Stegosauria - Knowledge (XXG)

3085: 800: 6900: 1649: 1302:- two parasagittal rows of staggered alternates, after the discovery of an almost complete skeleton preserved in this manner in rock. Furthermore, no two plates share the same size and shape, making the possibility of bilaterally paired rows even less likely. Plates are usually found with distinct vascular grooves on their lateral surfaces, suggesting the presence of a circulatory network. Stegosaurids also have osteoderms on the throat in the form of small depressed ossicles and two pairs of elongated spike-like tail-spines. With 743:. Although defense, thermo-regulation and display have been theorized to be the possible functions of these dorsal plates, a study of the ontogenetic histology of the plates and spikes suggests that the plates serve different functions at different stages of the stegosaurids’ life histories. The terminal spikes in the tail are thought to have been used in old adults, at least, as a weapon for defence. However, the function of stegosaurid plates and spikes, at different life stages, still remains a matter of great debate. 6147: 900: 1348:, a strong protein, would indeed allow the plates to bear more weight, suggesting they may have been used for active defense. A keratinous covering would also allow greater surface area for the plates to be uses as a mating display structures, which could be potentially coloured like the beaks of modern birds. At the same time this finding implies that the use of plates for thermo-regulation may be less likely because the keratinous covering would make heat transfer from the bone highly ineffective. 6154: 6167: 6174: 2051: 1912: 6160: 2022: 188: 129: 1950: 1782: 2080: 1740: 1711: 1596: 2138: 1890: 1357: 6923: 1972: 2982: 2256: 2196: 2234: 2174: 2109: 2868:. argue that the formation of nourishing vascular networks in young adults supported the growth of large plates. This would have enhanced the size of the animal, which may have helped attract mates and deter rivals. Furthermore, the presence of the vascular networks in the plates of the young adult indicate a secondary use of the plates as a thermoregulatory device for heat loss much like the 2430: 1120: 2881:

in young adults, facilitated the further enlargement of the spikes by increasing the amount of nourishment supplied. On the other hand, plates do not show a similar degree of bone compaction or cortical thickening indicating they would not be capable of taking much weight from above. This suggests they were not as important as spikes in active defense.

2915:, also in Utah. Unlike the first, this trackway preserved traces of the forefeet. Fossil remains indicate that stegosaurians have five digits on the forefeet and three weight-bearing digits on the hind feet. From this, scientists were able to predict the appearance of stegosaurian tracks in 1990, six years in advance of the first actual discovery of 1332:. (2008) observed that the discovered specimen, from which the spine is described, has a completely different morphology than the parascapular spine specimens of other stegosaurs. They suggest it may be a fragmentary tail spine instead. Stegosaurids also lack lateral scute rows that run longitudinally on either side of the trunk in 739:. The stegosaurids like all other stegosaurians were quadrupedal herbivores that exhibited the characteristic stegosaurian dorsal dermal plates. These large, thin, erect plates are thought to be aligned parasagittally from the neck to near the end of the tail. The end of the tail has pairs of spikes, sometimes referred to as a 870:. At first, Marsh still entertained some incorrect notions about its morphology. He assumed that the plates formed a flat skin cover — hence the name, meaning "roof saurian" — and that the animal was bipedal with the spikes sticking out sideways from the rear of the skull. A succession of additional discoveries from the 1340:, indicating yet another secondary loss of a plesiomorphic characters. However, the absence of lateral scutes as well as pre-maxillary teeth mentioned above are not specifically diagnostic of stegosaurids, since these features are also present in some other stegosaurians, whose phylogenetic relationships are unclear. 3173:

may have used a tripodal stance on their hindlimbs and tail to double the foraging height from the general low browsing height under one metre for stegosaurids. This challenged the view that stegosaurs are primarily low vegetation feeders because of their small heads, short necks and short forelimbs,

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inferred that stegosaurids may have used an erect limb posture, like that of most mammals, for habitual locomotion while using a sprawled crocodilian pose for defensive behavior. The sprawled pose would allow them to tolerate the large lateral forces used in swinging the spiked tail against predators

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of already existing fibrous networks in the skin. However, the many structural features, seen in the spikes and plates of old adults specimens, are acquired at different stages of development. Extensive vascular networks form in the plates during the change from juveniles to young adults and persist

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had several types. On its neck, back, and tail were two rows of paired small vertical plates and spikes. The very tail end bore a small club. Each flank had a row of smaller osteoderms, culminating in a long shoulder spine in front, curving to the rear. Later forms show very variable configurations,

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were reinforced by a fusion into two blocks, an ulnar and a radial. The front feet of stegosaurians are commonly depicted in art and in museum displays with fingers splayed out and slanted downward. However, in this position, most bones in the hand would be disarticulated. In reality, the hand bones

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still had seven per side. The upper and lower jaws are equipped with rows of small teeth. Later species have a vertical bone plate covering the outer side of the lower jaw teeth. The structure of the upper jaw, with a low ridge above, and running parallel to, the tooth row, indicates the presence of

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sites allowed a quick update of the presumed build. In 1882, Marsh was able to publish the first skeletal reconstruction of a stegosaur. Hereby, stegosaurians became much better known to the general public. The American finds at the time represented the bulk of known stegosaurian fossils, with about

3114:, a paleontologist at the University of California, Berkeley, remarked that Saitta had misidentified features in his specimen's bone tissue sections and said “there’s no evidence the animal has stopped growing”. Paidan also expressed ethical concerns about the use of private specimens in the study. 3107:

dorsal plates, with one morph having a wide, oval plate with a surface area 45% larger than the narrow, tall morph. Considering that dorsal plates most likely functioned as display structures and that the wide oval shape allowed a broad continuous display, Saitta assigns the wider morph with larger

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osteoderms. The thickening of the cortical section of the bone and the compaction of bone in the terminal tail-spikes in old adults suggest that they were used as defence weapons, but not until an ontogenetically late stage. The development of the large axial channel in old adults from small canals

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Stegosaurids are distinguished from other stegosaurians in that the former have lost the plesiomorphic pre-maxillary teeth and lateral scute rows along the trunk. Furthermore, stegosaurids have long narrow skulls and longer hindlimbs compared to their forelimbs. However, these two features are not

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The discovery of an impression of the skin covering the dorsal plates has implications for all possible functions of stegosaurian plates. Christiansen and Tschopp (2010) found that the skin was smooth with long, parallel, shallow grooves indicating a keratinous structure covering the plates. The

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The long hindlimbs elevated the tail base, such that the tail pointed out behind the animal almost horizontally from that high position. While walking, the tail would not have sloped downwards as this would have impeded the function of the tail base retractor muscles, to pull the thighbones

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The protective nature of dorsal plates has also been questioned in the past Davitashvili (1961) noted that narrow dorsal location of the plates still left the sides vulnerable. Since the pattern of plates and spines vary between species, he suggested it could be important for intraspecific

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recognition and as a display for sexual selection. This is corroborated by Spassov's (1982) observations that the plates are arranged for maximum visible effect when viewed laterally during non-aggressive agonistic behaviour, as opposed to from a head-on aggressive stance.

2816:(southern India); however, Galton & Ayyasami (2017) interpreted the specimen as a bone of a sauropod dinosaur. Nevertheless, the authors considered the survival of stegosaurians into the Maastrichtian to be possible, noting the presence of the stegosaurian ichnotaxon 4271:

Skutschas, Pavel P.; Gvozdkova, Vera A.; Averianov, Alexander O.; Lopatin, Alexey V.; Martin, Thomas; Schellhorn, Rico; Kolosov, Petr N.; Markova, Valentina D.; Kolchanov, Veniamin V.; Grigoriev, Dmitry V.; Kuzmin, Ivan T. (2021-03-17). Pardo-Pérez, Judith (ed.).

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had four dermal spikes, each about 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armor show that, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted. Initially, Marsh described

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that stegosaurians could rear on their hind legs to reach higher layers of plants, the tail then being used as a "third leg". The mobility of the tail was increased by a reduction or absence of ossified tendons, that with many Ornithischia stiffen the hip region.

762:, from which the group acquired its name, and which is still by far the most famous stegosaurian. During the latter half of the twentieth century, many important Chinese finds were made, representing about half of the presently known diversity of stegosaurians. 1250:

combining plates of various shape and size on the neck and front torso with spikes more to the rear of the animal. They seem to have lost the tail club and the flank rows are apparently absent also, with the exception of the shoulder spine, still shown by

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in build, with a higher and shorter skull, a short neck, a low torso, long slender forelimbs, short hindlimbs, large condyles on the thighbone, a narrow pelvis, long ischial and pubic shafts, and a relatively long tail. Its small tail club might be a

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From the 1950s onwards, the geology of China was systematically surveyed in detail and infrastructural works led to a vast increase of digging activities in that country. This resulted in a new wave of Chinese stegosaurian discoveries, starting with

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from Northern China, the exact age of which is highly uncertain More recent discoveries from Asia however would later begin to fill out the Early Cretaceous diversity of the group. Indeterminate stegosaurs are known from the Early Cretaceous of

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could have maneuvered its rear easily by keeping its large hindlimbs stationary and pushing off with its very powerfully muscled but short forelimbs, allowing it to swivel deftly to deal with attack. In 2010, analysis of a digitized model of

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have given rise to the incorrect notion of a "second brain". Despite the downwards curvature of the rump, the neck base was not very low and the head was held a considerable distance off the ground. The neck was flexible and moderately long.

