1751:, etc. This allows for rational formulations knowing, for example, that there is a good HSP match between a solvent and a polymer. Rational substitutions can also be made for "good" solvents (effective at dissolving the solute) that are "bad" (expensive or hazardous to health or the environment). The following table shows that the intuitions from "non-polar", "polar aprotic" and "polar protic" are put numerically – the "polar" molecules have higher levels of δP and the protic solvents have higher levels of δH. Because numerical values are used, comparisons can be made rationally by comparing numbers. For example, acetonitrile is much more polar than acetone but exhibits slightly less hydrogen bonding.
1057:
919:
1095:
1657:
1212:
1693:
1331:
1013:
40:
1587:
777:
642:
1134:
1460:
690:
1172:
1248:
3182:
964:
1289:
1624:
876:
1546:
1508:
1425:
742:
1390:
821:
3776:. Peroxide formation is not a significant problem when fresh solvents are used up quickly; they are more of a problem in laboratories which may take years to finish a single bottle. Low-volume users should acquire only small amounts of peroxide-prone solvents, and dispose of old solvents on a regular periodic schedule.
2578:
is cited in place of density. Specific gravity is defined as the density of the solvent divided by the density of water at the same temperature. As such, specific gravity is a unitless value. It readily communicates whether a water-insoluble solvent will float (SG < 1.0) or sink (SG > 1.0) when
213:
When one substance dissolves into another, a solution is formed. A solution is a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent. The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium. Solutions can be formed with many different types and
378:
Gregory's solvent ϸ parameter is a quantum chemically derived charge density parameter. This parameter seems to reproduce many of the experimental solvent parameters (especially the donor and acceptor numbers) using this charge decomposition analysis approach, with an electrostatic basis. The ϸ
3747:
atom by another free radical. The carbon-centered free radical thus formed is able to react with an oxygen molecule to form a peroxide compound. The process of peroxide formation is greatly accelerated by exposure to even low levels of light, but can proceed slowly even in dark conditions.
277:
Dielectric constants are not the only measure of polarity. Because solvents are used by chemists to carry out chemical reactions or observe chemical and biological phenomena, more specific measures of polarity are required. Most of these measures are sensitive to chemical structure.
249:
of the solvent provides a rough measure of a solvent's polarity. The strong polarity of water is indicated by its high dielectric constant of 88 (at 0 °C). Solvents with a dielectric constant of less than 15 are generally considered to be nonpolar.
2402:
If, for environmental or other reasons, a solvent or solvent blend is required to replace another of equivalent solvency, the substitution can be made on the basis of the Hansen solubility parameters of each. The values for mixtures are taken as the
3704:
In addition some solvents, such as methanol, can burn with a very hot flame which can be nearly invisible under some lighting conditions. This can delay or prevent the timely recognition of a dangerous fire, until flames spread to other materials.
171:), as opposed to separate continuous phases as in suspensions, emulsions and other types of non-solution mixtures. The ability of one compound to be dissolved in another is known as solubility; if this occurs in all proportions, it is called
3981:
Chronic exposure to organic solvents in the work environment can produce a range of adverse neuropsychiatric effects. For example, occupational exposure to organic solvents has been associated with higher numbers of painters suffering from
3771:
at the mouth of a container or bottle. Minor mechanical disturbances, such as scraping the inside of a vessel or the dislodging of a deposit, merely twisting the cap may provide sufficient energy for the peroxide to explode or
3666:. Solvent vapors are heavier than air; they will sink to the bottom and can travel large distances nearly undiluted. Solvent vapors can also be found in supposedly empty drums and cans, posing a
3839:
General health hazards associated with solvent exposure include toxicity to the nervous system, reproductive damage, liver and kidney damage, respiratory impairment, cancer, hearing loss, and
4438:
4569:
547:
reaction mechanism. These polar solvents are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water to dissolve in water whereas non-polar solvents are not capable of strong hydrogen bonds.
6100:
159:
like sand in water. In a solution, all of the ingredients are uniformly distributed at a molecular level and no residue remains. A solvent-solute mixture consists of a single
3685:
which increase greatly the fire risk associated with these solvents. The autoignition temperature of carbon disulfide is below 100 °C (212 °F), so objects such as
178:
In addition to mixing, the substances in a solution interact with each other at the molecular level. When something is dissolved, molecules of the solvent arrange around
4206:
3779:
To avoid explosive peroxide formation, ethers should be stored in an airtight container, away from light, because both light and air can encourage peroxide formation.
3955:
Chronic solvent exposures are often caused by the inhalation of solvent vapors, or the ingestion of diluted solvents, repeated over the course of an extended period.
3821:. Alumina degrades the peroxides but some could remain intact in it, therefore it must be disposed of properly. The advantage of using sodium/benzophenone is that
2423:
at 17.8, 3.1 and 5.7 respectively. Because of the health hazards associated with toluene itself, other mixtures of solvents may be found using a full HSP dataset.
4957:
Hung T, Dewitt CR, Martz W, Schreiber W, Holmes DT (July 2010). "Fomepizole fails to prevent progression of acidosis in 2-butoxyethanol and ethanol coingestion".
5343:
5802:
3282:, and continue to be used and produced in the post-Soviet states. These solvents may have one or more applications, but they are not universal preparations.
524:(separation of partial positive and partial negative charges within the same molecule) and solvate positively charged species via their negative dipole. In
364:
is the transition energy between the ground state and the lowest excited state in kcal/mol, and (30) identifies the dye. Another, roughly correlated scale (
4093:
261:
of the charged particle in a vacuum. Heuristically, the dielectric constant of a solvent can be thought of as its ability to reduce the solute's effective
5299:
5106:
Albrecht von
Graefes Archiv fĂĽr Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. Albrecht von Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
5287:
5316:
3728:
upon exposure to oxygen and light. THF is normally more likely to form such peroxides than diethyl ether. One of the most susceptible solvents is
4102:
prior to distillation to remove water. This may be performed prior to a chemical synthesis where water may interfere with the intended reaction
3975:
3950:
4720:
4457:
4435:
194:
than the solute and solvent separately. This arrangement is mediated by the respective chemical properties of the solvent and solute, such as
5271:
4551:
4521:
4254:
4896:
2512:
The boiling point is an important property because it determines the speed of evaporation. Small amounts of low-boiling-point solvents like
210:
formation reaction, often with considerable energetics (heat of solvation and entropy of solvation) and is thus far from a neutral process.
4566:
5555:
5208:"Adverse birth outcomes and maternal exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene through soil vapor intrusion in New York State"
5432:
5389:
5149:"A study of chlorinated solvent contamination of the aquifers of an industrial area in central Italy: a possibility of bioremediation"
4745:
5847:
5696:
5336:
3265:
5305:
5795:
4190:
4105:
206:. Solvation does not cause a chemical reaction or chemical configuration changes in the solute. However, solvation resembles a
283:
5937:
5604:
5599:
5409:
4223:
4079:
3203:
1747:(δH). These contain information about the inter-molecular interactions with other solvents and also with polymers, pigments,
464:). These can be calculated from the wavelength shifts of 3–6 different solvatochromic dyes in the solvent, usually including
5764:
4881:
398:. Generally, polar solvents dissolve polar compounds best and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds best; hence "
5769:
5104:
Raitta C, Husman K, Tossavainen A (August 1976). "Lens changes in car painters exposed to a mixture of organic solvents".
2551:
than water, which means they are lighter than and will form a layer on top of water. Important exceptions are most of the
4614:
265:. Generally, the dielectric constant of a solvent is an acceptable predictor of the solvent's ability to dissolve common
6090:
5329:
1720:
489:
4685:
Anderson JE, Magyarl MW, Siegl WO (1 July 1985). "Concerning the
Luminosity of Methanol-Hydrocarbon Diffusion Flames".
