1868:
extinction, because several factors were at play. An alternative explanation for the extinction event hypothesises the biotic crisis took place not at the
Smithian-Spathian boundary but shortly before, during the Late Smithian Thermal Maximum (LSTM), with the Smithian-Spathian boundary itself being associated with cessation of intrusive magmatic activity of the Siberian Traps, along with significant global cooling, after which a gradual biotic recovery took place over the early and middle Spathian, along with a decline in continental weathering and a rejuvenation of ocean circulation.
1555:
1648:
1537:
1598:
1620:
1576:
5643:
123:
5632:
996:'s work, who coined most of the Triassic stages and substages, but he redefined them using North American sites. He recommended the Lower Triassic series be divided into the Griesbachian, Dienerian, Smithian, and Spathian. The latter two roughly correspond with the Olenekian. Tozer's timescale became popular in the Americas. He named the Smithian after Smith Creek on
3421:
Brayard, Arnaud; Krumenacker, L. J.; Botting, Joseph P.; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; Fara, Emmanuel; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Olivier, Nicolas; Goudemand, Nicolas; Saucède, Thomas; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Romano, Carlo; Doguzhaeva, Larisa; Thuy, Ben; Hautmann, Michael; Stephen, Daniel A.; Thomazo,
1850:
concentrations relative to total organic carbon, much like during the
Permian-Triassic extinction, has been suggested as another contributor to the extinction, although this is controversial and has been disputed by other research that suggests elevated mercury levels already existed by the middle
1867:
of up to 40 °C (104 °F) in the tropics during the
Smithian. The extinction itself occurred during a subsequent drop in global temperatures (ca. 8°C over a geologically short period) in the latest Smithian; however, temperature alone cannot account for the Smithian-Spathian boundary
3484:
Smith, Christopher P.A.; Laville, Thomas; Fara, Emmauel; Escarguel, Gilles; Olivier, Nicolas; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Goudemand, Nicolas; Bylund, Kevin G.; Jenks, James F.; Stephen, Daniel A.; Hautmann, Michael; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Krumenacker, L. J.; Brayard, Arnaud (4 October 2021).
2864:
Dai, X.; Davies, J. H. F. L.; Yuan, Z.; Brayard, A.; Ovtcharova, M.; Xu, G.; Liu, X.; Smith, C. P. A.; Schweitzer, C. E.; Li, M.; Perrot, M. G.; Jiang, S.; Miao, L.; Cao, Y.; Yan, J.; Bai, R.; Wang, F.; Guo, W.; Song, H.; Tian, L.; Dal Corso, J.; Liu, Y.; Chu, D.; Song, H. (2023).
2542:
Brayard, Arnaud; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Olivier, Nicolas; Bylund, Kevin G.; Jenks, Jim; Stephen, Daniel A.; Bucher, Hugo; Hofmann, Richard; Goudemand, Nicolas; Escarguel, Gilles (18 September 2011). "Transient metazoan reefs in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction".
4005:
Romano, Carlo; Goudemand, Nicolas; Vennemann, Torsten W.; Ware, David; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Hochuli, Peter A.; Brühwiler, Thomas; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo (21 December 2012). "Climatic and biotic upheavals following the end-Permian mass extinction".
3795:
Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Kürschner, Wolfram M.; Kerp, Hans; Bomfleur, Benjamin; Hochuli, Peter A.; Bucher, Hugo; Ware, David; Roohi, Ghazala (April 2015). "Vegetation history across the
Permian–Triassic boundary in Pakistan (Amb section, Salt Range)".
2410:
Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Kürschner, Wolfram M.; Kerp, Hans; Bomfleur, Benjamin; Hochuli, Peter A.; Bucher, Hugo; Ware, David; Roohi, Ghazala (April 2015). "Vegetation history across the
Permian–Triassic boundary in Pakistan (Amb section, Salt Range)".
1883:
disappeared. Conodonts decreased in average size as a result of the extinction. On land, the tropics were nearly devoid of life, with exceptionally arid conditions recorded in Iberia and other parts of Europe then at low latitude. Many big, active
2614:
Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2016). "Permian-Triassic
Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution".
2492:
Foster, William J.; Heindel, Katrin; Richoz, Sylvain; Gliwa, Jana; Lehrmann, Daniel J.; Baud, Aymon; Kolar‐Jurkovšek, Tea; Aljinović, Dunja; Jurkovšek, Bogdan; Korn, Dieter; Martindale, Rowan C.; Peckmann, Jörn (20 November 2019).
992:(sometimes collaborating with American geologist Norman J. Silberling) crafted Triassic timescales based on North American ammonoid zones, further refining it in the following decades. Tozer's nomenclature was largely derived from
3554:
Galfetti, Thomas; Hochuli, Peter A.; Brayard, Arnaud; Bucher, Hugo; Weissert, Helmut; Vigran, Jorunn Os (2007). "Smithian-Spathian boundary event: Evidence for global climatic change in the wake of the end-Permian biotic crisis".
2578:
Galfetti, Thomas; Hochuli, Peter A.; Brayard, Arnaud; Bucher, Hugo; Weissert, Helmut; Vigran, Jorunn Os (2007). "Smithian-Spathian boundary event: Evidence for global climatic change in the wake of the end-Permian biotic crisis".
3696:
Brayard, Arnaud; Bucher, Hugo; Escarguel, Gilles; Fluteau, Frédéric; Bourquin, Sylvie; Galfetti, Thomas (September 2006). "The Early
Triassic ammonoid recovery: paleoclimatic significance of diversity gradients".
3226:
Romano, Carlo; Brinkmann, Winand (December 2010). "A new specimen of the hybodont shark
Palaeobates polaris with threedimensionally preserved Meckel's cartilage from the Smithian (Early Triassic) of Spitsbergen".
4041:
Borruel-Abadía, Violeta; Barrenechea, José F.; Galán-Abellán, Ana Belén; De la Horra, Raúl; López-Gómez, José; Ronchi, Ausonio; Luque, Francisco Javier; Alonso-Azcárate, Jacinto; Marzo, Mariano (20 June 2019).
3198:
Cavin, L.; Argyriou, T.; Romano, C.; Grădinaru, E. (2024). "Large durophagous fish from the
Spathian (late Early Triassic) of Romania hints at earlier onset of the Triassic actinopterygian revolution".
2780:
Romano, Carlo; López-Arbarello, Adriana; Ware, David; Jenks, James F.; Brinkmann, Winand (April 2019). "Marine Early
Triassic Actinopterygii from the Candelaria Hills (Esmeralda County, Nevada, USA)".
1536:
1772:
and flourished in the immediate aftermath of the extinction; ammonoids, conodonts, and radiolarians in particular suffered drastic biodiversity losses, which is accentuated, among others, by the
4483:
Song, Haijun; Wignall, Paul B.; Tong, Jinnan; Song, Huyue; Chen, Jing; Chu, Daoliang; Tian, Li; Luo, Mao; Zong, Keqing; Chen, Yanlong; Lai, Xulong; Zhang, Kexin; Wang, Hongmei (15 August 2015).
3319:
Mutter, Raoul J.; Neuman, Andrew G. (2008). "New eugeneodontid sharks from the Lower Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of Western Canada". In Cavin, L.; Longbottom, A.; Richter, M. (eds.).
4777:"The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale"
4136:
Song, Haijin; Song, Huyue; Tong, Jinnan; Gordon, Gwyneth W.; Wignall, Paul B.; Tian, Li; Zheng, Wang; Algeo, Thomas J.; Liang, Lei; Bai, Ruoyu; Wu, Kui; Anbar, Ariel D. (20 February 2021).
4717:
Lloret, Joan; De la Hora, Raúl; Gretter, Nicola; Borruel-Abadía, Violeta; Barrenechea, José F.; Ronchi, Ausonio; Diez, José B.; Arche, Alfredo; López-Gómez, José (September 2020).
