876:
359:
423:
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278:
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635:
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40:
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is necessary to remediate these bugs when they are found and keep the software working as the environment changes over time. New features are often added after the release. Over time, the level of maintenance becomes increasingly restricted before being cut off entirely when the product is withdrawn
567:, or the ease of modification. It is usually more cost-effective to build quality into the product from the beginning rather than try to add it later in the development process. Higher quality code will reduce lifetime cost to both suppliers and customers as it is more reliable and
349:
runs on top of the operating system and uses the computer's resources to perform a task. There are many different types of application software because the range of tasks that can be performed with modern computers is so large. Applications account for most software and require the
816:, in contrast, allow free use and redistribution of software with few conditions. Most open-source licenses used for software require that modifications be released under the same license, which can create complications when open-source software is reused in proprietary projects.
575:
can be very serious including death. By some estimates, the cost of poor quality software can be as high as 20 to 40 percent of sales. Despite developers' goal of delivering a product that works entirely as intended, virtually all software contains bugs.
860:
decided that business processes could be patented. Patent applications are complex and costly, and lawsuits involving patents can drive up the cost of products. Unlike copyrights, patents generally only apply in the jurisdiction where they were issued.
615:), without the user being aware of it. To thwart cyberattacks, all software in the system must be designed to withstand and recover from external attack. Despite efforts to ensure security, a significant fraction of computers are infected with malware.
666:
Programming languages are the format in which software is written. Since the 1950s, thousands of different programming languages have been invented; some have been in use for decades, while others have fallen into disuse. Some definitions classify
518:
and can remain in use for decades, even if there is no one left who knows how to fix it. Over the lifetime of the product, software maintenance is estimated to comprise 75 percent or more of the total development cost.
852:
683:
to other computer systems, and they are more concise and human-readable than machine code. They must be both human-readable and capable of being translated into unambiguous instructions for computer hardware.
2515:
837:
give an inventor an exclusive, time-limited license for a novel product or process. Ideas about what software could accomplish are not protected by law and concrete implementations are instead covered by
188:
can lead to system failures and security breaches. Additionally, legal issues such as software licenses and intellectual property rights play a significant role in the distribution of software products.
887:
writes that "computers and software are making profound changes to every aspect of human life: education, work, warfare, entertainment, medicine, law, and everything else". It has become ubiquitous in
563:
is defined as meeting the stated requirements as well as customer expectations. Quality is an overarching term that can refer to a code's correct and efficient behavior, its reusability and
603:
by malicious actors, and the actual risk is dependent on the nature of the vulnerability as well as the value of the surrounding system. Although some vulnerabilities can only be used for
2434:
Ulziit, Bayarbuyan; Warraich, Zeeshan Akhtar; Gencel, Cigdem; Petersen, Kai (2015). "A conceptual framework of challenges and solutions for managing global software maintenance".
341:
Offering common services, such as an interface for accessing network and disk devices. This enables an application to be run on different hardware without needing to be rewritten.
2508:
842:. In some countries, a requirement for the claimed invention to have an effect on the physical world may also be part of the requirements for a software patent to be held valid.
2501:
743:
Software is often released with the knowledge that it is incomplete or contains bugs. Purchasers knowingly buy it in this state, which has led to a legal regime where
700:. Part of the compiler's function is to link these files in such a way that the program can be executed by the hardware. Once compiled, the program can be saved as an
675:—a more human-readable alternative to machine code whose statements can be translated one-to-one into machine code—as programming languages. Programs written in the
2258:
Rahman, Hanif Ur; da Silva, Alberto
Rodrigues; Alzayed, Asaad; Raza, Mushtaq (2024). "A Systematic Literature Review on Software Maintenance Offshoring Decisions".
470:. Due to time constraints, testing cannot cover all aspects of the software's intended functionality, so developers often focus on the most critical functionality.
