519:
102:
124:
384:. They are the only living group left over from the early diversification of Apocrita. In general, the family is considered rare, with close to 95% of the species known to have been described from single specimens. Until the early 1800s, members of Stephanidae were grouped into the parasitic wasp superfamily
281:
have ocellar coronae, and it is uncertain if they developed the structure separately or if a common ancestor of both developed it and it was then lost in all but the two families. Weakly developed grooves starting at the base of the antennae and extending past the eyes to the back of the head capsule
1158:
Sharkey, Michael J.; Carpenter, James M.; Vilhelmsen, Lars; Heraty, John; Liljeblad, Johan; Dowling, Ashley P.G.; Schulmeister, Susanne; Murray, Debra; Deans, Andrew R.; Ronquist, Fredrik; Krogmann, Lars; Wheeler, Ward C. (2012).
406:. About 110 years later, the stephanids were placed into a separate superfamily, Stephanoidea, by P.L.G. Benoit, along with the proposed family "Stenophasmidae". The latter group was moved out of Stephanoidea in 1969 by
1198:
Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A.; Ortega-Blanco, Jaime (2013). "A Stephanid Wasp in Mid-Cretaceous
Burmese Amber (Hymenoptera: Stephanidae), with Comments on the Antiquity of the Hymenopteran Radiation".
1239:
Li, Lonfgeng; Rasnitsyn, Alexander P.; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong (2017). "Phylogeny of
Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) with a new genus from Upper Cretaceous Myanmar amber".
290:
that has large teeth on the underside, and the tibiae have a tip end that widens distinctly. The largest species, reaching up to 35 mm (1.4 in) in length, are found in the genus
518:
2917:
282:
are present. This feature is seen more developed in hymenopteran families in which the adults emerge from pupal chambers in wood. All genera of
Stephanidae have a
2943:
1201:
2891:
2930:
1301:
974:
Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber
Stephanidae"
2935:
630:
605:
482:
407:
2813:
2800:
523:
274:
123:
3002:
2870:
2948:
101:
2883:
1294:
394:
246:
273:
Stephanids are noted for their ocellar corona, a semicircular to circular set of projections around the middle
324:
477:
399:
337:
475:
New Jersey amber and first described in 2004. The first species to be described from the fossil record was
2753:
651:
348:
2997:
2969:
2818:
1241:
377:
2045:
1160:
2090:
897:
596:
550:
541:
467:
461:
2852:
2000:
1820:
1763:
1287:
1250:
840:
829:
818:
757:
745:
677:
563:
486:
439:
433:
389:
2055:
646:
621:
427:
1950:
919:
878:
796:
258:
2118:
2080:
1995:
1840:
1127:
Woodborers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): Their
Diversity and Potential for Use in Biological Control"
867:
2340:
2100:
2065:
1955:
1266:
1218:
717:
662:
508:
254:
118:
110:
2974:
2578:
930:
908:
342:
2123:
2956:
2839:
2183:
2015:
1698:
1180:
1103:
1051:
415:
2922:
2791:
1121:
Taylor, Philip B.; Duan, Jian J.; Fuester, Roger W.; Hoddle, Mark; Van
Driesche, Roy (2012).