728:, which could ward off even large predators because the tail was in a higher position, pointing horizontally to the rear from the broad pelvis. Stegosaurids had complex arrays of spikes and plates running along their backs, hips and tails. 1290:. They are found in varying sizes along the dorsum, with the central region of the back usually having the largest and tallest plates. The arrangement of these parasagittal dorsal plates has been intensely debated in the past. Discoverer 3156:

and humans. The finding suggests that these dinosaurs would be capable of breaking smaller branches and leaves with their teeth, but would not be able to bite through a thick object (12 mm or more in diameter). Parrish

1368:, from which the name of the family ‘Stegosauridae’ was erected in 1880. In comparison to basal stegosaurians, notable synapomorphies of Stegosauridae include a large antitrochanter (supracetabular process) in the 4464:

Butler, R.J., Barrett, P.M., Kenrick, P. and Penn, M.G., 2009, "Diversity patterns amongst herbivorous dinosaurs and plants during the Cretaceous: implications for hypotheses of dinosaur/angiosperm co-evolution",

3210:"Purported earliest bones of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria): a "dermal tail spine" and a centrum from the Aalenian-Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of England, with comments on other early thyreophorans" 2770:

where new groups of herbivores evolved. Although in general the case for such a causal relation is poorly supported by the data, stegosaurians are an exception in that their decline coincides with that of the

1540:, known from specimens from younger Late Jurassic deposits of the Shaximiao Formation. Huayangosauridae is either the sister taxon to all other stegosaurs, or close to the origin of the clade, with taxa like 3947:

Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Galton, Peter M.; Mallison, Heinrich; Novas, Fernando (2013). "A plated dinosaur (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina, South America: an evaluation".

3184:. This dinosaur's neck has at least 17 cervical vertebrae achieved through the transformation of thoracic vertebrae into cervical vertebrae and possible lengthening of the centrum. This is more than most 1323:

has been found with parascapular spines, which project posteriorly out of the lower part of the shoulder plates. These spines are long, rounded and comma-shaped in lateral view and have an enlarged base.

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supports this finding. The flora during this time-period was dominated by seasonal small, fast-growing herbaceous plants, which stegosaurids could consume easily if Reichel's reconstruction is accurate.

2851:. (2012) examined their structure and function through juveniles to old adults. They found that throughout the ontogeny, the dorsal osteoderms are composed of dense ossified collagen fibres in both the 1063:

in front of the eye socket, is small, sometimes reduced to a narrow horizontal slit. In general, stegosaurids have proportionally long, low and narrow snouts with a deep mandible, compared to that of

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were based on fragmentary material and were not recognised as possible stegosaurians until the twentieth century. They gave no reason to suspect the existence of a new distinctive group of dinosaurs.

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Jia, Lei; Li, Ning; Dong, Liyang; Shi, Jianru; Kang, Zhishuai; Wang, Suozhu; Xu, Shichao; You, Hailu (2024-01-31). "A new stegosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Zuoyun, Shanxi Province, China".

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In 2001, a study of tail spikes by McWhinney et al., showed a high incidence of trauma-related damage. This too supports the theory that the spikes were used in combat. There is also evidence for

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Peter M. Galton; Krishnan Ayyasami (2017). "Purported latest bone of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), a "dermal plate" from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern India".

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pointing obliquely upwards to almost the level of the neural spine top. Stegosaurian back vertebrae can easily be identified by this unique configuration. The tall neural arches often house deep

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tracks suggests their occurrence in this country from at least the Middle to Upper Jurassic (Callovian–Tithonian). A single plaster cast of one of these handprints is in the collections of the

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still possessed them. In species that had short forelimbs, the relatively short torso towards the front curved strongly downwards. The dorsal vertebrae typically were very high, with very tall

1417:. The vast majority of stegosaurian dinosaurs thus far recovered belong to the Stegosauridae, which lived in the later part of the Jurassic and early Cretaceous, and which were defined by 1213:

formed wide horizontal plates with flaring front blades to allow for an enormous belly-gut. The ilia were attached to the sacral vertebrae via a sacral yoke formed by fused sacral ribs.

4567:"Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Stegosaurs" in Foster, J. (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pg. 238 1286:, have very large and flat back plates. Stegosaurid plates have a thick base and central portion, but are transversely thin elsewhere. The plates become remarkably large and thin in 6400: 810:

In 1874, extensive remains of what was clearly a large herbivore equipped with spikes were uncovered in England; the first partial stegosaurian skeleton known. They were named

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The first known discovery of a possible stegosaurian was probably made in the early nineteenth century in England. It consisted of a lower jaw fragment and was in 1848 named

4777:"The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia" 1262:. As far as is known, all forms possessed some sort of thagomizer, though these are rarely preserved articulated allowing to establish the exact arrangement. A fossil of 1198:. Later forms tend to have a strongly expanded acromion, while the coracoid, largely attached to the acromion, no longer extends to the rear lower corner of the scapula. 5087: 4956: 4152:

Peter M. Galton (2019). "Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India".

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Bakker, R.T., 1998, "Dinosaur mid-life crisis: the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition in Wyoming and Colorado", In: S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, & J.W. Estep (eds.)

5155:"Evidence for Sexual Dimorphism in the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus mjosi (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western USA" 3754:

Lull, R. S. (1910a). Stegosaurus ungulatus Marsh, recently mounted at the Peabody Museum of Yale University. American Journal of Science, 4th series, 30, 361–377

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of stegosaurians were arranged into vertical columns, with the main fingers, orientated outwards, forming a tube-like structure. This is similar to the hands of

4893: 4682: 4818:"Footprints of large theropod dinosaurs in the Middle–UpperJurassic (lower Callovian–lower Tithonian) Walloon Coal Measures of southern Queensland, Australia" 7064: 3177:

Another piece of evidence suggesting that some stegosaurids may have consumed more than just low vegetation was the discovery of the long-necked stegosaurid

2573:, from China much larger species are known, with long, "graviportal" (adapted for moving only in a slow manner on land due to a high body weight) hindlimbs: 4232:"Bol'shoi Ilek as the ilek formation stratotype of the Lower Cretaceous, and the new dinosaur and mammoth faunae site in the south-east of Western Siberia" 2935:

footprint measures less than 6 cm in length and represents the smallest known stegosaurian track. Some tracks preserve exquisite scaly skin pattern.

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of the lower thighbone are short from the front to the rear. This would have limited the supported rotation of the knee joint, making running impossible.

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was reported, the first Chinese dinosaur named since 1994. Nevertheless, European and North-American sites have become productive again during the 1990s,

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Spassov, N. B. (1982). The ‘‘bizarre’’ dorsal plates of stegosaurs: ethological approach. Comptes rendus de l’academie bulgare des Sciences, 35, 367–370.

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have forelimbs much shorter than their hindlimbs. Their hindlimbs are long and straight, designed to carry the weight of the animal while stepping. The

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fossils found in India. Though originally thought to be stegosaurian, in 1991 these badly-eroded fossils were suggested to instead have been based on

1534:, suggesting that the origins of stegosaurs lay in Asia. Following phylogenetic analyses, Huayangosauridae was expanded to also include the taxon 2436:

is the oldest and most basal stegosaurian of which good material is known, giving an impression of the build of the earliest members of the group

716:). Originally, they did not differ much from more primitive members of that group, being small, low-slung, running animals protected by armored 7059: 5364: 4482:

Chatterjee, S., and Rudra, D.K., 1996, "KT events in India: impact, rifting, volcanism and dinosaur extinction," in: Novas & Molnar, eds.,

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skeletons having been excavated in Wyoming. Apart from the fossils per se, important new insights have been gained by applying the method of

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Carpenter, Kenneth; Sanders, Frank; McWhinney, Lorrie A. & Wood, Lowell (2005). "Evidence for predator-prey relationships: Examples for

752:, was discovered in 1874 in England. Soon after, in 1877, the first nearly-complete skeleton was discovered in the United States. Professor 3822:

Maidment, S.C.R.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M.; Upchurch, P. (2008). "Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)".

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argued in favour of bilaterally paired arrangement throughout the series. Current scientific consensus lies in the arrangement proposed by

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Though Late Cretaceous stegosaurian fossils have been reported, these have mostly turned out to be misidentified. A well-known example is

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sp. has been reported with three pairs of spikes pointing outwards and a fourth pair pointing to the rear. The most derived species, like

958:. This increased the age range of good fossil stegosaurian material, as they represented the first relatively complete skeletons from the 2690:, far fewer finds are known and it seems that the group had declined in diversity. Some fragmentary fossils have been described, such as 2683:

was quite large (some specimens indicate a length of at least seven metres), had high plates, no shoulder spine, and a short, deep rump.

