805:
2577:
527:
50:
1430:
1129:
1192:
2996:
895:
1031:
965:
777:
1332:, indicating that Gothic control of the region lasted for some time after the departure of the Huns. Despite the waves of barbarian domination, the late Bosporus remained an ancient Hellenistic state in language, culture and traditions; the local material culture from the third to sixth centuries is distinguished both by its great complexity and by
482:. As a result, the Kingdom became the economic center of the Black Sea and is often dubbed the ancient Jewel of the Black Sea. The profit of the trade supported a class whose conspicuous wealth is still visible from newly discovered archaeological finds, excavated, often illegally, from numerous burial barrows known as
736:
had acquired a large demand for grain, and the strain on their empire meant they could do little about
Spartocids attacking the city of Nymphaeum, on which they relied on for Black Sea trade. The Spartocids were willing to trade their grain with Athens in exchange for mainland goods and silver, which
932:
Eumelus' successor was
Spartocus III (303–283 BC) and after him Paerisades II. Succeeding princes repeated the family names, so it is impossible to assign them a definite order. The last of them, however, Paerisades V, unable to make headway against increasingly violent attacks from nomadic
789:
The northern Black Sea underwent what some historians refer to as a "long
Hellenistic Age" due to the institutions typically associated with the era occurring independently from the greater Greek world. Their relatively isolated position, and constant contact/conflict with barbarians along their
956:, their best customer for the Bosporan grain exports: Leucon I of Bosporus created privileges for Athenian ships at Bosporan ports. The Attic orators make numerous references to this. In return the Athenians granted Leucon Athenian citizenship and made decrees in honour of him and his sons.
1073:
to declare war on the
Bosporan Kingdom and claimed the kingship for himself. Asander and Dynamis were defeated by Caesar's ally and went into political exile. However, after Caesar's death in 44 BC, the Bosporan Kingdom was restored to Asander and Dynamis by Caesar's great nephew and heir
765:, the royal Bosporan army was said to contain no more than two thousand Greeks, and an equal number of Thracians fighting as mercenaries. The vast majority of the army was Scythian, with ten thousand cavalry and more than twenty thousand infantry reported. Eumelus, allied with the
1288:
483, nearly a century and a half after
Rhescuporis VI, which makes it unlikely that the kingdom and its line of kings came to an end in the mid-4th century. Additionally, archaeological data from the time indicate a period with a growing economy rather than societal collapse.
1160:
bearing portraits of both the Roman emperor and
Bosporan king. Like Roman coinage, Bosporan coinage became increasingly debased during the 3rd century. The coinage makes their lineages fairly clear to historians, though scarcely any events from their reigns are recorded.
804:
1249:). The Jewish or Thracian influence on the region may have inspired the foundation of a cult to the "Most High God", a distinct regional cult which emerged in the 1st century AD, which professed monotheism without being distinctively Jewish or Christian.
1370:. Though Gordas maintained good relations with Justinian, he was killed in a revolt in 527, which led the emperor to send armies to the Bosporus, conquering the lands of the kingdom and establishing imperial control there.
488:. The once-thriving cities of the Bosporus left extensive architectural and sculptural remains, while the kurgans continue to yield spectacular Greco-Sarmatian objects, the best examples of which are now preserved in the
921:(387–347 BC) eventually took the city. He was succeeded jointly by his two sons, Spartocus II, and Paerisades; Spartocus died in 342 BC, allowing Paerisades to reign alone until 310 BC. After Paerisades' death, a
1864:
Schuerer, E. (1897). "Die Juden im
Bosporansichen Reiche und die Genossenschaften der sebomenoi theon upsiston ebendaselbst" [The Jews in the Bosporan Kingdom and the sebomenoi theon upsiston of the region].
1105:, protected by Roman garrisons. Aspurgus (8 BC – AD 38) founded a dynasty of kings which endured with a couple of interruptions until AD 341. Aspurgus adopted the Roman name "Tiberius Julius" when he received
996:, regent of Cimmerian Bosporus, was unwilling to aid his father, so Mithridates had Machares killed, acquiring the throne for himself. Mithridates then ordered the conscriptions and preparations for war. In 63 BC,
1339:
Through some means, the Goths appear to have left or been driven away, leading to the resumption of local self-rule in the late 5th century under rulers such as
Douptounos, who re-oriented the kingdom towards the
1222:. It is possible that Nero wanted to minimize the power of local client rulers and wanted the Bosporans to be subsumed into the Roman empire. The Bosporan Kingdom was incorporated as part of the Roman province of
917:, which was wealthy because, unlike other cities in the region, it had a port which was free of ice throughout the year, allowing it to trade grain with the rest of the Greek world, even in winter. Satyrus' son
49:
1445:
in 1991, Bosporan coins are now well known on the international coin markets, hinting at the quantities produced. Several large series were produced by
Bosporan cities from the 5th century BC, particularly in
3127:
3117:
2687:
2479:
1987:
1000:, the youngest son of Mithridates, led a rebellion against his father, joined by Roman exiles in the core of Mithridates's Pontic army. Mithridates VI withdrew to the citadel in
713:
Scythian expansion and unification in the fifth century BC led to many of these settlements being wiped out or turned into
Scythian protectorates, as was the case in the city of
2321:
728:
The Black Sea Greeks before this period had dealt largely in goods like animals, slaves, furs, and fish, with grain playing a minor role. Stemming from conditions caused by the
1276:
in 341, which makes constructing a chronology very difficult. Though the kingdom is traditionally believed to have been destroyed at the end of his reign by the Goths and the
2967:
1156:") introduced by Mithridates VI, starting with 297 BC to date their coins. Bosporan kings struck coinage throughout its period as a client state, which included gold
2550:
1149:
3013:
2494:
1415:", i.e., of the Cimmerian Bosporos. Also, in the early 12th century reference is made of the Byzantine Empire's reassertion of control over the Cimmerian Bosporos (
2541:
659:
2576:
1090:(16–8 BC) in his place. Polemon married Dynamis in 16 BC and she died in 14 BC. Polemon ruled as king until his death in 8 BC. After the death of Polemon,
1950:
Astakhov, Ivan Alekseevich (2021). "Changes in the Ethnic Pictures and its Impact on the Internal Political Situation in the Bosporus after Rheskuporis VI".