784:
that vests the owner with the exclusive right to copy the code. The underlying ideas or algorithms are not protected by copyright law, but are often treated as a
797:
2579:
875:
696:
needed to translate them automatically into machine code. Most programs do not contain all the resources needed to run them and rely on external
435:
2483:
2464:
2424:
2405:
2386:
2367:
2345:
2326:
2307:
2288:
2248:
2229:
2210:
2191:
2172:
2153:
2134:
2115:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2036:
2017:
1995:
69:
The history of software is closely tied to the development of digital computers in the mid-20th century. Early programs were written in the
3203:
3215:
2559:
479:
989:
676:
679:
used to create software share a few main characteristics: knowledge of machine code is not necessary to write them, they can be
427:
240:
74:
943:, were enabled by the Internet. Massive amounts of knowledge exceeding any paper-based library are now available with a quick
422:
3110:
647:
599:) as well as those that have not been patched are still liable for exploitation. Vulnerabilities vary in their ability to be
1982:
659:
3025:
138:
358:
600:
527:
490:
482:, which vary from completing all steps in order to concurrent and iterative models. Software development is driven by
399:
363:
256:
165:
2338:
UX Fundamentals for Non-UX Professionals: User
Experience Principles for Managers, Writers, Designers, and Developers
3189:
2584:
796:
has been recognized since the mid-1970s and is vested in the company that makes the software, not the employees or
738:
498:
459:
173:
3080:
2613:
1843:
Gerardo Con Díaz, "The Text in the
Machine: American Copyright Law and the Many Natures of Software, 1974–1978",
809:
588:
386:
for a specific version of the software, downloaded, and run on hardware belonging to the purchaser. The rise of
185:
31:
2298:
Rosati, Pierangelo; Lynn, Theo (2020). "Measuring the
Business Value of Infrastructure Migration to the Cloud".
442:
begins by conceiving the project, evaluating its feasibility, analyzing the business requirements, and making a
2549:
2528:
2457:
Building Modern SaaS Applications with C# And . NET: Build, Deploy, and
Maintain Professional SaaS Applications
789:
643:
451:
808:
is usually sold under a restrictive license that limits copying and reuse (often enforced with tools such as
486:
taken from prospective users, as opposed to maintenance, which is driven by events such as a change request.
3153:
717:
475:
324:
244:
236:
228:
90:
277:
3090:
847:
829:
572:
2574:
2239:
Osterweil, Leon J. (2013). "What Is
Software? The Role of Empirical Methods in Answering the Question".
948:
721:
709:
655:
483:
403:
395:
371:
367:
351:
134:
94:
82:
59:
434:
Software companies aim to deliver a high-quality product on time and under budget. A challenge is that
3284:
223:
in 1958. The first programmable computers, which appeared at the end of the 1940s, were programmed in
2127:
Asset Attack
Vectors: Building Effective Vulnerability Management Strategies to Protect Organizations
813:
805:
629:
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317:
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177:
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122:
78:
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523:
379:
272:
198:
66:. Software can be defined broadly to include design documents, specifications, and testing suites.
3171:
3065:
3035:
2912:
2813:
2738:
2643:
2005:
1984:
Zero Days, Thousands of Nights: The Life and Times of Zero-Day
Vulnerabilities and Their Exploits
960:
793:
769:
760:
705:
208:
97:
on the architecture's hardware. Over time, software has become complex, owing to developments in
2070:
Software
Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring
895:. In many cases, software augments the functionality of existing technologies such as household
3320:
3165:
2957:
2907:
2857:
2831:
2603:
2479:
2460:
2420:
2401:
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2092:
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2054:
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2013:
1991:
985:
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672:
604:
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335:
313:
298:
220:
102:
3135:
3125:
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801:
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383:
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224:
161:
116:
70:
55:
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2554:
2493:
870:
843:
825:
568:
535:
515:
443:
411:
391:
328:
232:
153:
130:
3250:
856:, software patents were generally not recognized in the United States. In that case, the
3095:
2826:
2698:
2623:
924:
896:
765:
608:
592:
531:
511:
447:
634:
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in an incomplete state when the development team runs out of time or funding. Despite
3314:
3070:
2841:
2733:
2633:
2241:
Perspectives on the Future of
Software Engineering: Essays in Honor of Dieter Rombach
956:
932:
912:
888:
857:
839:
781:
773:
595:
are often released to fix identified vulnerabilities, but those that remain unknown (
478:
helps to ensure that the product meets customer expectations. There are a variety of
471:
323:
Allocating resources between different applications, deciding when they will receive
354:
provided by an operating system, and often other applications, in order to function.
