338:
in the neck there is a major artery, called the vertebral artery, that feeds the brain. This artery passes through bony holes in the vertebra. These bony holes are ten times larger in diameter than the artery that passes through them (extra space in the transverse foramina) which creates air pockets that allow for more movement of the artery when twisted. 12 of the 14 cervical vertebrae in the owl's neck have this adaptation. This vertebral artery also enters the neck higher up than it does in other birds. Instead of going in at the 14th cervical vertebrae, it enters in at the 12th cervical vertebrae. Finally, the small vessel connection between the carotid and the vertebral arteries allow the exchanging of blood between two blood vessels. These cross connections allow for uninterrupted blood flow to the brain. This means that even if one route is blocked during extreme head rotations, another route can continue blood circulation to the brain.
1487:
1729:
314:
capability. First, on the leading edge of the wing, there is a comb of stiff feathers. Second, the trailing edge of the wing contains a flexible fringe. Finally, owls have downy material distributed on the tops of their wings that creates a compliant but rough surface (similar to that of a soft carpet). All these factors result in significant aerodynamic noise reductions. The toes and tarsi are feathered in some species, and more so in species at higher latitudes. Numerous species of owls in the genus
509:
their habitat and provide areas for foraging. Unfortunately, climate change and intentional fire suppression have altered natural fire habits. Owls avoid badly burned areas but they benefit from the mosaics of heterogeneous habitats created by fires. This is not to say that all fires are good for owls. Owls only thrive when fires are not of high severity and not large stand-replacing (high-severity fires that burn most of the vegetation) which create large canopy gaps that are not adequate for owls.
70:
263:
542:
251:
1867:
50:
622:
334:
reaches the owl's ears. If the sound reaches the left ear first, the mouse must be to the left of the owl. The owl's brain will then direct the head to directly face the mouse. In addition to hearing, owls have massive eyes relative to their body size. Contrary to popular belief, however, owls cannot see well in extreme dark and are able to see well in the day.
346:
plumage. Porphyrins are most prevalent in new feathers and are easily destroyed by sunlight. Porphyrin pigments in feathers fluoresce under UV light, allowing biologists to more accurately classify the age of owls. The relative ages of the feathers are differentiated by the intensity of fluorescence that they emit when the
523:
affects owls and specifically, 44% of northern and
Californian spotted owls harbor 17 strains of the parasite. As mentioned in the niche competition section above, spotted owls and barred owls are in competition so their niche overlap may be resulting in the plasmodium parasite having more hosts in a
337:
Owls are also able to rotate their heads by as much as 270 degrees in either direction without damaging the blood vessels in their necks and heads, and without disrupting blood flow to their brains. Researchers have found four major biological adaptations that allow for this unique capability. First,
532:
The main predators of owls are other species of owls. An example of this occurs with the northern saw-whet owl that lives in the northern U.S. and lives low to the ground in brushy areas typically of cedar forests. These owls eat mice, and perch in trees at eye level. Their main predators are barred
333:
are arranged in order to increase sound delivered to the ears. Hearing in owls is highly sensitive and the ears are asymmetrical allowing the owl to localise a sound in multiple directions. Owls can pinpoint the position of prey, such as a squeaking mouse, by computing when the sound from the object
508:
Some owls have a higher survival rate and are more likely to reproduce in a habitat that contains a mixture of old growth forests and other vegetation types. Old growth forests provide ample dark areas for owls to hide from predators Like many organisms, spotted owls rely on forest fires to create
2417:
Yackulic, Charles; Bailey, Larissa; Dugger, Katie; Davis, Raymond; Franklin, Allan; Forseman, Eric; Ackers, Steven; Andrews, Lawrence; Diller, Lowell; Gremel, Scott; Hamm, Keith; Herter, Dale; Higley, J. Mark; McCafferty, Christopher; Reid, Janice; Rockweit, Jeremy & Sovern, Stan (March 2019).