724:, became larger, and developed long hindlimbs that no longer allowed them to run. This increased the importance of active defence by the 720:. An early evolutionary innovation was the development of spikes as defensive weapons. Later species, belonging to a subgroup called the 7049: 5337: 2520:

represent the oldest probable record of stegosaurians reported so far. Outside that, there are assigned fossils to stegosauria from the

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Sereno, Paul C., and Dong Zhimin. "The Skull of the Basal Stegosaur Huayangosaurus Taibaii and a Cladistic Diagnosis of Stegosauria."

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dinosaurs, which also achieved the elongation of the neck through similar mechanisms and had access to fodder higher off the ground.

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There has been debate about whether the spikes were used simply for display, as posited by Gilmore in 1914, or used as a weapon.

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Xing, Lida; Lockley, Martin G.; Persons, W. Scott; Klein, Hendrik; Romilio, Anthony; Wang, Donghao; Wang, Miaoyan (2021-02-28).

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dinosaurs because it lacked ossified tendons, thus lending credence to the idea of the tail as a weapon. He also observed that

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showed that the tail could bring the thagomizer around to the sides of the dinosaur, possibly striking an attacker beside it.

1225:. In more derived species, these became more horizontal and shorter to the rear, while the front prepubic process lengthened. 6916: 5326: 3930:

Sereno, P.C., 1998, "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria",

2044: 1905: 6173: 2613:, stegosaurid finds from England and France of approximately equivalent age to the Chinese specimens, are likely the same 6159: 2762:

It has often been suggested that the decline in stegosaur diversity was part of a Jurassic-Cretaceous transition, where

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Galton, Peter; Paul Upchurch (2004). "16: Stegosauria". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (eds.).

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Maidment, S.C.R. (2010). "Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationships".

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mount showing to a good effect the high neck posture, the throat ossicles and the robust shoulder girdle and forelimbs

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have been discovered with parascapular spines, or spines emerging from the shoulder region. Among stegosaurids, only

187: 4631:"First evidence of stegosaurianDeltapodusfootprints in North Africa (Iouaridène Formation, Upper Jurassic, Morocco)" 1569:

In 2017, Raven and Maidment published a new phylogenetic analysis, including almost every known stegosaurian genus:

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in old adults but spikes acquire a thick cortex with a large axial vascular channel only in old adults. Hayashi

1648: 6532: 5452: 3769:"Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus 2860: 2073: 1733: 1705: 1626: 698: 4026: 3999: 2961:

While has no body fossil evidence currently known for stegosaurs, handprints from underground coal mines near

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is an ichnogenus attributed as stegosaurian prints, and are known across Europe, North Africa, and China. One

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The first stegosaurian finds in the early 19th century were fragmentary. Better fossil material, of the genus

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Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems; New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

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Fastovsky D.E.; Weishampel D.B. (2005). "Stegosauria:Hot Plates". In Fastovsky D.E.; Weishampel D.B. (eds.).

2950:(honours the late Paddy Roe, OAM who went by the name 'Lulu') have been considered registered by stegosaurs. 2942:, Western Australia includes tracks of several different thyreophoran track-makers. Of these, the ichnogenus 2792:

pelvis and hindlimb material, and none of the fossils are demonstrably stegosaurian. The reinterpretation of

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To date, several genera from China bearing names have been proposed but not formally described, including "

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fossils also ossicles have been found in the throat region, bony skin discs that protected the lower neck.

899: 6943: 5548: 2131: 1883: 1642: 5291:"Jurassic "savannah"—plant taphonomy and climate of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, Western USA)" 7016: 6559: 5794: 5350: 3342:"A review of the Late Jurassic stegosaurs (Dinosauria, Stegosauria) from the People's Republic of China" 2449: 1965: 1291: 857: 753: 301: 138: 4775:

Salisbury, Steven W.; Romilio, Anthony; Herne, Matthew C.; Tucker, Ryan T.; Nair, Jay P. (2016-12-12).

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are also suggested to have exhibited dimorphism in the form of three extra sacral ribs in the females.

1116:, and is also supported by evidence from stegosaurian footprints and fossils found in a lifelike pose. 990: 5242:"A model for the bite mechanics in the herbivorous dinosaur Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Stegosauridae)" 3745:

Marsh, O. C. (1891). Restoration of Stegosaurus. American Journal of Science, 3rd series, 42, 179–182.

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https://web.archive.org/web/20080727011652/http://www.kheper.net/evolution/dinosauria/Stegosauria.htm

5024: 4694: 4285: 3353: 2912: 2459: 2249: 2189: 1822: 1553: 1385: 1145: 974: 539: 162: 4274:"Wear patterns and dental functioning in an Early Cretaceous stegosaur from Yakutia, Eastern Russia" 3862:"Exceptional stegosaur integument impressions from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming" 3341: 7044: 6926: 6094: 5669: 4522: 4518: 4392: 2813: 2629: 2531: 2227: 2167: 2102: 1775: 1562: 1523: 1163: 1099:

had relatively long and slender arms. The forelimbs of later forms are very robust, with a massive

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took place in which a vast increase in scientific attention was given to the Dinosauria. In 2007,

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David E. Fastovsky , David B. Weishampel. The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs. p. 123

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suggested a single median row of plates running post-cranially along the longitudinal axis and

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diagnostic of Stegosauridae because they may also be present in non-stegosaurid stegosaurians.

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Wilson, J. A., Barrett, P. M., & Carrano, M. T. (2011). An associated partial skeleton of

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Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).

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In order to explore the feeding habits of stegosaurids, Reichel (2010) created a 3-D model of

3100: 2970: 2962: 2923:. None, however, have preserved traces of the front feet and stegosaurian traces remain rare. 2593: 2570: 1949: 1681: 1542: 1311: 1258: 954: 351: 156: 128: 6981: 6729: 6720: 5926: 5305: 5253: 5184: 5166: 5117: 5032: 4979: 4829: 4788: 4702: 4642: 4593: 4422: 4397: 4352: 4311: 4293: 4243: 4161: 4049: 4041: 3965: 3957: 3873: 3831: 3701: 3693: 3649: 3542: 3494: 3440: 3400: 3361: 3309: 3299: 3259: 3221: 3013: 2823: 2748: 2687: 2575: 1863: 1536: 1384:

have an elongated neural arch. The first exact clade definition of Stegosauria was given by

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Stegosaurians had characteristic small, long, flat, narrow heads and a horn-covered beak or

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Proceedings of the Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium, Brisbane, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum

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noted that it is likely that the stegosaur tail was much more flexible than those of other

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were present. While older finds had been limited to the northern continents, in this phase

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outside the Stegosauridae-Huayangosauridae split. Huayangosauridae was formally defined in

1093:

had a thighbone like a running animal. The upper leg was always longer than the lower leg.

6865: 6789: 6709: 6651: 6517: 6369: 6074: 5942: 5437: 5412: 2997: 2987: 2856: 2767: 2661: 2587: 2581: 2559: 2413: 2079: 1805: 1739: 1710: 1527: 1519: 1171: 979: 959: 948: 930: 918: 833:. Other English nineteenth century and early twentieth century finds would be assigned to 632: 601: 569: 490: 174: 29: 4341:"First Record of Stegosaur (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) from the Aptian–Albian of Mongolia" 2954:

includes the largest stegosaur tracks measuring 80 cm in length. Trackway data show

2804:

are certainly not plesiosaurian, and noted the need to redescribe the fossil material of

1556:

by Daniel Madzia and colleagues, who used the previous definitions of all taxa closer to

5028: 5013:"A new order of extinct Reptilia (Stegosauria) from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains" 4698: 4289: 3682:"A new long-necked 'sauropod-mimic' stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs" 3357: 1595: 1513: 1505: 1241:

that were not part of the skeleton proper but skin ossifications instead: the so-called

6768: 6737: 6384: 6364: 6315: 6240: 6025: 5935: 5873: 5838: 5765: 5189: 5154: 4923:

McWhinney, L. A.; Rothschild, B. M. & Carpenter, K. (2001). "Posttraumatic Chronic

4865: 4316: 4273: 3706: 3681: 3481:

Hayashi, Shoji; Carpenter, Kenneth; Watabe, Mahito; McWHINNEY, Lorrie A. (2012-01-01).

3314: 3287: 2718: 2609: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2137: 1889: 1448: 1195: 1065: 1046: 942: 845: 460: 419: 150: 5290: 5058:

Carpenter, K. & Galton, P. M. (2001). "Othniel Charles Marsh and the Eight-Spiked

4581: 3634: 3174:

since the tripodal stance would also give them access to young trees and high bushes.

