2845:
874:
119:
2840:
148:
685:
843:
2868:
823:. Crocodiles were more similar but still had a concave skull rear. Bunzel considered whether it might be a dinosaur but in 1871 little dinosaurian occiput material had been described and it seemed to him that their skulls in this respect were more lizard-like. The only group showing a comparable rounding and fusion of skull bones were the birds. Bunzel sent a drawing and description to Professor
1143:
601:, was short and positioned in such a way that it could not possibly touch the vertebra, if the shaft was oriented in the usual vertical position. He assumed that only the lower capitulum connected to the vertebral body. A rib touching the vertebra with a single surface is normal for lizards, though in their case the rib heads are fused into a single
511:
in
Austria, discovered a dinosaur tooth on a stone pile. With the help of mine intendant Pawlowitsch it was attempted to find the source of the fossil material. The search proved fruitless at first but ultimately a thin marl layer was discovered, intersected by an obliquely sloping mine shaft, which
1130:
published in 2022 suggest it had very poor hearing and relied mostly on its armor for defense against predators. Its flocculus was very small and its lagena were very short, suggesting it was very sluggish in nature as well as solitary.
831:, at the time one of the few dinosaur experts. Huxley agreed that the braincase resembled that of a bird, commenting "This skull-fragment is more bird-like, than any thing I have yet seen". Knowing that Huxley had named a reptile order
858:
but because this was the first ankylosaur braincase to be described, the connection was not obvious. The first to understand it represented an armoured dinosaur was Nopcsa who in 1902 placed it in the
854:
develop a rounded skull. As the massive quadrates were lacking, the skull fragment gave a false impression of being lightly built. Ankylosaur material at the time was typically referred to the
850:
Bunzel was correct in assuming an affinity with birds but this was because birds are themselves dinosaurs. In dinosaurs, the rear skull bones are generally strongly fused. Nodosaurids did
835:
for forms sharing with birds certain traits in the pelvis and hindlimbs, Bunzel ended his description with the prediction that "with time, it might also be possible to create an order
1410:
Garcia, GĂ©raldine; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda (11 April 2003). "A new species of
Struthiosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Villeveyrac (southern France)".
819:. The back of the head was otherwise not very reptilian as it was low, compact, fused and convex in a gradual curve towards the skull-roof. Lizards had a very different, more "open",
3065:
2946:
3015:
1447:"The Basal Nodosaurid Ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (Lower Albian) Escucha Formation of Northeastern Spain"
1230:"Neuroanatomy of the nodosaurid Struthiosaurus austriacus (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) supports potential ecological differentiations within Ankylosauria"
597:
forms found at the time. Bunzel also discovered two rib fragments which had a very puzzling build. They were double-headed but the upper rib head, the
815:
Bunzel was very puzzled by the braincase. He knew that it belonged to a reptile instead of a mammal because of a single as opposed to a double-headed
2933:
2844:
3055:
1799:
3060:
1504:
Seeley, H. G. (1 February 1881). "The
Reptile Fauna of the Gosau Formation preserved in the Geological Museum of the University of Vienna".
635:. In Ankylosauria, the rump is so flat that the upper part of the rib shafts sticks out sideways, which rotates the short tuberculum to the
666:
535:
in 1870. In 1871, Bunzel published a treatise describing the fossils and naming several new genera and species. One of them was the genus
356:
673:
Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola, 2003, based on UM2 OLV-D50 AâG CV, a partial skeleton found in 1998 in France. It is the namesake of the
1302:
135:
2861:
1156:
910:
was one of the more basal taxa, although many features could not be coded for it. The cladogram below shows the results of the
487:. It was a small dinosaur, measuring 2â3 m (6.6â9.8 ft) in length and weighing 300â400 kg (660â880 lb).
3005:
2839:
147:
1445:
Kirkland, James I.; AlcalĂĄ, Luis; Loewen, Mark A.; EspĂlez, Eduardo; Mampel, Luis; Wiersma, Jelle P. (2 December 2013).
1732:
Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Carbot-Chanona, G.; Sanchez-Uribe, I.E.; Guzmån-Gutiérrez, J.R. (2018).
3045:
3035:
3030:
3020:
3010:
1182:
1322:(Ankylosauria, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary: skeletal reconstruction and body mass estimation".