1613:
1782:
1657:
1125:(Kotys, Rhescuporis or Rhoemetalces) or local origin (such as Sauromates, Eupator, Ininthimeus, Pharsanzes, Synges, Terianes, Theothorses or Rhadamsades).
2962:
1046:
After the death of Mithridates VI (63 BC), Pharnaces II (63–47 BC) supplicated to Pompey, and then tried to regain his dominion during Julius
948:
The Spartocids were well known as a line of enlightened and wise princes; although Greek opinion could not deny that they were, strictly speaking,
891:. Surviving material (texts, inscriptions and coins) do not supply enough information to reconstruct a complete chronology of kings of the region.
2357:
1813:
152:
3132:
3122:
2759:
2722:
2509:
3092:
2080:
1927:
698:, from which there is ample evidence of cultural and economic exchange as well as hostility between Greek and local populations, such as the
1078:. Asander ruled as an archon and later as king until his death in 17 BC. After the death of Asander, Dynamis was compelled to marry a Roman
790:
borders, allowed monarchs with traditions rooted in the region to establish independent kingdoms from those of the successor states.
3112:
1344:
as a client state. Such a re-orientation is also evidenced by the presence of Byzantine coins in the Crimea, including coinage of emperors
674:
at 1,545 meters (5,069 ft.). Towards the west, the mountains drop steeply to the Black Sea, while to the east, they slowly develop into a
3077:
2737:
799:
1180:
in the north-east, a great market for trade with the interior. Throughout the period there was perpetual war with the native tribes of
2957:
2749:
2667:
2566:
2469:
2318:
2281:
2188:
1900:
433:. It was the first truly 'Hellenistic' state, in the sense that a mixed population adopted the Greek language and civilization, under
3142:
3082:
3062:
2499:
2236:
2169:
447:
to Greek subjects and as kings to barbarians, which some historians consider unique in ancient history. The Bosporan Kingdom became
867:
due to the family name, more recent historians have posited he was likely of Greco-Scythian descent, as was typical of the region.
455:. The 1st and 2nd centuries AD saw a period of a new golden age of the Bosporan state. It was briefly incorporated as part of the
1401:
domination. From time to time Byzantine Greek officers built fortresses and exercised authority at Bosporus, which constituted an
526:
2754:
340:
326:
312:
298:
273:
3137:
2727:
2561:
2536:
2255:
1848:
1273:
183:
1546:
1405:. A relevant Byzantine usage of the term is found in a newly discovered seal of a general of the early 11th century as of "
2974:
2717:
2521:
2393:
1434:
1231:
1188:, and in this the Bosporan Kingdom was supported by its Roman suzerains, who lent the assistance of garrisons and fleets.
1070:
468:
395:
2504:
1313:
968:
The northern Black sea shores of the Pontic Kingdom (actual Crimea and Kerch peninsula) shown as part of the empire of
3097:
3072:
3067:
2713:
2388:
2350:
1292:
Because of evidence of their increasing prominence in the Crimea, it is possible that Rhescuporis was overthrown by a
879:. The Spartocids left many inscriptions, indicating that the earliest members of the house ruled under the titles of
2531:
2514:
2489:
2378:
926:
2647:
655:
530:
Pantikapeon and other ancient Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea, along with their modern names
3052:
2016:
3057:
2773:
2675:
2556:
2546:
2312:
1145:
1091:
1083:
1066:
981:
969:
938:
899:
55:
2464:
3087:
2732:
2652:
2416:
1219:
1059:
615:, known in antiquity as the Cimmerian Bosporus, from which the kingdom's name is derived. To south sat the
2920:
2854:
2840:
2343:
2108:
Gautier, Paul. "Le dossier d’un haut fonctionnaire byzantin d’Alexis Ier Comnène, Manuel Stra-boromanos".