345:
under their wings. A large group of pigments defined by nitrogen-containing pyrole rings, including chlorophyll and heme (in animal blood), make up the porphyrins. Other bird species will use porphyrins to pigment eggshells in the oviduct. Owl species, however, use porphyrins as a pigment in their
313:
in their plumage. Specialized feathers and wing shape suppress the noise produced by flying, both taking off, flapping and gliding. This silent flight allows owls to hunt without being heard by their prey. Owls possess three physical attributes that are thought to contribute to their silent flight
487:
owls or non-breeding floaters. Feces are an ideal material for marking due to its minimal energetic costs, and can also continue to indicate territorial boundaries even when occupied in activities other than territorial defense. Preliminary evidence also suggests that owls will use feces and the
637:
402:
habitats, causing a decline of the spotted owl. As noted above, these species prefer mature forests which, due to deforestation, are at limited supply and take a long time to reestablish after deforestation has occurred. Because the
324:
have eye patches on the backs of their heads, apparently to convince other birds they are being watched at all times. Numerous nocturnal species have ear-tufts, feathers on the sides of the head that are thought to have a
451:. They are often misperceived as ‘tame’ since they allow humans to approach quite closely before taking flight, but in reality they are attempting to avoid detection through stillness. Their cryptic
475:(communication within the species), both in territorial habits and parent-offspring interactions. Some researchers believe owls can employ various visual signals in other situations involving
483:
and the remains of prey can act as visual signals. This new type of signaling behavior could potentially indicate the owls' current reproductive state to intruders, including other
1933:
The fossil database for
Strigiformes is highly diverse and shows an origin from ~60MYA into the Pleistocene. The maximum age range for the Strigiformes clade extends to 68.6MYA.
3078:
358:. This method helps to detect the subtle differences between third and fourth generation feathers, whereas looking at wear and color makes age determination difficult.
3278:
3317:
2931:
Kurochkin, E.N.; Dyke, G.J. (2011). "The first fossil owls (Aves: Strigiformes) from the
Paleogene of Asia and a review of the fossil record of Strigiformes".
407:
shares its territories and competes with other species, it is declining at a more rapid pace. This invasion by barred owls occurred about 50 years ago in the
2334:
3252:
3291:
592:
2846:
2022:
from west-central Europe is sometimes placed here, but given its age, it is probably better considered its own family for the time being.
2627:
Ishack, Heather; Dumbacher, John; Anderson, Nancy; Keane, John; Valkiūnas, Gediminas; Haig, Susan; Tell, Lisa; Sehgal, Ravinder (2008).
2382:
Wiens, David; Anthony, Robert; Forsman, Eric (April 2011). "Barred owl occupancy surveys within the range of the northern spotted owl".
1486:
2694:
2047:
2736:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 142, 245.
583:. The placement of three monotypic genera remained uncertain due to the degraded nature of the available DNA. Based on these results
2057:
1994:
1744:
3366:
2750:
Salter, J.F.; Oliveros, C.H.; Hosner, P.A.; Manthey, J.D.; Robbins, M.B.; Moyle, R.G.; Brumfield, R.T.; Faircloth, B.C. (2020).
398:. As niche overlap is occurring in these two families, there is a concern with the barred owls encroaching on the spotted owl's
602:
below is based on the results of the study by Salter and collaborators published in 2020. The subfamilies are those defined by
3296:
575:
study of the owls by Jessie Salter and collaborators published in 2020 found that the family
Strigidae was divided into two
3304:
3174:
3161:
2420:"The past and future roles of competition and habitat in the range-wide occupancy dynamics of Northern spotted owls"
3231:
3021:"Avian zoogeographical patterns during the Quaternary in the Mediterranean region and paleoclimatic interpretation"
2863:
2796:
584:
69:
3322:
3244:
382:, and therefore a reduction in niche quantity and quality. This deforestation is more specifically the result of
235:
2976:
270:
While typical owls (hereafter referred to simply as owls) vary greatly in size, with the smallest species, the
2717:
Although the name of the author is not specified in the document, Leach was the Keeper of
Zoology at the time.
294:) and obtain their food on the wing. The wings are large, broad, rounded, and long. As is the case with most
1728:
625:
279:
2592:
282:, owls generally share an extremely similar body plan. They tend to have large heads, short tails, cryptic
3101:
572:
476:
3353:
2834:
1835:
1778:
1499:
607:
497:
416:
3179:
1760:
3371:
3332:
3200:
3148:
2706:
2640:
2593:"California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) habitat use patterns in a burned landscape"
2494:
2170:
1787:
561:
480:
472:
404:
136:
1769:
2830:
603:
519:
57:
2242:"The relation of feathering of feet of American owls to humidity of environment and to life zones"
3412:
3001:
2948:
2913:
2727:
2629:"Blood parasites in owls with conservation implications for the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis)"
2566:
2540:
2399:
2357:
2307:
2281:
2263:
2214:
2090:
484:
444:
275:
182:
64:
2460:
3358:
2308:"Scientists explain how bird can rotate its head without cutting off blood supply to the brain"
1990:
3340:
3187:
2905:
2842:
2690:
2668:
2522:
2441:
2196:
2139:
2053:
1903:
1892:
1593:
806:
456:
408:
391:
321:
310:
299:
262:
3345:
3283:
2710:
591:
and David
Donsker updated the online list of world birds that they maintain on behalf of the
2993:
2940:
2897:
2841:. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. pp. 258–277.