3130:
2927:
2892:
2708:
2663:
2638:
2544:
2046:
940:
904:
884:
785:
668:
502:
387:
231:
across different computers. Initially, hardware resources were more expensive than
181:
2271:
996:
Software consists of computer programs that govern the operation of the computer.
474:
are used in some safety-critical systems to prove the correctness of code, while
398:(SaaS), in which the provider hosts the software (usually built on top of rented
3060:
3040:
2965:
2902:
2872:
2803:
2773:
2688:
2029:
From Mainframes to Smartphones: A History of the International Computer Industry
952:
908:
720:
instead of a compiler. An interpreter converts the program into machine code at
701:
639:
584:
463:
2222:
Concise Guide to Software Engineering: From Fundamentals to Application Methods
724:, which makes them 10 to 100 times slower than compiled programming languages.
522:
Completing a software project involves various forms of expertise, not just in
152:
The process of developing software involves several stages. The stages include
3015:
2995:
2778:
2683:
2618:
944:
607:
attacks that compromise a system's availability, others allow the attacker to
98:
44:
39:
3233:
747:
for software products is significantly curtailed compared to other products.
406:) and provides the use of the software to customers, often in exchange for a
3045:
3010:
3005:
2985:
2748:
2728:
2713:
2693:
2678:
2658:
2539:
947:. Most creative professionals have switched to software-based tools such as
692:
The invention of high-level programming languages was simultaneous with the
539:
248:
106:
879:
Computer-generated simulations are one of the advances enabled by software.
3301:
3149:
3030:
2947:
2793:
2758:
2653:
900:
693:
651:
146:
86:
63:
17:
3267:
3020:
2937:
2917:
2887:
2867:
2862:
2718:
2703:
2673:
2476:
Unraveling Software Maintenance and Evolution: Thinking Outside the Box
713:
612:
564:
252:
119:, which manage hardware resources and provide services for applications
3000:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2897:
2798:
2768:
2753:
2648:
2447:
834:
680:
338:
details (like physical memory) to make things easier for programmers.
2184:
Guide to Software Development: Designing and Managing the Life Cycle
853:
State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc.
800:
who wrote it. The use of most software is governed by an agreement (
414:—had become the primary method that companies deliver applications.
320:". There are three main purposes that an operating system fulfills:
3050:
2877:
2763:
920:
874:
764:
633:
421:
357:
276:
260:
202:
38:
671:—the exact instructions directly implemented by the hardware—and
1528:
1526:
936:
928:
430:
from 1988. The numbers represent the typical cost of each phase.
203:
142:
2497:
334:
Providing an interface that abstracts the details of accessing
1119:
1117:
1115:
916:
3209:
2398:
Software Evolution and Maintenance: A Practitioner's Approach
1791:
1789:
1591:
1589:
1206:
1204:
579:
The rise of the Internet also greatly increased the need for
211:
is an essential invention to produce modern software systems.
77:
in 1958 allowed for more human-readable instructions, making
1930:
1928:
716:
on the computer hardware. Some programming languages use an
708:(part of the operating system) can take this saved file and
316:
that manages a computer's resources for its users and their
2415:
Tucker, Allen; Morelli, Ralph; de Silva, Chamindra (2011).
1608:
1606:
1604:
1580:
1222:
587:
remotely. If a bug creates a security risk, it is called a
410:. By 2023, SaaS products—which are usually delivered via a
112:
Software can generally be categorized into two main types:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1891:
1889:
903:. Software also spawned entirely new technologies such as
450:
or incorporating existing software, either in the form of
382:. Traditional applications are purchased with a perpetual
2027:
Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D. (2015).
963:. Almost every complex device is controlled by software.
505:
where the system does not work as intended. Post-release
247:
the details of the hardware and expressed the underlying
2146:
The Technical and Social History of Software Engineering
446:. Most software projects speed up their development by
1281:
1279:
85:. Software in a programming language is run through a
3187:
2302:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 19–37.
1469:
293:. The application software layer interfaces with the
1090:
1088:
2978:
2956:
2840:
2812:
2602:
2595:
2396:Tripathy, Priyadarshi; Naik, Kshirasagar (2014).