3960:
5012:
4666:
Sun, Y.; Joachimski, M. M.; Wignall, P. B.; Yan, C.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, H.; Wang, L.; Lai, X. (18 October 2012). "Lethally Hot Temperatures During the Early Triassic Greenhouse".
2964:
993:
3099:
Tong, Jinnan; Zhou, Xiugao; Erwin, Douglas H.; Zuo, Jingxun; Zhao, Laishi (2006). "Fossil fishes from the Lower Triassic of Majiashan, Chaohu, Anhui Province, China".
3041:
1891:
There is evidence that life had recovered rapidly, at least locally. This is indicated by sites that show exceptionally high biodiversity (e.g. the earliest Spathian
927:. Before the subdivision in Olenekian and Induan became established, both stages formed the Scythian Stage, which has since disappeared from the official timescale.
4096:
Ye, Feihong; Zhao, Laishi; Zhang, Lei; Cui, Ying; Algeo, Thomas J.; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Lyu, Zhengyi; Huang, Yuangeng; Bhat, Ghulam M.; Baud, Aymon (August 2023).
3009:
and other fossil fishes from the late Smithian (Early Triassic) of Bear Lake County (Idaho, USA), with a discussion of saurichthyid palaeogeography and evolution"
2765:
Beltan, Laurence (1996). "Overview of systematics, paleobiology, and paleoecology of Triassic fishes of northwestern Madagascar". In G. Arratia; G. Viohl (eds.).
4193:
1859:, allowing extension of geographic ranges of species adapted to warmer temperatures, and displacement or extinctions of species adapted to cooler temperatures.
1756:
An important extinction event occurred during the Olenekian age of the Early Triassic, near the Smithian and Spathian subage boundary. The main victims of this
1597:
1554:
4533:"Large vertical δ13CDIC gradients in Early Triassic seas of the South China craton: Implications for oceanographic changes related to Siberian Traps volcanism"
1141:
reef builders as a result of the extinction. However, transient metazoan reefs reoccurred during the Olenekian wherever permitted by environmental conditions.
4384:
Song, Huyue; Du, Yong; Algeo, Thomas J.; Tong, Jinnan; Owens, Jeremy D.; Song, Haijun; Tian, Li; Qiu, Haiou; Zhu, Yuanyuan; Lyons, Timothy W. (August 2019).
4194:"Mercury anomalies associated with three extinction events (Capitanian Crisis, Latest Permian Extinction and the Smithian/Spathian Extinction) in NW Pangea"
3593:
Sun, Y. D.; Wignall, Paul B.; Joachimski, M. M.; Bond, David P. G.; Grasby, S. E.; Sun, S.; Yan, C. B.; Wang, L. N.; Chen, Y. L.; Lai, X. L. (1 June 2015).
3834:
Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; Vennemann, Torsten; Bagherpour, Borhan; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Goudemand, Nicolas; Schaltegger, Urs (2020).
3961:"Late Permian and Early Triassic magmatic pulses in the Angara–Taseeva syncline, Southern Siberian Traps and their possible influence on the environment"
1852:
5005:
4890:
1575:
683:
633:
1619:
600:
1769:
490:
4596:
3892:
2262:
3959:
Paton, M. T.; Ivanov, A. V.; Fiorentini, M. L.; McNaughton, M. J.; Mudrovska, I.; Reznitskii, L. Z.; Demonterova, E. I. (1 September 2010).
4998:
2052:
1313:. The earliest large durophagous neopterygian is known from the SBG, suggesting an early onset of the Triassic actinopterygian revolution.
4489:
4719:"Gradual changes in the Olenekian-Anisian continental record and biotic implications in the Central-Eastern Pyrenean basin, NE Spain"
4250:"Are Early Triassic extinction events associated with mercury anomalies? A reassessment of the Smithian/Spathian boundary extinction"
2987:
1527:. Such diverse assemblages show that organisms diversified wherever and whenever climatic and environmental conditions ameliorated.
4435:
Zhao, He; Dahl, Tais W.; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Algeo, Thomas J.; Zhang, Lei; Liu, Yongsheng; Hu, Zhaochu; Hu, Zihao (December 2000).
4313:
3911:
Du, Yong; Song, Huyue; Algeo, Thomas J.; Song, Haijun; Tian, Li; Chu, Daoliang; Shi, Wei; Li, Chao; Tong, Jinnan (1 August 2022).
3060:"Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse"
4862:
3639:
Zhang, Lei; Orchard, Michael J.; Brayard, Arnaud; Algeo, Thomas J.; Zhao, Laishi; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Lyu, Zhengyi (August 2019).
4531:
Song, Huyue; Tong, Jinnan; Algeo, Thomas J.; Koracek, Micha; Qiu, Haiou; Song, Haijun; Tian, Li; Chen, Zhong-Qiang (June 2013).
2453:"Dynamic interplay between climate and marine biodiversity upheavals during the early Triassic Smithian -Spathian biotic crisis"
5713:
5659:
4098:"Calcium isotopes reveal shelf acidification on southern Neotethyan margin during the Smithian-Spathian boundary cooling event"
2743:
4614:"Quantitative stratigraphic correlation of Tethyan conodonts across the Smithian-Spathian (Early Triassic) extinction event"
1863:
studies on conodonts have revealed that temperatures rose in the first 2 million years of the Triassic, ultimately reaching
3913:"A massive magmatic degassing event drove the Late Smithian Thermal Maximum and Smithian–Spathian boundary mass extinction"
4883:
4828:Расчленение нижнего отдела триасовой системы на ярусы (Subdivision of the lower series of the Triassic System into stages)
3325:. Geological Society of London, Special Publications. Vol. 295. London: Geological Society of London. pp. 9–41.
2660:"Phanerozoic survivors: Actinopterygian evolution through the Permo‐Triassic and Triassic‐Jurassic mass extinction events"
919:
The Olenekian Stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian stratigraphers in 1956. The stage is named after
1246:
4437:"Anomalous marine calcium cycle linked to carbonate factory change after the Smithian Thermal Maximum (Early Triassic)"
5718:
5021:
4537:
4102:
3917:
1918:
1055:
672:
3487:"Exceptional fossil assemblages confirm the existence of complex Early Triassic ecosystems during the early Spathian"
3058:
Romano, Carlo; Jenks, James F.; Jattiot, Romain; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Bylund, Kevin G.; Bucher, Hugo (19 July 2017).
3641:"The Smithian/Spathian boundary (late Early Triassic): A review of ammonoid, conodont, and carbon-isotopic criteria"
4831:
4813:
4485:"Integrated Sr isotope variations and global environmental changes through the Late Permian to early Late Triassic"
1997:
1294:
1981:
1773:
1168:
4856:
3112:
2178:
1647:
5708:
4876:
4248:
Hammer, Øyvind; Jones, Morgan T.; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Hansen, Bitten Bolvig; Bucher, Hugo (August 2019).
2451:
Goudemand, Nicolas; Romano, Carlo; Leu, Marc; Bucher, Hugo; Trotter, Julie A.; Williams, Ian S. (August 2019).
1238:
2029:
1270:
3595:"High amplitude redox changes in the late Early Triassic of South China and the Smithian–Spathian extinction"
5703:
5294:
5289:
4249:
3738:
Mojsisovics (Ammonoidea): An iconic and cosmopolitan taxon of the late Smithian (Early Triassic) extinction"
1864:
1049:
941:
526:
3732:
Jattiot, Romain; Bucher, Hugo; Brayard, Arnaud; Monnet, Claude; Jenks, James F.; Hautmann, Michael (2016).