3040:
3025:
1792:
581:. He recognized that there were bones and osteoderms of armoured dinosaurs among the finds and referred them to a
631:, highlighting the, for a lizard, exceptional trait of having double-headed ribs. In fact the ribs were those of
1659:
1890:
1423:
539:
based on a single partial portion of the posterior end of the skull, largely consisting of the braincase. The
1577:
Sitzungsberichte der
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften
3050:
571:
1592:
Nopcsa, B.F. (1928). "Palaeontological notes on reptiles. V. On the skull of the Upper
Cretaceous dinosaur
2888:
2972:
1917:
1785:
1228:
Schade, Marco; Stumpf, Sebastian; Kriwet, JĂŒrgen; Kettler, Christoph; Pfaff, Cathrin (7 January 2022).
873:
521:
3000:
2920:
2871:
1745:
1458:
1331:
1241:
911:
851:
528:
329:
2277:
2174:
1562:
Bunzel, 1871 from the Upper
Cretaceous Gosau Beds of Austria. pp. 173-210 In: Carpenter, K., (ed.)
867:
804:
697:
650:, most based on very fragmentary and nondiagnostic material. Three valid species are recognized by
570:, "of the ostrich". Bunzel chose the name because of the birdlike morphology of the braincase. The
513:
504:
602:
2013:
1763:
1663:
1624:
1521:
1427:
772:
636:
381:
142:
1734:"Paleodiversity of Late Cretaceous Ankylosauria from Mexico and their phylogenetic significance"
2977:
2959:
2951:
2770:
2034:
1714:
1681:
Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).
1486:
1298:
1267:
859:
842:
816:
598:
512:
contained an abundant number of various bones. These were subsequently excavated by Suess and
118:
2964:
1369:
2235:
2182:
2020:
1753:
1704:
1694:
1655:
1513:
1476:
1466:
1419:
1339:
1290:
1257:
1249:
1148:
792:
684:
1615:
Coombs, Walter P. (1978). "Forelimb
Muscles of the Ankylosauria (Reptilia, Ornithischia)".
2700:
2664:
2604:
2570:
2563:
2456:
2397:
2269:
2166:
2082:
2042:
1875:
933:
919:
863:
855:
678:
508:
282:
37:
1558:
Pereda-Suberbiola, X., and Galton, P. M., 2001. Reappraisal of the nodosaurid ankylosaur
1749:
1462:
1335:
1245:
2763:
2749:
2735:
2643:
2616:
2512:
2408:
2354:
2219:
2189:
2159:
2122:
2098:
1709:
1682:
1481:
1446:
1262:
1229:
1162:
832:
752:
651:
532:
438:
325:
1517:
2994:
2726:
2636:
2629:
2581:
2525:
2472:
2438:
2339:
2285:
2260:
2242:
2145:
2091:
2064:
2056:
1767:
1667:
1525:
1431:
954:
824:
737:
605:. Bunzel therefore concluded that the ribs belonged to a giant lizard. In analogy to
583:
563:
464:
131:
76:
20:
2756:
2742:
2671:
2555:
2479:
2424:
2375:
2347:
2332:
2319:
2292:
2211:
2196:
2152:
2132:
1999:
1981:
1959:
1929:
1902:
1850:
1808:
1395:
Mitteilungen aus dem
Jahrbuche der Königlich-Ungarischen Geologischen Reichsanstalt
1004:
899:
892:
746:
674:
589:
540:
496:
449:
308:
266:
253:
240:
208:
1471:
2791:
2708:
2657:
2597:
2548:
2390:
2368:
2300:
2249:
2049:
2027:
1859:
594:
517:
224:
51:
1253:
2784:
2777:
2715:
2590:
2541:
2533:
2486:
2431:
2417:
2383:
2361:
2227:
2071:
2006:
1758:
1733:
1343:
1294:
1138:
1021:
612:
607:
456:
96:
61:
2911:
1393:
F. Nopcsa, 1915, "Die dinosaurier der
SiebenbĂŒrgischen landesteile Ungarns",
2798:
2678:
2465:
2445:
2307:
2204:
2106:
1566:. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 2001, pp. xv-526
971:
884:
733:
669:, 1915, based on BMNH R4966, a skull and partial skeleton from Romania; and
556:
552:
460:
159:
101:
45:
1718:
1490:
1271:
2905:
2805:
1841:
1832:
1370:"Die Reptilfauna der Gosaformation in der Neuen Welt bei Wiener-Neustadt"
659:
577:
Apart from the braincase, Bunzel unknowingly described other material of
452:
192:
179:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
1699:
2938:
2693:
2685:
1646:, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary".
