1288:
4148:
858:
442:
somewhat shielded from the global effects of the extinction, and that they subsequently radiated from present-day
Australia or Antarctica. Recent discoveries of a diverse rhinesuchid community in South America alongside non-stereospondyl stereospondylomorphs have led to an alternative hypothesis for a radiation from western Gondwana in South America. By the end of the Early Triassic, virtually all major clades of stereospondyls had appeared in the fossil record, although some were more geographically localized (e.g.,
1268:
1248:
2604:
897:
132:
958:
3357:
575:
1228:
1148:
1188:
3345:
4142:
4204:
1208:
978:
762:
369:. The term 'stereospondylous' as a descriptor of vertebral anatomy was coined the following year by Fraas, referring to a vertebral position consisting largely or entirely of the intercentrum in addition to the neural arch. While the name 'Stereospondyli' is derived from the stereospondylous vertebral condition, there is a diversity of vertebral morphologies among stereospondyls, including the diplospondylous ('
4155:
1168:
3351:
1044:
1024:
797:
611:
665:
638:
105:
711:
514:
and trematosauroids. The vast majority of stereospondyls, particularly the large-bodied taxa, have been inferred to have been obligately aquatic based on features of the external anatomy such as a well-developed lateral line system, poorly ossified postcranial skeleton, and occasional preservation of
377:
condition, where a single large centrum ossification (identity unknown) is present, and the arch sits between subsequent vertebral positions. The concept of
Stereospondyli has thus undergone repeated and frequent revisions by different workers. Defining features include a tight articulation between
441:
Following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, stereospondyls are abundantly represented in the fossil record, particularly from Russia, South Africa, and
Australia. This led Yates & Warren (2000) to propose that stereospondyls had sheltered in a high-latitude refugium that would have been
524:
based on their preservation in marine sediments with marine organisms. While stereospondyls are often compared to modern crocodilians, the presence of multiple temnospondyls in some environments and the range of morphologies across
Stereospondyli indicates that at least some clades occupied
2592:
Brusatte, S. L., Butler R. J., Mateus O., & Steyer S. J. (2015). A new species of
Metoposaurus from the Late Triassic of Portugal and comments on the systematics and biogeography of metoposaurid temnospondyls. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e912988.,
519:
in many taxa, although some studies suggest a greater terrestrial ability than historically inferred. Most of the aquatic taxa resided in freshwater environments, but some trematosauroids in particular are thought to have been
1516:
Cisneros, Juan C.; Marsicano, Claudia; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Richter, Martha; Fröbisch, Jörg; Kammerer, Christian F.; Sadleir, Rudyard W. (2015-11-05).
1675:
Piñeiro, Graciela; Marsicano, Claudia A.; Damiani, Damiani (2007). "Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper
Permian–Lower Triassic of Uruguay".
338:
period. They are known from all seven continents and were common components of many
Triassic ecosystems, likely filling a similar ecological niche to modern
357:
The group was first defined by Zittel (1888) on the recognition of the distinctive vertebral anatomy of the best known stereospondyls of the time, such as
2637:
1287:
4147:
432:. Several more fragmentary records are known from horizons spanning the Permo-Triassic boundary in South America, such as the rhinesuchid-like
417:. However, almost all other groups of stereospondyls are not known from any Paleozoic deposits, which remained dominated by non-stereospondyl
2485:
1733:"The phylogeny of the 'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli"
1696:"A new chigutisaurid (Brachyopoidea, Temnospondyli) with soft tissue preservation from the Triassic Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia"
1774:"The last Labyrinthodont? A new brachyopoid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the early Jurassic Evergreen formation of Queensland, Australia"
466:
1267:
487:. There is also sparse evidence for the persistence of some trematosauroids into the Jurassic of Asia. If the recent hypothesis that
4329:
1247:
2331:"Preliminary observations on the bone microstructure, growth patterns, and life habits of some Triassic temnospondyls from India"
510:
that were likely more terrestrially capable present alongside larger taxa that would continue into the Middle
Triassic, such as
4324:
4319:
515:
proxies of external gills. Many taxa also reflect adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle as evidence in bone histology, which is
4314:
1821:"First post-Triassic labyrinthodont amphibian in South East Asia: a temnospondyl intercentrum from the Jurassic of Thailand"
2508:"Braincase, palatoquadrate and ear region of the plagiosaurid Gerrothorax pulcherrimus from the Middle Triassic of Germany"
2380:"New biological insights into the Middle Triassic capitosaurs from India as deduced from limb bone anatomy and histology"
131:
2630:
1227:
398:. Rhinesuchids are one of the earliest groups of stereospondyls to appear in the fossil record and are predominantly a
1147:
3356:
1187:
3344:
506:
Stereospondyls were particularly diverse during the Early
Triassic, with small-bodied taxa such as lapillopsids and
1207:
423:
2547:
Lucas, Spencer G.; Rinehart, Larry F.; Krainer, Karl; Spielmann, Justin A.; Heckert, Andrew B. (December 2010).