651:, sometimes considered part of the Black Sea, with shallow waters and abundant rivers flowing toward it.
386:
1981:
1245:
emerged in the region, and Jewish communities developed in some of the cities of the region (especially
855:
718:
570:
1817:
1527:
Hind, John. "The Bosporan Kingdom". In Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, J.; Hornblower, S.; Ostwald, M. (eds.).
1324:, regaining its independence after the empire's collapse in the 450s and 460s. The Byzantine historian
1047:
2002:
1429:
3102:
2874:
2620:
934:
925:
between his sons Satyrus and Eumelus was fought. Satyrus defeated his younger brother Eumelus at the
721:
to create the first Bosporan state, lasting from 480-438 BC, at which point it was overthrown by the
137:
2884:
2526:
2454:
1087:
1069:. Asander and Dynamis were the ruling monarchs until Caesar commanded a paternal uncle of Dynamis,
906:
762:
663:
1772:
1647:
2949:
2935:
2869:
2809:
2701:
2642:
1969:
1382:
1196:
1177:
922:
918:
910:
683:
543:
479:
333:
123:
1281:
2031:
2925:
2799:
2681:
2632:
2403:
2277:
2251:
2232:
2217:
2206:
2184:
2165:
2076:
2051:
1923:
1896:
1844:
1493:
1465:
dynasty. In them may be noticed the swift degeneration of the gold solidus through silver and
1122:
1106:
1013:
909:(431–387 BC), successor to Spartocus, established his rule over the whole region, adding
746:
729:
722:
667:
438:
278:
73:
1366:). By Justinian's time, the Bosporus was under a barbarian ruler once more: the Hunnic ruler
3107:
2930:
2889:
2043:
1964:
1959:
1498:
1374:
1341:
1300:
tribal leader, who established his own dynasty on the Bosporan throne. It is known that the
1280:, there is no concrete evidence for this. There is an inscription by a Bosporan ruler named
1253:
850:
837:
833:
817:
679:
620:
493:
489:
319:
2122:
2032:"The Question of Continuity in the Late Classical Bosporus On the Basis of Numismatic Data"
1128:
875:
Spartocus founded a dynasty which seems to have endured until c. 110 BC, known as the
3000:
2979:
2768:
2474:
2459:
2421:
2325:
1483:
1309:
1238:
1223:
1204:
1200:
1165:
829:
825:
695:
608:
467:, before being restored as a Roman client kingdom. At the end of the 2nd century AD, King
460:
430:
422:
197:
91:
2248:
The Supreme gods of the Bosporan Kingdom : Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God
863:
called Spartocus (438–431 BC). While Spartocus was traditionally considered to be a
475:
and included all the territories of the Crimean Peninsula in the structure of his state.
1121:. All of the following kings adopted these two Roman names followed by a third name, of
1004:, where he committed suicide. Pompey buried Mithridates VI in a rock-cut tomb in either
757:
at all levels of society, particularly in the nobility. In an internal conflict between
2904:
2879:
2804:
1508:
1458:
1454:'s head and a griffin are especially remarkable for their weight and fine workmanship.
1208:
1191:
1169:
1055:
992:
and made plans to raise yet another army to take on the Romans. His eldest living son,
853:(xii. 31) the region was governed between 480 and 438 BC by a line of kings called the
714:
456:
452:
406:
80:
2306:
1457:
There are coins with the names of the later Spartocids and a complete series of dated
3046:
2894:
2602:
2444:
1973:
1777:
1697:
1652:
1600:
Feeding the Democracy: The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC
1321:
1110:
1051:
1005:
586:
441:, the aristocracy of the kingdom adopted a double nature of presenting themselves as
241:
894:
2637:
2625:
2411:
2095:
Zuckerman, Constantine. "Byzantium's Pontic Policy in the Notitiae Episcopatuum".
1447:
1442:
1133:
1102:
1098:
1039:
1025:
1001:
997:
884:
632:
612:
598:
535:
521:
448:
105:
84:
478:
The prosperity of the Bosporan Kingdom was based on the export of wheat, fish and
2070:
1917:
1272:
There are no known coins from the Bosporan Kingdom after the last ones minted by
2607:
2597:
2484:
1767:
1642:
1558:
1462:
1356:
648:
640:
501:
434:
171:
118:
1672:
1320:("king of the Goths"). The Gothic Bosporan realm likely became a vassal of the
54:
Map showing the early growth of the Bosporan Kingdom, before its annexation by
2744:
2383:
1503:
1478:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1333:
1293:
1185:
1153:
1065:
Before the death of Pharnaces II, Asander had married Pharnaces II's daughter
876:
821:
770:
758:
671:
636:
559:
551:
305:
3028:
3015:
2055:
952:, they are always described as dynasts. They maintained close relations with
577:
in the 7th and 6th centuries BC. Phanagoria (c. 540 BC) was a colony of
2899:
2612:
2047:
1786:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 286–287.
1661:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 286–287.