3063:. However, recent research re-examined this and concluded this species also had four. 1971: 1356: 7038: 6858: 6849: 6800: 6775: 6748: 6695: 6680: 6665: 6658: 6644: 6637: 6332: 6282: 6040: 6011: 5997: 5981: 5866: 5859: 5758: 5678: 5602: 5595: 5563: 5139: 5044: 4980: 4924: 4849: 4722: 4664: 4647: 4630: 4205:

Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages

4203: 4173: 3979: 3917:

Galton, P.M., 1997, "Stegosauria", pp. 701-703 in: P.J. Currie and K. Padian (eds.),

3895: 3768: 3499: 3482: 3233: 3090: 2852: 2809: 2780: 2727: 2692: 2675: 2666: 2648: 2618: 2598: 2479: 2454: 2448:

and spines of stegosaurians evolved from the low-keeled osteoderms characteristic of

2402: 2002: 1548: 1531: 1487: 1440: 1276: 1183: 999: 788: 721: 689: 677: 655: 580: 470: 381: 361: 341: 331: 321: 117: 71: 5300:. Reconstruction of the Extinct Ecosystem of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. 5275: 4615: 4582:"New Finds of Stegosaur Tracks from the Upper Jurassic Lourinhã Formation, Portugal" 4580:

Mateus, Octávio; Milàn, Jesper; Romano, Michael; Whyte, Martin A. (September 2011).

4372: 4063: 3843: 3663: 3554: 3373: 2981: 2255: 2195: 6880: 6838: 6816: 6761: 6688: 6544: 6492: 6374: 6325: 6268: 6254: 6247: 6202: 6018: 5973: 5901: 5880: 5783: 5657: 5649: 5625: 5579: 5514: 5501: 5464: 5373: 4248: 3111: 3029: 3017: 3002: 2859:

sections of the bone, suggesting that plates and spikes are formed from the direct

2797: 2789: 2708: 2703: 2639: 2603: 2547: 2499: 2491: 2467: 2233: 2173: 2108: 1762: 1479: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1392: 1369: 1345: 1337: 1282: 1252: 1149: 1108: 924: 888: 853: 839: 815: 777: 622: 590: 549: 508: 450: 371: 248: 144: 4833: 4793: 4776: 4426: 4401: 3444: 5309: 5171: 4503:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Chhota Simla, central India. 4298: 3961: 3635:"Evidence for a sauropod-like metacarpal configuration in stegosaurian dinosaurs" 3071:

A digital articulation and manipulation of digital scans of specimen material of

2808:. A purported stegosaurian dermal plate was reported from the latest Cretaceous ( 696:. Their geographical origins are unclear; the earliest unequivocal stegosaurian, 7003: 6975: 6873: 6824: 6782: 6501: 6303: 6275: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6051: 5950: 5915: 5852: 5738: 5617: 5587: 5540: 5532: 4817: 4165: 3263: 3225: 3022: 2772: 2763: 2738: 2733: 2698: 2623: 2544: 2526: 2429: 2407: 1576: 1474: 1431: 1418: 1389: 1270: 1234: 1141: 1056: 1050:, stegosaurians subsequently lost all premaxillary teeth within the upper beak. 866: 829: 782: 772: 758: 748: 713: 612: 529: 480: 429: 264: 168: 46: 1497: 6809: 6702: 6296: 6289: 6083: 6032: 6004: 5989: 5965: 5908: 5887: 5772: 5751: 5727: 5720: 5706: 5692: 5641: 5633: 5609: 5258: 5241: 5122: 5105: 4356: 3878: 3861: 3835: 3546: 3405: 3388: 3365: 3042: 2927: 2907: 2902: 2818: 2743: 2656: 2652: 2507: 2503: 2475: 2445: 2441: 1486:. Huayangosaurinae was originally differentiated by the remaining taxa within 1222: 1210: 1205:. Later species, however, convergent to the Ankylosauria developed very broad 1132: 1033: 1029: 1004: 871: 740: 725: 666: 519: 391: 91: 56: 6966: 5267: 5180: 5131: 5036: 4841: 4802: 4714: 4656: 4607: 4434: 4364: 4307: 4257: 3887: 3508: 3452: 3414: 2621:, stegosaurids seem to have experienced their greatest radiation. In Europe, 6261: 5894: 5685: 5571: 4529:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 343–362. 4340: 3185: 2877: 2785: 2566: 2555: 1242: 1119: 1113: 1078: 970:, which provided unique information about the early evolution of the group. 879: 823: 819: 703: 652: 199: 96: 40: 5198: 4325: 4054: 4002:[Note on the new Mid-Jurassic stegosaur from Sichuan Basin, China] 3777:

Series: Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Bulletin 89

3715: 3697: 3680:

Mateus, Octávio; Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Christiansen, Nicolai A. (2009).

3460: 3323: 5289:

Parrish, Judith Totman; Peterson, Fred; Turner, Christine E (2004-05-15).

4706: 4598: 3654: 2919:

stegosaurian tracks. More trackways have been found since the erection of

6960: 6483: 6474: 6212: 5713: 5556: 5421: 5397: 2992: 2911:

was erected for another set of stegosaurian tracks which were found near

2894: 2869: 2840: 2634: 2521: 2513: 2463: 2405:". Until formal descriptions are published, these genera are regarded as 1752: 1461: 1457: 1435:. This group is widespread, with members across the Northern Hemisphere, 1414: 1381: 1187: 1179: 994: 662: 658: 280: 232: 219: 113: 109: 86: 81: 66: 61: 51: 3304: 2893:

Stegosaurian tracks were first recognized in 1996 from a hindprint-only

6340: 5403: 4045: 3970: 3583: 3006: 2714: 2517: 1453: 1377: 1218: 1191: 1100: 896:

being rather small and having long rows of spikes on the hip and tail.

861: 101: 76: 7008: 4816:

Romilio, Anthony; Salisbury, Steven W.; Jannel, Andréas (2020-06-12).

3622:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 361. 878:

The next important discovery was made when a German expedition to the

6468: 5391: 4894:"Heinrich's digital Kentrosaurus: the SJG stegosaur special, part II" 4230:

Leshchinskiy, S. V.; Fayngerts, A. V.; Ivantsov, S. V. (2019-10-20).

3153: 3141: 2873: 2756: 2752: 2644: 1436: 1206: 1201:

The stegosaurian pelvis was originally moderately large, as shown by

1037: 685: 681: 209: 6937: 5012: 2706:. Up until recently, the only substantial discoveries were those of 837:; later they would, together with French fossils, be partly renamed 3209: 2725:. The youngest known definitive remains of stegosaurs are those of 2524:: the specimen "IVPP V.219", a chimaera with bones of the sauropod 1360:

Illustration comparing three stegosaurids by Danny Cicchetti, 2013.

1161:

still had the probably original number of nine cervical vertebrae;

4986:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 3103:

in stegosaurids. Saitta (2015) presents evidence of two morphs of

3083: 2980: 2958:

track-makers were capable of bipedal and quadrupedal progression.

2614: 2487: 2428: 1491: 1465: 1373: 1355: 1238: 1118: 898: 798: 793: 717: 6995: 3161:.’s (2004) description of Jurassic flora in the stegosaurid-rich 3046:

tail vertebra with a partially healed puncture wound that fits a

2534:. The perhaps most basal known stegosaurian, the four-metre-long 2494:; the author argued that this finding indicates a probable early 1081:, with hoof-like toes on all four limbs. All stegosaurians after 5958: 1468:. The group is defined as all taxa closer to the namesake genus 1104: 1086: 1041: 1025: 693: 6941: 6461: 6423: 6189: 5499: 5384: 5346: 5342: 6419: 3794:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–130. 2647:. No unequivocal stegosaurian fossils have been reported from 2800:

and Upchurch (2004), who stated that the skull and plates of

1478:, and was originally named as the family Huayangosaurinae by 1328:

was also believed to have a parascapular spine, but Maidment

818:

in 1875. Later, this name was shown to be preoccupied by the

4388:"The first stegosaurian dinosaur from Gansu Province, China" 4154:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

3431:

Sereno, Paul C. (1999-06-25). "The Evolution of Dinosaurs".

3252:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

3214:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

2901:, which is located near Price, Utah. Two years later, a new 4027:"A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)" 3932:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

2462:

of the clade uniting stegosaurians and ankylosaurians, the

4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4386:

Li, Ning; Li, Daqing; Peng, Guangzhao; You, Hailu (2024).

3288:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs" 2470:(2019) interpreted plates of an armored dinosaur from the 892:. The finds increased the known variability of the group, 120:

records in the form of fossil tracks and referred fossils.

4517:

Peter M. Galton; Paul Upchurch (2004). "Stegosauria". In

3860:

Christiansen, Nicolai A.; Tschopp, Emanuel (2010-09-07).