1167:
4154:
4141:
2716:
1329:"Interrelationships, palaeobiogeography and early evolution of Stereospondylomorpha (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)"
1376:
Handbuch der Paläontologie. Abteilung 1. Paläozoologie Band III: Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)
857:
4309:
4207:
2623:
1942:"A relict trematosauroid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Middle Jurassic of the Junggar Basin (NW China)"
4224:
2743:
404:
4281:
3862:
3350:
461:
Stereospondyls were the latest-surviving temnospondyl group. With the diversification of crocodile-like
4273:
4046:
3193:
2559:
2218:
2016:
1953:
1785:
1594:
1529:
953:
418:
192:
3482:
373:') condition, where the arch sits between the corresponding intercentrum and pleurocentrum, and the
4262:
3907:
3200:
2609:
3962:
2119:"The Postcranium of Archegosaurus Decheni, and a Phylogenetic Analysis of Temnospondyl Postcrania"
777:
3464:
3256:
3221:
3165:
2871:
2407:
2360:
2311:
2274:"Temnospondyli bite club: ecomorphological patterns of the most diverse group of early tetrapods"
2187:
2099:
1985:
1922:
1887:
1618:
1498:
1443:
1356:
912:
126:
4286:
525:
drastically different ecological niches, such as benthic ambush predators. Some groups, such as
428:
which has historically been regarded as a stereospondyl, is also known from the late
Permian of
3997:
3848:
2472:, Geophysical Monograph Series, Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, pp. 73–83,
2160:"Phylogenetic patterns of character evolution in the hyobranchial apparatus of early tetrapods"
896:
3976:
3179:
3151:
2575:
2529:
2481:
2446:
2399:
2352:
2303:
2295:
2254:
2236:
2207:"Vertebral Development in Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tetrapods Revealed by Paleohistological Data"
2179:
2140:
2091:
2052:
2034:
1977:
1969:
1879:
1840:
1801:
1754:
1713:
1657:
1610:
1563:
1545:
1490:
1482:
1435:
1396:
1348:
706:
1416:"Tupilakosaur-like vertebrae in Bothriceps australis, an Australian brachyopid stereospondyl"
4172:
3658:
3567:
3539:
3235:
3172:
3004:
2976:
2567:
2519:
2473:
2438:
2391:
2342:
2285:
2244:
2226:
2171:
2130:
2083:
2042:
2024:
1961:
1914:
1871:
1832:
1793:
1744:
1703:
1649:
1602:
1553:
1537:
1474:
1427:
1340:
957:
742:
570:
455:
370:
2272:
FORTUNY, J.; MARCÉ-NOGUÉ, J.; DE ESTEBAN-TRIVIGNO, S.; GIL, L.; GALOBART, À. (2011-06-24).
1463:"Intercentrum versus pleurocentrum growth in early tetrapods: A paleohistological approach"
1461:
Danto, Marylène; Witzmann, Florian; Pierce, Stephanie E.; Fröbisch, Nadia B. (2017-05-18).
574:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4087:
3891:
3841:
3727:
3581:
3509:
3429:
3422:
3088:
2701:
2679:
1905:
Warren, Anne; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (1997). "The last labyrinthodonts".
1239:
1219:
1039:
940:
879:
825:
792:
489:
470:
119:
2005:"Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia"
2563:
2222:
2020:
1957:
1789:
1598:
1587:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1533:
4080:
4064:
4011:
3983:
3969:
3928:
3759:
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3595:
3574:
3450:
3415:
3249:
3186:
3130:
3039:
2967:
2956:
2942:
2898:
2837:
2549:"Taphonomy of the Lamy amphibian quarry: A Late Triassic bonebed in New Mexico, U.S.A."