253:
and moderate climate zones. Stephanidae also contain four extinct genera described from both
2961:
2436:
2368:
2168:
1725:
1476:
1258:
1210:
1172:
1138:
1093:
1083:
1041:
1031:
993:
983:
777:
703:
692:
672:
626:
609:
601:
568:
512:
502:
230:
2397:
1898:
1801:
1707:
1409:
1393:
472:
444:
286:
that is modified to some extent. They bear highly modified hind legs, with a swollen hind
277:, forming a "crown" on the head. Only stephanids and the similarly old Hymenoptera family
234:
1254:
2878:
2865:
2593:
2345:
2218:
2133:
2095:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1906:
1845:
1776:
1735:
1715:
1675:
1646:
1441:
1098:
1073:
1046:
1023:
733:
726:
385:
2991:
2710:
2674:
2666:
2350:
2173:
2153:
2113:
2085:
1745:
1720:
1683:
1662:
1468:
1176:
634:
573:
498:
452:
319:
287:
59:
1270:
1222:
2805:
2736:
2697:
2598:
2560:
2543:
2309:
2272:
2264:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2050:
2020:
1916:
1888:
1868:
1850:
1688:
1531:
1523:
1481:
1354:
681:
490:
311:
238:
185:
2844:
2904:
2785:
2583:
2565:
2470:
2449:
2423:
2335:
2322:
2254:
2246:
2070:
2060:
2040:
1990:
1980:
1940:
1883:
1860:
1835:
1825:
1791:
1740:
1502:
1425:
1311:
1074:"Head capsule characters in the Hymenoptera and their phylogenetic implications"
361:
353:
315:
250:
175:
34:
1279:
421:
Fossil specimens related to the family are uncommon, and most are dated to the
2705:
2689:
2681:
2670:
2662:
2641:
2588:
2465:
2457:
2415:
2389:
2317:
2197:
2163:
2075:
2035:
2025:
2010:
1873:
1755:
1730:
1654:
1618:
1494:
1417:
638:
577:
489:. All other extinct species in the family are known from fossils preserved in
485:. The specimen is also the youngest fossil found, dating from the Late Eocene
448:
411:
357:
297:
79:
44:
2776:
1088:
388:
based on the superficial resemblance between some members of the two groups.
2658:
2654:
2608:
2573:
2499:
2491:
2478:
2428:
2402:
2360:
2330:
2210:
2205:
2178:
2143:
2128:
2030:
2005:
1960:
1932:
1878:
1830:
1786:
1781:
1768:
1573:
1565:
1544:
1342:
1330:
1036:
807:
456:
301:
292:
278:
155:
135:
84:
1184:
1107:
1055:
1143:
1122:
392:
suggested a new family grouping for the stephanids in the 1815 edition of
368:
population was recorded to vary from only 2% up to 50% of the population.
2826:
2770:
2603:
2376:
2286:
2105:
1945:
1594:
1552:
1510:
1460:
1454:
1433:
1365:
1348:
1214:
988:
969:
613:
422:
381:
333:
329:
283:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2896:
2533:
1401:
1262:
1078:
978:
592:
559:
527:
89:
64:
2909:
2831:
998:
2649:
1965:
1336:
1324:
685:
304:
242:
165:
145:
2747:
1024:"A revision of the Chinese Stephanidae (Hymenoptera, Stephanoidea)"
310:, with a majority of the stephanids hosts coming from the families
1808:
517:
307:
262:
2379:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
2857:
2751:
1283:
1161:"Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera"
2625:
2520:
2512:
1022:
Hong, Chun-dan; van
Achterberg, Cornelis; Xu, Zai-fu (2011).
249:
in distribution, with the highest species concentrations in
322:
and occasional hymenopteran hosts are taken. One species,
481:, which was first published in 1906 by paleoentomologist
237:. They are the only living members of the superfamily
410:, who transferred the "Stenophasmidae" to the family
764:
Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late
Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
241:. Stephanidae has at least 345 living species in 11
2760:
2624:
2541:
2532:
2511:
2490:
2448:
2414:
2388:
2359:
2308:
2285:
2263:
2245:
2227:
2196:
1915:
1897:
1859:
1800:
1754:
1706:
1697:
1674:
1645:
1616:
1593:
1564:
1543:
1522:
1493:
1467:
1453:
1392:
1363:
497:(2017) infer that the family originated during the
1234:
1232:
425:. The oldest confirmed members of the family are
1067:
1065:
493:. Based on the fossil record of the family, Li
398:. The name Stephanidae was first published by
1295:
968:Engel, Michael; Ortega-Blanco, Jaime (2008).
8:
1202:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
212:
2748:
2621:
2538:
2305:
1703:
1642:
1613:
1389:
1385:
1302:
1288:
1280:
455:. Other early member of the family is the
100:
20:
1142:
1097:
1087:
1045:
1035:
997:
987:
951:
465:, which is known from a single species
380:group of hymenopterans in the suborder
7:
2884:5da87296-e330-46df-bcd2-bf2092709912
376:The family is noted to be the most
515:and Jaime Ortega-Blanco in 2011:
14:
332:wasps and has been introduced to
1177:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x
364:. The rate of parasitism for an
122:
2481:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
1131:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
1:
2700:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
511:of the family as outlined by
483:Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell
637:, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (
576:, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (
408:Alexandr Pavlovich Rasnitsyn
340:agent. Members of the genus
972:Electrostephanus petiolatus
524:Electrostephanus petiolatus
328:, is a known parasitoid of
245:. The family is considered
3019:
372:Taxonomy and fossil record
296:. Stephanids are noted as
2731:
1388:
1319:
1072:Vilhelmsen, Lars (2011).