253:
The dielectric constant measures the solvent's tendency to partly cancel the field strength of the electric field of a
6176:
6161:
6020:
5788:
3834:
3246:
1732:
477:
292:
measures polarity in terms of solvent influence on buildup of positive charge of a solute during a chemical reaction.
5057:"Diagnoses of alcohol abuse and other neuropsychiatric disorders among house painters compared with house carpenters"
3218:
6075:
5734:
5424:
4049:, that reach the underlying soil. Since solvents readily migrate substantial distances, the creation of widespread
3929:. The commonly available alcohol solvent methanol can cause permanent blindness or death if ingested. The solvent
3192:
5967:
5461:
5361:
5263:
4159:
1716:
6181:
5952:
5887:
5691:
4088:
4046:
3880:
3782:
A number of tests can be used to detect the presence of a peroxide in an ether; one is to use a combination of
3682:
3225:
3199:
191:
31:
4768:"Revisiting of Benzophenone Ketyl Still: Use of a Sodium Dispersion for the Preparation of Anhydrous Solvents"
5907:
5739:
5540:
2520:, or acetone will evaporate in seconds at room temperature, while high-boiling-point solvents like water or
609:
521:
148:
4671:
6005:
6000:
5857:
5494:
4014:
3651:
3630:
toluene 50%, butyl acetate (or amyl acetate) 18%, butanol 10%, ethanol 10%, ethyl acetate 9%, acetone 3%.
3232:
2563:
will sink to the bottom of a container, leaving water as the top layer. This is crucial to remember when
473:
6105:
6085:
5724:
5656:
5514:
5504:
4397:
4149:
4120:
4010:
3787:
2564:
1056:
509:
5001:
5819:
5811:
5719:
5447:
5013:
4369:
3795:
1736:
335:
207:
168:
152:
61:
3214:
918:
480:, separates the cohesive energy density into dispersion, polar, and hydrogen bonding contributions.
5932:
5902:
5729:
5661:
5646:
5589:
4766:
Inoue, Ryo; Yamaguchi, Mana; Murakami, Yoshiaki; Okano, Kentaro; Mori, Atsunori (31 October 2018).
4640:
4454:
4141:
4115:
4018:
1324:
597:
411:
246:
235:
88:
65:
6171:
5754:
5524:
5353:
5129:
4982:
4939:
4050:
3926:
2521:
2156:
1240:
536:
199:
136:
4246:
4240:
465:
79:
Major uses of solvents are in paints, paint removers, inks, and dry cleaning. Specific uses for
6166:
6110:
6069:
5972:
5749:
5744:
5706:
5651:
5570:
5550:
5486:
5267:
5237:
5188:
5170:
5121:
5086:
5037:
5029:
4974:
4931:
4855:
4805:
4787:
4702:
4547:
4517:
4385:
4250:
4219:
4045:
A major pathway of induced health effects arises from spills or leaks of solvents, especially
3910:
3729:
2568:
2129:
1500:
1164:
525:
391:
380:
326:
measures polarity in terms of how a solvent interacts with specific substances, like a strong
262:
231:
69:
6045:
6040:
5872:
5832:
5681:
5630:
5584:
5227:
5219:
5178:
5160:
5113:
5076:
5068:
5021:
4966:
4923:
4847:
4822:
4795:
4779:
4694:
4663:
4487:
4377:
4342:
4323:
Kosower, E.M. (1969) "An introduction to
Physical Organic Chemistry" Wiley: New York, p. 293
4292:
4211:
3974:. The cumulative brain effects of long-term or repeated exposure to some solvents is called
3783:
3725:
3678:
3336:
2588:
2575:
2404:
2382:
1760:
1686:
585:
505:
414:
387:
195:
80:
3670:
hazard; hence empty containers of volatile solvents should be stored open and upside down.
1094:
421:) dissolve only in very polar solvents like water, while strongly non-polar compounds like
6015:
5947:
5912:
5897:
5892:
5877:
5842:
5759:
5671:
5620:
4573:
4461:
4442:
4410:
4169:
4110:
4058:
3930:
3922:
3892:
3721:
3655:
2556:
2517:
2408:
2053:
2015:
1692:
1211:
1049:
1041:
956:
517:
6030:
5017:
4373:
1656:
1330:
445:
with each other and will quickly separate into two layers even after being shaken well.
6080:
6035:
6025:
5942:
5837:
5827:
5466:
5455:
5232:
5207:
5183:
5148:
5081:
5056:
4800:
4767:
3967:
3934:
3896:
1744:
347:
296:
266:
258:
203:
160:
132:
108:
73:
52:
39:
4346:
6155:
6125:
5962:
5922:
5867:
5714:
5686:
5594:
5545:
5519:
4333:
Gutmann V (1976). "Solvent effects on the reactivities of organometallic compounds".
3884:
3856:
3760:
3717:
3698:
3674:
3434:
3312:
3308:
3239:
2513:
1985:
1883:
1088:
912:
590:
183:
112:
92:
5133:
4986:
4943:
3990:
effect when taken in combination with many solvents; for instance, a combination of
3805:
Peroxides may be removed by washing with acidic iron(II) sulfate, filtering through
1012:
343:. It can be used with nonpolar compounds, but cannot accommodate complex chemistry.
72:, and the most common solvent used by living things; all the ions and proteins in a
5982:
5977:
5666:
5472:
5379:
5369:
4145:
4075:
3818:
3810:
3756:
3740:
3391:
3332:
2105:
1748:
1586:
1282:
1204:
1133:
996:
776:
641:
540:
529:
469:
239:
84:
1459:
689:
5294:"European Solvents Industry Group - ESIG - ESIG European Solvents Industry Group"
4970:
4541:
4511:
60:, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a
6135:
6050:
5625:
5560:
5025:
4873:
4164:
4009:
Some organic solvents are known or suspected to be cataractogenic. A mixture of
3971:
3938:
3864:
3799:
3768:
3764:
3352:
3181:
2416:
2363:
2253:
2192:
1939:
1740:
1650:
1418:
1171:
869:
625:
306:
172:
4618:
3493:
toluene 25%, xylene 25%, butyl acetate 18%, ethyl cellosolve 17%, butanol 15%.
1247:
6130:
6120:
6115:
5992:
5311:
4851:
4698:
4083:
3983:
3918:
3860:
3852:
3840:
3773:
3690:
3667:
3659:
2560:
2420:
2279:
1917:
1536:
1006:
963:
418:
394:
it is able to dissolve and with what other solvents or liquid compounds it is
327:
317:
310:
120:
100:
5174:
5165:
5033:
4791:
4783:
4706:
4492:
4475:
4215:
6140:
6095:
6010:
5676:
5321:
4835:
4600:
4586:
4191:"What's the Difference Between Acetone and Non-acetone Nail Polish Remover?"
4154:
4135:
4130:
4099:
3872:
3868:
3752:
3663:
3647:
3351:
butyl- or amyl acetate 29.8%, ethyl acetate 21.2%, butanol 7.7%, toluene or
2215:
1450:
156:
56:
5241:
5192:
5041:
4978:
4935:
4859:
4809:
4389:
3913:. If ingested, the so-called "toxic alcohols" (other than ethanol) such as
5125:
5090:
4927:
1288:
492:) greater than 15 (i.e. polar or polarizable) can be further divided into
383:
by quantifying polyatomic ions and the monatomic ions in a united manner.
5957:
5072:
4721:"Peroxides and Ethers | Environmental Health, Safety and Risk Management"
4297:
4280:
4034:
4003:
3925:
metabolize into toxic aldehydes and acids, which cause potentially fatal
3914:
3876:
3822:
3744:
3694:
2340:
1785:
1617:
573:
561:
442:
395:
372:
179:
5223:
1623:
1545:
1507:
1424:
875:
741:
578:
17:
5862:
5852:
5117:
5008:. Neurotoxicity and Neurodegeneration: Local Effect and Global Impact.