2249:
2206:
2047:
2004:
1749:
1732:
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1517:
1299:
1279:
1259:
1234:
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973:
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853:
660:
526:
507:
447:
434:
410:
374:
359:
285:
243:
2506:
WITZMANN, FLORIAN; SCHOCH, RAINER R.; HILGER, ANDRÉ; KARDJILOV, NIKOLAY (2011-11-25).
1836:
1694:
Hart, Lachlan J.; Gee, Bryan M.; Smith, Patrick M.; McCurry, Matthew R. (2023-08-03).
977:
761:
4303:
4192:
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4018:
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3644:
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3588:
3553:
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3374:
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3291:
3277:
3270:
3228:
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2983:
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2848:
2728:
2685:
2524:
2507:
2411:
2290:
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2135:
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1926:
1891:
1447:
1360:
1274:
1254:
1159:
1006:
732:
633:
606:
511:
473:
451:
443:
391:
387:
328:
309:
262:
253:
176:
62:
2364:
2315:
2191:
2103:
1989:
1860:"Temnospondyl amphibians from the Jurassic of the Southern Junggar Basin (NW China)"
1622:
1502:
4122:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4025:
3946:
3914:
3900:
3832:
3807:
3779:
3748:
3741:
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3713:
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3546:
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3305:
3298:
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3137:
3123:
3116:
3109:
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3030:
3011:
2864:
1294:
1199:
1019:
838:
756:
693:
516:
414:
399:
365:
343:
301:
2548:
1918:
1708:
1695:
2571:
2231:
1820:
1778:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences
1431:
4256:
4073:
3990:
3921:
3855:
3560:
3532:
3525:
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3284:
3263:
3242:
3102:
3081:
3053:
3019:
2949:
2928:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2857:
1637:
1328:
1214:
1174:
1043:
1023:
478:
37:
4247:
2159:
1941:
1653:
1415:
1344:
796:
610:
3793:
3772:
3706:
3637:
3602:
3518:
3443:
3408:
3401:
3214:
3144:
3095:
2830:
2599:
2347:
2330:
2175:
2164:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1965:
521:
339:
233:
82:
47:
2579:
2533:
2450:
2403:
2356:
2299:
2240:
2183:
2144:
2095:
2071:
2038:
1973:
1883:
1844:
1805:
1758:
1717:
1661:
1614:
1549:
1486:
1439:
1400:
1352:
4039:
3955:
3786:
3471:
3436:
3067:
2935:
2378:
Mukherjee, Debarati; Sengupta, Dhurjati P.; Rakshit, Nibedita (2019-06-28).
2087:
2029:
1773:
1582:
664:
637:
495:
484:
462:
346:
331:
143:
87:
31:
2426:
2329:
Mukherjee, Debarati; Ray, Sanghamitra; Sengupta, Dhurjati P. (2010-01-29).
2307:
2258:
2056:
1981:
1797:
1606:
1567:
1494:
2442:
483:
the youngest known stereospondyl (late Early Cretaceous) from what is now
4241:
3935:
3623:
3046:
2823:
2670:
530:
429:
335:
223:
163:
114:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
2465:
1859:
1636:
Piñeiro, Graciela; Ramos, Alejandro; Marsicano, Claudia (January 2012).
1462:
710:
104:
4004:
3814:
2477:
2379:
1875:
1541:
1478:
92:
67:
2395:
2003:
Pardo, Jason D.; Small, Bryan J.; Huttenlocker, Adam K. (2017-07-03).
3876:
2664:
2205:
Danto, Marylène; Witzmann, Florian; Fröbisch, Nadia B. (2016-04-13).
1390:
395:
153:
4218:
1638:"A rhinesuchid-like temnospondyl from the Permo-Triassic of Uruguay"
1392:
Die Labyrinthodonten der schwäbischen Trias. [With plates.]
494:
a Late Triassic stereospondyl from North America, is indeed a stem
1819:
Buffetaut, Eric; Tong, Haiyan; Suteethorn, Varavudh (1994-07-13).
498:
is correct, then stereospondyls would survive to the present day.
469:
at the end of the Triassic, most other temnospondyls disappeared.
2615:
1327:
Eltink, Estevan; Schoch, Rainer R.; Langer, Max C. (2019-04-16).
1583:"A new armoured amphibian from the Upper Permian of East Africa"
4222:
3372:
2794:
2657:
2619:
1414:
Warren, Anne; Rozefelds, Andrew C.; Bull, Stuart (2011-07-01).