697:Engel & Ortega-Blanco
210:
205:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
1089:10.3897/zookeys.130.1438
325:Schlettererius cinctipes
1484:(web-spinning sawflies)
1037:10.3897/zookeys.110.918
970:"The fossil crown wasp
889:Subtribe Foenatopodina
859:Subtribe Madegafoenina
478:Protostephanus ashmeadi
400:Alexander Henry Haliday
356:larvae found infesting
338:biological pest control
2611:(thread-waisted wasps)
2439:(sierolomorphid wasps)
2371:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
1576:(parasitic wood wasps)
1123:"Parasitoid Guilds of
585:Tribe Schlettereriini
535:Subfamilies and Tribes
531:
468:Archaeostephanus corae
440:Phoriostephanus exilis
428:Kronostephanus zigrasi
404:Hymenoptera Britannica
395:Edinburgh Encyclopædia
2970:Paleobiology Database
1242:Systematic Entomology
521:
2879:Fauna Europaea (new)
1215:10.2317/JKES130206.1
989:10.3897/zookeys.4.49
861:Engel & Grimaldi
853:Tribe Foenatopodini
790:Engel & Grimaldi
752:Baltic amber, Eocene
750:Engel & Grimaldi
740:Baltic amber, Eocene
487:Florissant Formation
390:William Elford Leach
1420:(cimbicid sawflies)
1255:2017SysEn..42..194L
1144:10.1155/2012/813929
612:, Late Cretaceous (
443:all known from the
434:Lagenostephanus lii
366:A. sexsignatus
349:Agrilus sexsignatus
346:are parasitoids of
255:compression fossils
225:, sometimes called
1505:(cedar wood wasps)
1428:(conifer sawflies)
1263:10.1111/syen.12202
693:Electrostephanodes
663:Electrostephaninae
532:
418:the two families.
354:wood-boring beetle
111:Stephanus serrator
3003:Apocrita families
2985:
2984:
2957:Open Tree of Life
2754:Taxon identifiers
2745:
2744:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2678:
2645:
2635:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2569:
2568:(cockroach wasps)
2554:
2524:
2503:
2482:
2474:
2461:
2440:
2437:Sierolomorphidae
2432:
2406:
2380:
2372:
2369:Rhopalosomatidae
2326:
2281:
2280:
2214:
2192:
2191:
2184:Trichogrammatidae
2109:
2046:Eutrichosomatidae
2016:Epichrysomallidae
1936:
1926:
1814:
1772:
1699:Proctotrupomorpha
1666:
1665:(ichneumon wasps)
1658:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1556:
1535:
1514:
1506:
1485:
1445:
1444:(common sawflies)
1437:
1436:(pergid sawflies)
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
936:
925:
914:
903:
892:
884:
873:
862:
856:
846:
835:
824:
813:
802:
791:
788:Tribe Megischini
783:
772:
769:Tribe Stephanini
763:
751:
739:
722:
709:
698:
680:
667:
654:
633:
608:
588:
572:
555:
554:Engel & Huang
546:
219:
218:
201:
30:Cenomanian–Recent
3010:
2978:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2938:
2926:
2925:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2749:
2699:
2691:
2684:(plasterer bees)
2683:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2610:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2551:(sphecoid wasps)
2548:
2539:
2522:
2501:
2480:
2472:
2459:
2438:
2430:
2404:
2378:
2370:
2324:
2306:
2212:
2169:Tanaostigmatidae
2107:
2091:Melanosomellidae
1934:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1770:
1726:Neuroscelionidae
1704:
1664:
1656:
1643:
1614:
1575:
1554:
1533:
1512:
1504:
1483:
1477:Megalodontesidae
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1410:Blasticotomidae
1404:(argid sawflies)
1403:
1390:
1386:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1082:(130): 343–361.