2800:
2773:
2763:
2658:
2648:
2607:
2512:
2502:
2431:
2391:
2349:
2333:
Weidensaul, C. Scott; Colvin, Bruce A.; Brinker, David F. & Huy, J. Steven (June 2011).
2253:
2186:
2178:
2129:
2121:
2082:
1922:
588:
557:
420:
412:
367:
306:
212:
488:
feathers of their prey to signal their breeding status to members within the same species.
1807:
424:
3139:
3020:
2644:
2498:
2174:
2108:
Wagner, Hermann; Weger, Matthias; Klaas, Michael; Schröder, Wolfgang (6 February 2017).
2041:
Marks, J. S.; Cannings, R.J. and
Mikkola, H. (1999). "Family Strigidae (Typical Owls)".
541:
423:. It is thought that the rapid decrease in population size of spotted owls will cause a
3239:
3226:
3083:
2663:
2628:
2517:
2191:
2158:
2134:
2109:
565:
545:
351:
347:
255:
250:
3407:
3401:
2984:
2917:
2419:
1871:
1829:
1800:
1632:
1575:
1115:
781:
419:, hunting locations and general niches, the barred owl is pushing the spotted owl to
399:
379:
291:
159:
2952:
2403:
2361:
1866:
2888:
Tambussi, Claudia P.; Degrange, Federico J.; González Ruiz, Laureano (2023-03-06).
2163:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
1717:
1491:
1335:
580:
576:
440:
295:
153:
49:
39:
3153:
2901:
1979:
Strigidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V31030 (Rexroad Late
Pliocene of Kansas, USA) –
1949:(Early/Middle Miocene of Wintershof West, Germany) – may be close to extant genus
3192:
3166:
2731:
2653:
2507:
1663:– fish owls and eagle-owls, 12 species (including 9 species previously placed in
3309:
3265:
3133:
2889:
2018:
1753:
1732:
1641:
1602:
1536:
1527:
1140:
1024:
901:
876:
455:
and the inconspicuous locations they adopt are an effort to avoid predators and
395:
383:
371:
355:
330:
2567:"Taking The Long View: Examining Factors Which Influence Northern Spotted Owls"
2479:
3379:
2944:
1854:
1848:
1708:
1672:
1650:
1548:
1360:
1292:
1183:
926:
621:
468:
375:
326:
258:
specimen showing the extent of the body plumage, Zoological Museum, Copenhagen
239:
145:
2909:
3213:
2612:
1699:
1690:
1614:
1606:– scops owls, 58 species including three extinct species formerly placed in
1557:
1378:
1249:
1074:
944:
640:
599:
428:
342:
316:
81:
3384:
3124:
2804:
2672:
2526:
2445:
2200:
2182:
2143:
2125:
2008:(Late Pliocene of Germany) was apparently a strigid owl, possibly close to
329:
function, breaking up the outline of a roosting bird. The feathers of the
3118:
2768:
2751:
1681:
1566:
1509:
1274:
756:
707:
448:
394:
of old and tall trees, which at this point in time are mostly limited to
387:
287:
226:(Tytonidae). This large family comprises 230 living or recently extinct
223:
101:
17:
3005:
2890:"An extinct owl (aves: strigidae) from the middle miocene of Patagonia"
2864:"Molecular taxonomy and systematics of owls (Strigiformes) - An update"
2267:
2094:
1914:
1476:
636:
452:
283:
271:
227:
2778:
2480:"Owls may use faeces and prey feathers to signal current reproduction"
500:, migrates south even when food and resources are ample in the north.
3270:
2436:
2353:
2013:
1969:
1959:
1946:
1883:
1659:
1584:
1522:– Australasian hawk-owls, 37 species of which one is recently extinct
1480:
1165:
824:
91:
3257:
3095:
2997:
2395:
2258:
2086:
610:
in 2013. A genetic study published in 2021 suggested that the genus
3218:
2839:
The Howard & Moore
Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
2591:
Eyes, Stephanie; Roberts, Susan & Johnson, Mathew (May 2017).
2541:"Avian malaria behind drastic decline of London's iconic sparrow?"