1030:
subzones. He named the Spathian after Spath Creek on Ellesmere Island (this creek is named after geologist
5723:
4718:
4613:
4532:
4484:
4436:
4137:
4043:
3640:
3594:
2155:"Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants"
1949:
1286:
1222:
743:
1961:
4441:
4390:
3035:
968:
873:
618:
2495:"Suppressed competitive exclusion enabled the proliferation of Permian/Triassic boundary microbialites"
4138:"Conodont calcium isotopic evidence for multiple shelf acidification events during the Early Triassic"
3912:
4730:
4675:
4625:
4546:
4498:
4399:
4349:
4261:
4205:
4151:
4055:
3972:
3847:
3805:
3749:
3706:
3652:
3606:
3564:
3498:
3435:
3372:
3236:
3071:
2878:
2836:
2789:
2588:
2552:
2464:
2420:
2376:
2211:
2166:
2154:
2086:
1912:
1254:
989:
977:
947:
866:
717:
1888:
returned to the tropics, and plants recolonised on land, only when temperatures returned to normal.
1846:, resulting in global warming and in acidification, both on land and in the ocean. A large spike in
5625:
4588:
3884:
2039:
1971:
1036:
1031:
962:
5698:
4746:
4699:
4641:
4458:
4417:
4287:
4223:
4192:
Grasby, Stephen E.; Beauchamp, Benoit; Bond, David P. G.; Wignall, Paul B.; Sanei, Hamed (2016).
4167:
4097:
4071:
4023:
3777:
3668:
3334:
3301:
3270:
Bratvold, Janne; Delsett, Lene Liebe; Hurum, Jørn Harald (2018-10-04). "Chondrichthyans from the
3252:
3116:
2902:
2867:"A Mesozoic fossil lagerstätte from 250.8 million years ago shows a modern-type marine ecosystem"
2805:
2640:
2392:
2235:
2017:
1955:
1928:
1819:
dominated in the Spathian. These vegetation changes are due to global changes in temperature and
1626:
1301:). Ray-finned fishes diversified after the mass extinction and reached peak diversity during the
1026:
1001:
862:
843:
811:
5642:
4851:
3359:
Scheyer, Torsten M.; Romano, Carlo; Jenks, Jim; Bucher, Hugo; Farke, Andrew A. (19 March 2014).
2114:
McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record".
1835:. Until recently the existence of this extinction event about 249.4 Ma ago was not recognised.
956:
5423:
5387:
4691:
4592:
3934:
3888:
3524:
3463:
3400:
2983:
2894:
2725:
2691:
2632:
2524:
2258:
2227:
2199:
2131:
2011:
1991:
1985:
1943:
1847:
1156:
5517:
5392:
5361:
5158:
4788:
4738:
4683:
4633:
4580:
4554:
4506:
4502:
4450:
4407:
4357:
4277:
4269:
4213:
4159:
4142:
4111:
4063:
4015:
3980:
3926:
3876:
3855:
3836:"Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery"
3813:
3767:
3757:
3714:
3660:
3614:
3572:
3514:
3506:
3453:
3443:
3390:
3380:
3326:
3291:
3283:
3244:
3208:
3178:
3147:
3108:
3079:
3023:
2886:
2844:
2797:
2681:
2671:
2624:
2596:
2560:
2514:
2506:
2472:
2428:
2384:
2325:
2219:
2198:
Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004).
2174:
2123:
2094:
2075:"Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery"
2023:
2001:
1734:
1481:
1258:
1121:
997:
815:
4334:
Zhang, L.; Zhao, L.; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Algeo, Thomas J.; Li, Y.; Cao, L. (12 March 2015).
907:
in Europe. The Olenekian is roughly coeval with the regional Yongningzhenian Stage used in
5486:
5382:
5320:
5215:
5184:
5153:
4917:
4793:
4776:
4386:"Cooling-driven oceanic anoxia across the Smithian/Spathian boundary (mid-Early Triassic)"
3424:"Unexpected Early Triassic marine ecosystem and the rise of the Modern evolutionary fauna"
3004:
2048:
2047:* Tentatively assigned to the Olenekian; age estimated primarily via terrestrial tetrapod
1975:
1783:
1700:
1561:
1485:
1398:
1350:
1321:
1302:
897:
858:
347:
4581:
3877:
2941:
2923:
2709:
2200:"Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction"
4734:
4679:
4629:
4550:
4403:
4353:
4265:
4209:
4155:
4059:
3976:
3851:
3809:
3753:
3710:
3656:
3610:
3568:
3502:
3439:
3376:
3240:
3075:
2882:
2840:
2793:
2592:
2556:
2468:
2424:
2380:
2215:
2170:
2090:
5636:
5455:
5325:
5220:
5189:
4912:
4340:
4336:"Amelioration of marine environments at the Smithian–Spathian boundary, Early Triassic"
3542:
3519:
3486:
3458:
3423:
3395:
3360:
2823:
Romano, Carlo; Ware, David; Brühwiler, Thomas; Bucher, Hugo; Brinkmann, Winand (2016).
2686:
2659:
2519:
2494:
1860:
1843:
1839:
1604:
1496:
1329:
1317:
1262:
1188:
1150:
870:
855:
368:
336:
2866:
2714:"Triassic Fishes from East Greenland collected by the Danish expeditions in 1929-1931"
985:(global reference profile for the base) has not been established as of December 2020.
122:
5692:
5356:
5346:
5315:
5278:
5210:
5179:
4922:
4750:
4645:
4462:
4421:
4291:
4171:
4075:
4027:
3672:
3338:
3305:
3120:
2906:
2809:
2396:
2007:
1900:
1820:
1787:
1743:
1711:
1609:
1587:
1451:
1437:
1407:
1402:
1386:
1282:
1278:
1193:
1177:
1126:
1081:
935:
904:
851:
707:
379:
358:
128:
74:
4742:
4703:
4637:
4558:
4454:
4412:
4385:
4273:
4227:
4115:
3930:
3781:
3664:
3256:
2477:
2452:
2239:
5647:
5631:
5578:
5428:
5351:
4335:
2644:
2367:
Lucas, S. G. (2010). "The Triassic chronostratigraphic scale: history and status".
2150:
1816:
1778:
1695:
1653:
1631:
1582:
1473:. The Paris Biota was deposited in the wake of the SSBM and it features at least 7
1462:
1419:
1413:
1360:
1343:
1134:
1077:
763:
751:
579:
4163:
4067:
4865:
at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy.
3718:
3618:
3385:
3248:
3135:
1080:
dominated. These vegetation changes are due to global changes in temperature and
5573:
5442:
5418:
5263:
5058:
1892:
1828:
1738:
1723:
1705:
1689:
1671:
1665:
1458:
1425:
1394:
1373:
1354:
1332:
1325:
1274:
1203:
1137:
were common during the Early Triassic, possibly due to lack of competition with
1089:
49:
4612:
Chen, Yanlong; Richoz, Sylvain; Krystyn, Leopold; Zhang, Zhifei (August 2019).
4510:
3510:
2746:(1936). "Some few preliminary remarks on Triassic fishes from East Greenland".
2127:
5568:
5528:
5471:
5371:
5268:
5142:
5042:
4990:
4218:
4044:"Could acidity be the reason behind the Early Triassic biotic crisis on land?"
3984:
3772:
3183:
3166:
2849:
2824:
1838:
The Smithian–Spathian boundary extinction was linked to late eruptions of the
1812:
1803:
1765:
1729:
1717:
1677:
1544:
1524:
1443:
1381:
1346:
1242:
1198:
1160:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1073:
1068:
1020:
1006:
880:
and 247.2 Ma (million years ago). The Olenekian is sometimes divided into the
796:
451:
132:
94:
59:
5674:
5661:
3938:
3860:
3835:
3817:
3027:
2729:
2432:
2099:
2074:
1124:
ancestors during the Olenekian. This group includes ferocious predators like
5583:
5533:
5507:
5466:
5413:
5258:
5234:
5115:
5105:
5094:
4859:
at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
4775:
Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (1 December 2005).