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
227:. Machine language is difficult to debug and not
180:are critical aspects of software development, as
2051:Big Breaches: Cybersecurity Lessons for Everyone
982:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
362:Comparison of on-premise hardware and software,
2300:Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing
2089:Programming Languages: Principles and Paradigms
1636:
1624:
133:has introduced the new software delivery model
2087:Gabbrielli, Maurizio; Martini, Simone (2023).
1159:
1147:
1123:
1106:
378:Software can also be categorized by how it is
137:(SaaS). In SaaS, applications are hosted by a
73:specific to the hardware. The introduction of
2509:
2417:Software Development: An Open Source Approach
1453:
804:) between the copyright holder and the user.
8:
1934:
1919:
1768:
1708:
1660:
1648:
1417:
1405:
1381:
1135:
1880:
1868:
1831:
1807:
1795:
1780:
1744:
1612:
1595:
1568:
1556:
1532:
1517:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1297:
1270:
1258:
1210:
688:Compilation, interpretation, and execution
239:became the bottleneck. The introduction of
2599:
2516:
2502:
2494:
2436:Journal of Software: Evolution and Process
2010:Operating Systems: Principles and Practice
1234:
919:. New methods of communication, including
583:as it enabled malicious actors to conduct
81:easier and more portable across different
2580:List of mobile app distribution platforms
1007:
650:that explain the program to humans. When
526:but also testing, documentation writing,
125:, which performs specific tasks for users
2360:Modern Operating Systems, Global Edition
1963:
1895:
251:into the code . Early languages include
3222:
3194:
2125:Haber, Morey J.; Hibbert, Brad (2018).
2108:Software Quality: Concepts and Practice
1756:
1581:Campbell-Kelly & Garcia-Swartz 2015
1223:Campbell-Kelly & Garcia-Swartz 2015
972:
301:. The arrows indicate information flow.
2165:Code/space: Software and Everyday Life
1819:
1393:
1285:
436:software development effort estimation
305:There are two main types of software:
297:, which in turn communicates with the
1981:Ablon, Lillian; Bogart, Andy (2017).
1951:
1907:
1856:
1732:
1720:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1544:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1441:
1429:
1309:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1094:
1031:
1019:
462:is typically a combination of manual
7:
2381:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
2281:Software Maintenance Success Recipes
2163:Kitchin, Rob; Dodge, Martin (2011).
1246:
418:Software development and maintenance
2560:Digital distribution of video games
2260:Information and Software Technology
1470:Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011
27:Instructions a computer can execute
501:, virtually all software contains
480:software development methodologies
25:
2319:Concepts of Programming Languages
788:and concealed by such methods as
466:by other engineers and automated
3293:
3276:
3259:
3242:
3225:
3197:
3170:
3160:
3159:
677:high-level programming languages
241:high-level programming languages
75:high-level programming languages
2321:(10 ed.). Addison-Wesley.
2012:(2 ed.). Recursive Books.
611:and run their own code (called
428:software development life cycle
3111:Windows Marketplace for Mobile
2243:. Springer. pp. 237–254.
235:. As programs became complex,
1:
3204:Free and open-source software
3026:Games for Windows Marketplace
2379:Software: A Technical History
1080:Gabbrielli & Martini 2023
1068:Gabbrielli & Martini 2023
1056:Gabbrielli & Martini 2023
1044:Gabbrielli & Martini 2023
510:from the market. As software
219:is credited to mathematician
2272:10.1016/j.infsof.2024.107475
2031:. Harvard University Press.
780:Source code is protected by
2317:Sebesta, Robert W. (2012).
1637:Daswani & Elbayadi 2021
1625:Daswani & Elbayadi 2021
658:, it will give the output "
364:infrastructure as a service
3337:
2279:Reifer, Donald J. (2012).
2182:Langer, Arthur M. (2016).
2091:(2nd ed.). Springer.
2049:; Elbayadi, Moudy (2021).
2008:; Dahlin, Michael (2014).
1847:57 (October 2016), 753–79.
1160:Anderson & Dahlin 2014
1148:Anderson & Dahlin 2014
1124:Anderson & Dahlin 2014
1107:Anderson & Dahlin 2014
868:
848:historically controversial
823:
754:
739:Software product liability
736:
642:for a computer program in
627:
549:
460:Software quality assurance
426:Diagram for a traditional
281:A diagram showing how the
270:
215:The first use of the word
196:
174:Software quality assurance
29:
3144:
2614:Amazon Digital Game Store
2535:
2400:. John Wiley & Sons.
