751:. The vertebrae of the tail are amphiplatyan to platycoel: flat on both ends or slightly concave at the rear. The lateral processes are long, twice longer than the neural spines, and are still present as far as the tail weapon. In the seventh through twelfth vertebrae, the neural spines are somewhat thickened at the top and shorter than the neural arches. Behind the twelfth vertebra, the undersides have a longitudinal groove and are as long as they are wide but very low. The inner cavity of the tail weapon is correspondingly flattened. At the fifteenth to eighteenth vertebrae, which are in the weapon, a CAT scan shows that the anterior joint processes, the prezygapophyses, are short while the posterior joint processes extend over the posterior vertebra, fused together on their inner sides to form a wedge-shaped structure in top view, filling a corresponding V-shaped space between the anterior joint processes of the posterior vertebra. This system must have stiffened the tail tip. However, no ossified tendons are used for this as with the Ankylosauridae, because they are completely lacking. Flattened vertebrae have also been found in
725:, the Aztec mace. The weapon consists of seven pairs of flattened osteoderms that form an elongated structure that covers the tip of the tail. The first pair has sharp keels, the tips of which point towards the rear and sides. Their upper surfaces are, apart from that, more flattened while the lower sides are more conically curved. The inner sides, facing the tail vertebra, are strongly hollowed out. On their undersides are two pairs of smaller cone-shaped osteoderms fused, resembling those on the tail base, one pair pointing obliquely to the rear and the other obliquely sideways and downwards. The next pair is larger and covers two entire vertebrae. It is flatter and lacks the small osteoderms on the underside. The construction of the next five pairs is similar, but they have grown together with their leading and trailing edges to form one whole. They are still separately recognizable as pentagonal plates with pointed ends. At the very end, this structure also covers the undersides of the vertebrae. At the extreme tail tip is an eighth pair of small knob-shaped osteoderms.
683:
583:
654:
709:
centimeters. Some other ankylosaurians are known to have such osteoderms to protect the flanks. These eight scutes were not in apparent association with any skeletal element except one that was directly adjacent to a neural arch of a vertebra. The small number of such scutes may indicate that the rump was not very heavily armored. Near the left hand was a cluster of four smaller osteoderms, fifteen to twenty millimeters in diameter, with more pointed keels. On the upper right ulna is a small round bone plate, keeled with a concave inner surface, next to a flat triangular osteoderm. Keeled osteoderms were found on the outside of the feet, three on the left foot and two on the right foot.
1326:
616:
646:, an upper projection to bend the elbow. An ulnare was presumably present in the wrist; this is indicated by the discovery in the left wrist of a small U-shaped element that is connected to the proximal surface of the fifth metacarpal bone. The hand claws are hoof-shaped, not pointed. The second finger is reduced to two phalanges as in the Stegosauria. The second finger ends in a flat disc-shaped phalanx that is blunt and probably no longer had a claw at all. More such phalanges have been found around both hands, suggesting the same was true for the third, fourth and fifth fingers.
2611:
133:
2606:
151:
506:
2634:
551:
413:
574:
maxillary bones merge seamlessly into the plate-shaped lacrimal bones that slope backwards. The maxillary bones have internal branches that form a secondary palate. The row of teeth starts slightly in front of the lacrimal bone and continues below the eye socket. The entire top of the eye socket is formed by fused supraoccipitalia that form a continuous thickened canopy. Similar to
566:
729:
650:
hip joint, i.e. semicircular, and the shape of the rear blade suggest that the latter turned inward during growth. The ischium is long and lacks an obturator projection on the anterior margin. The ischia are not fused together at their distal ends. The ischium tapers downwards with a slight bend forward halfway through. Nothing of the pubic bones has been found.