4687:
4362:
3733:
2890:
2223:
1896:
1856:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1369:
1226:
1146:
1142:
1113:
931:
789:
327:
275:
99:
4695:
3528:
3467:
3448:
3404:
2898:
2695:
2636:
2528:
2231:
2135:
1851:
Spathian. Prior to the Smithian-Spathian Boundary extinction event, a flat
920:
2713:
5543:
5538:
5502:
5402:
5335:
5304:
5199:
5168:
5129:
5079:
5053:
5029:
4974:
4953:
4899:
3167:"A Hiatus Obscures the Early Evolution of Modern Lineages of Bony Fishes"
2033:
1880:
1876:
1832:
1749:
1683:
1565:
1478:
1448:
1377:
1309:(Spathian-Bithynian Gap, SBG) during the late Olenekian and early middle
1306:
1183:
1164:
1138:
1093:
973:
747:
442:
415:
318:
306:
286:
89:
84:
69:
64:
54:
3287:
3084:
3059:
2801:
1548:, a genus of lycophyte that was globally abundant during the Olenekinian
1457:
An example of an exceptionally diverse Early Triassic assemblage is the
17:
5557:
5497:
5247:
5084:
5068:
4964:
4948:
4282:
3296:
1932:
1872:
1824:
1798:
1659:
1512:
1488:
1431:
1336:
1310:
1266:
1209:
1101:
1085:
1063:
924:
893:
828:
824:
819:
424:
406:
296:
136:
104:
79:
3762:
3576:
3212:
2976:
Freiberger Forschungshefte C (Paläontologie, Stratigraphie, Fazies 23)
2676:
2628:
2600:
1855:
is observed, suggesting that warmer temperatures extended into higher
1159:
largely remained unaffected by the Permian-Triassic extinction event.
5593:
5476:
5110:
4969:
4932:
4019:
2564:
2253:
Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic".
1936:
1885:
1808:
1474:
1470:
1365:
1298:
1250:
1234:
1230:
1218:
1214:
1172:
952:
889:
433:
397:
3330:
3151:
2510:
2388:
1875:, but large fish remained, and amongst the immobile species such as
3361:"Early Triassic Marine Biotic Recovery: The Predators' Perspective"
2330:
2317:
4868:
3320:
2278:
1965:
1794:
1646:
1466:
1290:
1117:
1059:
908:
877:
832:
767:
2825:"Marine Early Triassic Osteichthyes from Spiti, Indian Himalayas"
1879:, only the ones that could cope with the heat survived; half the
5617:
5613:
5609:
1871:
In the ocean, many large and mobile species moved away from the
1447:). Sauropterygians and ichthyosaurs ruled the oceans during the
982:
43:
4994:
4872:
3003:
Romano C., Kogan I., Jenks J., Jerjen I., Brinkmann W. (2012).
2073:
Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020).
1390:, inhabited freshwater environments and were less widespread.
150:
1405:
are among the first marine reptiles to enter the scene (e.g.
1167:
diversity during the Early Triassic. Many fish genera show a
930:
The base of the Olenekian is at the lowest occurrence of the
3113:
10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0146:FFFTLT]2.0.CO;2
2318:"Lower Triassic stages and ammonoid zones of Arctic Canada"
2179:
10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2
3274:
bonebed (Early Triassic) of Marmierfjellet, Spitsbergen".
2658:
Smithwick, Fiann M.; Stubbs, Thomas L. (2 February 2018).
3136:"An Early Triassic fish assemblage from British Columbia"
1393:
The first marine reptiles appeared during the Olenekian.
951:. It is defined as ending near the lowest occurrences of
903:
The Olenekian saw the deposition of a large part of the
2446:
2444:
2442:
4329:
4327:
1924:/ Burgersdorp Formation (subzones A-B)* (South Africa)
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
508:
3543:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/geobios/vol/54
1000:, Canada (the creek itself is named after geologist
5592:
5556:
5516:
5485:
5454:
5441:
5401:
5370:
5334:
5303:
5277:
5246:
5233:
5198:
5167:
5141:
5128:
5093:
5067:
5041:
5028:
4314:"Roasting Triassic heat exterminated tropical life"
1293:, China), and several Early Triassic layers of the
1269:, China), and the Smithian aged assemblages of the
805:
781:
773:
758:
739:
731:
723:
713:
703:
698:
690:
678:
668:
663:
655:
650:
143:
32:
3422:Christophe; Escarguel, Gilles (15 February 2017).
3140:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1305:. This diversification is, however, obscured by a
3899:Extinctions with and at the close of the Triassic
3699:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3599:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3588:
3586:
2769:. München: Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 479–500.
1797:was also affected significantly. It changed from
1149:diversified, but both suffered losses during the
2946:Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar
2369:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2344:See for a detailed geologic timescale Gradstein
1651:Early Triassic and Anisian marine predators: 1.
888:subages or substages. The Olenekian follows the
1368:and Olenekian ages. Their fossils are found in
3829:
3827:
3691:
3689:
3416:
3414:
2944:(1925). "Triassic fishes from Spitzbergen 2".
2930:. Wien: Adolf Holzhausen. pp. xxviii+307.
2918:
2916:
2279:"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point"
1831:) were the dominant plants during most of the
1092:) were the dominant plants during most of the
5006:
4884:
3053:
3051:
1349:, such as the superficially crocodile-shaped
632:Subdivision of the Triassic according to the
8:
4802:Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.
3479:
3477:
3040:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2767:Mesozoic Fishes—Systematics and Paleoecology
2311:
2309:
639:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
5451:
5243:
5138:
5038:
5013:
4999:
4991:
4908:
4891:
4877:
4869:
2281:. International Commission of Stratigraphy
2032:(Lusitaniadalen and Vendomdalen members) (
1054:Life was still recovering from the severe
4792:
4411:
4361:
4281:
4217:
3859:
3771:
3761:
3518:
3457:
3447:
3394:
3384:
3295:
3182:
3083:
2848:
2685:
2675:
2518:
2476:
2329:
2098:
1364:, show wide geographic ranges during the
3134:Schaeffer, Bobb; Mangus, Marlyn (1976).
1853:gradient of latitudinal species richness
1461:, fossils of which were discovered near
806:Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
759:Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
4587:. Oxford University Press, UK. p.
3883:. Oxford University Press, UK. p.
2969:from the Early Triassic of Spitsbergen"
2065:
1532:
1328:, but also a few surviving lineages of
3033:
1958:(Torrey and Wutapki members)* (SW USA)
1335:, a mainly Palaeozoic group that went
29:
4312:Marshall, Michael (18 October 2012).
2299:According to Gradstein (2004). Brack
1151:Smithian-Spathian boundary extinction
988:In the 1960s, English paleontologist
7:
4583:Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath
4125:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
3948:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
3879:Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath
2053:Triassic land vertebrate faunachrons
1790:, diversified after the extinction.
1469:and other nearby sites in Idaho and
782:Upper boundary definition candidates
740:Lower boundary definition candidates
608:
590:
568:
552:
534:
516:
498:
480:
5612:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
4579:Hallam, A.; Wignall, P. B. (1997).
4490:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3875:Hallam, A.; Wignall, P. B. (1997).
2963:Kogan, Ilja; Romano, Carlo (2016).
2255:A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016
1899:were complex and comprised several
1153:at the end of the Smithian subage.
5616:= megaannum (millions years ago);
4820:Kiparisova, L.D. & Popov, J.N.