2110:. John Wiley & Sons.
810:digital rights management
790:non-disclosure agreements
32:Software (disambiguation)
2550:Content delivery network
2220:O'Regan, Gerard (2022).
2068:Dooley, John F. (2017).
1935:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1920:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1769:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1709:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1661:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1649:Haber & Hibbert 2018
1418:Tripathy & Naik 2014
1406:Tripathy & Naik 2014
1382:Tripathy & Naik 2014
1136:Tanenbaum & Bos 2023
980:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
489:Frequently, software is
452:commercial off-the-shelf
186:security vulnerabilities
43:Software written in the
2358:; Bos, Herbert (2023).
2205:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1613:Ablon & Bogart 2017
1569:Ablon & Bogart 2017
1300:, pp. 18, 110–111.
984:. Thomson. p. 16.
850:. Before the 1998 case
573:safety-critical systems
571:. Software failures in
476:user acceptance testing
327:(CPU) time or space in
325:central processing unit
237:programmer productivity
3091:Ubuntu Software Center
2933:PureOS Software Center
2769:PureOS Software Center
2377:Tracy, Kim W. (2021).
2336:Stull, Edward (2018).
2203:Software Takes Command
2201:Manovich, Lev (2013).
2144:Jones, Capers (2014).
2106:Galin, Daniel (2018).
1845:Technology and Culture
1235:Rosati & Lynn 2020
880:
830:Software patent debate
777:
663:
619:Encoding and execution
514:, it becomes known as
431:
375:
302:
212:
83:computer architectures
48:
2575:Software distribution
2527:digital distribution
2474:Varga, Ervin (2018).
2362:. Pearson Higher Ed.
2148:. Pearson Education.
949:computer-aided design
878:
869:Further information:
768:
646:. The gray lines are
637:
624:Programming languages
438:is often inaccurate.
425:
396:software as a service
394:enabled a new model,
372:software as a service
368:platform as a service
361:
280:
206:
135:Software as a Service
42:
2356:Tanenbaum, Andrew S.
1990:. Rand Corporation.
1810:, pp. 394, 404.
1150:, pp. 7, 9, 13.
814:Open-source licenses
806:Proprietary software
630:Programming language
546:Quality and security
524:software programmers
507:software maintenance
456:open-source software
440:Software development
347:Application software
287:application software
123:application software
79:software development
30:For other uses, see
3116:Windows Phone Store
3106:Windows Marketplace
2565:Over-the-air update
2455:Watt, Andy (2023).
2224:. Springer Nature.
1783:, pp. 394–396.
1735:, pp. 122–123.
1699:, pp. 118–119.
1687:, pp. 118–120.
1520:, pp. 68, 117.
1324:, pp. 117–118.
1225:, pp. 156–157.
1058:, pp. 520–521.
893:developed countries
542:, and fundraising.
273:Software categories
199:History of software
3066:Opera Mobile Store
2913:Meta Horizon Store
2739:Meta Horizon Store
1535:, pp. 3, 268.
1312:, pp. 43, 76.
1022:, pp. 19, 22.
961:computer animation
881:
794:Software copyright
778:
761:Software copyright
664:
569:easier to maintain
528:project management
432:
376:
303:
213:
209:integrated circuit
58:that instruct the
49:
3185:
3184:
2974:
2973:
2908:Huawei AppGallery
2832:PlayStation Store
2485:978-3-319-71303-8
2466:978-1-80461-087-9
2426:978-1-4398-8460-7
2407:978-0-470-60341-3
2388:978-1-4503-8724-8
2369:978-1-292-72789-9
2347:978-1-4842-3811-0
2328:978-0-13-139531-2
2309:978-3-030-43198-3
2290:978-1-4398-5167-8
2250:978-3-642-37395-4
2231:978-3-031-07816-3
2212:978-1-62356-745-3
2193:978-1-4471-6799-0
2174:978-0-262-04248-2
2155:978-0-321-90342-6
2136:978-1-4842-3627-7
2117:978-1-119-13449-7
2098:978-3-031-34144-1
2079:978-1-4842-3153-1
2060:978-1-4842-6654-0
2038:978-0-674-28655-9
2019:978-0-9856735-2-9
1997:978-0-8330-9761-3
1954:, p. xxviii.