4381:
4127:) is a measure of differential solubility of a compound in two solvents
4054:
4030:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3906:
3900:
3806:
3791:
3541:
petroleum spirits 50%, ethanol 20%, acetone 20%, ethyl cellosolve 10%.
3340:
3320:
3316:
3304:
3206: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2913:
2552:
2548:
2412:
2313:
2079:
1853:
1827:
1580:
1389:
1383:
1127:
814:
770:
735:
635:
602:
565:
513:
448:
Polarity can be separated to different contributions. For example, the
438:
407:
187:
128:
124:
104:
96:
4140:
Solvent systems exist outside the realm of ordinary organic solvents:
4061:
can occur from sites with extensive subsurface solvent contamination.
3755:
is used which can destroy the peroxides, they will concentrate during
2419:
has δD, δP and δH values of 17.8, 1.6 and 5.5, comparable to those of
5780:
4026:
3999:
3963:
3888:
3814:
3736:
3372:
2532:
Low boilers: boiling point below 100 °C (boiling point of water)
2525:
1373:
683:
569:
493:
434:
430:
313:
116:
64:. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a
5147:
Matteucci, Federica; Ercole, Claudia; del Gallo, Maddalena (2015).
4667:
155:
is formed. This is opposed to the situation when the compounds are
5882:
5579:
4474:
Diorazio, Louis J.; Hose, David R. J.; Adlington, Neil K. (2016).
4360:"A first-principles alternative to empirical solvent parameters".
4070:
4022:
3959:
3732:, but all ethers are considered to be potential peroxide sources.
3713:
3686:
859:
820:
614:
501:
497:
403:
38:
350:
dye that changes color in response to polarity, gives a scale of
5312:
CDC – Organic
Solvents – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
4836:"Organic solvents and hearing loss: The challenge for audiology"
4655:
3279:
5784:
5325:
2407:
of the values for the neat solvents. This can be calculated by
379:
parameter was originally developed to quantify and explain the
5399:
3175:
572:
solvents, with each group ordered by increasing polarity. The
426:
422:
305:
measures polarity in terms of the influence of the solvent on
254:
2524:
need higher temperatures, an air flow, or the application of
2411:, a spreadsheet of values, or HSP software. A 1:1 mixture of
3851:
Many solvents can lead to a sudden loss of consciousness if
3485:
ethanol 64%, ethylcellosolve 16%, toluene 10%, butanol 10%.
3278:
Multicomponent solvents appeared after World War II in the
1719:
maintains a tool for the selection of solvents based on a
5055:
Lundberg I, Gustavsson A, Högberg M, Nise G (June 1992).
4823:
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2018-124/pdfs/2018-124.pdf
3763:. When sufficient peroxides have formed, they can form a
3363:
butyl acetate 50%, ethanol 10%, butanol 20%, toluene 20%
5002:"Chronic Solvent induced Encephalopathy: A step forward"
4476:"Toward a More Holistic Framework for Solvent Selection"
222:
Solvents can be broadly classified into two categories:
4914:
Kraut JA, Mullins ME (January 2018). "Toxic
Alcohols".
4897:"National: Recall ordered for toy that turns into drug"
4285:
Journal of
Research of the National Bureau of Standards
4053:
is not uncommon; this is particularly a health risk if
257:
immersed in it. This reduction is then compared to the
5293:
4033:
were found to greatly increase the risk of developing
3883:, often with harmful long-term health effects such as
488:
Solvents with a dielectric constant (more accurately,
429:
dissolve only in very non-polar organic solvents like
4281:"Dielectric Constant of Water from 0° to 100 °C"
3879:
or solvent-based glues) are abused recreationally in
3794:
the Fe ion to an Fe ion, which then forms a deep-red
3622:
xylene 60%, butyl acetate 20%, ethyl cellosolve 20%.
27:
Substance dissolving a solute resulting in a solution
6101:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
5000:
van der Laan, Gert; Sainio, Markku (1 August 2012).
576:
of solvents which exceed those of water are bolded.
6059:
5991:
5921:
5818:
5705:
5639:
5613:
5569:
5533:
5485:
5446:
5423:
5360:
3525:xylene 50%, acetone 20%, butanol 15%, ethanol 15%.
2535:
Medium boilers: between 100 °C and 150 °C
131:). Solvents find various applications in chemical,
5206:Forand SP, Lewis-Michl EL, Gomez MI (April 2012).
3958:Some solvents can damage internal organs like the
3606:ethanol 65%, butyl acetate 30%, ethyl acetate 5%.
4654:Fanick ER, Smith LR, Baines TM (1 October 1984).
4576:. Xydatasource.com. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
4445:. Xydatasource.com. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
3549:petroleum spirits 50%, acetone 30%, ethanol 20%.
3533:petroleum spirits 70%, ethanol 20%, acetone 10%.
3331:toluene 50%, ethanol 15%, butanol 10%, butyl- or
103:); as nail polish removers and solvents of glue (
4098:Solvents are often refluxed with an appropriate
3654:. Exceptions are some chlorinated solvents like
3453:toluene 50%, ethyl cellosolve 30%, acetone 20%.
386:The polarity, dipole moment, polarizability and
4878:Occupational Safety & Health Administration
4543:Hansen solubility parameters: a user's handbook
3557:absolute alcohol (99.8%) 95%, ethyl acetate 5%
4567:Selected solvent properties – Specific Gravity
4464:. Macro.lsu.edu. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
4207:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3383:ethyl cellosolve 20%, butanol 30%, xylene 50%
5796:
5337:
5308:Properties and toxicities of organic solvents
3461:toluene 34%, cyclohexanone 33%, acetone 33%.
3410:toluene 62%, acetone 26%, butyl acetate 12%.
8:
4656:"Safety Related Additives for Methanol Fuel"
3909:(grain alcohol) is a widely used and abused
3501:toluene 60%, butyl acetate 30%, xylene 10%.
3426:toluene 60%, butyl acetate 30%, xylene 10%.
528:the use of polar protic solvents favors the
242:exist which are liquid at room temperature.
5803:
5789:
5781:
5344:
5330:
5322:
4641:"dcpt.ru Solvent 650 Characteristics (ru)"
4615:"dcpt.ru Solvent 648 Characteristics (ru)"
4601:"dcpt.ru Solvent 647 Characteristics (ru)"
4587:"dcpt.ru Solvent 646 Characteristics (ru)"
4535:
4533:
4480:Organic Process Research & Development
3875:for a long time. Many solvents (e.g. from
2581:
2567:compounds between solvents and water in a
1753:
1655:
1622:
1585:
1544:
1458:
1388:
1329:
1210:
1055:
1011:
917:
775:
688:
640:
504:(negatively charged solutes) strongly via
5260:Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry
5231:
5182:
5164:
5080:
4799:
4505:
4503:
4491:
4296:
3662:. Mixtures of solvent vapors and air can
3266:Learn how and when to remove this message
539:, while polar aprotic solvents favor the
4746:"Handling of Peroxide Forming Chemicals"
4513:Hansen solubility parameters in practice
4279:Malmberg CG, Maryott AA (January 1956).
3743:which is formed by the abstraction of a
3650:or highly flammable, depending on their
3567:
3289:
2431:
135:, oil, and gas industries, including in
76:are dissolved in water within the cell.
4431:
4429:
4182:
163:with all solute molecules occurring as
5370:Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
5061:British Journal of Industrial Medicine
4406:
4395:
4310:
4308:
3976:chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
3951:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
3445:solvent 50%, xylene 35%, acetone 15%.
496:and aprotic. Protic solvents, such as
309:-absorption maxima of a salt, usually
190:is increased making the solution more
5380:Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
390:of a solvent determines what type of
324:Donor number and donor acceptor scale
7:
4674:from the original on 12 August 2017.
4662:. Vol. 1. Warrendale, PA: SAE.