3322:Fishes and the Break-up of Pangaea
3229:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2928:Triassic fishes from Spitzbergen 1
1213:. This is well exemplified in the
1004:). The Smithian is defined by the
876:. It spans the time between 251.2
601:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
25:
5620:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
2322:Geological Survey of Canada Paper
2116:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1770:Permian–Triassic extinction event
491:Permian-Triassic extinction event
5641:
5630:
1758:Smithian–Spathian boundary event
1643:Smithian–Spathian boundary event
1618:
1596:
1574:
1553:
1535:
1491:(previously only known from the
509:Smithian–Spathian boundary event
121:
4794:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001
4743:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103252
4638:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.03.004
4559:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.023
4455:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103418
4413:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.01.009
4274:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.016
4116:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104138
3931:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103878
3665:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.02.014
2478:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.01.013
1221:) aged fish assemblages of the
27:Age in the Early Triassic epoch
3965:Russian Geology and Geophysics
3541:Special issue on Paris Biota:
3165:Romano, Carlo (January 2021).
2829:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
2257:. Elsevier. pp. 133–149.
1096:. Among land vertebrates, the
583:corals & calcified sponges
1:
5059:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
4164:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120038
4068:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.03.035
2357:Kiparisova & Popov (1956)
4852:GeoWhen Database - Olenekian
3719:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.003
3619:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.038
3386:10.1371/journal.pone.0088987
3276:Norwegian Journal of Geology
3249:10.1080/02724634.2010.521962
1762:Smithian–Spathian extinction
1058:. During the Olenekian, the
545:Full recovery of woody trees
5022:Geological history of Earth
4723:Global and Planetary Change
4538:Global and Planetary Change
4103:Global and Planetary Change
3918:Global and Planetary Change
1782:. Marine reptiles, such as
1339:during the Early Triassic.
1056:end-Permian mass extinction
5740:
5295:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
5290:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
5054:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
4832:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
4814:Cambridge University Press
4810:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
4511:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.035
3840:Frontiers in Earth Science
3511:10.1038/s41598-021-99056-8
3171:Frontiers in Earth Science
2128:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003
2079:Frontiers in Earth Science
1998:Sulphur Mountain Formation
1768:species that survived the
1295:Sulphur Mountain Formation
1237:) aged assemblages of the
1047:
5607:
5579:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
5429:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
4906:
4219:10.1017/S0016756815000436
3985:10.1016/j.rgg.2010.08.009
3184:10.3389/feart.2020.618853
2850:10.1007/s13358-015-0098-6
2303:(2005) give 251 to 248 Ma
1982:Sanga do Cabral Formation
1842:, which released warming
1774:cosmopolitan distribution
1239:Middle Sakamena Formation
1169:cosmopolitan distribution
1037:Procolumbites subrobustus
1034:), and defined it by the
915:Stratigraphic definitions
774:Upper boundary definition
732:Lower boundary definition
629:
148:
120:
39:
5574:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
5419:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
5264:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
5116:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
5106:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
4863:Lower Triassic timescale
4857:Lower Triassic timescale
3861:10.3389/feart.2020.00196
3818:10.1016/j.gr.2013.11.007
3028:10.3140/bull.geosci.1337
2433:10.1016/j.gr.2013.11.007
2100:10.3389/feart.2020.00196
1865:sea surface temperatures
1811:and Smithian subages to
1764:, were 'disaster taxa':
1163:show their highest post-
1010:ammonoid zone (contains
5569:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
5534:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
5529:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
5472:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
5362:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
5269:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
5080:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
4688:10.1126/science.1224126
4503:2015E&PSL.424..140S
4363:10.5194/bg-12-1597-2015
3742:Papers in Palaeontology
3734:"Revision of the genus
3201:Papers in Palaeontology
3101:Journal of Paleontology
3064:Journal of Paleontology
3016:Bulletin of Geosciences
2891:10.1126/science.adf1622
2782:Journal of Paleontology
2748:Meddelelser om Grønland
2718:Meddelelser om Grønland
2499:The Depositional Record
2224:10.1126/science.1097023
1484:, including leptomitid
1175:and Olenekian, such as
1050:Category:Olenekian life
1021:Meekoceras gracilitatis
1012:Euflemingites romunderi
1007:Arctoceras bloomstrandi
942:Meekoceras gracilitatis
892:and is followed by the
527:Carnian pluvial episode
266:−200 —
256:−205 —
246:−210 —
236:−215 —
226:−220 —
216:−225 —
206:−230 —
196:−235 —
186:−240 —
176:−245 —
166:−250 —
156:−255 —
5714:Triassic geochronology
5539:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
5508:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
5467:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
5414:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
5259:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
5085:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
3449:10.1126/sciadv.1602159
2965:"A new postcranium of
2153:; Morante, R. (1996).
1950:Jialingjiang Formation
1895:), which suggest that
1753:
1253:, United States), and
1223:Wordie Creek Formation
1104:reptiles encompassing
945:, and of the conodont
5544:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
5503:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
5424:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
5111:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
4618:Earth-Science Reviews
4442:Earth-Science Reviews
4391:Earth-Science Reviews
4254:Earth-Science Reviews
3645:Earth-Science Reviews
2457:Earth-Science Reviews
2316:Tozer, E. T. (1965).
2030:Vikinghøgda Formation
1650:
1271:Vikinghøgda Formation
1120:- first evolved from
5584:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
5477:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
5357:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
5347:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
4913:Lower/Early Triassic
1913:Middle Buntsandstein
1542:Life restoration of
1287:Helongshan Formation
1247:Candelaria Formation
1018:) and the overlying
978:Chiosella timorensis
948:Neospathodus waageni
790:Chiosella timorensis
787:FAD of the Conodont
777:Not formally defined
762:Mud (Muth) village,
752:Neospathodus waageni
735:Not formally defined
5675:31.9653°N 78.0247°E
5671: /
5639: •
5628: •
5626:Geologic time scale
5388:Middle (458–470 Ma)
5352:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
5321:Middle (383–393 Ma)
5216:Middle (237–247 Ma)
5185:Middle (164–174 Ma)
4923:Upper/Late Triassic
4735:2020GPC...19203252L
4680:2012Sci...338..366S
4630:2019ESRv..195...37C
4551:2013GPC...105....7S
4404:2019ESRv..195..133S
4354:2015BGeo...12.1597Z
4266:2019ESRv..195..179H
4210:2016GeoM..153..285G
4198:Geological Magazine
4156:2021ChGeo.56220038S
4060:2019ChGeo.515...77B
3977:2010RuGG...51.1012P
3852:2020FrEaS...8..196W
3810:2015GondR..27..911S
3754:2016PPal....2..155J
3711:2006PPP...239..374B
3657:2019ESRv..195....7Z
3611:2015PPP...427...62S
3569:2007Geo....35..291G
3503:2021NatSR..1119657S
3440:2017SciA....3E2159B
3377:2014PLoSO...988987S
3288:10.17850/njg98-2-03
3241:2010JVPal..30.1673R
3085:10.1017/jpa.2017.36
3076:2017JPal...91.1025R
2883:2023Sci...379..567D
2841:2016SwJP..135..275R
2802:10.1017/jpa.2019.18
2794:2019JPal...93..971R
2593:2007Geo....35..291G
2557:2011NatGe...4..693B
2469:2019ESRv..195..169G
2425:2015GondR..27..911S
2381:2010GSLSP.334...17L
2216:2004Sci...305..506P
2171:1996GSAB..108..195R
2091:2020FrEaS...8..196W
2042:* (European Russia)
2040:Yarenskian Gorizont
2020:* (European Russia)
1994:* (European Russia)
1972:Rybinskian Gorizont
1962:Nanlinghu Formation
1760:, often called the
1307:taphonomic megabias
724:Time span formality
5719:Geology of Siberia
5637:Geology portal
5498:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
5393:Early (470–485 Ma)
5326:Early (393–419 Ma)
5221:Early (247–252 Ma)
5190:Early (174–201 Ma)
5159:Early (100–145 Ma)
5154:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
3773:20.500.12210/34589
3491:Scientific Reports
2617:Biological Reviews
2149:Retallack, G. J.;
2018:Ustmylian Gorizont
1956:Moenkopi Formation
1929:Ermaying Formation
1907:Notable formations
1754:
1384:. Others, such as
1027:Wasatchites tardus
969:Paracrochordiceras
863:chronostratigraphy
844:geologic timescale
714:Stratigraphic unit
704:Chronological unit
691:Time scale(s) used
619:Manicouagan impact
5654:
5653:
5552:
5551:
5518:Paleoproterozoic
5437:
5436:
5383:Late (444–458 Ma)
5316:Late (359–383 Ma)
5229:
5228:
5211:Late (201–237 Ma)
5180:Late (145–164 Ma)
5124:
5123:
5045:(present–2.58 Ma)
5033:(present–66.0 Ma)
4988:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4674:(6105): 366–370.