1451:
1325:
1260:
and Borani were able to seize Bosporan shipping and even raid the shores of
1181:
942:
914:
864:
809:
750:
707:
699:
616:
547:
509:
505:
472:
426:
414:
1030:
964:
776:
883:
of the Greek cities and kings of various minor native tribes, notably the
2449:
2434:
2219:
The Black Sea in Antiquity: Regional and Interregional Economic Exchanges
2181:
Das Bosporanische Reich: der Nordosten des Schwarzen Meeres in der Antike
1771:
1646:
1345:
1328:
describes the Goths of Crimea fighting against and then allying with the
1261:
1118:
1114:
1075:
993:
678:
landscape. The southwestern coast of the Taman peninsula is bound by the
628:
17:
1042:, depicting a soldier with the traditional Bosporan long hair and beard.
2439:
1329:
1242:
1079:
985:
888:
766:
703:
574:
366:
1531:. Vol. VI - The 4th Century BC. Cambridge: CUP. pp. 476–511.
1252:
The balance of power among the local tribes was severely disturbed by
2787:
2657:
2585:
2366:
1441:
Although considered rare among collectors prior to the demise of the
1398:
1367:
1246:
1173:
1157:
1009:
989:
977:
953:
949:
880:
860:
813:
754:
733:
675:
644:
624:
604:
582:
497:
484:
442:
418:
361:
929:
in 310 BC but was then killed in battle, giving Eumelus the throne.
2208:
Rome and the Black Sea Region. Domination, Romanisation, Resistance
773:, brought twenty thousand Scythian cavalry and even more infantry.
2335:
1488:
1466:
1428:
1301:
1297:
1257:
1227:
1190:
1137:
1127:
1035:
1029:
963:
893:
803:
775:
563:
555:
539:
525:
2009:
Cimmerian Bosporus and the Goths at the end of III - VI centuries
581:, and the foundation of Nymphaeum may have had a connection with
1277:
1215:
1164:
The Bosporan Kingdom covered the eastern half of Crimea and the
578:
464:
291:
2339:
694:
Greek colonization in the Black sea region dates back into the
1144:
The Roman client kings of the dynasty had descended from King
1876:
1416:
1406:
780:
Sindi warrior typical of the levy troops found in both armies
1614:"How the Bosporan Kingdom Became the Jewel of the Black Sea"
1389:, on the eastern side of the strait, became the seat of the
1867:
Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaft
1152:, through Aspurgus. The kings adopted a new calendar (the "
1058:
and was later killed by his former governor and son-in-law
400:
27:
Greco-Scythian state near Sea of Azov (c. 438 BC–c. AD 527)
1397:
in the 10th and 11th centuries, which in turn gave way to
534:
The whole area was dotted with Greek cities: in the west,
2319:
Artezian, a fortified settlement on the Crimean Peninsula
3128:
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century
3118:
States and territories established in the 5th century BC
1336:, intertwining both ancient and new barbarian elements.
666:. The south-eastern Crimean coastline is flanked by the
1895:(paperback ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell. p. XV.
717:. It has been suggested that this pressure allowed the
941:, leaving him his kingdom. Paerisades was killed by a
1094:, the son of Dynamis and Asander, succeeded Polemon.
1919:
The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650
1377:
and Bulgarian protection. The ancient Greek city of
749:
kings was heavily influenced by the mixing of local
2948:
2913:
2862:
2853:
2833:
2822:
2786:
2700:
2666:
2584:
2402:
585:; at least it appears to have been a member of the
354:
231:
217:
207:
193:
177:
165:
151:
143:
132:
111:
101:
63:
32:
1843:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 116.
1986:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
988:(modern Georgia) over the Caucasus Mountains to
945:named Saumacus who led a rebellion against him.
887:(from central Crimea) and other branches of the
496:. These include gold work, vases imported from
2004:Боспор Киммерийский и готы в конце III – VI вв
1881:) is Greek for "worshippers of God most high".
1256:in the 3rd–4th centuries. In the 250s AD, the
2351:
2216:Gabrielsen, Vincent & Lund, John (2007).
2179:Fornasier, Jochen; Böttger, Burkhard (2002).
2097:La Crimée entre Byzance et le Khaganat khazar
2036:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
1437:, c. 172–211 AD. Legend: BACΙΛΕΩC CΑΥΡΟΜΑΤΟΥ.
1373:The Bosporan cities enjoyed a revival, under
1207:, 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC; marble,
725:, beginning a period of economic expansion.
603:The Bosporan Kingdom was located between the
8:
1226:from 63 to 68. In 68, the new Roman emperor
1214:In AD 62 for reasons unknown, Roman emperor
1168:, and extended along the east coast of the
1109:and enjoyed the patronage of the first two
542:)—the most significant city in the region,
2859:
2830:
2826:
2792:
2706:
2590:
2358:
2344:
2336:
1756:. Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
1584:. Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
1545:Kozlovskaya, Valeriya (10 December 2001).