3204:adding citations to reliable sources
5433:Electrophilic aromatic substitution
4916:The New England Journal of Medicine
4884:from the original on 15 March 2016.
4239:Tinoco I, Sauer K, Wang JC (2002).
3371:ethyl cellosolve 30%, butanol 20%,
2547:Most organic solvents have a lower
556:Properties table of common solvents
43:Ethyl acetate, nail polish solvent.
5400:Nucleophilic internal substitution
5390:Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
4840:International Journal of Audiology
4834:Fuente, A.; McPherson, B. (2006).
4436:Solvent Properties – Boiling Point
4269:Lowery and Richardson, pp. 181–183
4204:Stoye, Dieter (2000). "Solvents".
1727:Hansen solubility parameter values
25:
5258:Lowery TH, Richardson KS (1987).
5212:Environmental Health Perspectives
4687:Combustion Science and Technology
460:) and hydrogen-bonding basicity (
402:". Strongly polar compounds like
5317:EPA – Solvent Contaminated Wipes
3855:in large amounts. Solvents like
3825:and oxygen are removed as well.
3739:) stabilizes the formation of a
3724:(THF) can form highly explosive
3614:cyclohexanone 50%, ethanol 50%.
3180:
2914:Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
1691:
1506:
1423:
1287:
1246:
1170:
1132:
1093:
962:
874:
819:
740:
119:, petrol ether); in detergents (
5556:Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism
4895:Rood, David (7 November 2007).
4106:List of water-miscible solvents
3701:are able to ignite its vapors.
3477:xylene 90%, butyl acetate 10%.
3402:butyl acetate 20%, butanol 80%
3191:needs additional citations for
3146:1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane
2538:High boilers: above 150 °C
452:are dipolarity/polarizability (
234:, whose solutions are known as
214:forms of solutes and solvents.
5605:Outer sphere electron transfer
5600:Inner sphere electron transfer
5410:Nucleophilic acyl substitution
4423:Lowery and Richardson, p. 183.
4314:Lowery and Richardson, p. 177.
3899:by a subcontractor caused the
3891:. Fraudulent substitution of
3863:have been used in medicine as
3509:white spirit 70%, xylene 30%.
2882:Hexamethylphosphorus triamide
560:The solvents are grouped into
484:Polar protic and polar aprotic
230:. A special case is elemental
1:
5770:Diffusion-controlled reaction
5290:ACS Green Chemistry Institute
4347:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)82045-7
4006:than either substance alone.
1717:ACS Green Chemistry Institute
456:), hydrogen-bonding acidity (
6091:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
4971:10.3109/15563650.2010.492350
4880:. U.S. Department of Labor.
4510:Abbott S, Hansen CM (2008).
3709:Explosive peroxide formation
3697:, and recently extinguished
1721:principal component analysis
490:relative static permittivity
478:Hansen solubility parameters
139:and purification processes.
5425:Electrophilic substitutions
5026:10.1016/j.neuro.2012.04.012
4041:Environmental contamination
3998:and ethanol causes greater
3835:Substance-induced psychosis
2571:during chemical syntheses.
1733:Hansen solubility parameter
441:and vegetable oil) are not
410:) or ionic compounds, like
6198:
6076:Acid dissociation constant
5735:Energy profile (chemistry)
5697:More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot
5362:Nucleophilic substitutions
4660:SAE Technical Paper Series
4540:Hansen CM (January 2002).
3948:
3832:
3790:. The peroxide is able to
3646:Most organic solvents are
3517:ethanol 75%, butanol 25%.
3469:butanol 60%, ethanol 40%.
1735:(HSP) values are based on
371:(33)) can be defined with
29:
5765:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
5264:Harper Collins Publishers
5153:Frontiers in Microbiology
4852:10.1080/14992020600753205
4699:10.1080/00102208508947000
4368:(31): 20750–20759. 2024.
4245:. Prentice Hall. p.
4160:Volatile Organic Compound
3683:autoignition temperatures
3418:xylene 85%, acetone 15%.
2986:1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
2182:
1975:
1775:
1369:
1039:
992:
855:
621:
68:. Water is a solvent for
5692:Potential energy surface
5571:Electron/Proton transfer
5456:Unimolecular elimination
5166:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00924
4784:10.1021/acsomega.8b01707
4493:10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00015
4216:10.1002/14356007.a24_437
4089:Free energy of solvation
4037:in the lens of the eye.
3941:and metabolic acidosis.
3767:, shock-sensitive solid
3598:xylene 90%, butanol 10%
3582:butanol 50%, xylene 50%
2994:Hexamethylphosphoramide
330:or a strong Lewis base.
192:thermodynamically stable
32:Solvent (disambiguation)
6041:Solubility table (data)
5908:Apparent molar property
5740:Transition state theory
5541:Intramolecular reaction
5467:Bimolecular elimination
4210:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3681:have exceptionally low
3590:butanol 95%, xylene 5%
3172:Multicomponent solvents
3130:2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
2970:2-Methoxyethyl acetate
2721:Methyl isobutyl ketone
2459:methyl isobutyl ketone
1723:of solvent properties.
433:. Similarly, water and
341:cohesive energy density
218:Solvent classifications
143:Solutions and solvation
6006:Total dissolved solids
6001:Solubility equilibrium
5926:and related quantities
5534:Unimolecular reactions
5495:Electrophilic addition
5288:Solvent selection tool
4362:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys
4150:deep eutectic solvents
4015:aliphatic hydrocarbons
3759:, due to their higher
2528:for fast evaporation.
1978:Polar aprotic solvents
510:Polar aprotic solvents
450:Kamlet-Taft parameters
339:is the square root of
147:When one substance is
44:
6106:Partition coefficient
6086:Polar aprotic solvent
5725:Rate-determining step
5657:Reactive intermediate
5515:Free-radical addition
5505:Nucleophilic addition
5448:Elimination reactions
4928:10.1056/NEJMra1615295
4516:. Hansen-Solubility.
4121:Partition coefficient
4011:aromatic hydrocarbons
3788:potassium thiocyanate
3154:Carbon tetrachloride
2491:carbon tetrachloride
2185:Polar protic solvents
520:, tend to have large
273:Other polarity scales
115:); in spot removers (
42:
6021:Enthalpy of solution
5948:Volume concentration
5943:Number concentration
5720:Equilibrium constant
5073:10.1136/oem.49.6.409
4572:14 June 2011 at the
4441:14 June 2011 at the
4298:10.6028/jres.056.001
4142:Supercritical fluids
4047:chlorinated solvents
3895:by the psychoactive
3796:coordination complex
3200:improve this article
3162:Tetrachloroethylene
3106:1,2-Dichlorobenzene
3066:Propylene carbonate
2890:2-Ethoxyethyl ether
2745:Methyl ethyl ketone
2654:-Butyl methyl ether
2443:ethylene dichloride
1771:δH Hydrogen bonding
336:Hildebrand parameter
208:coordination complex
30:For other uses, see
5933:Molar concentration
5903:Dilution (equation)
5730:Reaction coordinate
5662:Radical (chemistry)
5647:Elementary reaction
5590:Grotthuss mechanism
5354:reaction mechanisms
5296:Solvents in Europe.
5224:10.1289/ehp.1103884
5018:2012NeuTx..33..897V
4959:Clinical Toxicology
4778:(10): 12703–12706.
4460:4 July 2010 at the
4455:Dielectric Constant
4374:2024PCCP...2620750G
4116:Occupational health
3114:Methylene chloride
3082:1,2-Dichloroethane
3026:Dimethyl sulfoxide
2930:-Dimethylformamide
2905:-Dimethylacetamide
2467:methylene chloride
2438:Boiling point (°C)
1409:(at -33.3 °C)
1325:Propylene carbonate
598:Dielectric constant
551:Physical properties
474:diethylnitroaniline
400:like dissolves like
346:Reichardt's dye, a
247:dielectric constant
89:tetrachloroethylene
66:supercritical fluid
6177:Chemical compounds
6162:Soil contamination
5973:Isotopic abundance
5938:Mass concentration
5812:Chemical solutions
5755:Arrhenius equation
5525:Oxidative addition
5487:Addition reactions
5118:10.1007/bf00414364
4405:Unknown parameter
4382:10.1039/D4CP01975J
4242:Physical Chemistry
4193:. 3 November 2009.