4598:978-0-19-158839-6
4008:Nature Geoscience
3894:978-0-19-158839-6
3798:Gondwana Research
3763:10.1002/spp2.1036
3577:10.1130/G23117A.1
3213:10.1002/spp2.1553
2877:(6632): 567–572.
2677:10.1111/evo.13421
2629:10.1111/brv.12161
2601:10.1130/G23117A.1
2545:Nature Geoscience
2413:Gondwana Research
2264:978-0-444-63771-0
2056:
1992:Sludkian Gorizont
1986:Rio Grande do Sul
1944:Fremouw Formation
1784:ichthyopterygians
1627:ichthyosauromorph
1157:Ray-finned fishes
1116:, and ultimately
1016:Juvenites crassus
840:
839:
664:Usage information
645:
644:
625:
624:
607:
606:
589:
588:
567:
566:
551:
550:
533:
532:
515:
514:
497:
496:
16:(Redirected from
5731:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5680:31.9653; 78.0247
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5648:World portal
5646:
5645:
5635:
5634:
5597:
5561:
5521:
5490:
5487:Mesoproterozoic
5459:
5452:
5447:
5406:
5375:
5339:
5308:
5282:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5203:
5172:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5098:
5072:
5046:
5039:
5034:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4992:
4909:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4870:
4840:
4837:(4), pp 842–845
4821:
4803:
4798:
4796:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4586:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4348:(5): 1597–1613.
4331:
4322:
4321:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4285:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4221:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4143:Chemical Geology
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4048:Chemical Geology
4038:
4032:
4031:
4020:10.1038/ngeo1667
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3971:(9): 1012–1020.
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3882:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3765:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3705:(3–4): 374–395.
3693:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3451:
3428:Science Advances
3418:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3235:(6): 1673–1683.
3223:
3217:
3216:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3070:(5): 1025–1046.
3055:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3013:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2973:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2565:10.1038/ngeo1264
2539:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2448:
2437:
2436:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2313:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2070:
2046:
2024:Virgin Formation
2002:British Columbia
1844:greenhouse gases
1801:dominated (e.g.
1776:of the ammonoid
1735:Cymbospondylidae
1622:
1600:
1578:
1557:
1539:
1497:thylacocephalans
1477:and 20 distinct
1259:Himachal Pradesh
1189:Parasemionotidae
1066:dominated (e.g.
998:Ellesmere Island
816:Northern Dobruja
614:
609:
596:
591:
584:
574:
569:
558:
553:
546:
540:
535:
522:
517:
504:
499:
486:
481:
454:
445:
436:
427:
418:
409:
400:
391:
382:
373:
363:
361:
352:
350:
341:
339:
330:
311:
309:
289:
278:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
151:
125:
116:
46:
42:251.2 – 247.2
35:
30:
21:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5709:Geological ages
5689:
5688:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5650:
5640:
5629:
5621:
5603:
5595:
5588:
5559:
5548:
5519:
5512:
5488:
5481:
5457:
5456:Neoproterozoic
5446:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
5445:
5444:
5443:Proterozoic Eon
5433:
5404:
5397:
5373:
5366:
5337:
5330:
5306:
5299:
5280:
5273:
5249:
5237:
5236:
5225:
5201:
5194:
5170:
5163:
5144:
5132:
5131:
5120:
5096:
5089:
5070:
5063:
5044:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5019:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4958:
4942:
4918:Middle Triassic
4902:
4900:Triassic Period
4897:
4848:
4838:
4819:
4801:
4774:
4771:
4769:Further reading
4766:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3434:(2): e1602159.
3420:
3419:
3412:
3358:
3357:
3346:
3331:10.1144/sp295.3
3318:
3317:
3313:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3032:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2788:(5): 971–1000.
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2551:(10): 693–697.
2541:
2540:
2536:
2511:10.1002/dep2.97
2491:
2490:
2486:
2450:
2449:
2440:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2389:10.1144/sp334.2
2366:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2324:. 65–12: 1–14.
2315:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2210:(5683): 506–9.
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2122:(10): 548–557.
2113:
2112:
2108:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2049:biostratigraphy
1976:European Russia
1922:Assemblage Zone
1909:
1788:sauropterygians
1701:Hybodontiformes
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1623:
1614:
1601:
1592:
1579:
1570:
1562:ray-finned fish
1558:
1549:
1540:
1399:Ichthyopterygia
1320:fishes include
1303:Middle Triassic
1277:, Norway), and
1255:Mikin Formation
1135:microbial reefs
1133:In the oceans,
1052:
1046:
1040:ammonoid zone.
990:Edward T. Tozer
917:
898:Middle Triassic
646:
641:
640:
638:
621:
612:
603:
594:
585:
582:
578:
572:
563:
556:
547:
544:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
477:
476:
472:
471:
467:
466:
462:
461:
457:
456:
452:
448:
447:
443:
439:
438:
434:
430:
429:
425:
421:
420:
416:
412:
411:
407:
403:
402:
398:
394:
393:
389:
385:
384:
380:
376:
375:
371:
369:
365:
364:
359:
357:
354:
353:
348:
346:
343:
342:
337:
335:
332:
331:
326:
323:
322:
314:
313:
307:
305:
301:
300:
292:
291:
285:
281:
280:
274:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
139:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
41:
40:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5737:
5735:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5704:Early Triassic
5701:
5691:
5690:
5652:
5651:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5449:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5279:Carboniferous
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5241:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5136:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5097:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5071:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5036:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4847:
4846:External links
4844:
4843:
4842:
4817:
4799:
4787:(4): 233–244.
4770:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4709:
4658:
4604:
4597:
4571:
4523:
4475:
4427:
4376:
4341:Biogeosciences
4323:
4304:
4240:
4204:(2): 285–297.
4184:
4128:
4088:
4033:
3997:
3951:
3903:
3893:
3867:
3823:
3804:(3): 911–924.
3787:
3748:(1): 155–188.
3724:
3685:
3631:
3582:
3546:
3534:
3473:
3410:
3344:
3311:
3282:(2): 189–217.
3262:
3218:
3190:
3157:
3146:(5): 516–563.
3126:
3107:(1): 146–161.
3091:
3047:
2995:
2988:
2955:
2933:
2912:
2856:
2835:(2): 275–294.
2815:
2772:
2757:
2744:Nielsen, Eigil
2735:
2701:
2670:(2): 348–362.
2650:
2623:(1): 106–147.
2606:
2570:
2534:
2484:
2438:
2419:(3): 911–924.
2402:
2359:
2350:
2337:
2331:10.4095/100985
2305:
2292:
2270:
2263:
2245:
2190:
2165:(2): 195–207.
2141:
2106:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1946:* (Antarctica)
1940:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1901:trophic levels
1861:Oxygen isotope
1840:Siberian Traps
1747:skeleton, 18.
