
2054:2017-08-26
2027:2017-08-26
1750:1834/17070
1735:: S1–S14.
1289:References
1171:(juvenile)
1051:Orr &
931:Lipariscus
896:Andriashev
641:king crabs
577:. Through
575:hadal zone
436:hadal zone
432:intertidal
364:gelatinous
334:crystallin
280:infraorder
218:of marine
212:sea snails
152:Type genus
143:T. N. Gill
35:Snailfish
5393:Liparidae
5191:Liparidae
5178:Liparidae
5164:Liparidae
5134:Liparidae
5112:† extinct
4967:Cladistia
4724:Rhenanida
4688:Antiarchi
4593:Conodonta
4572:Conodonts
4161:chimaeras
4048:Predatory
4025:Salmonids
3983:Whitefish
3973:Poisonous
3948:Diversity
3882:Coldwater
3818:Predatory
3808:Migratory
3768:Bait ball
3751:behaviour
3670:Pregnancy
3665:Polyandry
3439:papillare
3434:Operculum
3429:Meristics
3375:gill slit
3338:Cleithrum
3268:Fish kill
3258:Fear of -
3251:- as food
3241:Fisheries
3226:Evolution
3216:Diversity
3162:Liparidae
3068:255275689
3060:1555-6425
2997:255276166
2989:0032-9452
2939:0025-3154
2897:0078-3234
2848:247174198
2840:1432-1793
2826:(3): 42.
2801:253811268
2793:1432-2056
2658:0022-1112
2622:253811268
2614:1432-2056
2567:0011-216X
2528:255271977
2520:1555-6425
2398:0045-8511
2356:239503084
2348:1432-1793
2296:: 37–50.
1846:1742-9994
1830:(1): 16.
1692:2054-5703
1635:1553-7404
1591:255278517
1429:2397-334X
1121:Temnocora
1006:Balushkin
883:Tortonese
697:amphipods
637:parasitic
589:cartilage
416:fisheries
302:Cottoidei
268:Cottoidei
138:Liparidae
84:Kingdom:
78:Eukaryota
5143:Wikidata
4930:Lungfish
4875:Chimaera
4627:Anaspida
4426:Tunicate
4404:Lancelet
4285:Category
4236:Smallest
4149:lampreys
4112:flatfish
4102:Demersal
4058:mackerel
4053:billfish
3993:Commerce
3922:Tropical
3897:Demersal
3892:Deep-sea
3848:Venomous
3740:RoboTuna
3690:triggers
3685:Spawning
3645:Juvenile
3630:Egg case
3263:FishBase
3136:12642696
3089:: 1–54.
2947:86766467
2748:33791521
2666:21078029
2575:20104874
2445:90397099
2265:Archived
2261:24591588
2193:Archived
2189:31549749
2181:22815365
2173:41638633
2047:CBC News
2021:BBC News
2001:BBC News
1995:(2008).
1964:11410279
1914:29245485
1864:33863343
1805:29489951
1759:10286241
1710:29308245
1653:33983934
1556:28683774
1478:25543675
1437:30988486
1381:89241686
1337:FishBase
1309:March 6,
1027:Polypera
708:gammarid
693:copepods
689:plankton
498:and the
377:system.