4051:soil contamination
3927:metabolic acidosis
3437:50%, toluene 50%.
3058:Diethylene glycol
2579:mixed with water.
2522:dimethyl sulfoxide
2157:Dimethyl sulfoxide
1778:Non-polar solvents
1241:Dimethyl sulfoxide
537:reaction mechanism
526:chemical reactions
476:. Another option,
316:or the pyridinium
137:chemical syntheses
45:
6149:
6148:
5778:
5777:
5750:Activated complex
5745:Activation energy
5707:Chemical kinetics
5652:Reaction dynamics
5551:Photodissociation
5273:978-0-06-364044-3
4901:www.theage.com.au
4553:978-0-8493-7248-3
4523:978-0-9551220-2-6
4256:978-0-13-026607-1
3911:psychoactive drug
3730:diisopropyl ether
3726:organic peroxides
3634:
3633:
3561:
3560:
3394:90%, butanol 10%
3276:
3275:
3268:
3250:
3169:
3168:
3098:Carbon disulfide
3018:Acetic anhydride
2938:2-Methoxyethanol
2729:Isobutyl alcohol
2569:separatory funnel
2509:
2508:
2483:carbon disulfide
2405:weighted averages
2400:
2399:
2130:Dimethylformamide
1713:
1712:
1501:Isopropyl alcohol
1165:Dimethylformamide
381:Hofmeister series
284:Grunwald–Winstein
269:, such as salts.
16:(Redirected from
6189:
6046:Solubility chart
5873:Phase separation
5833:Aqueous solution
5805:
5798:
5791:
5782:
5682:Collision theory
5631:Matrix isolation
5585:Harpoon reaction
5462:E1cB-elimination
5346:
5339:
5332:
5323:
5277:
5262:(3rd ed.).
5246:
5245:
5235:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5186:
5168:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5084:
5052:
5046:
5045:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4831:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4803:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4693:(3–4): 115–125.
4682:
4676:
4675:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4617:. Archived from
4611:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4577:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4507:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4471:
4465:
4452:
4446:
4433:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4393:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4335:Coord. Chem. Rev
4330:
4324:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4187:
3986:. Ethanol has a
3945:Chronic exposure
3903:product recall.
3784:iron(II) sulfate
3735:The heteroatom (
3679:carbon disulfide
3568:
3554:Solvent FK-1 (?)
3337:ethyl cellosolve
3290:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3208:
3184:
3176:
3050:Ethylene glycol
3042:Deuterium oxide
2855:Tetrahydrofuran
2823:Dimethoxyethane
2761:Isoamyl alcohol
2603:Petroleum ether
2589:Specific gravity
2582:
2576:specific gravity
2432:
1761:Chemical formula
1754:
1737:dispersion bonds
1695:
1659:
1626:
1589:
1548:
1510:
1462:
1427:
1392:
1333:
1291:
1250:
1214:
1174:
1136:
1097:
1059:
1015:
966:
921:
878:
823:
779:
744:
692:
644:
586:Chemical formula
579:
506:hydrogen bonding
388:hydrogen bonding
255:charged particle
196:hydrogen bonding
186:is involved and
167:(solvent-solute
151:into another, a
83:solvents are in
21:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6182:Polymer physics
6152:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6055:
6016:Solvation shell
5987:
5925:
5917:
5913:Miscibility gap
5898:Serial dilution
5893:Supersaturation
5843:Buffer solution
5814:
5809:
5779:
5774:
5760:Eyring equation
5701:
5672:Stereochemistry
5635:
5621:Solvent effects
5609:
5565:
5529:
5510:
5500:
5481:
5476:
5442:
5438:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5375:
5356:
5350:
5284:
5274:
5257:
5254:
5249:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5006:NeuroToxicology
4999:
4998:
4994:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4817:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4574:Wayback Machine
4565:
4561:
4554:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4462:Wayback Machine
4453:
4449:
4443:Wayback Machine
4434:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4404:
4394:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4306:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4170:Water pollution
4111:Lyoluminescence
4067:
4059:Vapor intrusion
4043:
3953:
3947:
3935:fracking fluids
3931:2-butoxyethanol
3923:ethylene glycol
3893:1,5-pentanediol
3849:
3837:
3831:
3722:tetrahydrofuran
3711:
3656:dichloromethane
3644:
3639:
3566:
3490:Solvent PML-315
3288:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3209:
3207:
3197:
3185:
3174:
2954:Propanoic acid
2847:1-Chlorobutane
2777:Diethyl ketone
2673:-Butyl alcohol
2643:Triethyl amine
2557:dichloromethane
2545:
2518:dichloromethane
2510:
2429:
2409:trial-and-error
2348:
2325:
2321:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2265:
2261:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2200:
2187:
2169:
2165:
2142:
2138:
2114:
2091:
2087:
2065:
2061:
2054:Dichloromethane
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2016:Tetrahydrofuran
2001:
1997:
1993:
1980:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1925:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1839:
1835:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1780:
1729:
1696:
1664:
1660:
1631:
1598:
1594:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1428:
1397:
1378:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1300:
1296:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1219:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1068:
1064:
1050:Dichloromethane
1020:
1001:
975:
971:
967:
957:Tetrahydrofuran
938:
934:
930:
926:
891:
887:
883:
879:
864:
836:
832:
828:
796:
792:
788:
784:
753:
749:
745:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
630:
612:
605:
593:
558:
553:
544:
533:
518:dichloromethane
486:
466:Reichardt's dye
369:
362:
355:
275:
267:ionic compounds
263:internal charge
245:Generally, the
240:metal solutions
220:
182:of the solute.
145:
121:citrus terpenes
70:polar molecules
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6195:
6193:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6154:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6081:Protic solvent
6078:
6073:
6065:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6026:Lattice energy
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5878:Eutectic point
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5838:Solid solution
5835:
5830:
5828:Ideal solution
5824:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5640:Related topics
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5614:Medium effects
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5459:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5302:O-Chem Lecture
5300:Table and text
5297:
5291:
5283:
5282:External links
5280:
5279:
5278:
5272:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5198:
5139:
5096:
5047:
5012:(4): 897–901.
4992:
4949:
4922:(3): 270–280.
4906:
4887:
4865:
4846:(7): 367–381.
4826:
4815:
4758:
4737:
4712:
4677:
4668:10.4271/841378
4646:
4632:
4621:on 17 May 2017
4606:
4592:
4578:
4559:
4552:
4529:
4522:
4499:
4486:(4): 760–773.
4466:
4447:
4425:
4416:
4407:|authors=
4352:
4325:
4316:
4304:
4271:
4262:
4255:
4231:
4224:
4196:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4057:are affected.
4042:
4039:
3968:nervous system
3949:Main article:
3946:
3943:
3897:1,4-butanediol
3848:
3847:Acute exposure
3845:
3830:
3829:Health effects
3827:
3710:
3707:
3699:bunsen burners
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:Thinner of WFD
3624:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:Solvent R-3160
3463:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3188:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:Chlorobenzene
3031:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:Ethyl acetate
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:Butyl acetate
2836:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:Diethyl ether
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:Diethyl amine
2624:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2555:solvents like
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:δD Dispersion
1763:
1758:
1745:hydrogen bonds
1728:
1725:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
993:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
960:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
915:
909:
908:
905:
900:
897:
892:
889:
885:
881:
872:
866:
865:
863:
856:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
817:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
773:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
738:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
686:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
638:
632:
631:
629:
622:
619:
618:
607:
600:
595:
588:
583:
557:
554:
552:
549:
542:
531:
522:dipole moments
485:
482:
367:
360:
353:
348:solvatochromic
274:
271:
259:field strength
238:; also, other
219:
216:
204:polarizability
144:
141:
133:pharmaceutical
109:methyl acetate
93:paint thinners
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6194:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5968:Mass fraction
5966:
5964:
5963:Mole fraction
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5923:Concentration
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Phase diagram
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Flory–Huggins
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Rate equation
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5687:Arrow pushing
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:Marcus theory
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5546:Isomerization
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Cycloaddition
5518:
5516:
5513:
5506:
5503:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5411:
5408:
5401:
5398:
5391:
5388:
5381:
5378:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5335:
5333:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5218:(4): 616–21.