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1605:archosauriform
1602:
1595:
1593:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1486:protomonaxonid
1351:trematosaurids
1333:holocephalians
1318:chondrichthyan
1263:Daye Formation
1261:, India), and
1122:archosauriform
1045:
1044:Olenekian life
1042:
916:
913:
871:Lower Triassic
856:Early Triassic
838:
837:
836:
835:
822:
807:
803:
802:
801:
800:
793:
783:
779:
778:
775:
771:
770:
760:
756:
755:
741:
737:
736:
733:
729:
728:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
710:
705:
701:
700:
696:
695:
694:ICS Time Scale
692:
688:
687:
680:
679:Regional usage
676:
675:
670:
669:Celestial body
666:
665:
661:
660:
657:
656:Name formality
653:
652:
648:
647:
643:
642:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
615:
605:
604:
599:
597:
587:
586:
577:
575:
565:
564:
561:
559:
549:
548:
543:
541:
531:
530:
525:
523:
513:
512:
507:
505:
495:
494:
489:
487:
478:
474:
473:
469:
468:
464:
463:
459:
458:
450:
449:
441:
440:
432:
431:
423:
422:
414:
413:
405:
404:
396:
395:
387:
386:
378:
377:
367:
366:
356:
355:
345:
344:
334:
333:
325:
324:
316:
315:
303:
302:
294:
293:
283:
282:
272:
271:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
126:
118:
117:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
47:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5736:
5725:
5724:Olenyok basin
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5687:
5684:
5649:
5644:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5555:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
5453:
5450:
5448:
5440:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5333:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5235:Paleozoic Era
5232:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:(66.0–145 Ma)
5140:
5137:
5135:
5133:(66.0–252 Ma)
5127:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5004:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
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4836:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4752:
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4724:
4720:
4713:
4710:
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4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4659:
4647:
4643:
4639:
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4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4590:
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4584:
4575:
4572:
4560:
4556:
4552:
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4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
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4491:
4486:
4479:
4476:
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4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4318:New Scientist
4315:
4308:
4305:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
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4225:
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4211:
4207:
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4173:
4169:
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4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4092:
4089:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3998:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3952:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
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3728:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:(3): e88987.
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2989:9783860125526
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:Stensiö, Erik
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:(western USA)
2013:
2009:
2008:Thaynes Group
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:(South China)
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:precipitation
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:) during the
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:Omphalosaurus
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:Tanystropheus
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:Erythrosuchus
1606:
1603:Skull of the
1599:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Trematosaurus
1584:
1581:Skull of the
1577:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:Skull of the
1556:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:Omphalosaurus
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:Cartorhynchus
1404:
1403:Sauropterygia
1400:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:Trematosaurus
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:eugeneodontid
1327:
1326:neoselachians
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:United States
1280:
1279:Thaynes Group
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:Ptycholepidae
1196:
1195:
1194:Pteronisculus
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1178:Australosomus
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:Erythrosuchus
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:- a group of
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:precipitation
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:changed from
1061:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
979:
975:
972:; and of the
971:
970:
965:
964:
963:Paradanubites
959:
958:
954:
950:
949:
944:
943:
938:
937:
936:Hedenstroemia
933:
928:
926:
922:
914:
912:
910:
906:
905:Buntsandstein
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
834:
830:
826:
823:
821:
817:
813:
810:
809:
808:
804:
798:
797:magnetic zone
794:
792:
791:
786:
785:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
716:
712:
709:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
649:
637:
636:, as of 2021.
635:
628:
620:
616:
611:
610:
602:
598:
593:
592:
581:
580:Scleractinian
576:
571:
570:
560:
555:
554:
542:
537:
536:
528:
524:
519:
518:
510:
506:
501:
500:
492:
488:
483:
482:
479:
455:
446:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
374:
362:
351:
340:
329:
321:
320:
312:
310:
299:
298:
290:
288:
279:
277:
270:
153:
152:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:Buntsandstein
124:
119:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
38:
31:
19:
5656:
5622:
5558:Archean Eon
5520:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
5405:(485–539 Ma)
5374:(444–485 Ma)
5338:(419–444 Ma)
5307:(359–419 Ma)
5281:(299–359 Ma)
5250:(252–299 Ma)
5238:(252–539 Ma)
5202:(201–252 Ma)
5171:(145–201 Ma)
5130:Mesozoic Era
5030:Cenozoic Era
4937:
4839:(in Russian)
4834:
4827:
4823:
4809:
4805:
4784:
4780:
4754:. Retrieved
4726:
4722:
4712:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4649:. Retrieved
4621:
4617:
4607:
4582:
4574:
4562:. Retrieved
4542:
4536:
4526:
4514:. Retrieved
4494:
4488:
4478:
4466:. Retrieved
4446:
4440:
4430:
4395:
4389:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4345:
4339:
4317:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4257:
4253:
4243:
4233:16 September
4231:. Retrieved
4201:
4197:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4147:
4141:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4107:
4101:
4091:
4079:. Retrieved
4051:
4047:
4036:
4014:(1): 57–60.
4011:
4007:
4000:
3988:. Retrieved
3968:
3964:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3922:
3916:
3906:
3898:
3878:
3870:
3846:(196): 196.
3843:
3839:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3745:
3741:
3736:Anasibirites
3735:
3727:
3702:
3698:
3676:. Retrieved
3648:
3644:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3602:
3598:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3537:
3497:(1): 19657.
3494:
3490:
3431:
3427:
3368:
3364:
3321:
3314:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3207:(2). e1553.
3204:
3200:
3193:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3067:
3063:
3036:cite journal
3019:
3015:
3006:
2998:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2874:
2870:
2859:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2724:(3): 1–305.
2721:
2717:
2704:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2505:(1): 62–74.
2502:
2498:
2487:
2460:
2456:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2375:(1): 17–39.
2372:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2345:
2340:
2321:
2300:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2273:
2254:
2248:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2162:
2159:GSA Bulletin
2158:
2144:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2085:(196): 196.
2082:
2078:
2068:
2045:
1919:
1890:
1870:
1837:
1817:pteridophyte
1802:
1792:
1779:Anasibirites
1777:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1696:Bobasatrania
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1654:Wantzosaurus
1652:
1632:Chaohusaurus
1630:
1608:
1586:
1583:temnospondyl
1564:
1543:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1420:Utatsusaurus
1418:
1414:Chaohusaurus
1412:
1406:
1392:
1385:
1361:Wantzosaurus
1359:
1353:
1344:temnospondyl
1341:
1315:
1215:Griesbachian
1208:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1155:
1132:
1125:
1078:pteridophyte
1067:
1053:
1035:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
987:
976:
967:
961:
955:
946:
940:
934:
929:
918:
902:
885:
881:
847:
841:
788:
764:Spiti valley
750:
631:
562:Coals return
388:
317:
304:
295:
284:
273:
5678: /
5594:Hadean Eon
5372:Ordovician
5143:Cretaceous
5043:Quaternary
4756:11 December
4497:: 140–147.
4398:: 133–146.
4283:10852/76482
4260:: 179–190.
4177:18 December
4081:18 December
3678:12 December
3624:12 December
3297:10852/71103
3022:: 543–570.
3007:Saurichthys
2982:: 205–221.
2967:Saurichthys
2942:Stensiö, E.
2924:Stensiö, E.
2463:: 169–178.
2285:23 December
2151:Veevers, J.
2026:(Utah, USA)
1920:Cynognathus
1893:Paris Biota
1829:gymnosperms
1739:Neoselachii
1724:Ticinepomis
1706:Mylacanthus
1690:Aphaneramma
1672:Rebellatrix
1666:Saurichthys
1525:vertebrates
1501:crustaceans
1459:Paris biota
1426:Hupehsuchus
1395:Hupehsuchia
1374:Spitsbergen
1355:Aphaneramma
1275:Spitsbergen
1204:Saurichthys
1171:during the
1161:Coelacanths
1090:gymnosperms
1032:L. F. Spath
1002:J. P. Smith
994:Mojsisovics
812:Desli Caira
381:Changhsing.
5693:Categories
5666:78°01′29″E
5663:31°57′55″N
5596:(4–4.6 Ga)
5560:(2.5–4 Ga)
5489:(1–1.6 Ga)
5095:Paleogene
4729:: 103252.