438:
from Uruguay and an indeterminate mastodonsaurid from Uruguay.
1940:
Maisch, Michael W.; Matzke, Andreas T.; Sun, Ge (2004-09-24).
476:
persisted into the Jurassic in Asia and Australia, including
533:
interpreted as evidence of aggregation prior to mass death.
2470:
Gondwana Six: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Paleontology
1825:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte
378:
the parasphenoid and the pterygoid and a stapedial groove.
2117:
WITZMANN, FLORIAN; SCHOCH, RAINER R. (November 2006).
386:
Stereospondyls first definitively appeared during the
1858:
Maisch, Michael W.; Matzke, Andreas T. (June 2005).
450:) than those with cosmopolitan distributions (e.g.,
306:
298:
290:
282:
267:
259:
250:
239:
229:
219:
4231:
4063:
3945:
3890:
3831:
3758:
3696:
3508:
3481:
3385:
3315:
3029:
2966:
2888:
2847:
2807:
2754:
2727:
2700:
2466:"Paleoecology and Phylogeny of the Trematosauridae"
1378:. Munich & Leipzig: Oldenbourg. pp. 1–890.
2552:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2427:"Geographical Evolution from Laurasia to Pangaea"
1731:YATES, ADAM M.; WARREN, A. ANNE (January 2000).
2431:Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society
2009:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1772:Warren, A. A.; Hutchinson, M. N. (1983-09-13).
2631:
2072:"The lateral line system in extinct amphibia"
390:, as represented by fragmentary remains of a
8:
529:, are often recovered from large monotaxic
4219:
3764:
3393:
3382:
3369:
2815:
2804:
2791:
2733:
2706:
2697:
2654:
2638:
2624:
2616:
1518:"New Permian fauna from tropical Gondwana"
103:
20:
2523:
2346:
2289:
2248:
2230:
2134:
2046:
2028:
1748:
1737:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1707:
1557:
1312:
1143:
7:
4274:a2957b6b-d077-48f5-bd55-86c23af72937
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
394:from the Pedra de Fogo Formation of
1012:
1002:
946:
936:
885:
831:
821:
748:
738:
699:
689:
653:
626:
599:
563:
556:
546:
2335:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1750:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00650.x
1700:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1420:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
334:that existed primarily during the
14:
4203:
4202:
4153:
4146:
4140:
3355:
3349:
3343:
2602:
2525:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01116.x
2291:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02338.x
2136:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00593.x
1286:
1266:
1246:
1226:
1206:
1186:
1166:
1146:
1042:
1022:
976:
956:
895:
856:
795:
760:
709:
663:
636:
609:
573:
342:prior to the diversification of
130:
2425:JOHNSON, G. A. L. (July 1981).
2278:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2158:Witzmann, Florian (July 2013).
2070:Moodie, Roy L. (October 1908).
421:. The taxonomically unresolved
1907:Palaeontographica, Abteilung A
402:clade, with only one species,
16:Extinct suborder of amphibians
1:
1709:10.1080/02724634.2023.2232829
1677:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1581:Panchen, A. L. (1959-01-29).
2572:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.025
2464:Hammer, W. R. (2013-03-18),
2232:10.1371/journal.pone.0152586
1864:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1432:10.1080/02724634.2011.590563
1374:von Zittel, Karl A. (1888).
1837:10.1127/njgpm/1994/1994/385
4346:
1654:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.07.007
1345:10.1007/s41513-019-00105-z
1333:Journal of Iberian Geology
353:Classification and anatomy
4167:
4138:
3767:
3396:
3381:
3368:
3341:
2818:
2803:
2790:
2736:
2709:
2696:
2653:
2348:10.1080/02724630903409121
2176:10.1017/s1755691013000480
1966:10.1007/s00114-004-0569-x
1389:FRAAS, Eberhard. (1889).