5217:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5112:(2): 149–56.
5111:
5107:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5067:(6): 409–15.
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4965:(6): 569–71.
4964:
4960:
4953:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4819:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4759:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4546:. CRC press.
4545:
4544:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:ionic liquids
4143:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:Refurbishment
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3885:neurotoxicity
3882:
3881:glue sniffing
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3857:diethyl ether
3854:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3761:boiling point
3758:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3718:diethyl ether
3715:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3675:diethyl ether
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:Thinner R-197
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:Thinner RKB-3
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:Thinner RKB-2
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:Thinner RKB-1
3578:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3458:Solvent R-219
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:cyclohexanone
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:Solvent KR-36
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3313:ethyl acetate
3310:
3309:butyl acetate
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3259:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217: –
3216:
3212:
3211:Find sources:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3189:This section
3187:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:Nitromethane
3121:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:Benzonitrile
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:Acetonitrile
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:diethyl ether
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2427:Boiling point
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1989:
1987:
1986:Ethyl acetate
1984:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1887:
1885:
1884:Diethyl ether
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:nanoparticles
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:Ethyl acetate
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
998:
994:
991:
987:
984:
981:
978:
965:
961:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
939:
920:
916:
914:
913:Diethyl ether
911:
910:
906:
904:
901:
898:
896:
893:
877:
873:
871:
868:
867:
861:
857:
854:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
799:
797:
778:
774:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
743:
739:
737:
734:
733:
729:
726:
723:
720:
718:
691:
687:
685:
682:
681:
677:
674:
671:
668:
666:
643:
639:
637:
634:
633:
627:
623:
620:
616:
611:
610:Dipole moment
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
592:
591:Boiling point
589:
587:
584:
581:
580:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
550:
548:
546:
538:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
376:
374:
370:
363:
357:(30) values.
356:
349:
344:
342:
338:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
293:
291:
289:
285:
279:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
200:dipole moment
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:Heat transfer
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:ethyl acetate
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6060:
6031:Raoult's law
5983:Ternary plot
5978:Mixing ratio
5667:Molecularity
5259:
5252:Bibliography
5215:
5211:
5201:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5064:
5060:
5050:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4900:
4890:
4877:
4868:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4818:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4751:24 September
4749:. Retrieved
4740:
4728:. Retrieved
4724:
4715:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4659:
4649:
4635:
4623:. Retrieved
4619:the original
4609:
4595:
4581:
4562:
4542:
4512:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4450:
4419:
4398:cite journal
4365:
4361:
4355:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4319:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4265:
4241:
4234:
4205:
4199:
4185:
4174:
4124:
4076:Construction
4044:
4008:
3980:
3957:
3954:
3937:, can cause
3905:
3850:
3838:
3819:benzophenone
3804:
3781:
3778:
3757:distillation
3750:
3741:free radical
3734:
3712:
3703:
3672:
3645:
3574:Composition
3546:Solvent RE-4
3538:Solvent RE-3
3530:Solvent RE-2
3522:Solvent RE-1
3506:Solvent PC-2
3498:Solvent PC-1
3450:Solvent R-40
3442:Solvent R-24
3431:Solvent R-14
3423:Solvent R-12
3415:Solvent R-10
3392:white spirit
3333:amyl acetate
3296:Composition
3277:
3262:
3256:January 2022
3253:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3210:
3198:Please help
3193:verification
3190:
3074:Formic acid
3010:Acetic acid
3002:1,4-Dioxane
2927:
2923:
2902:
2898:
2871:
2804:
2793:
2681:Isopropanol
2670:
2662:Cyclohexane
2651:
2573:
2565:partitioning
2546:
2511:
2499:
2401:
2280:
2216:
2106:Acetonitrile
2021:
1944:
1730:
1714:
1676:
1668:
1627:
1590:
1549:
1537:
1484:
1463:
1451:
1440:
1432:
1408:
1393:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1334:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1292:
1283:Nitromethane
1275:
1270:
1262:
1233:
1215:
1205:Acetonitrile
1197:
1186:
1157:
1078:
1060:
1030:
1016:
997:chlorocarbon
922:
902:
894:
840:
824:
780:
693:
645:
568:, and polar
559:
487:
470:nitroaniline
461:
457:
453:
449:
447:
399:
385:
377:
365:
358:
351:
345:
340:
334:
332:
323:
322:
300:
295:
294:
287:
282:
280:
276:
252:
244:
227:
223:
221:
212:
177:
164:
146:
85:dry cleaning
78:
55:
48:
46:
36:
6136:Lyonium ion
6051:Miscibility
6036:Henry's law
5626:Cage effect
5561:RRKM theory
5477:elimination
4725:www.uaf.edu
4165:Water model
3988:synergistic
3939:hypotension
3865:anesthetics
3800:thiocyanate
3769:precipitate
3765:crystalline
3691:light bulbs
3611:Thinner P-7
3514:Solvent RFG
3482:Solvent RML
3474:Solvent RCC
3407:Solvent R-4
3388:Solvent 651
3380:Solvent 650
3368:Solvent 649
3360:Solvent 648
3353:benzopyrene
3348:Solvent 647
3328:Solvent 646
3301:Solvent 645
3138:Chloroform
2737:1-Propanol
2553:halogenated
2417:1,4 dioxane
2364:Formic acid
2262:-CH(-OH)-CH
2254:Isopropanol
2193:Acetic acid
2135:H-C(=O)N(CH
1994:-C(=O)-O-CH
1940:1,4-Dioxane
1741:polar bonds
1651:Acetic acid
1516:-CH(-OH)-CH
1419:Formic acid
1176:H-C(=O)N(CH
1103:-C(=O)-O-CH
870:1,4-Dioxane
626:hydrocarbon
6156:Categories
6131:Amphiphile
6126:Lipophilic
6121:Hydrophile
6116:Hydrophobe
5993:Solubility
5888:Saturation
5858:Suspension
4874:"Solvents"
4730:25 January
4625:18 January
4341:(2): 225.
4225:3527306730
4178:References
4084:Renovation
3984:alcoholism
3933:, used in
3919:1-propanol
3861:chloroform
3841:dermatitis
3833:See also:
3811:distilling
3668:flash fire
3660:chloroform
3652:volatility
3226:newspapers
2785:1-Octanol
2769:1-Butanol
2753:2-Butanol
2561:chloroform
2475:isooctane
2421:chloroform
2368:H-C(=O)OH
1918:Chloroform
1429:H-C(=O)OH
1007:Chloroform
574:properties
512:, such as
500:, solvate
419:table salt
328:Lewis acid
318:zwitterion
311:pyridinium
123:); and in
101:turpentine
51:(from the
6172:Solutions
6141:Lyate ion
6096:Solvation
6011:Solvation
5953:Normality
5677:Catalysis
5573:reactions
5175:1664-302X
5034:0161-813X
4792:2470-1343
4772:ACS Omega
4707:0010-2202
4409:ignored (
4155:Superfund
4136:Solvation
4131:Pollution
4100:desiccant
4035:cataracts
3970:, or the
3873:hypnotics
3869:sedatives
3798:with the
3753:desiccant
3751:Unless a
3695:hotplates
3648:flammable
3603:Thinner M
3215:"Solvent"
3090:Glycerin
2946:Pyridine
2713:Methanol
2451:pyridine
2283:-Propanol
2201:-C(=O)OH
2166:-S(=O)-CH
2088:-C(=O)-CH
1768:δP Polar
1743:(δP) and
1665:-C(=O)OH
1540:-Propanol
1256:-S(=O)-CH
1142:-C(=O)-CH
1044:solvents
995:Nonpolar
858:Nonpolar
624:Nonpolar
412:inorganic
392:compounds
228:non-polar
180:molecules
169:complexes
157:insoluble
149:dissolved
6167:Solvents
6111:Polarity
6070:Category
5958:Molality
5820:Solution
5242:22142966
5193:26388862
5134:31344706
5042:22560998
4987:23257894
4979:20560787
4944:36652482
4936:29342392
4882:Archived
4860:16938795
4810:30411016
4672:Archived
4570:Archived
4458:Archived
4439:Archived
4390:38988220
4291:(1): 1.