747:. After the eighteenth vertebra, all the vertebrae are missing: only the cavity within the macuahuitl gives an indication of how many were present. The authors estimate the maximum number of these to be eight, which would imply that there were only twenty-six tail vertebrae; the lowest number in all of Thyreophora was thirty-five until 2021, in
488:. It consists of a relatively complete skeleton with skull and lower jaws. The rear part, the hindlimbs, sacrum, pelvis and tail, was preserved articulated. The front parts were scattered over a small surface. It lacks the skull roof, the rear lower jaws, the shoulder blades, the right humerus and the pubic bones. Some
628:
reaching a considerable length. The anterior joint processes are U-shaped in top view. The sacrum has four true sacral vertebrae and an anterior sacral rod of two captured dorsosacrals that touch the ilium with short ribs but are not fused to it. At the rear, the sacrum lacks caudosacrals, a basal feature shared with
669:
As with running forms, the feet are quite narrow. The third and fourth metatarsal bones have long contact surfaces at the top. This indicates that the midfoot was not spread out to support the weight, as is the case with most
Ankylosauria and Stegosauria. The number of phalanges has not been reduced.
627:
are wider than they are long, a typical ankylosaur feature, but they have hollow sides like
Stegosauria. Towards the rear of the vertebral column, the transverse processes rise steeper, up to 60° on the posterior back. The vertebrae have high neural arches with both the pedicles and the neural spines
1419:
Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Vargas, Alexander; Kaluza, Jonatan; Leppe, Marcelo; Botelho, Joao; Palma-Liberona, José; Gutstein, Carolina; Fernández, Roy; Ortiz, Hector; Milla, Verónica; Aravena, Bárbara; Manríquez, Leslie M. E.; Alarcón-Muñoz, Jhonatan; Pino, Juan Pablo; Trevisan, Cristine; Mansilla, Héctor;
665:
is closer to running ancestors who had a noticeably shorter femur. Later
Ankylosauria typically have very short lower legs. The femur is straight and not bent as in running forms. The fourth trochanter, the protrusion on the posterior femoral shaft that served to attach the tail retractor muscle, is
635:
The humerus has a slender shaft, a basal feature. However, the ends are strongly transversely broadened, especially in the epiphyses, and there is a well-developed deltopectoral crest projecting anteriorly. On the outer posterior margin of the humerus, a conspicuous ridge runs downwards with a small
649:
In the pelvis, the horizontal ilium has a very long and low anterior blade. It curves strongly forwards and to the sides, apparently to support a wide abdominal cavity. The rest of the ilium is very similar to that of the
Stegosauria. The position and shape of the horizontal lateral ridge above the
573:
The head is probably proportionally large, though it is difficult to precisely gauge the proportions due to limited preservation. The praemaxillae of the front snout are toothless, short, high and narrow, and completely fused at the midline. The front palate to which they contribute is high. The
601:
is undulating in side view. The row of teeth is curved inwards, so that the rows of teeth of the lower jaws combined show an hourglass shape when viewed from above. The dentarium bears fourteen teeth, some of which the fossil preserves. The dentary teeth are leaf-shaped and high. The teeth are
519:
Only the tail was considered to be strictly distinctive. Unlike all other known
Ankylosauria, the tail is short with no more than twenty-six caudal vertebrae, the last twelve of which are covered by seven pairs of large osteoderms, the last five of which again are fused together to form a flat
736:
Numerous ossicles in the form of circular disks, four to five millimeters in diameter, were found around all skeletal elements. They are flattened into an oblate spheroid with an almost square profile. The outer sides are covered with numerous pits, indicating a thick stratum corneum. On the
708:
At the second cervical vertebra, the axis, a flat bone plate with a length of nineteen millimeters was found. Apart from this, no large elements of the neck, such as cervical halfrings, were recovered. Eight medium-sized scutes have been found, oval and keeled with a length of four to five
578:
the posterior parts of the skull are not fused so that the sutures remain visible. These parts are rough with pits so that raised bone pates or horn plates were probably present. In the lateral braincase, the basisphenoid is short, shorter than the basioccipital of the lower occiput.
712:
Between the ilium and the neural spines of the sacrum is a continuous thin layer of ossified skin armor covered with vein grooves and pits. This indicates the presence of some kind of sacral shield as in
Nodosauridae. However, it differs in that it is not made up of fused ossicles.
532:
in its smaller body size, relatively larger neural canal, longer dorsosacral vertebrae, higher and narrower vertebral bodies of the sacral vertebrae, absence of ossified tendons on the tail, teeth with six serrations on the anterior margin instead of seven or eight, and
1357:, between 71.7 ± 1.2 and 74.9 ± 2.1 million years ago. Fossils belonging to amphibians, mammals, fish, reptiles, and several invertebrates have also been discovered there, along with material belonging to indeterminate sauropod, theropod, and ornithischian dinosaurs.