2335:"Use of ultraviolet light as an aid in age classification of owls"
2070:
2002:
1973:
1865:
1727:
1518:
1485:
689:
635:
620:
540:
286:, and round facial discs around the eyes. The family is generally
249:
231:
168:
2478:
Penteriani, Vincenzo & del Mar Delgado, Maria (August 2008).
2241:
1721:– earless owls, 22 species, including four previously placed in
1623:
1056:
111:
3099:
378:(both of which are true owls) . This competition is related to
2159:"The steady aerodynamics of aerofoils with porosity gradients"
1570:– saw-whet owls, five species of which one is recently extinct
390:. These two species of owl are known to traditionally live in
219:
121:
3205:
3092:
about owls – photos, calls, books, art, mythology and more.
3089:
2752:"Extensive paraphyly in the typical owl family (Strigidae)"
2045:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) (1999).
3061:
Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.):
1896:(Late Oligocene? – Early Miocene of WC Europe) – includes
341:
Several owl species also have fluorescent pigments called
2715:(15th ed.). London: British Museum. pp. 63-68 .
496:
Some species of owl are migratory. One such species, the
415:
because of the harm done to native spotted owls. In this
2071:"Size dimorphism and food habits of North American owls"
411:, and despite their low numbers, they are considered an
1926:(Middle Miocene of Vieux-Collonges, France) – includes
2977:"Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas"
2282:"An owl's early lessons leave their mark on the brain"
3057:
Olson, Storrs L. (1985). The fossil record of birds.
366:
It has been noted that there is some competition for
2733:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
1144:– 10 species: eagle-owls, horned-owls and snowy owl
218:) are one of the two generally accepted families of
3108:
2069:Earhart, Caroline M. & Johnson, Ned K. (1970).
1645:– eagle-owls, horned-owls and snowy owl, 10 species
2110:"Features of owl wings that promote silent flight"
560:Strigidae was introduced by the English zoologist
2157:Hajian, Rozhin & Jaworski, Justin W. (2017).
274:, being a hundredth the size of the largest, the
427:, since the spotted owls help provide a healthy
1907:(Early/Middle Miocene of WC Europe) – includes
579:clades and some of the traditional genera were
2712:Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum
1997:(Late Pleistocene/Holocene of Es Pouàs, Ibiza)
1962:(Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
8:
2975:Feduccia, J. Alan; Ford, Norman L. (1970).
2215:"The secrets of owls' near noiseless wings"
1804:– Caribbean giant owls, one or two species
524:concentrated area but this is not certain.
3096:
2862:Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Heidi (2021).
48:
31:
2777:
2767:
2745:
2743:
2662:
2652:
2611:
2516:
2506:
2435:
2257:
2190:
2133:
261:
238:and are found on every continent except
2600:The Condor: Ornithological Applications
2031:
1745:Late Quaternary prehistoric extinctions
1502:owls found in the Central Indian Forest
1169:– 12 species: fish owls and eagle-owls
880:– bare-legged owl (position uncertain)
711:– Papuan hawk-owl (position uncertain)
2791:
2789:
2050:. Volume 5: Barn-Owls to Hummingbirds.
1531:– bare-legged owl or Cuban screech-owl
593:International Ornithological Committee
479:. Experimental evidence suggests that
2811:. International Ornithologists' Union
2037:
2035:
693:– 36 species: hawk-owls and boobooks
504:Habitat, climate and seasonal changes
7:
3333:bf31794a-a04f-47d6-8505-948887f69bba
3245:0b0f4bb3-fec6-4f27-9cc6-5381a1046910
2459:Geggel, Laura (September 19, 2016).
3068:: 79–238. Academic Press, New York.
2461:"Are All Owls Actually Night Owls?"
1475:The 235 extant or recently extinct
1352:
1327:
1266:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1157:
1132:
1107:
1100:
1048:
1041:
1016:
918:
893:
868:
798:
773:
748:
741:
734:
681:
673:
666:
659:
651:
2384:The Journal of Wildlife Management
2048:Handbook of the Birds of the World
564:in a guide to the contents of the
266:Skeleton of a true owl (Strigidae)
25:
2342:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
1993:, Strigidae gen. et sp. indet. –
1540:– two species previous placed in
1119:– maned owl (position uncertain)
309:habits, they tend not to exhibit
2809:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1
2687:Owls of the Northern Hemisphere.
1703:– spectacled owls, three species
290:(with a few exceptions like the
68:
3086:on the Internet Bird Collection
3019:Sánchez Marco, Antonio (2004).