1628:
820:
800:
643:
480:
472:
468:
338:
106:
81:
926:, with relationships outside Struthiosaurini excluded for simplicity.
1826:
828:
775:. Also, though the quadrate-paroccipital process contact is fused in
741:
620:
484:
476:
169:
2882:
2650:
1377:
Abhandlungen der
Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt
896:
872:
841:
692:
A number of invalid taxa have been shown to be junior synonyms of
683:
628:
548:
445:
431:
895:
and suggested it may be one of the most basal ankylosaurs in the
2925:
2812:
914:
phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues, resolving
906:, found that while being younger in age than other nodosaurids,
2886:
1819:
1781:
1777:
1660:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0370:HTANAD]2.0.CO;2
1289:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 214â316.
1683:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs"
1575:
F. Nopcsa. 1902. "Notizen ĂŒber cretacische Dinosaurier".
1424:
10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[156:ANSOSD]2.0.CO;2
531:
but received little attention until they were studied by
700:
in 1881 revised the Austrian material. They include:
547:. Bunzel stated that he only provisionally named the
593:
sp. These British genera represented the best known
543:
and only known species of the genus at the time was
363:
347:
315:
2895:
2725:
2615:
2580:
2511:
2455:
2407:
2318:
2259:
2131:
2120:
2081:
1979:
1928:
1901:
1874:
902:. An analysis by Ăsi in 2005, describing the taxon
846:A Romanian stamp illustration of Struthiosaurus
1542:n. gen. ein neuer thyreophore aus der Gosau",
555:of the name. The generic name is derived from
1793:
728:Nopcsa, 1918. Another European ankylosaurid,
688:Outdated illustration drawn in 1915 by Nopcsa
681:, members of which are found only in Europe.
8:
1318:Ćsi, A.; MakĂĄdi, L. (2009). "New remains of
1223:
1221:
891:indicates that the taxon is a member of the
1598:Geologica Hungarica, Series Palaeontologica
1506:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
1285:Paul, Gregory S. (2010). "Ornithischians".
527:The finds were stored in the museum of the
2883:
2621:
2517:
2324:
2137:
2128:
1991:
1987:
1976:
1907:
1880:
1871:
1816:
1800:
1786:
1778:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
117:
27:
1757:
1708:
1698:
1480:
1470:
1261:
3066:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera
1175:
787:is unknown, but the taxon differs from
574:refers to the provenance from Austria.
1287:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
1200:, 2013, "Sympatry of two ankylosaurs (
7:
870:in 1978 stated it was a nodosaurid.
520:deposit, now considered part of the
3016:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
1054:
996:
946:
939:
929:
611:, the giant lizard named after the
1648:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1412:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
373:Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola, 2003
14:
1518:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1881.037.01-04.49
862:. He later corrected its name to
136:Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna)
2867:
2866:
2843:
2838:
1208:) in the Santonian of Hungary",
1141:
763:differ from one another in that
146:
1157:Timeline of ankylosaur research
639:, its vertebral contact facet.
1738:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
1:
3056:Fossil taxa described in 1871
1198:Atilla Ćsi, & E. Prondvai
1186:in The Dinosaur Encyclopaedia
1126:Examinations of the brain of
1063:Struthiosaurus transylvanicus
1039:Struthiosaurus languedocensis
750:and referred to Nodosauridae
3061:Taxa named by Emanuel Bunzel
1472:10.1371/journal.pone.0080405
1324:PalÀontologische Zeitschrift
791:in the flatter shape of the
771:and possesses less elongate
696:, most of them created when
795:vertebrae. It differs from
759:The three valid species of
3082:
1254:10.1038/s41598-021-03599-9
18:
16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
2856:
2836:
2624:
2520:
2327:
2140:
1994:
1990:
1975:
1956:
1910:
1883:
1870:
1815:
1759:10.1007/s13358-018-0153-1
1560:Struthiosaurus austriacus
1344:10.1007/s12542-009-0017-5
1295:10.1515/9781400836154.214
1080:Struthiosaurus austriacus
1076:
1059:
1052:
1035:
1018:
1001:
994:
968:
951:
944:
937:
918:species within the clade
694:Struthiosaurus austriacus
627:means "double-headed" in
545:Struthiosaurus austriacus
387:
380:
344:
336:
320:Struthiosaurus austriacus
314:
307:
143:Scientific classification
141:
125:
116:
30:
730:Rhodanosaurus ludguensis
706:Crataeomus pawlowitschii
19:Not to be confused with
1617:Journal of Paleontology
807:, and Weishampel 2004)
744:, is now regarded as a
740:-age rocks of southern
710:Crataeomus lepidophorus
658:Bunzel, 1871, based on
615:, he named this lizard
922:as labelled by Madzia
881:
847:
726:Leipsanosaurus noricus
689:
646:have been referred to
562:, itself derived from
2973:Paleobiology Database