284:sculpins
265:suborder
249:Taxonomy
243:trenches
134:Family:
98:Chordata
94:Phylum:
88:Animalia
74:Domain:
5149:Q670598
5085:Related
5018:Teleost
4558:Lamprey
4548:Hagfish
4231:Largest
4144:hagfish
4139:Jawless
4117:pollock
4090:sardine
4085:herring
4080:anchovy
4030:Tilapia
4020:Octopus
4015:Catfish
4002:Farming
3917:Pelagic
3877:Coastal
3864:habitat
3720:Walking
3625:Clasper
3577:Otolith
3539:systems
3537:Sensory
3471:ganoine
3446:Papilla
3297:Anatomy
3236:Fishing
3083:Zootaxa
2875:Bibcode
2739:7671157
2406:1444445
2298:Bibcode
2252:3970477
2229:Bibcode
2145:Trieste
2085:Bibcode
1892:Zootaxa
1855:8052763
1797:9734067
1701:5750012
1644:8118300
1547:5501477
1456:Zootaxa
1061:Psednos
1019:Collett
959:Nalbant
923:Scopoli
918:Liparis
900:Neyelov
862:., 1991
854:Stein,
802:Fedorov
768:Gilbert
661:Otolith
494:of the
386:benthic
356:tadpole
160:Liparis
114:Order:
104:Class:
5370:234519
5344:266390
5331:577720
5315:NZOR:
5308:183715
5282:555701
5269:105454
4381:Pikaia
4249:sharks
4166:sharks
4095:sprats
4075:Forage
4063:salmon
3943:Coarse
3725:Flying
3597:Vision
3552:Barbel
3466:Scales
3326:dermal
3206:About
3134:
3066:
3058:
2995:
2987:
2945:
2937:
2895:
2846:
2838:
2799:
2791:
2746:
2736:
2664:
2656:
2620:
2612:
2573:
2565:
2526:
2518:
2443:
2425:Copeia
2404:
2396:
2378:Copeia
2354:
2346:
2259:
2249:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2123:5 July
1962:
1912:
1862:
1852:
1844:
1803:
1795:
1757:
1708:
1698:
1690:
1651:
1641:
1633:
1589:
1554:
1544:
1501:
1476:
1435:
1427:
1379:
1361:Copeia
1055:, 2001
1021:, 1879
1008:, 1996
965:, 1971
961:&
948:, 2004
925:, 1777
902:, 1976
898:&
885:, 1959
860:Kong U
858:&
842:Jordan
831:, 1902
829:Snyder
817:, 1862
815:Krøyer
804:, 1993
800:&
798:Pitruk
787:, 2012
774:, 1912
770:&
752:Genera
695:, and
685:Larval
597:larvae
476:mantle
330:-oxide
231:Arctic
216:family
214:are a
145:, 1861
5365:WoRMS
5352:Plazi
5264:IRMNG
5256:49032
5217:624XH
5037:Lists
4837:Shark
4211:Blind
4199:Lists
3978:Rough
3843:Sleep
3749:Other
3515:shark
3505:Teeth
3132:S2CID
3064:S2CID
2993:S2CID
2943:S2CID
2844:S2CID
2797:S2CID
2618:S2CID
2571:JSTOR
2524:S2CID
2441:S2CID
2402:JSTOR
2352:S2CID
2268:(PDF)
2215:(PDF)
2185:S2CID
2169:JSTOR
1801:S2CID
1755:S2CID
1587:S2CID
1377:S2CID
1053:Busby
963:Mayer
785:Stein
772:Burke
712:krill
528:shoal
343:bglap
224:order
5303:NCBI
5277:ITIS
5243:8627
5238:GBIF
5230:5136
5204:1284
5199:BOLD
5064:bony
4887:Bony
4351:Fish
4244:rays
4178:Bony
4171:rays
4068:tuna
4010:Carp
3968:Oily
3953:Game
3938:Bait
3872:Cave
3655:Milt
3360:Gill
3348:Fins
3321:Bone
3208:fish
3199:Fish
3087:3588
3056:ISSN
2985:ISSN
2935:ISSN
2893:ISSN
2836:ISSN
2789:ISSN
2744:PMID
2662:PMID
2654:ISSN
2610:ISSN
2563:ISSN
2516:ISSN
2394:ISSN
2382:1980
2344:ISSN
2257:PMID
2220:PNAS
2177:PMID
2125:2023
1960:PMID
1948:1547
1910:PMID
1896:4358
1860:PMID
1842:ISSN
1793:PMID
1706:PMID
1688:ISSN
1649:PMID
1631:ISSN
1552:PMID
1499:ISBN
1474:PMID
1460:3882
1433:PMID
1425:ISSN
1311:2012
680:Diet
635:are
614:kelp
567:and
448:and
394:and
360:fins
339:mc1r
322:fmo3
206:The
5290:NBN
5225:EoL
5212:CoL
5186:AFD
5173:ADW
4832:Ray
4436:? (
4107:cod
3862:By
3675:Roe
3402:Jaw
3300:and
3124:doi
3091:doi
3048:doi
2977:doi
2927:doi
2883:doi
2828:doi
2824:169
2781:doi
2734:PMC
2726:doi
2693:doi
2689:201
2646:doi
2602:doi
2555:doi
2508:doi
2475:doi
2433:doi
2429:104
2386:doi
2336:doi
2332:168
2306:doi
2294:132
2247:PMC
2237:doi
2225:111
2161:doi
2157:222
2093:doi
2081:114
1952:doi
1900:doi
1850:PMC
1832:doi
1785:doi
1781:237
1745:hdl
1737:doi
1696:PMC
1680:doi
1639:PMC
1621:doi
1579:doi
1542:PMC
1532:doi
1464:doi
1415:doi
1369:doi
1365:104
946:Orr
530:of
463:).