3604:

David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, Halszka Osmólska. The

2673:(perhaps several species thereof) and the somewhat older 2665:. The most derived Jurassic stegosaurians are known from 780:, remains were discovered that much later would be named 3483:"Ontogenetic histology of Stegosaurus plates and spikes" 973:

Towards the end of the twentieth century, the so-called

3686:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

922:

in 1957. Chinese finds of the 1970s and 1980s included

886:, from 1909 to 1912 excavated over a thousand bones of 3387:

Billon-Bruyat, Jean-Paul; Marty, Daniel (2010-09-04).

2597:. Most of these are considered members of the derived 1405:. Thus defined, the Stegosauria are by definition the 6401:

List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks

756:

that year classified such specimens in the new genus

672:. Stegosaurian fossils have been found mostly in the 3950:

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

3608:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 628: 618: 608: 597: 586: 576: 565: 557: 545: 535: 525: 515: 504: 496: 486: 476: 466: 456: 446: 438: 425: 415: 405: 397: 387: 377: 367: 357: 347: 337: 327: 317: 6950: 6848: 6799: 6747: 6719: 6621: 6570: 6543: 6516: 6393: 6357: 6313: 6200: 6105: 6082: 6073: 6050: 5925: 5836: 5805: 5782: 5737: 5668: 5512: 5463: 5436: 3541:(Supplement 2, Symposium on Stegosauria): 199–210. 3095:, including variation in plate shape and coloration 1256:and extremely developed, as its name indicates, in 4864: 4202: 4101:, pp 3-24. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2659:, though. A Late Jurassic Chinese stegosaurian is 864:excavated a fossil that Marsh the same year named 4629:BELVEDERE, MATTEO; MIETTO, PAOLO (January 2010). 4127:. In James O. Farlow; M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.). 2458:, is proposed to be morphologically close to the 786:. In 1874, other remains from England were named 731:Stegosauria includes two families, the primitive 4339:Tumanova, T. A.; Alifanov, V. R. (2018-12-01). 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3389:"Preface: Symposium on Stegosauria proceedings" 3340:Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Guangbiao Wei (2006). 776:. In 1845, in the area of the present state of 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3335: 3333: 1055:a fleshy cheek. In stegosaurians, the typical 6435: 5358: 5066:. Indiana University Press. pp. 76–102. 4935:. Indiana University Press. pp. 141–56. 4931:dermal spikes". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). 4676: 4674: 4575: 4573: 3792:The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs 3779:(89). Government Printing Office, Washington. 3675: 3673: 3099:There have been several findings of possible 1429:. They include per definition the well-known 1421:as all stegosaurians more closely related to 1217:still had rather long and obliquely oriented 1131:backwards. However, it has been suggested by 1069:. Stegosaurids also lack premaxillary teeth. 8: 5086:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4955:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3762: 3760: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3245: 3243: 1364:In 1877, Othniel Marsh discovered and named 1028:, which covered the front of the snout (two 136:Six stegosaurs (top left to bottom right): 4760:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4201:Holtz, Thomas R. Jr.; Rey, Luis V. (2007). 3993: 3991: 3989: 3203: 3201: 3059:as having eight spikes in its tail, unlike 1182:, a process on the lower front edge of the 6938: 6753: 6629: 6618: 6549: 6522: 6513: 6458: 6442: 6428: 6420: 6197: 6186: 6079: 5844: 5743: 5524: 5520: 5509: 5496: 5442: 5433: 5381: 5365: 5351: 5343: 4738:"Tiny cat-sized stegosaur leaves its mark" 3728:Z. Dong, S. Zhou, and Y. Zhang, 1983, "". 3144:. The model finds that the bite forces of 2502:Stegosauria. Footprints attributed to the 1526:, was proposed to be intermediate between 1190:was about as wide as the lower end of the 127: 20: 5257: 5188: 5170: 5121: 4792: 4646: 4597: 4315: 4297: 4247: 4131:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4053: 3969: 3877: 3705: 3653: 3498: 3404: 3313: 3303: 2985:A fossil melee involving a stegosaurian ( 2530:is known from the Maanshan Member of the 2452:thyreophorans. One such described genus, 806:bones illustrated by Arthur Lakes in 1879 5213:"Dino 'sexing' study slammed by critics" 1036:) bones. Similar structures are seen in 856:, a fossil hunter working for Professor 3998:Dong, Z.; Tang, Z.; Zhou, S.W. (1982). 3197: 1237:, stegosaurians were protected by bony 5235: 5233: 5079: 4948: 4753: 4025:Raven, T.j.; Maidment, S.C.R. (2017). 3148:was significantly weaker than that of 2766:become the dominant plants, causing a 2565:A few million years later, during the 1456:reptile") is a family of stegosaurian 1167:has an elongated neck with seventeen. 712:Stegosaurians were armored dinosaurs ( 5099: 5097: 4097:, the earliest complete dinosaur" in 4076:Zhu Songlin, 1994, "记四川盆地营山县一剑龙化石 ", 3855: 3853: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 2946:(a Nyulnyulan word for 'shield') and 2498:origin for both Ankylosauria and its 1482:and colleagues in the description of 7: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3426: 3424: 3040:defending itself, in the form of an 2562:, about 166 million years ago. 997:and a number of relatively complete 7065:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh 3824:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3730:Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series C 2796:as a plesiosaur wasn't accepted by 2751:of China, all of which date to the 2220: 2160: 2153: 2124: 2095: 2066: 2037: 2008: 1936: 1876: 1869: 1859: 1797: 1768: 1758: 1726: 1697: 1673: 1618: 1611: 1582: 1572: 1518:. Huayangosaurinae, known from the 1372:, a long prepubic process and long 5153:Saitta, Evan Thomas (2015-04-22). 4781:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3576:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3088:Hypothetical sexual dimorphism of 14: 5104:Mallison, Heinrich (2010-09-07). 827:and the stegosaurian was renamed 6922: 6921: 6898: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6152: 6145: 5062:". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). 4978:". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). 4648:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00928.x 4490:(3): iv + 489–731 : 489-532 3500:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01122.x 2938:Australia's 'Dinosaur Coast' in 2254: 2232: 2194: 2172: 2136: 2107: 2078: 2049: 2020: 1970: 1948: 1910: 1888: 1780: 1738: 1709: 1647: 1594: 1186:, was moderately developed; the 186: 4501:Jainosaurus cf. septentrionalis 4467:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3169:Mallison (2010) suggested that 2637:was colonised also as shown by 2440:Like the spikes and shields of 2417:, for a long time considered a 1446:Huayangosauridae (derived from 676:, predominantly in what is now 5327:Timeline of stegosaur research 5240:Reichel, Miriam (2010-08-31). 4249:10.31857/S0869-56524885513-516 2045:Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis 1906:Chungkingosaurus jiangbeiensis 1376:relative to the length of the 1: 7060:Fossil taxa described in 1877 4834:10.1080/08912963.2020.1772252 4794:10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539 4586:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4427:10.1080/08912963.2024.2308214 4402:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105852 3642:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3445:10.1126/science.284.5423.2137 7055:Early Cretaceous extinctions 5310:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.004 5246:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 5172:10.1371/journal.pone.0123503 5110:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 4871:. New York: William Morrow. 4299:10.1371/journal.pone.0248163 3962:10.1080/03115518.2012.702531 3866:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 3535:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 3393:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 2016:Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis 875:twenty skeletons collected. 5017:American Journal of Science 3921:, Academic Press, San Diego 2847:plates and spikes, Hayashi 1944:Tuojiangosaurus multispinus 1309:Many basal stegosaurs like 1194:, with which it formed the 966:. Especially important was 7081: 7050:Bajocian first appearances 5333:Stegosauria on Palaeos.com 5324: 4236:Доклады Академии Наук СССР 4209:. New York: Random House. 3578:12, no. 3 (1992): 318-43. 2512:from the Middle Jurassic ( 2490:as fossils of a member of 1590:Lesothosaurus diagnosticus 1032:) and lower jaw (a single 16:Extinct clade of dinosaurs 6911: 6896: 6756: 6632: 6617: 6598: 6552: 6525: 6512: 6457: 6196: 6185: 6142: 5847: 5746: 5527: 5523: 5508: 5495: 5445: 5432: 5380: 5259:10.1007/s00015-010-0025-1 5123:10.1007/s00015-010-0024-2 4982:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs 4357:10.1134/S0031030118140186 3919:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 3879:10.1007/s00015-010-0026-0 3836:10.1017/S1477201908002459 3547:10.1007/s00015-010-0023-3 3406:10.1007/s00015-010-0027-z 3366:10.1017/S0016756806002500 3140:teeth using the software 2965:, Queensland, resembling 2843:histological analysis of 2421:, was described in 1994. 