1069:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1019:
1004:
1003:
1001:
991:
965:
934:
923:
912:
901:
898:Parastephanellus
890:
882:
871:
860:
854:
844:
833:
822:
811:
800:
789:
781:
770:
761:
749:
737:
720:
707:
704:Electrostephanus
696:
676:
673:Electrostephanus
665:
650:
625:
610:New Jersey amber
600:
597:Archaeostephanus
586:
567:
553:
551:Phoriostephanini
544:
542:Schlettereriinae
513:Michael S. Engel
503:Early Cretaceous
462:Archaeostephanus
235:parasitoid wasps
199:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2715:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2616:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2507:
2502:(scoliid wasps)
2486:
2444:
2410:
2405:(tiphiid wasps)
2398:Bradynobaenidae
2384:
2355:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2277:
2259:
2241:
2223:
2188:
2001:Cynipencyrtidae
1923:(chalcid wasps)
1922:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1899:Mymarommatoidea
1893:
1855:
1821:Proctorenyxidae
1806:
1805:
1802:Proctotrupoidea
1796:
1764:Austrocynipidae
1750:
1708:Platygastroidea
1693:
1670:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1560:
1555:(stem sawflies)
1539:
1518:
1489:
1463:
1449:
1442:Tenthredinidae
1412:(fern sawflies)
1394:Tenthredinoidea
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1315:
1308:
1278:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1021:
1020:
1007:
967:
966:
953:
949:
830:Pseudomegischus
819:Pseudomegischus
758:Lagenostephanus
746:Denaeostephanus
564:Phoriostephanus
537:
473:late Cretaceous
445:Late Cretaceous
374:
271:
198:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Family of wasps
12:
11:
5:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2866:Fauna Europaea
2862:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2782:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2675:stingless bees
2667:carpenter bees
2647:
2638:
2636:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Pemphredonidae
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2473:(spider wasps)
2468:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2431:(flower wasps)
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:Sclerogibbidae
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2325:(cuckoo wasps)
2320:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2219:Gasteruptiidae
2216:
2213:(ensign wasps)
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Pelecinellidae
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2096:Metapelmatidae
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:Hetreulophidae
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Chrysolampidae
1983:
1978:
1976:Chalcedectidae
1973:
1971:Cerocephalidae
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1907:Mymarommatidae
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1846:Proctotrupidae
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Diplolepididae
1774:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Platygastridae
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Geoscelionidae
1712:
1710:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1676:Ceraphronoidea
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:Ichneumonidae
1660:
1651:
1649:
1647:Ichneumonoidea
1640:
1611:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1383:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1249:(1): 194–203.
1228:
1209:(3): 244–252.
1190:
1150:
1113:
1061:
1030:(110): 1–108.
1005:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
942:
941:
940:
939:
938:
937:
926:
915:
904:
887:
886:
885:
874:
851:
850:
849:
848:
847:
841:Callomegischus
836:
814:
803:
786:
785:
784:
767:
766:
765:
753:
741:
734:Protostephanus
727:incertae sedis
714:
713:
712:
711:
710:
699:
659:
658:
657:
656:
655:
647:Schlettererius
642:
622:Kronostephanus
617:
583:
582:
581:
536:
533:
386:Ichneumonoidea
373:
370:
318:, though some
270:
267:
217:
216:
208:
207:
203:
202:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3015:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2712:
2711:Stenotritidae
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2698:Megachilidae
2696:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2460:(velvet ants)
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2351:Scolebythidae
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2265:Trigonaloidea
2262:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Tetracampidae
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Signiphoridae
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Neanastatidae
2112:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Megastigmidae
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Baeomorphidae
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1746:Sparasionidae
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Janzenellidae
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Ceraphronidae
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:Xiphydriidae
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1524:Xiphydrioidea
1521:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1482:Pamphiliidae
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1469:Pamphilioidea
1466:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:(1): 80–112.