1618:– white-faced owls, two species
471:, will use visual signaling in
1:
2902:10.1080/08912963.2023.2180738
1918:(Middle Miocene of Argentina)
1819:sp. – probably subspecies of
1654:– fishing owls, three species
632:) the largest species of owl.
2654:10.1371/journal.pone.0002304
2508:10.1371/journal.pone.0003014
1943:"Otus/Strix" wintershofensis
533:owls and great horned owls.
1757:– stilt-owls, four species
1339:– 22 species: earless owls
1253:– 25 species: screech owls
473:intraspecific communication
3429:
1694:– screech-owls, 25 species
1627:– eared owls, nine species
1187:– 3 species: fishing owls
447:and spend much of the day
234:. The typical owls have a
3079:ITIS – Strigidae Taxonomy
2945:10.1134/s003103011104006x
2709:(1819). "Eleventh Room".
2240:Kelso L, Kelso E (1936).
1375:
1357:
1350:
1332:
1325:
1289:
1271:
1264:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1180:
1162:
1155:
1137:
1130:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1071:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1028:– 58 species: scops owls
1021:
1014:
941:
923:
916:
898:
891:
873:
866:
821:
810:– 29 species: pygmy owls
803:
796:
778:
771:
753:
746:
739:
732:
704:
686:
679:
671:
664:
657:
477:intraspecific interaction
417:competition for resources
236:cosmopolitan distribution
188:
181:
174:
167:
151:
144:
65:Scientific classification
63:
56:
47:
34:
1597:– pygmy owls, 29 species
2933:Paleontological Journal
2803:, eds. (January 2023).
2685:Voous, Karel H. (1988)
2613:10.1650/CONDOR-16-184.1
2424:Ecological Applications
948:– long-whiskered owlet
614:may be embedded within
550:Pulsatrix perspicillata
2183:10.1098/rspa.2017.0266
2126:10.1098/rsfs.2016.0078
1879:
1840:Asphaltoglaux cecileae
1740:
1561:– long-whiskered owlet
1503:
648:
633:
573:molecular phylogenetic
553:
298:, in many owl species
267:
259:
222:, the other being the
3354:Paleobiology Database
2707:Leach, William Elford
1937:Placement unresolved:
1869:
1836:Asphalt miniature owl
1731:
1500:critically endangered
1489:
1060:– 9 species in total
639:
624:
544:
498:northern saw-whet owl
265:
253:
195:Sibley & Ahlquist
3240:Fauna Europaea (new)
2001:The supposed fossil
1928:"Strix" collongensis
1909:"Strix/Ninox" brevis
1876:Ornimegalonyx oteroi
1812:Ornimegalonyx oteroi
1783:Grallistrix geleches
828:– northern hawk-owl
626:Blakiston's fish owl
608:James Van Remsen Jr.
562:William Elford Leach
405:northern spotted owl
280:Blakiston's fish owl
2645:2008PLoSO...3.2304I
2499:2008PLoSO...3.3014P
2175:2017RSPSA.47370266H
2012:. The Early–Middle
1972:(Early Pliocene of
1774:Grallistrix erdmani
1737:Lophostrix cristata
1588:– northern hawk-owl
1479:are assigned to 23
1278:– Puerto Rican owl
568:published in 1819.
520:Plasmodium relictum
439:Owls are generally
58:Eastern screech owl
3084:Typical owl videos
2894:Historical Biology
2799:; Donsker, David;
2769:10.1093/auk/ukz070
2221:. 24 November 2013
2169:(2205): 20170266.
1880:
1779:Moloka‘i stilt-owl
1765:Grallistrix auceps
1741:
1685:– Puerto Rican owl
1504:
1296:– flammulated owl
649:
634:
554:
467:Owls, such as the
300:females are larger
276:Eurasian eagle-owl
268:
260:
176:some 25, see text
3395:
3394:
3341:Open Tree of Life
3102:Taxon identifiers
2848:978-0-9568611-0-8
2801:Rasmussen, Pamela
2314:. 31 January 2013
1792:Grallistrix orion
1676:– flammulated owl
1513:– Papuan hawk-owl
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1087:
1086:
1002:
1001:
993:
992:
984:
983:
975:
974:
966:
965:
957:
956:
855:
854:
846:
845:
837:
836:
720:
719:
630:Ketupa blakistoni
517:Avian malaria or
409:Pacific Northwest
362:Niche competition
322:northern hawk-owl
311:sexual dimorphism
305:Because of their
201:
200:
196:
140:
16:(Redirected from
3420:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3310:NBNSYS0000161066
3300:
3299:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3273:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3097:
3045:
3042:
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3035:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2981:
2972:
2966:
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2957:
2956:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2835:Remsen, J.V. Jr.