716:
Two pairs of small cone-shaped osteoderms with pointed keels and concave lower surfaces are present at the base of the tail. Very distinctive is the so-called "tail weapon". Ankylosaurids typically have a tail club but the
737:
undersides there are perpendicular intersecting notches for the attachment of fibers that presumably connect the plates to the skin. Those notches are typical for
Parankylosauria. Thus, a flexible armor was formed.
673:
The shoulder blades (scapulae) were not found. The coracoids are not fused with the shoulder blades. The sternal plates are unfused, and have long lateral tubular processes at the back that project caudolaterally.
606:
that extends upwards into fluted ridges ending in serrations. The cingulum is asymmetrical: horizontal when seen from the outside but an arc seen viewed the inside, that is slightly oblique towards the front.
1475:
Alarcón-Muñoz, Jhonatan; Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Manríquez, Leslie M. E.; Fernández, Roy A.; Bajor, Dániel; Guevara, Juan Pablo; Suazo Lara, Felipe; Leppe, Marcelo A.; Vargas, Alexander O. (2020-10-01).
597:
In the lower jaws, the central predentary, the bony core of the lower bill, is short and high with thin upper branches that are longer than the lower branches. The dentarium or
2750:
682:
582:
740:
Thirteen "free" vertebrae have been preserved in the tail base. Five additional vertebrae are enclosed in a structure made of osteoderms that has been compared to an
547:
by having a curved instead of straight ulna and radius and a process from the maxilla running towards the lacrimal bone that is narrower and sloping backwards.
670:
At the third and fourth toes, however, the extreme phalanx is not in the shape of a claw but is a flat disc. Those claws present are shaped like hooves.
2699:
653:
2610:
2765:
1565:
466:
721:
weapon has a very distinct build, representing a type not yet known from
Ankylosauria. It has been compared by the describers to the
1325:
2627:
284:
615:
2745:
2605:
425:
770:
to belong to a distinct lineage of small ankylosaurs known from the
Cretaceous of southern Gondwana, also including
1558:
1533:
150:
132:
2760:
2755:
1656:
638:
1303:
636:
bump at the upper end, in the same position in which
Stegosauria have a tubercule for the attachment of the
455:
420:
In February 2018, the skeleton of a small ankylosaur was recovered by a team of Texan researchers near the
2654:
2712:
1683:
1551:
307:
421:
1476:
2740:
2686:
2637:
1488:
1433:
666:
small and shaped like a vertical ridge. The lesser trochanter is fused with the greater trochanter.
2043:
1940:
783:
1779:
1512:
1457:
516:
is a very small ankylosaur. It was estimated at to be about 1.8–2 metres (5.9–6.6 ft) long.
145:
2717:
2536:
1800:
1504:
1449:
1346:
642:. The radius is slender but the ulna is robust and broadened at the top with a well-developed
481:
429:
391:
2001:
1948:
1786:
1496:
1441:
624:
554:
462:
345:
505:
2466:
2430:
2370:
2336:
2329:
2222:
2163:
2035:
1932:
1848:
1808:
1641:
1477:"Freshwater turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira) in the Upper Cretaceous of Chilean Patagonia"
1275:
1094:
972:
795:
705:
or that the individual of the holotype was not old enough to have completed ossification.