1037:
1017:
1010:
1000:
971:
951:
944:
934:
910:
890:
883:
851:
836:
829:
819:
790:
775:
753:
746:
736:
704:
697:
687:
658:
651:
631:
624:
604:
597:
568:
561:
554:
424:Peltobatrachus pustulatus
216:
211:
127:Scientific classification
125:
111:
102:
23:
4330:Cretaceous temnospondyls
2384:Papers in Palaeontology
2088:10.1002/jmor.1050190206
2030:10.1073/pnas.1706752114
1919:10.1127/pala/247/1997/1
327:are a group of extinct
4325:Jurassic temnospondyls
4320:Triassic temnospondyls
1798:10.1098/rstb.1983.0080
1642:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1607:10.1098/rstb.1959.0005
405:Broomistega putterilli
4315:Permian temnospondyls
4282:Paleobiology Database
2443:10.1144/pygs.43.3.221
2076:Journal of Morphology
1522:Nature Communications
1467:Journal of Morphology
502:Lifestyle and ecology
419:stereospondylomorphs
382:Evolutionary history
193:Stereospondylomorpha
112:Life restoration of
2610:Paleontology portal
2564:2010PPP...298..388L
2223:2016PLoSO..1152586D
2021:2017PNAS..114E5389P
2015:(27): E5389–E5395.
1958:2004NW.....91..589M
1946:Naturwissenschaften
1790:1983RSPTB.303....1W
1599:1959RSPTB.242..207P
1534:2015NatCo...6.8676C
3222:Stanocephalosaurus
3166:Quasicyclotosaurus
2478:10.1029/gm041p0073
1876:10.1007/bf02990189
1542:10.1038/ncomms9676
1479:10.1002/jmor.20709
4297:
4296:
4225:Taxon identifiers
4216:
4215:
4163:
4162:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
3977:Batrachosuchoides
3886:
3885:
3364:
3363:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3180:Promastodonsaurus
3152:Paracyclotosaurus
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2487:978-1-118-66425-4
2396:10.1002/spp2.1263
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
989:
988:
923:
922:
869:
868:
808:
807:
722:
721:
707:Mastodonsauroidea
676:
675:
586:
585:
321:
320:
294:Neostereospondyli
279:
4337:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4220:
4206:
4205:
4173:Trematosauroidea
4157:
4150:
4144:
3765:
3659:Trematosuchoides
3568:Indolyrocephalus
3540:Erythrobatrachus
3394:
3383:
3370:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3236:Subcyclotosaurus
3173:Procyclotosaurus
3005:Indobenthosuchus
2977:Chomatobatrachus
2816:
2805:
2792:
2734:
2707:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2655:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2558:(3–4): 388–398.
2544:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2293:
2284:(9): 2040–2054.
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2234:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2129:(6): 1211–1235.
2114:
2108:
2107:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2032:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1593:(691): 207–281.
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1473:(9): 1262–1283.
1458:
1452:
1451:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1324:
1290:
1270:
1250:
1230:
1210:
1190:
1170:
1150:
1046:
1026:
1013:
1003:
980:
960:
947:
937:
899:
886:
860:
832:
822:
799:
764:
749:
743:Trematosauroidea
739:
713:
700:
690:
667:
654:
640:
627:
613:
600:
577:
571:Peltobatrachidae
564:
557:
547:
467:extinction event
308:
300:
292:
284:
273:
269:
261:
252:
241:
231:
221:
204:
191:
175:
135:
134:
107:
97:
34:
30:272.95–120
27:Temporal range:
21:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4272:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4227:
4217:
4212:
4198:Plagiosauroidea
4188:Brachyopomorpha
4183:Rhytidosteoidea
4178:Metoposauroidea
4159:
4158:
4128:
4088:Plagiobatrachus
4059:
3941:
3892:Chigutisauridae
3882:
3827:
3754:
3728:Buettnererpeton
3692:
3582:Lyrocephaliscus
3510:Trematosauridae
3504:
3477:
3430:Keratobrachyops
3423:Chinlestegophis
3390:
3377:
3360:
3331:
3311:
3194:Samarabatrachus
3089:Eocyclotosaurus
3025:
2962:
2884:
2843:
2812:
2799:
2770:
2750:
2723:
2717:Tetrapodomorpha
2702:Tetrapodomorpha
2692:
2680:Tetrapodomorpha
2660:
2659:
2649:
2644:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2217:(4): e0152586.
2204:
2203:
2199:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1952:(12): 589–593.