4065:See also
4055:aquifers
4031:terpenes
4019:alcohols
4004:vomiting
3915:methanol
3877:gasoline
3823:moisture
3774:detonate
3745:hydrogen
3564:Thinners
3286:Solvents
2874:-Xylene
2831:Benzene
2815:Toluene
2807:-Xylene
2796:-Xylene
2705:Acetone
2697:Ethanol
2619:Heptane
2595:Pentane
2585:Solvent
2502:-xylene
2435:Solvent
2341:Methanol
2219:-Butanol
1786:n-Hexane
1757:Solvent
1618:Methanol
1454:-Butanol
1376:solvents
999:solvents
862:solvents
628:solvents
582:Solvent
564:, polar
562:nonpolar
443:miscible
396:miscible
373:Nile red
236:amalgams
173:miscible
165:solvates
153:solution
125:perfumes
62:solution
18:Solvents
6061:Solvent
5863:Colloid
5853:Mixture
5233:3339451
5184:4556989
5159:: 924.
5126:1086605
5091:1606027
5082:1012122
5014:Bibcode
4801:6210062
4370:Bibcode
4027:ketones
3996:benzene
3992:toluene
3978:(CSE).
3964:kidneys
3907:Ethanol
3901:Bindeez
3853:inhaled
3807:alumina
3792:oxidize
3689:pipes,
3664:explode
3341:acetone
3321:ethanol
3317:butanol
3305:toluene
3240:scholar
3037:1.1066
2611:Hexane
2574:Often,
2549:density
2543:Density
2505:144.42
2454:115.25
2413:toluene
2314:Ethanol
2159:(DMSO)
2108:(MeCN)
2080:Acetone
1854:Toluene
1828:Benzene
1581:Ethanol
1384:Ammonia
1305:100–103
1243:(DMSO)
1207:(MeCN)
1128:Acetone
1042:aprotic
815:Toluene
771:Heptane
736:Benzene
636:Pentane
606:(g/mL)
603:Density
566:aprotic
514:acetone
439:vinegar
408:sucrose
297:Kosower
232:mercury
188:entropy
129:ethanol
105:acetone
97:toluene
81:organic
49:solvent
5352:Basic
5306:Tables
5270:
5240:
5230:
5191:
5181:
5173:
5132:
5124:
5089:
5079:
5040:
5032:
4985:
4977:
4942:
4934:
4858:
4808:
4798:
4790:
4705:
4550:
4520:
4388:
4253:
4222:
4029:, and
4023:esters
4000:nausea
3966:, the
3962:, the
3921:, and
3889:cancer
3871:, and
3815:sodium
3737:oxygen
3714:Ethers
3637:Safety
3373:xylene
3355:41.3%
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3165:1.623
3157:1.594
3149:1.575
3141:1.498
3133:1.393
3125:1.382
3117:1.325
3109:1.306
3101:1.263
3093:1.261
3085:1.245
3061:1.118
3053:1.115
3045:1.107
3029:1.092
3013:1.049
3005:1.033
2989:1.028
2973:1.009
2965:1.000
2962:Water
2957:0.993
2949:0.982
2941:0.965
2933:0.944
2918:0.943
2908:0.937
2893:0.909
2885:0.898
2877:0.897
2866:0.895
2858:0.889
2850:0.886
2842:0.882
2834:0.879
2826:0.868
2818:0.867
2810:0.864
2799:0.861
2788:0.826
2780:0.814
2772:0.810
2764:0.809
2756:0.808
2748:0.805
2740:0.803
2732:0.802
2724:0.798
2716:0.791
2708:0.790
2700:0.789
2692:0.786
2684:0.785
2676:0.781
2665:0.779
2657:0.741
2646:0.728
2638:0.713
2630:0.707
2622:0.684
2614:0.659
2606:0.656
2598:0.626
2526:vacuum
2494:76.75
2478:99.24
2470:39.75
2462:116.5
2446:83.48
2387:H-O-H
2132:(DMF)
2018:(THF)
1739:(δD),
1706:1.000
1697:H-O-H
1642:0.791
1609:0.789
1606:24.55
1572:0.803
1528:0.785
1503:(IPA)
1492:0.810
1407:0.674
1401:-33.3
1374:protic
1372:Polar
1313:1.1371
1309:35.87
1230:0.786
1194:0.944
1167:(DMF)
1154:0.786
1119:0.894
1079:1.3266
1052:(DCM)
1040:Polar
985:0.886
959:(THF)
948:0.713
848:0.867
806:0.680
800:98.38
762:0.879
727:0.655
684:Hexane
675:0.626
570:protic
502:anions
494:protic
435:hexane
431:hexane
417:(e.g.
406:(e.g.
404:sugars
314:iodide
117:hexane
91:); as
87:(e.g.
5883:Alloy
5580:Redox
5416:Acyl)
5130:S2CID
4983:S2CID
4940:S2CID
4123:(log
4071:ASTDR
3972:brain
3960:liver
3813:from
3809:, or
3716:like
3687:steam
3673:Both
3335:10%,
3323:10%.