388:
259:
37:
1492:
1437:
2529:
2515:
2501:
2409:
2382:
2278:
2259:
2174:
2120:
1985:
1955:
1925:
1888:
1864:
1537:
1318:
1283:
1279:
1158:
1058:
986:
925:
840:
787:
772:
543:
1421:
2734:
2492:
2402:
2395:
2347:
2291:
2238:
2204:
2105:
2051:
2026:
2008:
1911:
1857:
1830:
1822:
1516:
1461:
1354:
1312:
1295:
1267:
1010:
941:
888:
816:
778:
528:
83:
45:
550:
2677:
2522:
2508:
2437:
2321:
2245:
2190:
2141:
2113:
2098:
2085:
2058:
1977:
1962:
1918:
1898:
1765:
1747:
1725:
1695:
1668:
1616:
1574:
1287:
1071:
962:
791:
702:
436:
384:
243:
211:
1500:
2557:
2474:
2423:
2363:
2314:
2156:
2134:
2066:
2015:
1815:
1793:
1625:
1271:
1142:
911:
412:
227:
58:
20:
1445:
2550:
2543:
2481:
2356:
2307:
2299:
2252:
2197:
2183:
2149:
2127:
1993:
1837:
1772:
1302:', evolved convergently to ankylosaurid tail clubs. It also suggests, through
1299:
1291:
1118:
864:
744:
722:
565:
103:
68:
1508:
1420:
Hinojosa, Luis Felipe; Muñoz-Walther, Vicente; Rubilar-Rogers, David (2021).
140:
Skeletal reconstruction and photographs of fossils; p shows the caudal frond
2564:
2444:
2231:
2211:
2073:
1970:
1422:"Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile"
1350:
728:
643:
489:
485:
162:
108:
52:
41:
1453:
454:, meaning "tail", referring to the roof-like covering of the tail end. The
2671:
2571:
1607:
1598:
901:
473:
195:
182:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
2704:
2459:
2451:
113:
88:
1592:
755:, suggesting that a similar tail weapon was present in that species.
741:
661:
The thighbones are only slightly longer than the shinbones. In this,
172:
2648:
2416:
1324:
727:
681:
652:
614:
581:
564:
549:
504:
411:
395:
2691:
2578:
1306:, that two genera found to be related by analyses by Soto-Acuña
2652:
1585:
1547:
1543:
697:
Osteoderms of the head were not found. It may be that those in
369:
1270:; it revealed that a novelly discovered, distinct lineage of
798:. The results of this phylogenetic analysis are shown below:
469:
inhabitants of the region where the holotype was discovered.
461:
is derived from an armoured creature in the mythology of the
363:
357:
372:
537:, thickened tooth crown bases, without vertical grooves.
404:, known from a semi-articulated, near-complete skeleton.
360:
1534:
This Dinosaur Found in Chile Had a Battle Ax for a Tail
1266:
has an important implication for the early history of
375:
351:
348:
354:
2661:
2491:
2381:
2346:
2277:
2221:
2173:
2084:
2025:
1897:
1886:
1847:
1745:
1694:
1667:
1640:
492:were recovered. It represents an adult individual.
366:
602:asymmetrical in external view. They have a convex
1298:, distinguished by a unique tail weapon, dubbed '
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1559:
442:was named and described by Sergio Soto-Acuña
8:
2751:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America
2649:
2387:
2283:
2090:
1903:
1894:
1757:
1753:
1742:
1673:
1646:
1637:
1582:
1566:
1552:
1544:
1349:. The Dorotea Formation dates to the late
131:
27:
1481:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1366:
398:. The genus contains a single species,
383:, meaning "roofed tail") is a genus of
623:The cervical vertebrae are short. The
446:. The generic name combines the Greek
586:Comparison of mandibles and teeth of
7:
1134:
1110:
1086:
1064:
1002:
978:
968:
917:
907:
880:
856:
832:
808:
801:
1322:) possessed the same tail weapon.
14:
430:Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena
2633:
2632:
2609:
2604:
1345:was discovered in layers of the
526:differs from its close relative
344:
149:
501:Size and distinguishing traits
480:, was found in a layer of the
1:
2766:Fossil taxa described in 2021
416:The skeleton as found in situ
1501:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102652
686:Comparison of osteoderms of
2782:
1446:10.1038/s41586-021-04147-1
794:together, which was named
509:Size comparison to a human
432:region of southern Chile.
18:
16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
2622:
2602:
2390:
2286:
2093:
1906:
1760:
1756:
1741:
1722:
1676:
1649:
1636:
1581:
1156:
1139:
1132:
1115:
1108:
1091:
1084:
1069:
1062:
1024:
1007:
1000:
983:
976:
966:
939:
922:
915:
905:
885:
878:
861:
854:
837:
830:
813:
806:
313:
306:
146:Scientific classification
144:
139:
130:
30:
1294:and surviving until the
1278:, exist, diverging from
766:was found by Soto-Acuña
639:musculus triceps brachii
19:Not to be confused with
1304:phylogenetic bracketing
1282:(the combined clade of
1334:
733:
694:
692:Antarctopelta oliveroi
658:
620:
594:
592:Antarctopelta oliveroi
570:
557:
510:
484:dating from the upper
417:
2713:Paleobiology Database
1328:
731:
685:
656:
618:
585:
568:
553:
520:connected structure.