1564:The Armored Dinosaurs
876:
845:
718:Rhadinosaurus alcimus
714:Pleuropeltis suessii
687:
3006:Ornithischian genera
1644:Hungarosaurus tormai
1320:Hungarosaurus tormai
799:in the shape of the
722:Hoplosaurus ischyrus
702:Danubiosaurus anceps
623:. The specific name
617:Danubiosaurus anceps
529:University of Vienna
491:History of discovery
1750:2018SwJP..137...83R
1700:10.7717/peerj.12362
1463:2013PLoSO...880405K
1336:2009PalZ...83..227O
1246:2022NatSR..12..144S
1210:Cretaceous Research
1188:at Dino Russ's Lair
779:, it is unfused in
732:Nopcsa, 1929, from
698:Harry Govier Seeley
514:Ferdinand Stoliczka
495:In 1859, geologist
3046:Fossils of Romania
3036:Fossils of Austria
3031:Cretaceous Romania
3021:Cretaceous Austria
3011:Maastrichtian life
1538:F. Nopcsa, 1918, "
1368:Bunzel, E (1871).
1234:Scientific Reports
882:
848:
773:cervical vertebrae
690:
522:GrĂŒnbach Formation
3041:Fossils of France
3026:Cretaceous France
2988:
2987:
2960:Open Tree of Life
2889:Taxon identifiers
2880:
2879:
2852:
2851:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2771:Nodocephalosaurus
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2116:
2115:
2035:Serendipaceratops
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1642:Ăsi, A. (2005). "
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
983:
982:
860:Acanthopholididae
839:('Bird Heads')".
817:occipital condyle
789:S. transylvanicus
785:S. languedocensis
777:S. transylvanicus
769:S. transylvanicus
671:S. languedocensis
664:S. transylvanicus
516:. The marl was a
423:
422:
417:
407:
397:
374:
368:S. languedocensis
360:
352:S. transylvanicus
303:
3073:
2981:
2980:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2941:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2884:
2870:
2869:
2847:
2842:
2622:
2518:
2325:
2236:Propanoplosaurus
2183:Glyptodontopelta
2138:
2129:
2021:Priodontognathus
1992:
1988:
1977:
1908:
1881:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1817:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1589:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1544:Földtani Közlöny
1536:
1530:
1529:
1512:(1â4): 620â706.
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1474:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1407:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1365:
1348:
1347:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1225:
1216:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1151:
1149:Dinosaurs portal
1146:
1145:
1144:
1055:
997:
947:
940:
930:
767:is smaller than
724:Seeley 1881 and
455:, from the Late
415:
405:
395:
372:
365:
355:
349:
317:
301:
294:
281:
265:
252:
239:
223:
207:
151:
150:
121:
111:
48:
36:Temporal range:
28:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2848:
2818:
2721:
2701:Tianzhenosaurus
2665:Minotaurasaurus
2611:
2605:Zhongyuansaurus
2576:
2571:Zhejiangosaurus
2564:Liaoningosaurus
2499:
2457:Struthiosaurini
2451:
2403:
2398:Tatankacephalus
2314:
2270:Gargoyleosaurus
2255:
2167:Gargoyleosaurus
2125:
2112:
2083:Parankylosauria
2077:
2043:Sinankylosaurus
1984:
1963:
1944:
1924:
1897:
1891:Avemetatarsalia
1876:Avemetatarsalia
1866:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1776:
1775:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1351:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
984:
934:Struthiosaurini
920:Struthiosaurini
864:Acanthopholidae
856:Scelidosauridae
813:
803:. (Vickaryous,
783:. The skull of
679:Struthiosaurini
652:paleontologists
509:Wiener Neustadt
493:
444:= lizard) is a
371:
332:
323:
300:
292:
283:Struthiosaurini
279:
263:
250:
237:
221:
205:
145:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
43:
42:
41:
38:Late Cretaceous
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2969:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2917:
2901:
2899:
2897:Struthiosaurus
2893:
2892:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2764:Euoplocephalus
2760:
2753:
2750:Anodontosaurus
2746:
2739:
2736:Akainacephalus
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2644:Crichtonsaurus
2640:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2617:Ankylosaurinae
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2513:Ankylosauridae
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2494:Struthiosaurus
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2411:
2409:Panoplosaurini
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2355:Niobrarasaurus
2351:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2220:Polacanthoides
2216:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2190:Horshamosaurus
2186:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2160:Dongyangopelta
2156:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2123:Euankylosauria
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2099:Kunbarrasaurus
2095:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1724:
1673:
1654:(2): 370â383.