3319:10%,
3315:12%,
3311:18%,
3307:50%,
3247:JSTOR
3233:books
3077:1.22
3069:1.21
3021:1.08
2997:1.03
2981:1.01
2486:46.3
2396:42.3
2393:16.0
2390:15.5
2383:Water
2377:14.0
2374:10.0
2371:14.6
2358:22.3
2355:12.3
2352:14.7
2335:19.4
2329:15.8
2308:17.4
2302:16.0
2274:16.4
2268:15.8
2248:15.8
2242:16.0
2210:13.5
2204:14.5
2178:10.2
2175:16.4
2172:18.4
2151:11.3
2148:13.7
2145:17.4
2121:18.0
2118:15.3
2115:-C≡N
2097:10.4
2094:15.5
2068:17.0
2042:16.8
2030:-O-CH
2004:15.8
1965:17.5
1953:-O-CH
1928:17.8
1906:14.5
1896:-O-CH
1872:18.0
1842:18.4
1816:14.9
1709:1.85
1687:Water
1681:1.74
1677:1.049
1645:1.70
1636:64.7
1612:1.69
1603:78.2
1575:1.68
1531:1.66
1522:82.6
1495:1.63
1485:117.7
1445:1.41
1433:100.8
1413:1.42
1359:1.205
1355:64.0
1271:1.092
1267:46.7
1227:37.5
1220:-C≡N
1148:56.1
1122:1.78
1116:6.02
1113:77.1
1083:1.60
1072:39.6
1035:1.04
1031:1.498
1027:4.81
1024:61.2
988:1.75
951:1.15
942:34.6
931:-O-CH
907:0.45
903:1.033
895:101.1
860:ether
851:0.36
845:2.38
803:1.92
765:0.00
756:80.1
730:0.00
724:1.88
678:0.00
672:1.84
669:36.1
594:(°C)
498:water
427:waxes
415:salts
303:scale
290:scale
224:polar
161:phase
57:solvĹŤ
53:Latin
5469:(E2)
5458:(E1)
5268:ISBN
5238:PMID
5189:PMID
5171:ISSN
5122:PMID
5087:PMID
5038:PMID
5030:ISSN
4975:PMID
4932:PMID
4856:PMID
4806:PMID
4788:ISSN
4753:2021
4732:2018
4703:ISSN
4627:2018
4548:ISBN
4518:ISBN
4411:help
4386:PMID
4251:ISBN
4220:ISBN
4148:and
4094:IARC
3859:and
3786:and
3720:and
3677:and
3658:and
3642:Fire
3571:Name
3375:50%
3339:8%,
3293:Name
3280:USSR
3219:news
2671:tert
2652:tert
2415:and
2332:8.8
2305:6.8
2271:6.1
2245:5.7
2207:8.0
2124:6.1
2100:7.0
2074:7.1
2071:7.3
2048:8.0
2045:5.7
2022:/-CH
2010:7.2
2007:5.3
1971:9.0
1968:1.8
1961:-O-\
1945:/-CH
1934:5.7
1931:3.1
1922:CHCl
1912:4.6
1909:2.9
1878:2.0
1875:1.4
1848:2.0
1845:0.0
1822:0.0
1819:0.0
1731:The
1715:The
1700:100
1673:6.2
1441:1.21
1318:3.56
1276:3.96
1234:3.92
1198:3.82
1158:2.88
1075:9.1
1017:CHCl
982:7.5
945:4.3
899:2.3
809:0.0
785:C(CH
759:2.3
472:and
437:(or
423:oils
333:The
281:The
226:and
202:and
74:cell
5439:Ar)
5396:Ar)
5228:PMC
5220:doi
5216:120
5179:PMC
5161:doi
5114:doi
5110:200
5077:PMC
5069:doi
5022:doi
4967:doi
4924:doi
4920:378
4848:doi
4796:PMC
4780:doi
4695:doi
4664:doi
4488:doi
4378:doi
4343:doi
4293:doi
4247:134
4212:doi
3887:or
3343:7%
3202:by
2559:or
2349:OH
2326:OH
2299:OH
2239:OH
2034:-CH
2026:-CH
1998:-CH
1957:-CH
1949:-CH
1866:-CH
1703:80
1669:118
1639:33
1632:OH
1599:OH
1569:20
1566:97
1562:OH
1525:18
1489:18
1480:OH
1437:58
1404:17
1364:4.9
1351:240
1297:-NO
1263:189
1224:82
1191:38
1187:153
1151:21
1107:-CH
979:66
841:111
833:-CH
721:69
516:or
425:or
299:'s
6158::
5507:(A
5497:(A
5435:(S
5412:(S
5406:i)
5402:(S
5392:(S
5386:2)
5382:(S
5376:1)
5372:(S
5266:.
5236:.
5226:.
5214:.
5210:.
5187:.
5177:.
5169:.
5155:.
5151:.
5128:.
5120:.
5108:.
5085:.
5075:.
5065:49
5063:.
5059:.
5036:.
5028:.
5020:.
5010:33
5004:.
4981:.
4973:.
4963:48
4961:.
4938:.
4930:.
4918:.
4899:.
4876:.
4854:.
4844:45
4842:.
4838:.
4804:.
4794:.
4786:.
4774:.
4770:.
4723:.
4701:.
4691:43
4689:.
4670:.
4658:.
4532:^
4502:^
4484:20
4482:.
4478:.
4428:^
4402::
4400:}}
4396:{{
4384:.
4376:.
4366:26
4364:.
4339:18
4337:.
4307:^
4289:56
4287:.
4283:.
4249:.
4218:.
4144:,
4082:|
4078:|
4025:,
4021:,
4017:,
4013:,
3917:,
3867:,
3843:.
3802:.
3693:,
2516:,
2345:CH
2322:CH
2318:CH
2295:CH
2291:CH
2287:CH
2258:CH
2235:CH
2231:CH
2227:CH
2223:CH
2197:CH
2162:CH
2111:CH
2084:CH
2062:Cl
2058:CH
2038:-\
1990:CH
1900:CH
1892:CH
1888:CH
1810:CH
1806:CH
1802:CH
1798:CH
1794:CH
1790:CH
1661:CH
1628:CH
1595:CH
1591:CH
1558:CH
1554:CH
1550:CH
1512:CH
1476:CH
1472:CH
1468:CH
1464:CH
1394:NH
1293:CH
1252:CH
1216:CH
1138:CH
1099:CH
1065:Cl
1061:CH
976:O
935:CH
927:CH
923:CH
793:CH
714:CH
710:CH
706:CH
702:CH
698:CH
694:CH
662:CH
658:CH
654:CH
650:CH
646:CH
617:)
508:.
468:,
454:Ď€*
375:.
320:.
307:UV
198:,
175:.
111:,
107:,
99:,
47:A
6072:)
6068:(
5804:e
5797:t
5790:v
5511:)
5509:N
5501:)
5499:E
5475:i
5473:E
5437:E
5414:N
5404:N
5394:N
5384:N
5374:N
5345:e
5338:t
5331:v
5276:.
5244:.
5222::
5195:.
5163::
5157:6
5136:.
5116::
5093:.
5071::
5044:.
5024::
5016::
4989:.
4969::
4946:.
4926::
4903:.
4862:.
4850::
4812:.
4782::
4776:3
4755:.
4734:.
4709:.
4697::
4666::
4643:.
4629:.
4603:.
4589:.
4556:.
4526:.
4496:.
4490::
4413:)
4392:.
4380::
4372::
4349:.
4345::
4301:.
4295::
4259:.
4228:.
4214::
4125:P
4002:/
3994:/
3817:/
3269:)
3263:(
3258:)
3254:(
3244:·
3237:·
3230:·
3223:·
3196:.
2928:N
2926:,
2924:N
2903:N
2901:,
2899:N
2872:o
2805:m
2794:p
2500:o
2347:3
2324:2
2320:3
2297:2
2293:2
2289:3
2281:n
2264:3
2260:3
2237:2
2233:2
2229:2
2225:3
2217:n
2199:3
2168:3
2164:3
2141:2
2139:)
2137:3
2113:3
2090:3
2086:3
2064:2
2060:2
2036:2
2032:2
2028:2
2024:2
2000:3
1996:2
1992:3
1959:2
1955:2
1951:2
1947:2
1924:3
1902:3
1898:2
1894:2
1890:3
1868:3
1864:5
1862:H
1860:6
1858:C
1838:6
1836:H
1834:6
1832:C
1812:3
1808:2
1804:2
1800:2
1796:2
1792:3
1663:3
1630:3
1597:2
1593:3
1560:2
1556:2
1552:3
1538:n
1518:3
1514:3
1478:2
1474:2
1470:2
1466:3
1452:n
1396:3
1345:3
1343:O
1341:6
1339:H
1337:4
1335:C
1299:2
1295:3
1258:3
1254:3
1218:3
1182:2
1180:)
1178:3
1144:3
1140:3
1109:3
1105:2
1101:3
1067:2
1063:2
1019:3
974:8
972:H
970:4
968:C
937:3
933:2
929:2
925:3
890:2
888:O
886:8
884:H
882:4
880:C
835:3
831:5
829:H
827:6
825:C
795:3
791:5
789:)
787:2
783:3
781:H
752:6
750:H
748:6
746:C
716:3
712:2
708:2
704:2
700:2
696:3
664:3
660:2
656:2
652:2
648:3
615:D
613:(
545:2
543:N
541:S
534:1
532:N
530:S
462:β
458:α
368:T
366:E
361:T
359:E
354:T
352:E
301:Z
288:Y
286:m
127:(
95:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