2247: 2225: 2218: 2187: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2129: 2122: 2100: 2093: 2071: 2064: 2042: 2035: 2013: 2006: 1963: 1941: 1934: 1903: 1881: 1874: 1867: 1857: 1819: 1802: 1795: 1773: 1766: 1756: 1731: 1724: 1702: 1695: 1678: 1671: 1640: 1623: 1616: 1609: 1587: 1580: 1152:; enlarged canals in the 989:having been found in the 314: 309: 183:Scientific classification 181: 135: 126: 23: 5037:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.513 3208:Peter M. Galton (2017). 3030:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus 2731:from Mongolia, possibly 2627:and the closely related 2074:Kentrosaurus aethiopicus 1734:Alcovasaurus longispinus 1706:Scelidosaurus harrisonii 1627:Laquintasaura venezuelae 1395:more closely related to 699:Bashanosaurus primitivus 4345:Paleontological Journal 4166:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800 4093:Norman, David (2001). " 4078:Sichuan Cultural Relics 3767:Gilmore, C. W. (1914). 3264:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0671 3226:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0667 4892:Naish, Darren (2010). 4863:Bakker, R. T. (1986). 4119:Galton, Peter (1997). 4010:(in Chinese (China)). 4008:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 3698:10.1098/rspb.2008.1909 3108:surface area as male. 3096: 3076:as a clubbing device. 3009: 2899:Cleveland-Lloyd quarry 2437: 2132:Loricatosaurus priscus 1884:Huayangosaurus taibaii 1643:Scutellosaurus lawleri 1558:Huayangosaurus taibaii 1361: 1127: 1077:All stegosaurians are 912: 807: 661:that lived during the 7017:Paleobiology Database 5064:The Armored Dinosaurs 4933:The Armored Dinosaurs 4867:The Dinosaur Heresies 4707:10.2110/palo.2020.036 4599:10.4202/app.2009.0055 4129:The Complete Dinosaur 4099:The Armored Dinosaurs 3655:10.4202/app.2009.1105 3087: 2984: 2822:in the Maastrichtian 2432: 1966:Paranthodon africanus 1359: 1292:Othniel Charles Marsh 1229:Armor and ornamention 1122: 902: 858:Othniel Charles Marsh 802: 754:Othniel Charles Marsh 735:and the more derived 139:Stegosaurus ungulatus 5011:Marsh, O. C (1877). 4396:(in press). 105852. 4000:"四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群简报1.剑龙" 2913:Arches National Park 2538:, is still close to 2460:last common ancestor 2425:Evolutionary history 2250:Wuerhosaurus homheni 2190:Miragaia longicollum 1823:Euoplocephalus tutus 1386:Peter Malcolm Galton 1174:was very robust. In 1146:transverse processes 1133:Robert Thomas Bakker 1073:Postcranial skeleton 975:Dinosaur Renaissance 5670:Heterodontosauridae 5298:Sedimentary Geology 5029:1877AmJS...14..513M 4699:2021Palai..36...68X 4519:David B. Weishampel 4393:Cretaceous Research 4290:2021PLoSO..1648163S 3633:Senter, P. (2010). 3439:(5423): 2137–2147. 3358:2006GeoM..143..621M 3346:Geological Magazine 3305:10.7717/peerj.12362 3052:Stegosaurus stenops 2814:Kallamedu Formation 2532:Ziliujing Formation 2397:Undescribed species 2228:Stegosaurus stenops 2168:Hesperosaurus mjosi 2103:Dacentrurus armatus 1776:Sauropelta edwardsi 1563:Stegosaurus stenops 1524:Shaximiao Formation 1514:mandibular fenestra 1506:antorbital fenestra 1490:by the presence of 1366:Stegosaurus armatus 1061:antorbital fenestra 1059:skull opening, the 766:History of research 707:Shaximiao Formation 702:, was found in the 674:Northern Hemisphere 6380:Hypsilophodontidae 6118:Pachycephalosauria 6107:Pachycephalosauria 4904:on January 9, 2011 4822:Historical Biology 4418:Historical Biology 4046:10.1111/pala.12291 3163:Morrison Formation 3097: 3010: 2991:) and a mid-sized 2897:discovered at the 2723:Batylykh Formation 2438: 1362: 1128: 1114:sauropod dinosaurs 991:Lourinhã Formation 913: 884:German East Africa 808: 118:Late Maastrichtian 7032: 7031: 6944:Taxon identifiers 6935: 6934: 6907: 6906: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6674:Gigantspinosaurus 6613: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6348:Serendipaceratops 6181: 6180: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6127: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5700:Heterodontosaurus 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5073:978-0-253-33964-5 4997:978-0-253-34539-4 4942:978-0-253-33964-5 4828:(10): 2135–2146. 4536:978-0-520-24209-8 4507:, 54(5), 981-998. 4351:(14): 1771–1779. 4216:978-0-375-82419-7 3801:978-0-521-81172-9 3692:(1663): 1815–21. 3101:sexual dimorphism 3080:Sexual dimorphism 2971:Queensland Museum 2826:(western India). 2696:from England and 2594:Gigantspinosaurus 2554:lived during the 2393: 2392: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2374: 2366: 2365: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2207: 2206: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1982: 1923: 1922: 1843: 1842: 1834: 1833: 1682:Emausaurus ernsti 1660: 1659: 1543:Gigantspinosaurus 1312:Gigantspinosaurus 1259:Gigantspinosaurus 1170:The stegosaurian 955:Gigantspinosaurus 646: 645: 352:Gigantspinosaurus 305: 157:Gigantspinosaurus 121: 7072: 7025: 7024: 7012: 7011: 6999: 6998: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6939: 6925: 6924: 6902: 6754: 6730:Chungkingosaurus 6721:Huayangosauridae 6630: 6619: 6550: 6523: 6514: 6507: 6506: 6459: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6421: 6198: 6187: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6080: 5927:Thescelosauridae 5845: 5744: 5525: 5521: 5510: 5497: 5443: 5434: 5427: 5426: 5382: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5344: 5314: 5313: 5304:(3–4): 137–162. 5295: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5261: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5174: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5125: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5085: 5077: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4985: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4946: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4900:. Archived from 4898:Tetrapod Zoology 4889: 4883: 4882: 4870: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4796: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4759: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4650: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4601: 4577: 4568: 4565: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4523:Halszka Osmólska 4521:; Peter Dodson; 4514: 4508: 4497: 4491: 4480: 4474: 4462: 4456: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4319: 4301: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4251: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4208: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4116: 4110: 4091: 4085: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4031: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4005: 3995: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3944: 3938: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3881: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3819: 3806: 3805: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3764: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3709: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3657: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3587: 3572: 3559: 3558: 3530: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3478: 3465: 3464: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3307: 3283: 3268: 3267: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3205: 2824:Lameta Formation 2749:Zuoyun Formation 2717:, including the 2688:Early Cretaceous 2655:, Australia, or 2576:Chungkingosaurus 2258: 2236: 2221: 2198: 2176: 2161: 2154: 2140: 2125: 2111: 2096: 2082: 2067: 2053: 2038: 2024: 2009: 1974: 1952: 1937: 1914: 1892: 1877: 1870: 1864:Huayangosauridae 1860: 1798: 1784: 1769: 1759: 1742: 1727: 1713: 1698: 1674: 1651: 1619: 1612: 1598: 1583: 1573: 1537:Chungkingosaurus 1515: 1507: 1499: 1265:Chungkingosaurus 1154:sacral vertebrae 964:Early Cretaceous 937:Chungkingosaurus 905:life restoration 733:Huayangosauridae 630: 620: 610: 599: 588: 578: 567: 559: 547: 537: 527: 517: 506: 498: 488: 478: 468: 458: 448: 440: 427: 417: 410:Chungkingosaurus 407: 401:Huayangosauridae 399: 389: 379: 369: 359: 349: 339: 329: 319: 300: 295: 279: 263: 247: 191: 190: 131: 107: 106: 43: 34:Early Cretaceous 27:Temporal range: 21: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7020: 7015: 7007: 7002: 6994: 6989: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6946: 6936: 6931: 6903: 6886: 6866:Jiangjunosaurus 6844: 6795: 6790:Tuojiangosaurus 6743: 6715: 6710:Yingshanosaurus 6652:Chialingosaurus 6626: 6605: 6586: 6566: 6539: 6533:Avemetatarsalia 6518:Avemetatarsalia 6508: 6464: 6463: 6453: 6448: 6418: 6405: 6389: 6370:Phytodinosauria 6353: 6309: 6192: 6177: 6164: 6157: 6144: 6124: 6101: 6075:Marginocephalia 6069: 6046: 5943:Changchunsaurus 5921: 5841: 5824: 5801: 5778: 5733: 5664: 5517: 5504: 5479: 5459: 5453:Avemetatarsalia 5438:Avemetatarsalia 5428: 5413:Avemetatarsalia 5387: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5329: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5222: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5165:(4): e0123503. 5152: 5151: 5147: 5103: 5102: 5095: 5078: 5074: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4947: 4943: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4787:(sup1): 1–152. 4774: 4773: 4769: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4498: 4494: 4481: 4477: 4463: 4459: 4446: 4442: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4284:(3): e0248163. 