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2771:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2703:
2697:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2437:10.1002/eap.1861
2414:
2408:
2407:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2354:10.1676/09-125.1
2339:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2066:
2060:
2039:
2006:"Ardea" lignitum
1956:"Strix" edwardsi
1898:"Bubo" poirreiri
1761:Kaua‘i stilt-owl
1353:
1328:
1267:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1158:
1133:
1108:
1101:
1049:
1042:
1017:
919:
894:
869:
799:
774:
749:
742:
735:
682:
674:
667:
660:
652:
604:Edward Dickinson
589:Pamela Rasmussen
459:by small birds.
421:local extinction
413:invasive species
254:Cross sectioned
191:
135:
73:
72:
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3339:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3104:
3075:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2998:10.2307/4083714
2979:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2939:(45): 445–458.
2930:
2929:
2925:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2837:, eds. (2013).
2831:Dickinson, E.C.
2829:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2728:Bock, Walter J.
2726:
2725:
2721:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2684:
2680:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2396:10.1002/jwmg.82
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2259:10.2307/4077355
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2120:(1): 20160078.
2114:Interface Focus
2107:
2106:
2102:
2087:10.2307/1366002
2068:
2067:
2063:
2052:Lynx Edicions.
2040:
2033:
2028:
1966:"Asio" pygmaeus
1888:
1872:Cuban giant owl
1859:Oraristrix brea
1808:Cuban giant owl
1788:O‘ahu stilt-owl
1748:
1579:– nine species
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1315:
1306:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1088:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
967:
958:
856:
847:
838:
721:
539:
530:
515:
506:
494:
465:
437:
425:trophic cascade
364:
354:are exposed to
248:
163:
157:
134:
67:
43:
36:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3350:
3337:
3327:
3314:
3301:
3288:
3275:
3262:
3249:
3236:
3227:Fauna Europaea
3223:
3210:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3130:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3073:External links
3071:
3070:
3069:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3037:
3011:
2992:(4): 795–797.
2967:
2958:
2923:
2880:
2854:
2847:
2822:
2785:
2739:
2719:
2698:
2695:978-0262220354
2678:
2619:
2606:(3): 375–388.
2583:
2558:
2547:. 16 July 2019
2532:
2470:
2451:
2409:
2390:(3): 531–538.
2374:
2348:(2): 373–377.
2325:
2299:
2288:. 6 March 1998
2273:
2232:
2206:
2149:
2100:
2081:(3): 251–264.
2061:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2024:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1977:
1963:
1953:
1931:
1930:
1919:
1911:
1900:
1887:
1881:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1770:Maui stilt-owl
1767:
1747:
1742:
1726:
1725:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1655:
1646:
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1610:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1498:), one of the
1496:Athene blewiti
1470:
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1466:
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1461:
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1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:– crested owl
1356:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
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987:
986:
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981:
978:
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973:
972:
969:
968:
964:
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960:
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951:
950:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
922:
917:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
897:
892:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
872:
867:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
853:
852:
849:
848:
844:
843:
840:
839:
835:
834:
831:
830:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
802:
797:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
777:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
731:
727:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
685:
680:
678:
677:Ieraglaucinae
672:
670:
665:
663:
658:
656:
650:
566:British Museum
546:Spectacled owl
538:
535:
529:
526:
514:
511:
505:
502:
493:
490:
464:
461:
436:
433:
400:North American
392:mature forests
363:
360:
256:great grey owl
247:
244:
199:
198:
186:
185:
179:
178:
172:
171:
165:
164:
158:
149:
148:
142:
141:
129:
125:
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119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
54:
53:
45:
44:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3425:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3090:The Owl Pages
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3063:Avian Biology
3060:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3044:Olson, p. 167
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2965:Olson, p. 131
2962:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
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2903:
2899:
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2881:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2571:Science Daily
2568:
2562:
2559:
2546:
2545:Science Daily
2542:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2430:(3): e01861.
2429:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2313:
2312:Science Daily
2309:
2303:
2300:
2287:
2286:Science Daily
2283:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2220:
2219:Science Daily
2216:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:84-87334-25-3
2055:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
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1890:
1889:
1885:
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1877:
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1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:Asphaltoglaux
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:Ornimegalonyx
1815:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:Ornimegalonyx
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1712:– crested owl
1711:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1644:
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1638:
1635:
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1629:
1626:
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1620:
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1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1577:
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1563:
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1533:
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1511:
1506:
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1501:
1497:
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1467:
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1422:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
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1191:
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1128:
1127:
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1123:
1120:
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952:
949:
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931:
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921:
920:
914:
913:
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909:
906:
904:
903:
896:
895:
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884:
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463:Communication
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33:
30:
19:
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3065:
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3052:Bibliography
3040:
3034:(1): 91–132.