1822:, pp. 44–45.
1771:, pp. 36–37.
1639:, pp. 26–27.
1484:, pp. 24–25.
1408:, pp. 4, 27.
673:assembly language
605:denial of service
581:computer security
556:Computer security
499:quality assurance
314:layer of software
310:Operating systems
221:John Wilder Tukey
117:operating systems
103:operating systems
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552:Software quality
538:, user support,
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291:desktop computer
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516:legacy software
444:software design
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392:cloud computing
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1021:
1016:
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1009:
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991:0-619-06489-7
987:
983:
976:
973:
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964:
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957:image editing
954:
950:
946:
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934:
933:microblogging
930:
926:
922:
918:
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913:mobile phones
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:everyday life
886:
877:
872:
864:
862:
859:
858:Supreme Court
855:
854:
849:
845:
841:
840:copyright law
836:
831:
827:
819:
817:
815:
811:
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799:
795:
791:
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783:
782:copyright law
775:
774:free software
771:
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661:
660:Hello, world!
657:
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589:vulnerability
586:
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46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3300:
3283:
3266:
3249:
3237:from Commons
3232:
3211:
3131:Yahoo! Games
2893:Galaxy Store
2724:MacGameStore
2709:Humble Store
2639:Direct2Drive
2545:Cloud gaming
2524:
2478:. Springer.
2475:
2456:
2439:
2435:
2416:
2397:
2378:
2359:
2337:
2318:
2299:
2280:
2263:
2259:
2240:
2221:
2202:
2186:. Springer.
2183:
2164:
2145:
2126:
2107:
2088:
2069:
2050:
2028:
2009:
1983:
1959:
1937:, p. 5.
1915:
1903:
1881:O'Regan 2022
1876:
1869:O'Regan 2022
1864:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1832:O'Regan 2022
1827:
1815:
1808:O'Regan 2022
1803:
1796:O'Regan 2022
1781:O'Regan 2022
1776:
1764:
1757:Sebesta 2012
1752:
1745:O'Regan 2022
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1615:, p. 2.
1596:O'Regan 2022
1576:
1571:, p. 1.
1564:
1557:O'Regan 2022
1552:
1540:
1533:O'Regan 2022
1518:O'Regan 2022
1513:
1501:
1496:, p. 3.
1489:
1477:
1472:, p. 7.
1465:
1455:
1449:
1444:, p. 6.
1437:
1432:, p. 3.
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1372:, p. 9.
1370:O'Regan 2022
1365:
1358:O'Regan 2022
1353:
1346:O'Regan 2022
1341:
1334:O'Regan 2022
1329:
1322:O'Regan 2022
1317:
1305:
1298:O'Regan 2022
1293:
1288:, p. 1.
1273:, p. 5.
1271:O'Regan 2022
1266:
1261:, p. 7.
1259:O'Regan 2022
1254:
1249:, p. 4.
1242:
1230:
1218:
1211:O'Regan 2022
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1138:, p. 5.
1131:
1126:, p. 7.
1109:, p. 6.
1102:
1097:, p. 1.
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1034:, p. 2.
1027:
1015:
1003:
995:
981:
975:
953:3D modeling
941:social media
905:the Internet
885:Capers Jones
882:
851:
833:
786:trade secret
779:
742:
728:Legal issues
691:
669:machine code
665:
585:cyberattacks
578:
559:
521:
488:
484:requirements
433:
388:the Internet
377:
370:(PaaS), and
318:applications
304:
216:
214:
151:
129:The rise of
128:
111:
68:
54:consists of
51:
50:
36:
3154:VR headsets
3061:Nokia Store
3041:Intel AppUp
2966:NESiCAxLive
2903:Google Play
2873:Cafe Bazaar
2804:WildTangent
2774:Robot Cache
2689:Gamesplanet
1820:Langer 2016
1394:Reifer 2012
1286:Dooley 2017
909:video games
798:contractors
718:interpreter
702:object file
640:source code
565:portability
464:code review
352:environment
170:maintenance
158:programming
91:interpreter
3268:Quotations
3016:GameShadow
2996:Club Nokia
2779:Snap Store
2684:GamersGate
2619:Battle.net
2340:. Apress.