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
981:
980:
975:
973:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
946:
933:
932:
927:
922:
921:
920:Profoenatopus
916:
911:
910:
905:
900:
899:
894:
893:
888:
881:
880:
879:Afromegischus
875:
870:
869:
864:
863:
858:
857:
852:
843:
842:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
821:
820:
815:
810:
809:
804:
799:
798:
797:Hemistephanus
793:
792:
787:
780:
779:
774:
773:
768:
760:
759:
754:
748:
747:
742:
736:
735:
730:
729:
728:
724:
723:
719:
715:
706:
705:
700:
695:
694:
689:
688:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
669:
668:
664:
660:
653:
649:
648:
643:
640:
636:
635:Burmese amber
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
579:
575:
574:Burmese amber
570:
566:
565:
561:
557:
556:
552:
548:
547:
543:
539:
538:
534:
529:
526:
525:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
504:
500:
499:Late Jurassic
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
471:found in the
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
454:
453:Burmese amber
450:
446:
442:
441:
436:
435:
430:
429:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
320:Curculionidae
317:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
280:
276:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
214:
209:
204:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
182:Superfamily:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2998:Stephanoidea
2761:
2737:Unicalcarida
2692:(sweat bees)
2644:(mason bees)
2599:Philanthidae
2566:Ampulicidae
2561:Ammoplanidae
2544:Spheciformes
2542:
2323:Chrysididae
2310:Chrysidoidea
2273:Trigonalidae
2247:Megalyroidea
2236:
2229:Stephanoidea
2228:
2159:Spalangiidae
2149:Pteromalidae
2139:Perilampidae
2119:Neodiparidae
2108:(fairyflies)
2081:Macromesidae
2051:Herbertiidae
2021:Eucharitidae
1996:Coelocybidae
1917:Chalcidoidea
1889:Monomachidae
1869:Austroniidae
1851:Vanhorniidae
1841:Peradeniidae
1771:(gall wasps)
1689:Megaspilidae
1617:
1534:(wood wasps)
1503:Anaxyelidae
1426:Diprionidae
1364:
1355:Holometabola
1353:Superorder:
1347:Infraclass:
1312:Hymenopteran
1246:
1240:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1168:
1164:
1153:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1116:
1077:
1027:
982:(4): 55–64.
977:
971:
929:
918:
907:
896:
877:
868:Madegafoenus
866:
839:
828:
817:
806:
795:
776:
756:
744:
732:
702:
691:
682:Baltic amber
671:
645:
620:
595:
562:
522:
507:
494:
491:Baltic amber
476:
466:
460:
438:
432:
426:
420:
403:
402:in his 1839
393:
375:
365:
347:
341:
323:
312:Cerambycidae
291:
272:
247:cosmopolitan
239:Stephanoidea
226:
222:
220:
211:
206:Subfamilies
195:
186:Stephanoidea
109:
18:
2905:iNaturalist
2806:Stephanidae
2792:Stephanidae
2786:Wikispecies
2762:Stephanidae
2690:Halictidae
2682:Colletidae
2671:orchid bees
2663:cuckoo bees
2642:Andrenidae
2584:Crabronidae
2521:Formicidae
2513:Formicoidea
2471:Pompilidae
2458:Mutillidae
2450:Pompiloidea
2424:Chyphotidae
2341:Plumariidae
2336:Embolemidae
2255:Megalyridae
2237:Stephanidae
2101:Moranilidae
2071:Leucospidae
2066:Idioporidae
2061:Heydeniidae
2041:Eurytomidae
1991:Cleonymidae
1981:Chalcididae
1956:Boucekiidae
1941:Aphelinidae
1935:(fig wasps)
1884:Maamingidae
1861:Diaprioidea
1836:Pelecinidae
1826:Roproniidae
1792:Liopteridae
1741:Scelionidae
1657:(braconids)
1655:Braconidae
1513:(horntails)
1418:Cimbicidae
718:Stephaninae
661:Subfamily †
571:& Huang
416:synonymized
362:Philippines