508:
450:, meaning "roof" and
415:
2746:Ornithischian genera
2663:Stegouros elengassen
1329:Life restoration of
1290:) very early in the
688:Stegouros elengassen
657:Hindlimbs and pelvis
588:Stegouros elengassen
440:Stegouros elengassen
401:Stegouros elengassen
320:Stegouros elengassen
1493:2020JSAES.10202652A
1438:2021Natur.600..259S
786:. diverging before
784:Antarctic Peninsula
776:from Australia and
1335:
1333:in its environment
734:
695:
659:
621:
595:
571:
558:
511:
418:
387:dinosaur from the
299:S. elengassen
2728:
2727:
2655:Taxon identifiers
2646:
2645:
2618:
2617:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2537:Nodocephalosaurus
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
1882:
1881:
1801:Serendipaceratops
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1432:(7888): 259–263.
1347:Dorotea Formation
1262:The discovery of
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1038:
952:
951:
482:Dorotea Formation
422:Río de las Chinas
392:Dorotea Formation
335:
334:
287:
2773:
2761:Fossils of Chile
2756:Cretaceous Chile
2721:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2650:
2636:
2635:
2613:
2608:
2388:
2284:
2091:
2002:Propanoplosaurus
1949:Glyptodontopelta
1904:
1895:
1787:Priodontognathus
1758:
1754:
1743:
1674:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1583:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1521:
1520:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1416:
1338:Paleoenvironment
1135:
1111:
1087:
1065:
1003:
979:
969:
918:
908:
881:
857:
833:
809:
802:
625:vertebral centra
555:Life restoration
428:province in the
426:Ultima Esperanza
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
322:
318:
278:
271:
258:
242:
226:
210:
154:
153:
135:
125:
55:
36:Temporal range:
28:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2614:
2584:
2487:
2467:Tianzhenosaurus
2431:Minotaurasaurus
2377:
2371:Zhongyuansaurus
2342:
2337:Zhejiangosaurus
2330:Liaoningosaurus
2265:
2223:Struthiosaurini
2217:
2169:
2164:Tatankacephalus
2080:
2036:Gargoyleosaurus
2021:
1933:Gargoyleosaurus
1891:
1878:
1849:Parankylosauria
1843:
1809:Sinankylosaurus
1750:
1729:
1710:
1690:
1663:
1657:Avemetatarsalia
1642:Avemetatarsalia
1632:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1418:
1417:
1368:
1363:
1340:
1276:Parankylosauria
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1095:Liaoningosaurus
1049:
1040:
973:Parankylosauria
953:
796:Parankylosauria
761:
732:Tail osteoderms
680:
613:
563:
503:
498:
410:
389:Late Cretaceous
347:
343:
331:
324:
316:
315:
302:
277:
269:
260:Parankylosauria
256:
240:
224:
208:
148:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
51:74.9–71.7
50:
49:
38:Late Cretaceous
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2683:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2530:Euoplocephalus
2526:
2519:
2516:Anodontosaurus
2512:
2505:
2502:Akainacephalus
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2410:Crichtonsaurus
2406:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2383:Ankylosaurinae
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2279:Ankylosauridae
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2260:Struthiosaurus
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2175:Panoplosaurini
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2121:Niobrarasaurus
2117:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:Polacanthoides
1982:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1956:Horshamosaurus
1952:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1926:Dongyangopelta
1922:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1892:
1889:Euankylosauria
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1865:Kunbarrasaurus
1861:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1790:
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1751:
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1739:
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1734:
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1723:
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1712:
1711:
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1665:
1664:
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1633:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1610:
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1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1540:, Dec. 1, 2021
1538:New York Times
1529:
1528:External links
1526:
1523:
1522:
1467:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1339:
1336:
1319:Kunbarrasaurus
1284:Ankylosauridae
1280:Euankylosauria
1268:ankylosaurians