1939:
1938:
1934:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1326:
1325:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1291:
1282:
1271:
1262:
1251:
1242:
1231:
1222:
1211:
1202:
1191:
1182:
1171:
1162:
1151:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1040:Chigutisauridae
990:
954:Inobrachyopidae
941:Rhytidosteoidea
924:
880:Plagiosauroidea
870:
826:Metoposauroidea
809:
793:Trematosauridae
723:
677:
587:
544:
539:
504:
490:Chinlestegophis
456:trematosauroids
384:
355:
202:
189:
173:
129:
98:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4343:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:Stereospondyls
4302:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4278:
4268:
4263:Stereospondyli
4253:
4237:
4235:
4233:Stereospondyli
4229:
4228:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4081:Megalophthalma
4077:
4069:
4067:
4065:Plagiosauridae
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4012:Hadrokkosaurus
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3984:Batrachosuchus
3980:
3973:
3970:Batrachosaurus
3966:
3959:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3929:Pelorocephalus
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3762:
3760:Rhytidosteidae
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3700:
3698:Metoposauridae
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3617:Stoschiosaurus
3613:
3606:
3599:
3596:Panchetosaurus
3592:
3585:
3578:
3575:Inflectosaurus
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3483:Benthosuchidae
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3416:Callistomordax
3412:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3250:Vladlenosaurus
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3187:Rhadalognathus
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3131:Mastodonsaurus
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3040:Antarctosuchus
3035:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2968:Lydekkerinidae
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2957:Uranocentrodon
2953:
2946:
2943:Rhinesuchoides
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2899:Australerpeton
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2838:Peltobatrachus
2834:
2827:
2819:
2813:
2810:Stereospondyli
2808:
2801:
2800:
2797:Stereospondyli
2795:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:Stereospondyli
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2647:Stereospondyli
2645:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2539:
2498:
2486:
2456:
2437:(3): 221–252.
2417:
2370:
2321:
2264:
2197:
2170:(2): 145–167.
2150:
2109:
2082:(2): 511–540.
2062:
1995:
1932:
1897:
1870:(2): 285–301.
1850:
1831:(7): 385–390.
1811:
1784:(1113): 1–62.
1764:
1723:
1686:
1667:
1628:
1573:
1508:
1453:
1426:(4): 738–753.
1406:
1381:
1366:
1339:(2): 251–267.
1311:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1235:Pelorocephalus
1232:
1225:
1223:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1195:Mastodonsaurus
1192:
1185:
1183:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1155:Uranocentrodon
1152:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
987:
986:
983:
982:
974:Rhytidosteidae
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
950:
945:
943:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
917:
916:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
893:Plagiosauridae
889:
884:
882:
876:
875:
872:
871:
867:
866:
863:
862:
854:Metoposauridae
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
835:
830:
828:
820:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
806:
805:
802:
801:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
752:
747:
745:
737:
735:
729:
728:
725:
724:
720:
719:
716:
715:
703:
698:
696:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
674:
673:
670:
669:
661:Lydekkerinidae
657:
652:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
630:
625:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
603:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
584:
583:
580:
579:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
551:Stereospondyli
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
503:
500:
452:capitosauroids
435:Arachana nigra
411:Early Triassic
383:
380:
371:tupilakosaurid
360:Mastodonsaurus
354:
351:
325:Stereospondyli
319:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
313:
312:
304:
288:
286:Lydekkerinidae
265:
257:
248:
244:Peltobatrachus
237:
227:
214:
213:
209:
208:
206:Stereospondyli
200:
196:
195:
187:
180:
179:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
115:Siderops kehli
109:
108:
100:
99:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
35:
26:
24:Stereospondyls
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4342:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:Brachyopoidea
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:Plagiosternum
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4054:Xenobrachyops
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:Sinobrachyops
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:Notobrachyops
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:Chigutisaurus
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3870:Indobrachyops
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3822:Trucheosaurus
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:Pneumatostega
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3735:Dutuitosaurus
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:Trematotegmen
3677:
3675:
3674:
3673:Trematosuchus
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:Trematosaurus
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:Trematolestes
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:Tirraturhinus
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3610:Prothoosuchus
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:Microposaurus
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:Hyperokynodon
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3458:Rileymillerus
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3388:Trematosauria
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:Trematosauria
3371:
3367:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3317:Trematosauria
3314:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3292:Wetlugasaurus
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:Watsonisuchus
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:Warrenisuchus
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3229:Stenotosaurus
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:Sassenisaurus
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:Cyclotosaurus
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:Eolydekkerina
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:Deltacephalus
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:Cryobatrachus
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2890:Rhinesuchidae
2887:
2881:
2880:
2879:Rotaurisaurus
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2849:Lapillopsidae
2846:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2744:Temnospondyli
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Temnospondyli
2726:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2686:Temnospondyli
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2600:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:Palaeontology
2509:
2502:
2499:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:(1): 93–142.