316:Buprestidae
302:xylophagous
298:parasitoids
251:subtropical
227:crown wasps
223:Stephanidae
200:Leach, 1815
196:Stephanidae
176:Hymenoptera
24:Stephanidae
2992:Categories
2735:See also:
2706:Melittidae
2659:bumblebees
2655:honey bees
2626:Anthophila
2609:Sphecidae
2589:Mellinidae
2579:Bembicidae
2500:Scoliidae
2492:Scolioidea
2479:Sapygidae
2466:Myrmosidae
2429:Thynnidae
2416:Thynnoidea
2403:Tiphiidae
2390:Tiphioidea
2318:Bethylidae
2211:Evaniidae
2198:Evanioidea
2164:Systasidae
2106:Mymaridae
2076:Lyciscidae
2036:Eupelmidae
2026:Eulophidae
2011:Encyrtidae
1933:Agaonidae
1874:Diapriidae
1769:Cynipidae
1756:Cynipoidea
1731:Nixoniidae
1574:Orussidae
1566:Orussoidea
1511:Siricidae
1495:Siricoidea
1341:Subclass:
1331:Arthropoda
1165:Cladistics
999:2445/36428
947:References
931:Foenatopus
924:Achterberg
913:Achterberg
909:Comnatopus
883:Achterberg
845:Achterberg
834:Achterberg
823:Achterberg
716:Subfamily
701:Subgenus †
690:Subgenus †
639:Cenomanian
578:Cenomanian
540:Subfamily
449:Cenomanian
412:Braconidae
358:eucalyptus
343:Foenatopus
259:inclusions
156:Arthropoda
2574:Astatidae
2377:Vespidae
2361:Vespoidea
2331:Dryinidae
2206:Aulacidae
2179:Torymidae
2144:Pirenidae
2129:Ormyridae
2124:Ooderidae
2031:Eunotidae
2006:Diparidae
1961:Calesidae
1879:Ismaridae
1831:Heloridae
1787:Ibaliidae
1782:Figitidae
1553:Cephidae
1545:Cephoidea
1455:Xyeloidea
1434:Pergidae
1343:Pterygota
1323:Kingdom:
902:Enderlein
891:Enderlein
855:Enderlein
838:Subgenus
827:Subgenus
808:Megischus
801:Enderlein
778:Stephanus
762:Li et al.
738:Cockerell
457:monotypic
293:Megischus
279:Orussidae
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
2827:BugGuide
2771:Wikidata
2604:Psenidae
1946:Azotidae
1461:Xyelidae
1402:Argidae
1349:Neoptera
1329:Phylum:
1325:Animalia
1314:families
1271:90172798
1223:83861051
1185:34861753
1137:: 1–10.
1108:22259288
1056:21852933
631:Grimaldi
614:Turonian
606:Grimaldi
509:Taxonomy
423:Tertiary
382:Apocrita
334:Tasmania
330:horntail
284:pronotum
229:, are a
213:See text
192:Family:
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
2897:3258905
2858:2719709
2777:Q140717
2534:Apoidea
1337:Insecta
1335:Class:
1310:Extant
1251:Bibcode
1125:Agrilus
1099:3260771
1079:ZooKeys
1047:3119843
1028:ZooKeys
979:ZooKeys
755:Genus †
743:Genus †
731:Genus †
670:Genus †
652:Ashmead
619:Genus †
549:Tribe †
528:Neotype
360:in the
275:ocellus
269:Biology
172:Order:
166:Insecta
162:Class:
2975:140007
2962:351043
2936:152866
2923:104997
2910:155498
2650:Apidae
2632:(bees)
2523:(ants)
1966:Ceidae
1809:s.str.
1269:
1221:
1183:
1106:
1096:
1054:
1044:
928:Genus
917:Genus
906:Genus
895:Genus
876:Genus
872:Benoit
865:Genus
816:Genus
812:Brullé
805:Genus
794:Genus
782:Jurine
775:Genus
725:Tribe
686:Eocene
644:Genus
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591:Genus
587:Orfila
558:Genus
545:Orfila
495:et al.
459:genus
437:, and
308:larvae
305:beetle
243:genera
231:family
2949:32422
2918:IRMNG
2871:11350
2819:80530
1267:S2CID
1219:S2CID
935:Smith
771:Leach
721:Leach
708:Brues
678:Brues
666:Engel
627:Engel
602:Engel
569:Engel
378:basal
336:as a
288:femur
263:amber
2944:NCBI
2931:ITIS
2892:GBIF
2832:4706
2814:BOLD
1181:PMID
1135:2012
1104:PMID
1052:PMID
530:male
414:and
314:and
257:and
221:The
35:PreꞒ
2853:EoL
2845:GNK
2840:CoL
2801:AFD
1259:doi
1211:doi
1173:doi
1139:doi
1094:PMC
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1032:doi
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