3031:
3027:
3014:
2989:
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2970:
2961:
2936:
2932:
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2893:
2883:
2874:
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2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2808:
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2711:
2701:
2686:
2681:
2639:(5): e2304.
2636:
2632:
2622:
2603:
2599:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2544:
2535:
2493:(8): e3014.
2490:
2486:
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2464:
2454:
2427:
2423:
2412:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2345:
2341:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2311:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2252:(1): 51–56.
2249:
2245:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
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2117:
2113:
2103:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2046:
2042:
2017:
2009:
2005:
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1984:
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1965:
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1950:
1942:
1936:
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1932:
1927:
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1913:
1908:
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1897:
1891:
1875:
1870:The extinct
1858:
1847:
1839:
1828:
1820:
1816:
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1773:
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1622:
1613:
1608:Mascarenotus
1607:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1495:
1492:forest owlet
1474:
1382:– 3 species
1377:
1376:
1359:
1358:
1334:
1333:
1291:
1290:
1273:
1272:
1248:
1247:
1182:
1181:
1164:
1163:
1139:
1138:
1114:
1113:
1078:– 2 species
1073:
1072:
1055:
1054:
1023:
1022:
943:
942:
925:
924:
905:– 2 species
900:
899:
875:
874:
823:
822:
805:
804:
785:– 9 species
780:
779:
760:– 5 species
755:
754:
706:
705:
688:
687:
644:
629:
615:
611:
597:
581:paraphyletic
570:
555:
549:
531:
518:
516:
507:
495:
466:
438:
396:public lands
388:forest fires
370:between the
365:
340:
336:
315:
304:
302:than males.
269:
215:
209:typical owls
208:
204:
202:
192:
189:
175:
152:
131:
122:Strigiformes
40:Early Eocene
29:
3266:iNaturalist
3134:Wikispecies
2797:Gill, Frank
2689:MIT Press.
2576:24 November
2465:LiveScience
2292:22 November
2019:Palaeoglaux
1995:prehistoric
1855:La Brea owl
1754:Grallistrix
1733:Crested owl
1636:– maned owl
1537:Taenioptynx
1528:Margarobyas
902:Taenioptynx
877:Margarobyas
645:Strix aluco
537:Systematics
485:territorial
445:crepuscular
384:overlogging
372:spotted owl
368:niche space
356:black light
352:secondaries
331:facial disc
3402:Categories
3380:Xeno-canto
2877:: 487–500.
2815:31 January
2779:2346/93048
2762:(ukz070).
2551:5 December
2367:30 January
2318:1 December
2225:1 December
2026:References
1976:, Ukraine)
1849:Oraristrix
1709:Lophostrix
1673:Psiloscops
1651:Scotopelia
1594:Glaucidium
1549:Micrathene
1542:Glaucidium
1361:Lophostrix
1293:Psiloscops
1184:Scotopelia
1012:Striginae
930:– elf owl
927:Micrathene
807:Glaucidium
730:Surniinae
655:Strigidae
612:Scotopelia
585:Frank Gill
376:barred owl
343:porphyrins
327:camouflage
317:Glaucidium
246:Morphology
240:Antarctica
190:Striginae
146:Type genus
42:to present
3413:Strigidae
3385:strigidae
3167:Strigidae
3154:Strigidae
3140:Strigidae
3110:Strigidae
2918:257392373
2910:0891-2963
1991:Ibiza owl
1821:O. oteroi
1700:Pulsatrix
1691:Megascops
1615:Ptilopsis
1558:Xenoglaux
1552:– elf owl
1379:Pulsatrix
1250:Megascops
1075:Ptilopsis
945:Xenoglaux
641:Tawny owl
600:cladogram
528:Predators
513:Parasites
492:Migration
481:owl feces
469:eagle-owl
441:nocturnal
435:Behaviour
429:ecosystem
348:primaries
307:nocturnal
224:barn owls
216:Strigidae
205:true owls
132:Strigidae
88:Kingdom:
82:Eukaryota
18:Strigidae
3119:Wikidata
2953:84397725
2730:(1994).