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:Palaeontology
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1743:(1): 77–121.
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1275:Plagiosternum
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1255:Indobrachyops
1249:
1244:
1241:
1240:chigutisaurid
1237:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1220:trematosaurid
1217:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:Brachyopoidea
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
993:
985:
984:
981:
979:
975:
969:
968:
965:
964:
961:
959:
955:
949:
948:
942:
939:
938:
932:
931:
928:
927:
919:
918:
915:
914:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
898:
894:
888:
887:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
865:
864:
861:
859:
855:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
834:
833:
827:
824:
823:
817:
816:
813:
812:
804:
803:
800:
798:
794:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
763:
759:
758:
751:
750:
744:
741:
740:
734:
733:Trematosauria
731:
730:
727:
726:
718:
717:
714:
712:
708:
702:
701:
695:
692:
691:
685:
684:
681:
680:
672:
671:
668:
666:
662:
656:
655:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
639:
635:
634:Rhinesuchidae
629:
628:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
612:
608:
607:Lapillopsidae
602:
601:
595:
594:
591:
590:
582:
581:
578:
576:
572:
566:
565:
559:
558:
552:
549:
548:
541:
537:Relationships
536:
534:
532:
528:
527:metoposaurids
523:
518:
513:
509:
508:lydekkerinids
501:
499:
497:
493:
491:
486:
482:
480:
475:
472:
471:Chigutisaurid
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
448:rhytidosteids
445:
439:
437:
436:
431:
427:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:early Permian
381:
379:
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
361:
352:
350:
348:
345:
344:pseudosuchian
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
311:
310:Trematosauria
305:
303:
297:
296:
295:
289:
287:
281:
280:
277:
272:
266:
264:
263:Rhinesuchidae
258:
255:
254:Lapillopsidae
249:
246:
245:
238:
236:
235:
228:
226:
225:
218:
217:
215:
210:
207:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:Temnospondyli
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:chigutisaurid
117:
116:
110:
106:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
4232:
4145:
4123:Plagiosuchus
4121:
4114:
4109:Plagioscutum
4107:
4102:Plagiosaurus
4100:
4095:Plagiorophus
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4026:Platycepsion
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3963:Bathignathus
3961:
3954:
3947:Brachyopidae
3934:
3927:
3920:
3915:Compsocerops
3913:
3906:
3901:Arenaerpeton
3899:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:Derwentiinae
3820:
3813:
3808:Rhytidosteus
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3780:Mahavisaurus
3778:
3771:
3749:Panthasaurus
3747:
3742:Metoposaurus
3740:
3733:
3726:
3721:Arganasaurus
3719:
3714:Apachesaurus
3712:
3705:
3687:Wantzosaurus
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3631:Tertremoides
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3547:Gonioglyptus
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3497:
3492:Benthosuchus
3490:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3348:
3306:Yuanansuchus
3304:
3299:Xenotosuchus
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3208:Sclerothorax
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3159:Parotosuchus
3157:
3150:
3143:
3138:Meyerosuchus
3136:
3129:
3124:Kupferzellia
3122:
3117:Kestrosaurus
3115:
3110:Jammerbergia
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3061:Capitosaurus
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:Capitosauria
3018:
3012:Luzocephalus
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2877:
2870:
2865:Manubrantlia
2863:
2856:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2809:
2796:
2755:
2675:
2646:
2588:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2518:(1): 31–50.
2515:
2511:
2501:
2491:, retrieved
2469:
2459:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2341:(1): 78–93.
2338:
2334:
2324:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1699:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1648:(1): 65–78.