933:tribes in the area, called in the help of
48:
29:
2308:Rare and Unique Coins of Bosporan Kingdom
1963:
859:, probably a ruling family, usurped by a
2183:(in German). Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
1814:"The Death and Burial of Mithridates VI"
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1549:The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom
1082:called Scribonius, but the Romans under
70:Independent kingdom (c. 480 – c. 107 BC)
1965:10.24115/S2446-6220202173A1397p.245-252
1799:Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars
1602:. Oxford University Press. p. 168.
1540:
1538:
1519:
1450:. Gold staters of Panticapaeum bearing
1097:The Bosporan Kingdom of Aspurgus was a
737:presumably furthered Athenian decline.
2547:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014)
1979:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1140:, the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom.
647:to the southwest. To the north is the
504:, textile fragments, and specimens of
429:Bosporus, centered in the present-day
2557:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014)
2315:. Issues 7,8,9. 2001. Odesa. Ukraine.
2293:Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom
2001:Leonidovna, Ryabtseva Marina (2007).
1593:
1591:
1304:later held power in the Crimea, from
216:
206:
202:
176:
164:
160:
150:
7:
2229:Greek Religion in Tauric Chersonesos
2112:, Paris, Vol.23, 1965. pp. 178, 190.
2072:Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire
1922:. Hawkins Publications. p. 69.
1754:The Northern Black Sea in Antiquity
1582:The Northern Black Sea in Antiquity
1308:380 onwards, since a 404 letter to
800:List of kings of Cimmerian Bosporus
471:inflicted a critical defeat on the
437:consolidated leadership. Under the
2567:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
2470:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
1952:Laplage em Revista (International)
976:After his defeat by Roman General
832:), 1st quarter of 4th century BC,
25:
2562:Council of Ministers (until 2014)
1385:between 632 and 665. The town of
1316:, refers to the local ruler as a
1230:restored the Bosporan Kingdom to
554:(the second city of the region),
383:Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus
37:Βασίλειον τοῦ Κιμμερικοῦ Βοσπόρου
34:Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus
2995:
2994:
2575:
2527:President of Crimea (historical)
2274:The Army of the Bosporan Kingdom
2127:Classical Numismatic Group (CNG)
1841:A dictionary of the Roman Empire
654:Most of the kingdom fell in the
402:Basileía tou Kimmerikou Bospórou
391:Βασιλεία τοῦ Κιμμερικοῦ Βοσπόρου
338:
324:
310:
296:
271:
2205:Bekker-Nielsen, Tønnes (2006).
1361:
1350:
808:Pottery vessel in the shape of
745:The Bosporan kingdom under the
611:peninsulas centered around the
463:from AD 63 to 68 under Emperor
87:(63 BC – AD 63; AD 68 – AD 527)
43:c. 438 BC – c. AD 527
2500:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation
1752:Kozlovskaya, Valeriya (2017).
1580:Kozlovskaya, Valeriya (2017).
1199:of the Bosporan Kingdom; from
670:, with the highest peak being
90:Part of the Roman province of
1:
3133:4th-century disestablishments
3123:5th-century BC establishments
2718:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
2522:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
2394:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
2272:Mielczarek, Mariusz (1999).
2199:Social, economic and cultural
1529:The Cambridge Ancient History
1305:
1285:
913:to his kingdom and besieging
849:According to Greek historian
3093:Iron Age countries in Europe
2505:Renaming of Crimean toponyms
2276:. Łódź: Oficyna Naukowa MS.
2227:Shevchenko, Tetiana (2023).
1875:"Sebomenoi theon upsiston" (
1314:archbishop of Constantinople
984:fled with a small army from
401:
3113:Former monarchies of Europe
2738:2014 parliamentary election
2389:Republic of Crimea (Russia)
2164:. New York: Hill and Wang.
2110:Revue des études byzantines
1916:Mitchiner, Michael (1978).
1726:. Oxford. pp. 171–172.
1086:intervened and established
794:Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus
573:were originally settled by
3159:
3078:Ancient history of Ukraine
2532:2003 Tuzla Island conflict
2515:Crimean Tatar repatriation
2295:. Aarhus University Press.
2291:Munk Højte, Jakob (2009).
2222:. Aarhus University Press.
2211:. Aarhus University Press.
2075:. McFarland. p. 137.
1877:
1773:"Bosporus Cimmerius"
1648:"Bosporus Cimmerius"
1555:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
1417:
1407:
1218:deposed the Bosporan king
1023:
927:Battle of the River Thatis
902:(top view), 4th century BC
797:
623:to the west, the Eurasian
619:, a crossroads connecting
596:
519:
390:
2992:
2829:
2795:
2709:
2593:
2573:
2542:2014 annexation by Russia
2480:1783 annexation by Russia
2374:
2069:Lawler, Jennifer (2015).
2017:Belgorod State University
1891:Pitassi, Michael (2010).
417:state located in eastern
250:
227:
203:
189:
161:
47:
42:
3143:Ukraine in the Roman era
3083:History of the Black Sea
3063:Greek colonies in Crimea
2774:Crimean Federal District
2510:1954 transfer to Ukraine
2313:Odesa Numismatics Museum
2246:Ustinova, Yulia (1998).