2673:18509541
2633:PLOS ONE
2527:18714382
2487:PLOS ONE
2446:30835921
2404:54592663
2362:28913007
2201:28989307
2144:28163870
1904:Intulula
1893:Mioglaux
1682:Gymnasio
1567:Aegolius
1510:Uroglaux
1275:Gymnasio
757:Aegolius
708:Uroglaux
449:roosting
374:and the
320:and the
288:arboreal
183:Synonyms
160:Linnaeus
128:Family:
102:Chordata
98:Phylum:
92:Animalia
78:Domain:
35:True owl
3346:1028828
3028:Ardeola
3006:4083714
2896:: 1–6.
2756:The Auk
2664:2387065
2641:Bibcode
2518:2507733
2495:Bibcode
2268:4077355
2192:5627374
2171:Bibcode
2135:5206597
2095:1366002
1915:Yarquen
1723:Ciccaba
1477:species
595:(IOC).
457:mobbing
453:plumage
443:and/or
284:plumage
272:elf owl
228:species
118:Order:
108:Class:
3372:196062
3330:NZOR:
3297:177854
3284:105006
3219:1STRIF
3125:Q26012
3004:
2951:
2916:
2908:
2845:
2805:"Owls"
2693:
2671:
2661:
2525:
2515:
2444:
2402:
2360:
2266:
2199:
2189:
2142:
2132:
2093:
2075:Condor
2056:
2016:genus
2014:Eocene
1970:fossil
1960:fossil
1947:fossil
1923:Alasio
1886:record
1884:Fossil
1846:Genus
1827:Genus
1798:Genus
1751:Genus
1715:Genus
1706:Genus
1697:Genus
1688:Genus
1679:Genus
1670:Genus
1660:Ketupa
1657:Genus
1648:Genus
1639:Genus
1633:Jubula
1630:Genus
1621:Genus
1612:Genus
1600:Genus
1591:Genus
1585:Surnia
1582:Genus
1576:Athene
1573:Genus
1564:Genus
1555:Genus
1546:Genus
1534:Genus
1525:Genus
1516:Genus
1507:Genus
1481:genera
1166:Ketupa
1116:Jubula
825:Surnia
782:Athene
616:Ketupa
577:sister
558:family
232:genera
230:in 24
213:family
169:Genera
162:, 1758
139:, 1819
3367:WoRMS
3359:39403
3323:30459
3279:IRMNG
3271:19728
3232:10808
3024:(PDF)
3002:JSTOR
2980:(PDF)
2949:S2CID
2914:S2CID
2867:(PDF)
2596:(PDF)
2483:(PDF)
2400:S2CID
2358:S2CID
2338:(PDF)
2264:JSTOR
2091:JSTOR
2003:heron
1981:Strix
1974:Odesa
1951:Ninox
1718:Strix
1519:Ninox
1336:Strix
690:Ninox
193:sensu
154:Strix
137:Leach
3408:Owls
3318:NCBI
3292:ITIS
3258:9348
3253:GBIF
3214:EPPO
3206:8660
3180:1493
3175:BOLD
2906:ISSN
2871:Airo
2843:ISBN
2817:2022
2691:ISBN
2669:PMID
2578:2019
2553:2019
2523:PMID
2442:PMID
2369:2020
2320:2019
2294:2019
2227:2019
2197:PMID
2140:PMID
2054:ISBN
2010:Bubo
1985:Bubo
1665:Bubo
1642:Bubo
1624:Asio
1603:Otus
1490:The
1141:Bubo
1057:Asio
1025:Otus
606:and
598:The
556:The
386:and
350:and
278:and
220:owls
203:The
112:Aves
3305:NBN
3201:EoL
3193:GQX
3188:CoL
3162:AFD
3149:ADW
3059:In:
2994:doi
2985:Auk
2941:doi
2898:doi
2774:hdl
2764:doi
2760:137
2659:PMC
2649:doi
2608:doi
2604:119
2513:PMC
2503:doi
2432:doi
2392:doi
2350:doi
2346:123
2254:doi
2246:Auk
2187:PMC
2179:doi
2167:473
2130:PMC
2122:doi
2083:doi
207:or
3404::
3382::
3369::
3356::
3343::
3320::
3307::
3294::
3281::
3268::
3255::
3242::
3229::
3216::
3203::
3190::
3177::
3164::
3151::
3136::
3121::
3032:51
3030:.
3026:.
3000:.
2990:87
2988:.
2982:.
2947:.
2935:.
2912:.
2904:.
2892:.
2875:29
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2073:.
2043:In
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1958:–
1945:–
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