1645:
1641:
1631:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1336:
1332:
1300:metoposaurid
1295:Metoposaurus
1293:
1280:plagiosaurid
1273:
1260:rhytidosteid
1253:
1233:
1213:
1193:
1180:lydekkerinid
1173:
1153:
1038:
1020:Brachyopidae
1018:
972:
952:
911:
891:
852:
839:Latiscopidae
837:
791:
778:Thoosuchidae
776:
757:Benthosuchus
755:
754:
705:
694:Capitosauria
659:
632:
605:
569:
550:
517:pachyostotic
512:brachyopoids
505:
488:
477:
474:brachyopoids
460:
444:lapillopsids
440:
433:
422:
415:South Africa
403:
400:late Permian
385:
375:plagiosaurid
366:Metoposaurus
364:
358:
356:
340:crocodilians
329:temnospondyl
324:
322:
302:Capitosauria
293:
275:
270:
242:
232:
222:
205:
183:
113:
18:
4257:Wikispecies
4074:Gerrothorax
3991:Blinasaurus
3922:Koolasuchus
3856:Deltasaurus
3561:Icanosaurus
3533:Cosgriffius
3526:Aphaneramma
3499:Kwatisuchus
3465:Syrtosuchus
3285:Wellesaurus
3264:Volgasuchus
3257:Volgasaurus
3243:Tatrasuchus
3103:Heptasaurus
3082:Edingerella
3054:Calmasuchus
3020:Lydekkerina
2950:Rhinesuchus
2929:Rastosuchus
2921:Parapytanga
2914:Laccosaurus
2907:Broomistega
2872:Rhigerpeton
2858:Lapillopsis
1528:(1): 8676.
1215:Aphaneramma
1175:Lydekkerina
1160:rhinesuchid
913:Laideriidae
479:Koolasuchus
392:rhinesuchid
4304:Categories
4171:See also:
3794:Peltostega
3773:Boreopelta
3707:Anaschisma
3638:Thoosuchus
3603:Platystega
3519:Angusaurus
3444:Latiscopus
3409:Bothriceps
3402:Almasaurus
3326:see below↓
3215:Selenocara
3145:Odenwaldia
3096:Eryosuchus
2831:Capulomala
2765:see below↓
2493:2020-09-23
1683:: 695–703.
1307:References
1200:capitosaur
522:euryhaline
463:archosaurs
347:archosaurs
332:amphibians
234:Capulomala
212:Subgroups
199:Suborder:
4040:Vanastega
3998:Brachyops
3956:Banksiops
3863:Derwentia
3849:Acerastia
3787:Nanolania
3472:Uruyiella
3437:Laidleria
3068:Cherninia
2936:Rhineceps
2663:Kingdom:
2580:0031-0182
2534:0031-0239
2451:0044-0604
2412:198254051
2404:2056-2802
2357:0272-4634
2300:1010-061X
2241:1932-6203
2184:1755-6910
2145:0031-0239
2096:0362-2525
2039:0027-8424
1974:0028-1042
1927:247068275
1892:129446067
1884:0031-0220
1845:0028-3630
1806:0080-4622
1759:0024-4082
1718:0272-4634
1662:1631-0683
1615:2054-0280
1550:2041-1723
1487:0362-2525
1448:128505160
1440:0272-4634
1401:559337958
1361:146595773
1353:1698-6180
542:Phylogeny
531:bone beds
496:caecilian
485:Australia
409:from the
271:Superstes
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
4248:Q3495411
4242:Wikidata
4208:Category
4047:Vigilius
3936:Siderops
3624:Tertrema
3047:Bukobaja
2824:Arachana
2671:Chordata
2669:Phylum:
2665:Animalia
2365:84252436
2316:31680706
2308:21707813
2259:27074015
2211:PLOS ONE
2192:85893747
2104:83822416
2057:28630337
1990:24738999
1982:15448923
1913:: 1–24.
1623:84580225
1568:26537112
1503:38390403
1495:28517044
430:Tanzania
336:Mesozoic
224:Arachana
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
4005:Gobiops
3842:Arcadia
3815:Sangaia
2684:Order:
2560:Bibcode
2250:4830443
2219:Bibcode
2048:5502650
2017:Bibcode
1954:Bibcode
1786:Bibcode
1595:Bibcode
1559:4659833
1530:Bibcode
1140:Gallery
465:and an
274:Eltink
170:Order:
4287:150330
4271:NZOR:
3877:Rewana
3451:Qantas
2578:
2532:
2484:
2449:
2410:
2402:
2363:
2355:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2257:
2247:
2239:
2190:
2182:
2143:
2102:
2094:
2055:
2045:
2037:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1925:
1890:
1882:
1843:
1804:
1757:
1716:
1660:
1621:
1613:
1566:
1556:
1548:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1446:
1438:
1399:
1359:
1351:
396:Brazil
276:et al.
2676:Clade
2593:2015:
2408:S2CID
2361:S2CID
2312:S2CID
2188:S2CID
2100:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1923:S2CID
1888:S2CID
1619:S2CID
1499:S2CID
1444:S2CID
1357:S2CID
184:Clade
2742:see
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