2231:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
2160:Ascherson, Neal (1996).
1839:Bunson, Matthew (1995).
1741:. U Chicago. p. 22.
1722:Moreno, Alfonso (2007).
1598:Moreno, Alfonso (2007).
1146:Mithridates VI of Pontus
982:Mithridates VI of Pontus
970:Mithridates VI of Pontus
939:Mithridates VI of Pontus
413:), was an ancient Greco-
56:Mithridates VI of Pontus
2417:Crimea in the Roman era
2133:(Lot 1018). 19 May 2004
2048:10.1163/157005799X00188
1968:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1783:Encyclopædia Britannica
1677:Encyclopedia Britannica
1658:Encyclopædia Britannica
1461:issued by the later or
845:Archaeanactidae dynasty
2841:Crimean Premier League
2688:Urban-type settlements
2537:2014 status referendum
2495:Crimea in World War II
2266:Political and military
2123:"The Bosporan Kingdom"
2099:, Paris, 2006. p. 224.
1878:σεβομενοι θεον υψιστον
1438:
1381:became the capital of
1234:, the son of Cotys I.
1211:
1141:
1050:, but was defeated by
1043:
973:
903:
841:
781:
531:
410:
219:• Disestablished
138:Hellenistic polytheism
79:Client kingdom of the
3138:Roman client kingdoms
3029:45.26000°N 37.04000°E
2968:Ukrainian Catholicism
2648:Pontic–Caspian steppe
1724:Feeding the Democracy
1432:
1194:
1131:
1033:
1012:, the capital of the
967:
897:
812:inside a shell; from
807:
779:
656:Pontic-Caspian Steppe
529:
449:the longest surviving
425:on the shores of the
112:Common languages
2750:Legislative Assembly
2030:Frolova, N. (1999).
1197:Hellenistic soldiers
1176:at the mouth of the
1148:and his first wife,
1020:Roman client kingdom
820:, discovered in the
719:Archeanactid dynasty
589:in the 5th century.
516:Early Greek colonies
381:, also known as the
153:King of the Bosporus
3025: /
2465:Genoese–Mongol Wars
2455:Empire of Trebizond
1812:Hojte, Jakob Munk.
1737:Siculus, Diodorus.
1616:. 26 December 2018.
1418:Κιμμέριον Βόσπορον)
1268:Fate of the kingdom
1088:Polemon I of Pontus
1038:of Staphhilos from
828:(Bosporan Kingdom,
785:Hellenistic kingdom
664:nomadic pastoralism
660:temperate grassland
209:• Established
3098:Prehistoric Russia
3073:Hellenistic states
3068:Hellenistic Pontus
3034:45.26000; 37.04000
2810:Crimean Trolleybus
2714:Republic of Crimea
2324:2012-03-11 at the
2311:. Bulletin of the
1893:The navies of Rome
1739:Library of History
1484:Cimmerian Bosporus
1439:
1383:Old Great Bulgaria
1254:westward migration
1212:
1150:his sister Laodice
1142:
1048:Caesar's Civil War
1044:
974:
937:, general of King
904:
842:
782:
684:Caucasus Mountains
643:to the south, and
627:to the north, the
532:
334:Old Great Bulgaria
179:• AD 314–341
167:• 438–433 BC
3008:
3007:
2988:
2987:
2963:Roman Catholicism
2944:
2943:
2849:
2848:
2818:
2817:
2782:
2781:
2696:
2695:
2633:Crimean Mountains
2250:. Leiden: Brill.
2082:978-1-4766-0929-4
1929:978-0-904173-16-1
1494:Kingdom of Pontus
1410:⟨σ⟩
1107:Roman citizenship
1014:Kingdom of Pontus
923:war of succession
871:Spartocid dynasty
730:Peloponnesian War
723:Spartocid Dynasty
668:Crimean mountains
439:Spartocid dynasty
399:
375:
374:
350:
349:
346:
345:
284:
283:
279:Greek city states
136:Local variant of
74:Kingdom of Pontus
16:(Redirected from
3150:
3053:Bosporan Kingdom
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
2998:
2997:
2860:
2831:
2827:
2793:
2707:
2591:
2579:
2427:Bosporan Kingdom
2379:Political status
2360:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2296:
2287:
2261:
2242:
2223:
2212:
2194:
2175:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2014:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1977:
1967:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1816:. Archived from
1809:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1639:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1557:. Archived from
1542:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1499:Odrysian kingdom
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1393:principality of
1365:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1342:Byzantine Empire
1307:
1287:
1170:Maeotian marshes
851:Diodorus Siculus
838:Saint Petersburg
834:Hermitage Museum
818:Classical Greece
761:and his brother
680:Greater Caucasus
621:Southeast Europe
490:Hermitage Museum
404:
394:
392:
379:Bosporan Kingdom
342:
341:
328:
327:
320:Byzantine Empire
314:
313:
300:
299:
288:
287:
275:
274:
268:
267:
252:
251:
52:
30:
21:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3058:Former kingdoms
3043:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3004:
2984:
2940:
2909:
2845:
2814:
2778:
2769:Black Sea Fleet
2692:
2662:
2643:Perekop Isthmus
2580:
2571:
2475:Crimean Khanate
2422:Cherson (theme)
2398:
2370:
2364:
2334:
2326:Wayback Machine
2290:
2284:
2271:
2258:
2245:
2239:
2226:
2215:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2172:
2159:
2151:
2149:Further reading
2146:
2136:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1978:
1958:(3A): 245–252.