4270: 4269: 4265: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4092: 4088: 4075: 4071: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3987: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3859: 3858: 3851: 3821: 3820: 3809: 3802: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3727: 3723: 3679: 3678: 3671: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3590: 3573: 3562: 3532: 3531: 3516: 3480: 3479: 3468: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3285: 3284: 3271: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3207: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3134: 3082: 3069: 2998:Monolophosaurus 2988:Tuojiangosaurus 2979: 2891: 2837: 2832: 2768:faunal turnover 2662:Jiangjunosaurus 2588:Tuojiangosaurus 2582:Chialingosaurus 2560:Middle Jurassic 2427: 2414:Yingshanosaurus 2399: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2237: 2208: 2199: 2177: 2141: 2112: 2083: 2054: 2025: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1953: 1924: 1915: 1893: 1844: 1835: 1806:Gastonia burgei 1785: 1743: 1661: 1652: 1599: 1528:Scelidosaurinae 1520:Middle Jurassic 1517: 1509: 1501: 1354: 1231: 1209:, in which the 1172:shoulder girdle 1075: 1022: 1013: 980:Jiangjunosaurus 960:Middle Jurassic 949:Yingshanosaurus 931:Tuojiangosaurus 919:Chialingosaurus 882:, then part of 768: 633:Yingshanosaurus 602:Jiangjunosaurus 570:Chialingosaurus 491:Tuojiangosaurus 299: 293: 277: 261: 245: 185: 175:Tuojiangosaurus 122: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 38: 37: 30:Middle Jurassic 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7078: 7076: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7037: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7013: 7000: 6987: 6972: 6956: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6919: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6854: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6805: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6769:Loricatosaurus 6765: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6738:Huayangosaurus 6734: 6725: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6670: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6633: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6526: 6520: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6495: 6486: 6477: 6471: 6462: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6394:Other articles 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6385:Jeholosauridae 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6365:Ornithoscelida 6361: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6319: 6316:Incertae sedis 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6241:Ferganocephale 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6208: 6206: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6088: 6086: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6026:Thescelosaurus 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5978: 5970: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5939: 5936:Albertadromeus 5931: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5874:Kulindadromeus 5870: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5842: 5839:Neornithischia 5837: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5811: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5788: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5766:Scutellosaurus 5762: 5755: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5654: 5646: 5638: 5630: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5528: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5446: 5440: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5385: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5322: 5321:External links 5319: 5316: 5315: 5281: 5252:(2): 235–240. 5229: 5217:Science | AAAS 5204: 5145: 5116:(2): 211–233. 5093: 5072: 5050: 5023:(84): 513–14. 5003: 4996: 4962: 4941: 4915: 4884: 4877: 4855: 4808: 4767: 4728: 4670: 4641:(1): 233–240. 4621: 4592:(3): 651–658. 4569: 4551: 4542: 4535: 4527:The Dinosauria 4509: 4492: 4475: 4457: 4440: 4407: 4378: 4331: 4263: 4242:(5): 513–516. 4238:(in Russian). 4222: 4215: 4193: 4179: 4160:(2): 205–219. 4144: 4137: 4111: 4086: 4069: 4040:(3): 401–408. 4017: 3985: 3939: 3923: 3910: 3901: 3872:(2): 163–171. 3849: 3830:(4): 367–407. 3807: 3800: 3782: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3721: 3669: 3648:(3): 427–432. 3625: 3610: 3588: 3560: 3514: 3493:(1): 145–161. 3466: 3420: 3399:(2): 139–141. 3379: 3352:(5): 621–634. 3329: 3269: 3239: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3133: 3130: 3081: 3078: 3068: 3065: 2978: 2975: 2890: 2887: 2861:mineralization 2836: 2835:Plate function 2833: 2831: 2828: 2741:of China, and 2719:Ilek Formation 2610:Loricatosaurus 2552:Huayangosaurus 2536:Huayangosaurus 2496:Early Jurassic 2484:Kota Formation 2472:Lower Jurassic 2434:Huayangosaurus 2426: 2423: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2048: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2007: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1858: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1571: 1511: 1503: 1495: 1484:Huayangosaurus 1470:Huayangosaurus 1449:Huayangosaurus 1427:Huayangosaurus 1353: 1352:Classification 1350: 1334:Huayangosaurus 1326:Loricatosaurus 1317:Huayangosaurus 1247:Huayangosaurus 1230: 1227: 1215:Huayangosaurus 1203:Huayangosaurus 1196:shoulder joint 1176:Huayangosaurus 1159:Huayangosaurus 1138:Huayangosaurus 1097:Huayangosaurus 1091:Huayangosaurus 1083:Huayangosaurus 1074: 1071: 1066:Huayangosaurus 1052:Huayangosaurus 1047:Huayangosaurus 1030:premaxillaries 1021: 1018: 1012: 1009: 968:Huayangosaurus 943:Huayangosaurus 846:Loricatosaurus 767: 764: 651:is a group of 644: 643: 642: 641: 640: 639: 638: 637: 626: 616: 606: 595: 584: 574: 555: 554: 553: 543: 533: 523: 513: 494: 484: 474: 464: 461:Loricatosaurus 454: 436: 435: 434: 423: 420:Huayangosaurus 413: 395: 385: 375: 365: 355: 345: 335: 325: 312: 311: 307: 306: 291: 284: 283: 275: 268: 267: 259: 252: 251: 243: 236: 235: 230: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 179: 178: 151:Huayangosaurus 133: 132: 124: 123: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 44: 26: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7077: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7023: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6928: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6901: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6859:Hesperosaurus 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6850:Stegosaurinae 6847: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6801:Dacentrurinae 6798: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6776:Mongolostegus 6773: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6749:Stegosauridae 6746: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6696:Monkonosaurus 6693: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681:Isaberrysaura 6678: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666:Dravidosaurus 6663: 6661: 6660: 6659:Craterosaurus 6656: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6645:Bashanosaurus 6642: 6640: 6639: 6638:Baiyinosaurus 6635: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6604: 6603: 6597: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6333:Dravidosaurus 6330: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6283:Syngonosaurus 6280: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6184: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6161: 6155: 6148: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6041:Zephyrosaurus 6038: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6012:Oryctodromeus 6009: 6007: 6006: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5998:Nevadadromeus 5995: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5982:Koreanosaurus 5979: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5867:Hypsilophodon 5864: 5862: 5861: 5860:Hexinlusaurus 5857: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5759:Scelidosaurus 5756: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5679:Abrictosaurus 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5603:Lesothosaurus 5600: 5598: 5597: 5596:Laquintasaura 5593: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564:Eucoelophysis 5561: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5320: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4925:Osteomyelitis 4919: 4916: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4878:9780688042875 4874: 4869: 4868: 4859: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4635:Palaeontology 4632: 4625: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4505:Palaeontology 4502: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4138:9780253213136 4134: 4130: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4107:0-253-33964-2 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095:Scelidosaurus 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4055:10044/1/45349 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034:Palaeontology 4028: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487:Palaeontology 3484: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3105:Hesperosaurus 3102: 3094: 3092: 3091:Hesperosaurus 3086: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3018:ornithischian 3015: 3014:Robert Bakker 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889:Trace fossils 2888: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2810:Maastrichtian 2807: 2806:Dravidosaurus 2803: 2802:Dravidosaurus 2799: 2795: 2794:Dravidosaurus 2791: 2790:plesiosaurian 2787: 2784:, known from 2783: 2782: 2781:Dravidosaurus 2776: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2728:Mongolostegus 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2693:Craterosaurus 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2676:Hesperosaurus 2672: 2668: 2667:North-America 2664: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649:South-America 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619:Late Jurassic 2617:. During the 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2599:Stegosauridae 