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
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1199:
1198:
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1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:Ankylosaurinae
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1059:Euankylosauria
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
987:Kunbarrasaurus
982:
977:
975:
967:
965:
959:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:
946:
945:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:Huayangosaurus
921:
916:
914:
906:
904:
898:
897:
894:
893:
884:
879:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
860:
855:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
841:Scutellosaurus
836:
831:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
812:
807:
805:
800:
788:Ankylosauridae
773:Kunbarrasaurus
760:
759:Classification
757:
679:
676:
612:
609:
576:Kunbarrasaurus
562:
559:
544:Kunbarrasaurus
502:
499:
497:
494:
409:
406:
333:
332:
325:
311:
310:
304:
303:
295:
293:
289:
288:
267:
263:
262:
254:
247:
246:
238:
231:
230:
222:
215:
214:
206:
199:
198:
193:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
56:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2778:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
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2744:
2742:
2739:
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2736:
2719:
2714:
2710:
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2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2612:
2607:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2493:Ankylosaurini
2490:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:Crichtonpelta
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:Bissektipelta
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2348:Shamosaurinae
2345:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:Ahshislepelta
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:Hungarosaurus
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:Panoplosaurus
2202:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:Ahshislepelta
2103:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2052:Hoplitosaurus
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2027:Polacanthinae
2024:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:Rhadinosaurus
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:Acanthopholis
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1858:Antarctopelta
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:Tianchisaurus
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:Stegosaurides
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1355:Maastrichtian
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:Antarctopelta
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Maastrichtian
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:Antarctopelta
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
988:
981:
980:
974:
971:
970:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
948:
947:
944:
943:
942:Stegosauridae
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
927:
920:
919:
913:
910:
909:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:Scelidosaurus
883:
882:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
866:
859:
858:
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
842:
835:
834:
828:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
818:
817:Lesothosaurus
811:
810:
804:
803:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
779:Antarctopelta
775:
774:
769:
765:
758:
756:
754:
753:Antarctopelta
750:
749:Scelidosaurus
746:
743:
738:
730:
726:
724:
720:
714:
710:
706:
704:
700:
693:
689:
684:
677:
675:
671:
667:
664:
655:
651:
647:
645:
641:
640:
633:
631:
630:Antarctopelta
626:
617:
610:
608:
605:
600:
593:
589:
584:
580:
577:
567:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
545:
541:differs from
540:
536:
531:
530:
529:Antarctopelta
525:
521:
517:
515:
507:
500:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
457:
456:specific name
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
435:In 2021, the
433:
431:
427:
423:
414:
407:
405:
403:
402:
397:
393:
390:
386:
385:ankylosaurian
380:
341:
340:
329:
323:
321:
312:
309:
308:Binomial name
305:
301:
300:
294:
291:
290:
286:
282:
276:
275:
268:
265:
264:
261:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
138:
134:
129:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
47:
46:Maastrichtian
43:
39:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2662:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2523:Dyoplosaurus
2521:
2514:
2509:Ankylosaurus
2507:
2500:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2438:Pinacosaurus
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2335:
2328:
2322:Hylaeosaurus
2320:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2258:
2251:
2246:Pawpawsaurus
2244:
2237:
2230:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2191:Denversaurus
2189:
2182:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2142:Peloroplites
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2114:Borealopelta
2112:
2104:
2099:Acantholipan
2097:
2086:Nodosaurinae
2072:
2065:
2059:Peloroplites
2057:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1978:Mymoorapelta
1976:
1969:
1963:Hylaeosaurus
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1919:Anoplosaurus
1917:
1910:
1899:Nodosauridae
1872:
1871:
1863:
1856:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1766:Cryptosaurus
1764:
1748:Ankylosauria
1726:Ankylosauria
1724:
1696:Ankylosauria
1684:Ornithischia
1669:Ornithischia
1621:
1617:Ornithischia
1612:
1603:
1575:Ankylosauria
1484:
1480:
1470:
1429:
1425:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1288:Nodosauridae
1263:
1261:
1157:
1141:
1140:
1117:
1116:
1093:
1092:
1072:Nodosauridae
1070:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1008:
985:
984:
963:Ankylosauria
940:
924:
923:
887:
886:
863:
862:
839:
838:
815:
814:
792:Nodosauridae
777:
771:
767:
763:
762:
752:
748:
739:
735:
718:
715:
711:
707:
698:
696:
691:
687:
672:
668:
662:
660:
648:
637:
634:
629:
622:
603:
598:
596:
591:
587:
575:
572:
542:
538:
534:
527:
523:
522:
518:
513:
512:
477:
471:
458:
451:
447:
443:
439:
437:type species
434:
419:
400:
399:
394:of southern
338:
337:
336:
327:
319:
314:
298:
297:
280:
273:
272:
250:
244:Ankylosauria
234:
218:
212:Ornithischia
202:
189:
31:
25:
2741:Ankylosaurs
2558:Scolosaurus
2475:Tsagantegia
2424:Jinyunpelta
2364:Shamosaurus
2315:Chuanqilong
2157:Silvisaurus
2135:Patagopelta
2067:Polacanthus
2016:Sauroplites
1816:Spicomellus
1794:Sarcolestes
1626:Thyreophora
1272:ankylosaurs
1143:Shamosaurus
912:Stegosauria
496:Description
326:Soto-Acuña
279:Soto-Acuña
228:Thyreophora
21:Stegosaurus
2735:Categories
2678:Q109539433
2626:See also:
2551:Platypelta
2544:Oohkotokia
2482:Zaraapelta
2357:Gobisaurus
2308:Cedarpelta
2300:Aletopelta
2253:Stegopelta
2198:Edmontonia
2184:Animantarx
2150:Sauropelta
2128:Nodosaurus
1994:Priconodon
1838:Vectipelta
1773:Dracopelta
1705:see below↓
1608:Dinosauria
1487:: 102652.
1361:References
1300:macuahuitl
1292:Cretaceous
1119:Gobisaurus
865:Emausaurus
745:macuahuitl
723:maquahuitl
678:Osteoderms
611:Postcrania
599:os dentale
490:osteoderms
467:indigenous
459:elengassen
424:valley of
196:Dinosauria
2565:Talarurus
2445:Saichania
2232:Europelta
2212:Texasetes
2074:Taohelong
1971:Invictarx
1873:Stegouros
1591:Kingdom:
1517:219463528
1509:0895-9811
1462:244799975
1351:Campanian
1343:Stegouros
1331:Stegouros
1264:Stegouros
1028:Stegouros
782:from the
764:Stegouros
719:Stegouros
699:Stegouros
663:Stegouros
644:olecranon
619:Vertebrae
539:Stegouros
524:Stegouros
514:Stegouros
486:Campanian
478:CPAP-3165
463:Aónik’enk
408:Discovery
339:Stegouros
292:Species:
274:Stegouros
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
42:Campanian
32:Stegouros
2705:11442359
2692:61173577
2672:Wikidata
2638:Category
2628:Timeline
2572:Ziapelta
2044:Gastonia
1941:Gastonia
1599:Chordata
1597:Phylum:
1593:Animalia
1454:34853468
902:Eurypoda
701:did not
604:cingulum
474:holotype
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
2460:Tarchia
2452:Shanxia
1489:Bibcode
1434:Bibcode
561:Cranium
535:cingula
317:†
296:†
266:Genus:
120:↓
2718:446236
1515:
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1426:Nature
1308:et al.
1274:, the
768:et al.
703:ossify
465:, the
448:stegos
330:, 2021
328:et al.
281:et al.
2417:Datai
1780:Minmi
1622:Clade
1613:Clade
1604:Clade
1513:S2CID
1458:S2CID
742:Aztec
569:Skull
444:et al
396:Chile
251:Clade
235:Clade
219:Clade
203:Clade
190:Clade
2700:GBIF
2579:Zuul
1682:see
1655:see
1505:ISSN
1450:PMID
1316:and
1286:and
790:and
690:and
590:and
472:The
452:oura
370:jʊər
285:2021
59:PreꞒ
2687:EoL
1497:doi
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1442:doi
1430:600
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367:ˈ
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358:ɛ
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349:ˌ
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270:†
257:†
241:†
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84:C
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69:O
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