4651:28 October
4564:16 January
4516:16 January
4468:12 January
4449:: 103418.
4369:11 January
4297:28 October
4150:: 120038.
4110:: 104138.
3990:12 January
3925:: 103878.
3563:(4): 291.
3177:: 618853.
2754:(3): 1–55.
2587:(4): 291.
2184:2007-09-29
2060:References
1813:gymnosperm
1804:Pleuromeia
1766:Palaeozoic
1730:Mixosaurus
1718:Corosaurus
1678:Hovasaurus
1585:amphibian
1545:Pleuromeia
1517:ophiuroids
1505:nautiloids
1444:Corosaurus
1382:Madagascar
1347:amphibians
1316:Olenekian
1243:Madagascar
1110:pterosaurs
1106:crocodiles
1098:archosaurs
1074:gymnosperm
1069:Pleuromeia
1048:See also:
865:, it is a
699:Definition
453:Hettangian
144:Chronology
133:Heligoland
127:Olenekian
5699:Olenekian
5623:See also:
5403:Cambrian
5336:Silurian
5305:Devonian
5200:Triassic
5169:Jurassic
4938:Olenekian
4751:225301237
4646:135139479
4624:: 37–51.
4463:228986247
4422:134105720
4292:146638929
4172:233915627
4076:134704729
4054:: 77–86.
4028:129296231
3944:3 January
3939:0921-8181
3673:134513553
3605:: 62–78.
3339:130268582
3306:132293043
3121:131176315
2907:256697946
2810:155564297
2730:938169014
2664:Evolution
2397:129648527
2036:, Norway)
2012:Limestone
2004:, Canada)
1988:, Brazil)
1915:(Germany)
1897:food webs
1857:latitudes
1809:Dienerian
1612:africanus
1568:americana
1509:ammonoids
1493:Paleozoic
1370:Greenland
1322:hybodonts
1297:(western
1281:(western
1231:Dienerian
1227:Greenland
1147:conodonts
1143:Ammonoids
1114:dinosaurs
957:Japonites
932:ammonoids
848:Olenekian
651:Etymology
390:Olenekian
328:Lopingian
34:Olenekian
5248:Permian
5069:Neogene
4975:Rhaetian
4954:Ladinian
4781:Episodes
4704:41302171
4696:23087244
4545:: 7–20.
4228:85549730
3782:85908694
3651:: 7–36.
3529:34608207
3468:28246643
3405:24647136
3365:PLOS ONE
3257:86411191
3152:2246/619
2952:: 1–261.
2926:(1921).
2899:36758082
2712:(1932).
2696:29315531
2637:25431138
2529:32140241
2240:35498132
2232:15273391
2136:17919771
2034:Svalbard
1968:, China)
1939:, China)
1881:bivalves
1877:molluscs
1833:Mesozoic
1825:Conifers
1750:Placodus
1684:Birgeria
1629:reptile
1607:reptile
1566:Birgeria
1521:crinoids
1513:coleoids
1479:metazoan
1449:Mesozoic
1378:Pakistan
1184:Birgeria
1165:Devonian
1139:metazoan
1094:Mesozoic
1086:Conifers
974:conodont
886:Spathian
884:and the
882:Smithian
795:Base of
748:Conodont
682:Global (
444:Rhaetian
417:Ladinian
308:Triassic
287:Mesozoic
18:Spathian
4965:Carnian
4949:Anisian
4731:Bibcode
4676:Bibcode
4668:Science
4626:Bibcode
4547:Bibcode
4499:Bibcode
4400:Bibcode
4350:Bibcode
4262:Bibcode
4206:Bibcode
4152:Bibcode
4121:22 July
4056:Bibcode
3973:Bibcode
3848:Bibcode
3806:Bibcode
3750:Bibcode
3707:Bibcode
3653:Bibcode
3607:Bibcode
3565:Bibcode
3557:Geology
3520:8490361
3499:Bibcode
3459:5310825
3436:Bibcode
3396:3960099
3373:Bibcode
3272:Grippia
3237:Bibcode
3072:Bibcode
2879:Bibcode
2871:Science
2837:Bibcode
2790:Bibcode
2687:5817399
2645:5332637
2589:Bibcode
2581:Geology
2553:Bibcode
2520:7043383
2465:Bibcode
2421:Bibcode
2377:Bibcode
2212:Bibcode
2204:Science
2167:Bibcode
2087:Bibcode
1933:Shaanxi
1886:animals
1873:tropics
1848:mercury
1799:lycopod
1660:Fadenia
1625:Marine
1489:sponges
1432:Grippia
1342:Marine
1337:extinct
1311:Anisian
1285:), and
1267:Guizhou
1229:), the
1217:(early
1210:Whiteia
1102:diapsid
1064:lycopod
925:Siberia
894:Anisian
869:in the
854:in the
842:In the
829:Guizhou
825:Guandao
820:Romania
746:of the
613:←
595:←
573:←
557:←
539:←
521:←
503:←
485:←
426:Carnian
408:Anisian
261:–
251:–
241:–
231:–
221:–
211:–
201:–
191:–
181:–
171:–
161:–
137:Germany
111:↓
5602:
4970:Norian
4933:Induan
4749:
4702:
4694:
4644:
4595:
4461:
4420:
4290:
4226:
4170:
4074:
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3119:
2986:
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2643:
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2517:
2395:
2348:(2004)
2346:et al.
2301:et al.
2261:
2238:
2230:
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1942:Upper
1937:Shanxi
1927:Lower
1741:, 17.
1737:, 16.
1733:, 15.
1727:, 14.
1721:, 13.
1715:, 12.
1709:, 11.
1703:, 10.
1590:brauni
1523:, and
1482:orders
1471:Nevada
1366:Induan
1299:Canada
1251:Nevada
1235:Induan
1233:(late
1225:(East
1219:Induan
1173:Induan
966:, and
953:genera
921:Olenëk
890:Induan
874:series
850:is an
846:, the
727:Formal
659:Formal
475:
470:
465:
460:
435:Norian
399:Induan
349:Middle
4747:S2CID
4700:S2CID
4642:S2CID
4459:S2CID
4418:S2CID
4288:S2CID
4224:S2CID
4168:S2CID
4072:S2CID
4024:S2CID
3778:S2CID
3669:S2CID
3335:S2CID
3302:S2CID
3253:S2CID
3117:S2CID
3012:(PDF)
2972:(PDF)
2903:S2CID
2806:S2CID
2641:S2CID
2393:S2CID
2236:S2CID
2051:(see
1966:Anhui
1795:flora
1699:, 9.
1693:, 8.
1687:, 7.
1681:, 6.
1675:, 5.
1669:, 4.
1663:, 3.
1657:, 2.
1475:phyla
1467:Idaho
1463:Paris
1291:Anhui
1118:birds
1072:) to
1060:flora
909:China
867:stage
861:; in
859:epoch
833:China
768:India
718:Stage
673:Earth
4824:1956
4806:2004
4758:2022
4692:PMID
4653:2022
4593:ISBN
4566:2023
4518:2023
4470:2023
4371:2023
4299:2022
4235:2022
4179:2022
4123:2024
4083:2022
3992:2023
3946:2024
3935:ISSN
3889:ISBN
3680:2022
3626:2022
3525:PMID
3464:PMID
3401:PMID
3042:link
2984:ISBN
2895:PMID
2726:OCLC
2692:PMID
2633:PMID
2525:PMID
2287:2020
2259:ISBN
2228:PMID
2132:PMID
1935:and
1815:and
1793:The
1786:and
1401:and
1380:and
1358:and
1324:and
1207:and
1145:and
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1024:and
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4727:192
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4672:338
4634:doi
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4555:doi
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4507:doi
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4451:doi
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4408:doi
4396:195
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3856:doi
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3661:doi
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3615:doi
3603:427
3573:doi
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3454:PMC
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