2596: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2558:stage of the 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2540:Scelidosaurus 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480:Pliensbachian 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2455:Scelidosaurus 2451: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2403:Changdusaurus 2396: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2343: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2004: 2003:Stegosauridae 2001: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1549:Isaberrysaura 1545: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1532:Stegosaurinae 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1508: 1500: 1493: 1489: 1488:Stegosauridae 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1441:South America 1439:and possibly 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388:in 1997: all 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1277:Hesperosaurus 1273: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:shoulderblade 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150:neural canals 1147: 1143: 1142:neural arches 1139: 1134: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1044:. Apart from 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1019: 1017: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1002: 1001: 1000:Hesperosaurus 996: 992: 988: 987: 982: 981: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956: 951: 950: 945: 944: 939: 938: 933: 932: 927: 926: 921: 920: 910: 906: 901: 897: 895: 891: 890: 885: 881: 876: 873: 869: 868: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 847: 842: 841: 836: 832: 831: 826: 825: 821: 817: 813: 805: 801: 797: 795: 791: 790: 789:Craterosaurus 785: 784: 779: 775: 774: 765: 763: 761: 760: 755: 751: 750: 744: 742: 738: 737:Stegosauridae 734: 729: 727: 723: 722:Stegosauridae 719: 715: 714:thyreophorans 710: 708: 705: 701: 700: 695: 691: 690:South America 687: 683: 679: 678:North America 675: 671: 668: 664: 660: 657: 656:ornithischian 654: 650: 635: 634: 627: 625: 624: 617: 615: 614: 607: 604: 603: 596: 593: 592: 585: 583: 582: 581:Hesperosaurus 575: 572: 571: 564: 563: 562: 561:Stegosaurinae 556: 552: 551: 544: 542: 541: 534: 532: 531: 524: 522: 521: 514: 511: 510: 503: 502: 501: 500:Dacentrurinae 495: 493: 492: 485: 483: 482: 475: 473: 472: 471:Mongolostegus 465: 463: 462: 455: 453: 452: 445: 444: 443: 442:Stegosauridae 437: 432: 431: 424: 422: 421: 414: 412: 411: 404: 403: 402: 396: 394: 393: 386: 384: 383: 382:Monkonosaurus 376: 374: 373: 366: 364: 363: 362:Isaberrysaura 356: 354: 353: 346: 344: 343: 342:Craterosaurus 336: 334: 333: 332:Bashanosaurus 326: 324: 323: 322:Baiyinosaurus 316: 315: 313: 308: 303: 298: 292: 289: 286: 285: 282: 276: 273: 270: 269: 266: 260: 257: 254: 253: 250: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 189: 184: 180: 177: 176: 171: 170: 166:(or possibly 165: 164: 159: 158: 153: 152: 147: 146: 141: 140: 134: 130: 125: 119: 115: 111: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 42: 39:169–100 35: 31: 22: 19: 6951: 6881:Wuerhosaurus 6879: 6872: 6864: 6857: 6839:Thyreosaurus 6837: 6830: 6823: 6817:Alcovasaurus 6815: 6808: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6762:Kentrosaurus 6760: 6736: 6728: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6689:Lexovisaurus 6687: 6679: 6672: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6623: 6601: 6600: 6571: 6560:Ornithischia 6545:Ornithischia 6497: 6493:Ornithischia 6488: 6479: 6450: 6375:Silesauridae 6346: 6339: 6331: 6326:Ajkaceratops 6324: 6314: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6269:Notoceratops 6267: 6260: 6255:Gongbusaurus 6253: 6248:Geranosaurus 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6203:Nomina dubia 6201: 6151: 6039: 6031: 6024: 6019:Parksosaurus 6017: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5980: 5974:Jeholosaurus 5972: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5941: 5934: 5914: 5907: 5902:Sanxiasaurus 5900: 5893: 5886: 5881:Minimocursor 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5806: 5795:Ankylosauria 5784:Ankylosauria 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5658:Technosaurus 5656: 5650:Soumyasaurus 5648: 5640: 5632: 5626:Pisanosaurus 5624: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5580:Ignotosaurus 5578: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5515:Ornithischia 5502:Ornithischia 5465:Ornithischia 5417: 5408: 5374:Ornithischia 5301: 5297: 5284: 5249: 5245: 5221:. 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Retrieved 4741: 4731: 4693:(2): 68–76. 4690: 4686: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4589: 4585: 4545: 4526: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4416: 4410: 4391: 4381: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4281: 4277: 4266: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4204: 4196: 4182: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4037: 4033: 4020: 4011: 4007: 3956:(1): 65–78. 3953: 3949: 3942: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3904: 3869: 3865: 3827: 3823: 3791: 3785: 3776: 3770: 3750: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3689: 3685: 3645: 3641: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3605: 3575: 3538: 3534: 3490: 3486: 3436: 3432: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3349: 3345: 3295: 3291: 3258:(1): 91–96. 3255: 3251: 3217: 3213: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3171:Kentrosaurus 3170: 3168: 3158: 3145: 3137: 3135: 3125: 3121: 3118:Kentrosaurus 3117: 3116: 3112:Kevin Padian 3110: 3104: 3098: 3089: 3073:Kentrosaurus 3072: 3070: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3050:tail spike. 3047: 3041: 3037: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3011: 3003:Field Museum 2996: 2986: 2966: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2906: 2892: 2883: 2865: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2830:Paleobiology 2817: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2779: 2777: 2761: 2742: 2732: 2726: 2709:Wuerhosaurus 2707: 2704:South Africa 2697: 2691: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2640:Kentrosaurus 2638: 2628: 2622: 2608: 2604:Lexovisaurus 2602: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2564: 2551: 2548:synapomorphy 2539: 2535: 2525: 2506: 2500:sister group 2492:Ankylosauria 2453: 2439: 2433: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2248: 2226: 2188: 2166: 2130: 2101: 2072: 2043: 2014: 1964: 1942: 1904: 1882: 1853: 1821: 1820: 1804: 1803: 1774: 1763:Ankylosauria 1732: 1704: 1703: 1680: 1679: 1641: 1625: 1624: 1588: 1568: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1483: 1480:Dong Zhiming 1473: 1469: 1447: 1445: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1411:Ankylosauria 1407:sister group 1402:Ankylosaurus 1400: 1396: 1393:Ornithischia 1390:thyreophoran 1365: 1363: 1346:beta-keratin 1344:addition of 1342: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321:Kentrosaurus 1320: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1287: 1283:Wuerhosaurus 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1253:Kentrosaurus 1251: 1246: 1232: 1214: 1202: 1200: 1175: 1169: 1162: 1158: 1137: 1129: 1123: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1082: 1076: 1064: 1057:archosaurian 1051: 1045: 1026:rhamphotheca 1023: 1014: 998: 984: 978: 972: 967: 953: 947: 941: 935: 929: 925:Wuerhosaurus 923: 917: 914: 908: 894:Kentrosaurus 893: 889:Kentrosaurus 887: 877: 865: 854:Arthur Lakes 851: 844: 840:Lexovisaurus 838: 834: 828: 822: 816:Richard Owen 811: 809: 803: 792:. 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649:Stegosauria 613:Stegosaurus 530:Dacentrurus 481:Paranthodon 430:Regnosaurus 297:Stegosauria 265:Thyreophora 169:Dacentrurus 7045:Stegosaurs 7039:Categories 6915:See also: 6810:Adratiklit 6703:Yanbeilong 6581:see below↓ 6484:Dinosauria 6358:Other taxa 6297:Tichosteus 6290:Tatisaurus 6095:Ceratopsia 6084:Ceratopsia 6033:Yueosaurus 6005:Orodromeus 5990:Nanosaurus 5909:Xiaosaurus 5888:Nanosaurus 5773:Yuxisaurus 5752:Emausaurus 5728:Tianyulong 5721:Pegomastax 5707:Lycorhinus 5693:Fruitadens 5642:Silesaurus 5634:Sacisaurus 5610:Lewisuchus 5474:see below↓ 5422:Dinosauria 5404:Sauropsida 5325:See also: 5223:2016-06-04 4972:Allosaurus 4747:2021-04-25 4123:Stegosaurs 4084:(S1): 8-14 3620:Dinosauria 3606:Dinosauria 3298:: e12362. 3192:References 3061:S. stenops 3057:S. armatus 3043:Allosaurus 2948:Luluichnus 2933:Deltapodus 2928:Deltapodus 2921:Stegopodus 2908:Stegopodus 2903:ichnogenus 2857:cancellous 2819:Deltapodus 2744:Yanbeilong 2657:Antarctica 2653:Madagascar 2643:living in 2508:Deltapodus 2504:ichnotaxon 2476:Sinemurian 1498:premaxilla 1243:osteoderms 1034:predentary 1005:cladistics 872:Como Bluff 741:thagomizer 726:thagomizer 709:of China. 667:Cretaceous 665:and early 520:Adratiklit 392:Yanbeilong 310:Subgroups 233:Dinosauria 24:Stegosaurs 6467:Kingdom: 6262:Laosaurus 5895:Phyllodon 5686:Echinodon 5572:Gamatavus 5390:Kingdom: 5268:1661-8726 5181:1932-6203 5140:132746786 5132:1661-8726 5082:cite book 5045:130078453 4951:cite book 4850:225692077 4842:0891-2963 4803:0272-4634 4723:233129489 4715:0883-1351 4665:140670546 4657:0031-0239 4608:0567-7920 4473:: 446–459 4435:0891-2963 4365:1555-6174 4308:1932-6203 4258:0869-5652 4174:134302379 3980:128632458 3896:129246092 3888:1661-8726 3509:1475-4983 3453:0036-8075 3415:1661-8726 3234:134361050 3150:Labradors 2878:alligator 2786:Coniacian 2737:from the 2686:From the 2651:, India, 2571:Oxfordian 2567:Callovian 2556:Bathonian 2545:eurypodan 2510:brodricki 1460:from the 1458:dinosaurs 1382:vertebrae 1233:Like all 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