1949:
1948:
1937:
1930:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1698:"Pontic Steppe"
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1641:
1640:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1561:on 6 April 2012
1544:
1543:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1475:
1433:Bronze coin of
1427:
1409:
1360:
1349:
1310:John Chrysostom
1270:
1239:Jewish diaspora
1224:Moesia Inferior
1205:southern Russia
1201:Taman peninsula
1195:Stele with two
1166:Taman peninsula
1028:
1022:
980:in 66 BC, King
962:
873:
856:Archaeanactidae
847:
830:southern Russia
826:Taman Peninsula
802:
796:
787:
743:
696:Greek Dark Ages
692:
601:
595:
566:and Gorgippia.
564:Portus Sindicus
524:
518:
461:Moesia Inferior
431:Strait of Kerch
423:Taman Peninsula
371:
339:
325:
311:
297:
272:
246:
223: c. AD 527
220:
213:c. 438 BC
210:
180:
168:
128:
97:
94:(AD 63 – AD 68)
92:Moesia Inferior
59:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Ancient Crimea
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2905:Crimea Germans
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Crimean Tatars
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:Crimean Bridge
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2653:Southern Coast
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Genoese Crimea
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369: articles
2365:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2332:External links
2330:
2329:
2328:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2283:978-8385874034
2282:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2243:
2237:
2224:
2213:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:978-3805328951
2189:
2176:
2170:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2081:
2061:
2042:(3): 179–205.
2022:
2015:(in Russian).
1993:
1935:
1928:
1908:
1902:978-1843836001
1901:
1883:
1856:
1849:
1831:
1804:
1797:Head, Duncan.
1789:
1778:Chisholm, Hugh
1759:
1744:
1729:
1714:
1689:
1664:
1653:Chisholm, Hugh
1619:
1605:
1587:
1572:
1534:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1509:Tanais Tablets
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1426:
1423:
1364: 527–565
1353: 518–527
1274:Rhescuporis VI
1269:
1266:
1237:Following the
1209:Pushkin Museum
1203:(Yubileynoe),
1111:Roman Emperors
1071:Mithridates II
1024:Main article:
1021:
1018:
961:
960:Mithridates VI
958:
872:
869:
846:
843:
795:
792:
786:
783:
742:
739:
732:, the city of
691:
688:
594:
591:
571:Greek colonies
550:; on the east
520:Main article:
517:
514:
494:St. Petersburg
457:Roman province
453:client kingdom
411:Regnum Bospori
373:
372:
370:
369:
364:
358:
356:
352:
351:
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208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
194:Historical era
191:
190:
187:
186:
184:Rhescuporis VI
181:
178:
175:
174:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
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98:
96:
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88:
81:Roman Republic
77:
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67:
65:
61:
60:
53:
45:
44:
40:
39:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Crimean Tatar
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Pontic Greeks
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
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2832:
2828:
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2821:
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2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2760:2017 election
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:State Council
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2699:
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2530:
2528:
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2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:Soviet period
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Crimean Goths
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
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2238:9781803275628
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2171:9780809015931
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355:Today part of
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242:Roman coinage
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238:Pontic stater
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41:
31:
19:
3010:
2999:
2958:Christianity
2855:Demographics
2723:Constitution
2680:
2668:Subdivisions
2638:Kerch Strait
2426:
2412:Greek Crimea
2307:
2292:
2273:
2247:
2228:
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2207:
2180:
2161:
2135:. Retrieved
2130:
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2109:
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2008:
2003:
1996:
1982:cite journal
1955:
1951:
1918:
1911:
1892:
1886:
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1866:
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1840:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1807:
1798:
1792:
1781:
1768:Minns, Ellis
1762:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:
1667:
1656:
1643:Minns, Ellis
1608:
1599:
1581:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:the original
1554:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1456:
1448:Panticapaeum
1443:Soviet Union
1440:
1372:
1338:
1317:
1291:
1271:
1251:
1236:
1213:
1163:
1143:
1134:Panticapaeum
1103:Roman Empire
1099:client state
1096:
1064:
1045:
1040:Panticapaeum
1026:Roman Crimea
1002:Panticapaeum
975:
947:
931:
905:
874:
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848:
788:
744:
727:
712:
706:, and later
693:
682:half of the
653:
633:Central Asia
613:Kerch Strait
602:
599:Roman Crimea
568:
536:Panticapaeum
533:
522:Greek Crimea
483:
477:
443:
435:aristocratic
382:
378:
376:
261:Succeeded by
260:
255:
106:Panticapaeum
85:Roman Empire
3103:Sea of Azov
3032: /
2598:Arabat Spit
2485:Crimean War
1547:"Review of
1469:to bronze.