233:to
210:or
5389::
5367::
5354::
5341::
5328::
5305::
5292::
5279::
5266::
5253::
5240::
5227::
5214::
5201::
5188::
5175::
5160::
5145::
4770:†"
4445:,
3130:.
3120:52
3118:.
3085:.
3062:.
3054:.
3044:62
3042:.
3038:.
3013:.
2991:.
2983:.
2973:62
2971:.
2967:.
2955:^
2941:.
2933:.
2923:93
2921:.
2917:.
2905:^
2891:.
2881:.
2871:58
2869:.
2865:.
2842:.
2834:.
2822:.
2818:.
2795:.
2787:.
2777:42
2775:.
2771:.
2742:.
2732:.
2720:.
2716:.
2687:.
2683:.
2660:.
2652:.
2642:77
2640:.
2616:.
2608:.
2598:42
2596:.
2592:.
2569:.
2561:.
2551:65
2549:.
2545:.
2522:.
2514:.
2504:54
2502:.
2498:.
2471:49
2469:.
2465:.
2453:^
2439:.
2427:.
2423:.
2400:.
2392:.
2380:.
2376:.
2364:^
2350:.
2342:.
2330:.
2304:.
2292:.
2288:.
2276:^
2263:.
2255:.
2245:.
2235:.
2223:.
2217:.
2191:.
2183:.
2175:.
2167:.
2155:.
2149:.
2115:.
2091:.
2079:.
2075:.
2063:^
2044:.
2018:.
1999:.
1958:.
1946:.
1908:.
1894:.
1890:.
1872:^
1858:.
1848:.
1840:.
1828:18
1826:.
1822:.
1799:.
1791:.
1779:.
1767:^
1753:.
1743:.
1733:46
1731:.
1727:.
1704:.
1694:.
1686:.
1674:.
1670:.
1647:.
1637:.
1629:.
1617:17
1615:.
1611:.
1599:^
1585:.
1575:55
1573:.
1550:.
1540:.
1528:17
1526:.
1522:.
1472:.
1458:.
1454:.
1431:.
1423:.
1409:.
1405:.
1389:^
1375:.
1363:.
1346:^
1334:.
1319:^
722:.
714:,
710:,
612:,
558:.
514:.
484:.
418:.
304:.
245:.
5000:†
4961:"
4957:"
4955:†
4922:†
4904:†
4868:†
4862:†
4856:†
4850:†
4825:†
4819:†
4813:†
4807:†
4783:†
4777:†
4774:"
4764:†
4754:†
4745:?
4741:†
4738:?
4734:†
4728:†
4722:†
4716:†
4710:†
4704:†
4698:†
4692:†
4686:†
4676:†
4649:†
4643:†
4637:†
4631:†
4625:†
4619:†
4613:†
4603:†
4591:†
4585:†
4582:?
4578:†
4570:†
4465:?
4458:†
4454:)
4447:†
4438:†
4431:†
4416:†
4394:†
4377:†
4332:e
4325:t
4318:v
3191:e
3184:t
3177:v
3138:.
3126::
3097:.
3093::
3070:.
3050::
3023:.
2999:.
2979::
2949:.
2929::
2899:.
2885::
2877::
2850:.
2830::
2803:.
2783::
2756:.
2728::
2722:1
2701:.
2695::
2668:.
2648::
2624:.
2604::
2577:.
2557::
2530:.
2510::
2483:.
2477::
2447:.
2435::
2408:.
2388::
2358:.
2338::
2314:.
2308::
2300::
2239::
2231::
2163::
2127:.
2101:.
2095::
2087::
2057:.
2030:.
2003:.
1966:.
1954::
1916:.
1902::
1866:.
1834::
1807:.
1787::
1761:.
1747::
1739::
1712:.
1682::
1676:4
1655:.
1623::
1593:.
1581::
1558:.
1534::
1507:.
1480:.
1466::
1439:.
1417::
1411:3
1383:.
1371::
1313:.
633:,
470:(
453:,
328:N
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