2266:: 107475.
2129:. Apress.
2072:. Apress.
2053:. Apress.
1952:Jones 2014
1908:Jones 2014
1857:Jones 2014
1733:Tracy 2021
1721:Tracy 2021
1697:Tracy 2021
1685:Tracy 2021
1673:Tracy 2021
1545:Varga 2018
1506:Galin 2018
1494:Galin 2018
1482:Stull 2018
1442:Varga 2018
1430:Tracy 2021
1310:Tracy 2021
1196:Tracy 2021
1184:Tracy 2021
1172:Jones 2014
1095:Tracy 2021
1032:Tracy 2021
1020:Jones 2014
967:References
955:, digital
945:web search
897:appliances
846:have been
454:(COTS) or
271:See also:
249:algorithms
99:networking
45:JavaScript
3302:Resources
3285:Textbooks
3150:Smart TVs
3046:Kartridge
3011:GameAgent
3006:Download!
2986:Allmyapps
2928:OpenStore
2749:MSN Games
2729:MacUpdate
2714:IndieGala
2694:Game Jolt
2679:GameHouse
2659:DMM Games
2606:computers
2604:Personal
2540:App store
2529:platforms
2459:. Packt.
1247:Watt 2023
901:elevators
883:Engineer
745:liability
733:Liability
698:libraries
694:compilers
601:exploited
597:zero days
540:marketing
404:platforms
312:are "the
145:over the
107:databases
60:execution
18:Softwares
3321:Software
3315:Category
3212:Software
3166:Category
3031:Handango
2948:Viveport
2814:Consoles
2794:Viveport
2759:Pogo.com
2654:Discover
2525:Software
812:(DRM)).
751:Licenses
722:run time
712:it as a
704:and the
652:compiled
648:comments
491:released
380:deployed
366:(IaaS),
336:hardware
299:hardware
243:in 1958
229:portable
217:software
178:security
147:Internet
143:accessed
139:provider
87:compiler
64:computer
52:Software
47:language
3036:Impulse
3021:GameTap
2979:Defunct
2938:SlideME
2918:MiKandi
2888:F-Droid
2868:Aptoide
2863:Appland
2844:devices
2842:Mobile
2719:itch.io
2704:GOG.com
2674:Flathub
2644:Discord
2585:Android
1974:Sources
1454:Ulziit
835:Patents
820:Patents
776:program
770:Blender
714:process
710:execute
613:malware
495:testing
448:reusing
384:license
253:Fortran
193:History
166:release
162:testing
95:execute
3190:Portal
3177:Portal
3175:
3164:
3081:Triton
3056:N-Gage
3001:Desura
2958:Arcade
2943:TapTap
2923:Nutaku
2898:GetJar
2799:WeGame
2754:Nutaku
2649:DLsite
2596:Active
2482:
2463:
2423:
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2306:
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2247:
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2209:
2190:
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2114:
2095:
2076:
2057:
2035:
2016:
1994:
1456:et al.
988:
959:, and
939:, and
925:forums
915:, and
865:Impact
706:loader
681:ported
609:inject
374:(SaaS)
329:memory
259:, and
168:, and
105:, and
3234:Media
3051:Kazaa
2878:Cydia
2784:Steam
2764:Pokki
1988:(PDF)
937:wikis
929:blogs
921:email
267:Types
261:COBOL
62:of a
3251:News
2480:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2402:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2033:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1458:2015
986:ISBN
899:and
828:and
772:, a
759:and
654:and
638:The
554:and
512:ages
503:bugs
497:and
390:and
283:user
257:Lisp
207:The
184:and
182:bugs
176:and
141:and
2444:doi
2268:doi
2264:172
917:GPS
891:in
656:run
591:.
402:or
245:hid
93:to
89:or
3317::
2664:EA
2440:27
2438:.
2262:.
1942:^
1927:^
1888:^
1788:^
1603:^
1588:^
1525:^
1278:^
1203:^
1114:^
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2063:.
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644:C
331:.
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