1463:Achaemenian
1357:Justinian I
649:Sea of Azov
641:Mesopotamia
502:terracottas
256:Preceded by
172:Spartokos I
3047:Categories
3020:37°02′24″E
3017:45°15′36″N
2875:Ukrainians
2745:Sevastopol
2603:Arabat Bay
2384:Sevastopol
2301:Numismatic
2257:9004112316
2137:6 February
1850:0195102339
1824:3 February
1707:19 October
1682:19 October
1565:6 February
1515:References
1504:Spartocids
1479:Cimmerians
1395:Tmutarakan
1391:Kievan Rus
1387:Tmutarakan
1379:Phanagoria
1334:syncretism
1282:Douptounos
1186:Sarmatians
1154:Pontic era
935:Diophantus
877:Spartocids
824:cemetery,
822:Phanagoria
798:See also:
771:Aripharnes
759:Satyrus II
672:Roman-Kosh
662:ideal for
637:Asia Minor
597:See also:
560:Hermonassa
552:Phanagoria
306:Greuthungi
144:Government
2936:Ukrainian
2914:Languages
2900:Krymchaks
2885:Armenians
2613:Black Sea
2586:Geography
2162:Black Sea
2056:0929-077X
1974:239216873
1702:One Earth
1375:Byzantine
1326:Procopius
1294:Sarmatian
1182:Scythians
1136:, modern
1132:Ruins of
998:Pharnaces
915:Theodosia
911:Nymphaeum
898:Bosporan
810:Aphrodite
747:Spartocid
708:Scythians
700:Thracians
617:Black Sea
593:Geography
575:Milesians
548:Myrmekion
544:Nymphaeum
510:marquetry
506:carpentry
500:, coarse
473:Scythians
427:Cimmerian
396:romanized
198:Antiquity
133:Religion
18:Spartocus
3001:Category
2950:Religion
2926:Krymchak
2890:Karaites
2870:Russians
2755:Governor
2702:Politics
2608:Azov Sea
2551:Chairman
2450:Kipchaks
2435:Akatziri
2322:Archived
2154:Overview
1770:(1911).
1645:(1911).
1473:See also
1346:Justin I
1262:Anatolia
1123:Thracian
1119:Tiberius
1115:Augustus
1092:Aspurgus
1076:Octavian
994:Machares
943:Scythian
865:Thracian
751:Scythian
741:Military
629:Caucasus
421:and the
415:Scythian
232:Currency
147:Monarchy
124:Scythian
3108:Scythia
2975:Judaism
2931:Russian
2863:Peoples
2823:Society
2800:Tourism
2788:Economy
2626:Vyalova
2440:Khazars
2404:History
1780:(ed.).
1655:(ed.).
1425:Coinage
1412:φορ(ου)
1330:Utigurs
1243:Judaism
1220:Cotys I
1158:staters
1101:of the
1084:Agrippa
1080:usurper
1067:Dynamis
1060:Asander
986:Colchis
950:tyrants
907:Satyrus
889:Maeotae
881:archons
763:Eumelus
704:Dacians
690:Economy
625:steppes
605:Crimean
485:kurgans
444:archons
398::
367:Ukraine
102:Capital
2834:Sports
2682:Raions
2676:Cities
2658:Syvash
2621:Marble
2617:Caves
2367:Crimea
2280:
2254:
2235:
2187:
2168:
2079:
2054:
2011:]
1972:
1926:
1899:
1847:
1459:solidi
1368:Gordas
1355:) and
1247:Tanais
1174:Tanais
1052:Caesar
1010:Amasia
1006:Sinope
990:Crimea
978:Pompey
954:Athens
919:Leucon
900:Phiale
861:tyrant
814:Attica
767:Sirace
755:Greeks
734:Athens
676:steppe
645:Greece
583:Athens
569:These
498:Athens
480:slaves
451:Roman
419:Crimea
362:Russia
157:
64:Status
2980:Islam
2013:(PDF)
2007:[
1970:S2CID
1776:. In
1651:. In
1489:Getae
1467:potin
1399:Tatar
1302:Goths
1284:from
1258:Goths
1228:Galba
1138:Kerch
1036:stele
885:Sindi
769:king
715:Olbia
609:Taman
556:Kepoi
540:Kerch
407:Latin
119:Greek
2728:Head
2278:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2139:2013
2077:ISBN
2052:ISSN
1988:link
1924:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1826:2015
1709:2022
1684:2022
1567:2013
1298:Alan
1278:Huns
1216:Nero
1184:and
1117:and
1056:Zela
1034:The
753:and
658:, a
639:and
631:and
607:and
579:Teos
546:and
508:and
465:Nero
377:The
292:Huns
83:and
2044:doi
1960:doi
1452:Pan
1296:or
1178:Don
1172:to
1054:at
1008:or
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492:in
459:of
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1962::
1956:7
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