1634:
1623:(3): 642â657.
1607:
1594:Euoplocephalus
1584:
1568:
1551:
1540:Leipsanosaurus
1531:
1496:
1457:(12): e80405.
1437:
1418:(1): 156â165.
1402:
1386:
1349:
1330:(2): 227â245.
1310:
1303:
1277:
1217:
1206:Struthiosaurus
1190:
1184:Struthiosaurus
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:Cairanoolithus
1159:
1153:
1152:
1136:
1133:
1128:Struthiosaurus
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1000:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
981:
980:
977:
976:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
928:
916:Struthiosaurus
908:Struthiosaurus
889:Struthiosaurus
879:Struthiosaurus
837:Ornithocephala
833:Ornithoscelida
812:
811:Classification
809:
761:Struthiosaurus
753:incertae sedis
716:Seeley, 1881;
708:Seeley, 1881;
704:Bunzel, 1871;
648:Struthiosaurus
633:Struthiosaurus
579:Struthiosaurus
537:Struthiosaurus
533:Emanuel Bunzel
492:
489:
427:Struthiosaurus
421:
420:
419:
418:
408:
398:
385:
384:
378:
377:
376:
375:
361:
342:
341:
334:
333:
324:
312:
311:
305:
304:
297:Struthiosaurus
290:
286:
285:
277:
270:
269:
261:
257:
256:
248:
244:
243:
235:
228:
227:
219:
212:
211:
203:
196:
195:
190:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
126:Osteoderms of
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
35:
32:Struthiosaurus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3078:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2846:
2841:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2727:Ankylosaurini
2724:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:Crichtonpelta
2634:
2632:
2631:
2630:Bissektipelta
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2582:Shamosaurinae
2579:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:Ahshislepelta
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2473:Hungarosaurus
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:Panoplosaurus
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:Ahshislepelta
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2286:Hoplitosaurus
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2261:Polacanthinae
2258:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:Rhadinosaurus
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2146:Acanthopholis
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:Antarctopelta
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2065:Tianchisaurus
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:Stegosaurides
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1304:9781400836154
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:Hungarosaurus
1194:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
992:
991:
988:
987:
979:
978:
975:
974:
973:
966:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
956:
955:Hungarosaurus
949:
948:
942:
941:
935:
932:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:Hungarosaurus
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
875:
871:
869:
868:Walter Coombs
865:
861:
857:
853:
844:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Thomas Huxley
822:
818:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
797:S. austriacus
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:S. austriacus
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:S. austriacus
762:
757:
755:
754:
749:
748:
743:
739:
738:Maastrichtian
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:Seeley 1881,
719:
715:
712:Seeley 1881;
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:
662:PIWU 2349/6;
661:
657:
656:S. austriacus
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
585:
584:Scelidosaurus
580:
575:
573:
572:specific name
569:
565:
564:Ancient Greek
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
505:Muthmannsdorf
503:coal mine at
502:
501:Gute Hoffnung
498:
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Maastrichtian
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
428:
414:
413:
409:
404:
403:
402:Danubiosaurus
399:
394:
393:
389:
388:
386:
383:
379:
370:
369:
362:
358:
354:
353:
346:
345:
343:
340:
335:
331:
327:
322:
321:
313:
310:
306:
299:
298:
291:
288:
287:
284:
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
262:
259:
258:
255:
249:
246:
245:
242:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
137:
133:
132:Lower Austria
129:
128:S. austriacus
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
39:
33:
29:
26:
22:
21:Struthiomimus
2896:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2757:Dyoplosaurus
2755:
2748:
2743:Ankylosaurus
2741:
2734:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2677:
2672:Pinacosaurus
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2569:
2562:
2556:Hylaeosaurus
2554:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2480:Pawpawsaurus
2478:
2471:
2464:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2425:Denversaurus
2423:
2416:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2376:Peloroplites
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2348:Borealopelta
2346:
2338:
2333:Acantholipan
2331:
2320:Nodosaurinae
2306:
2299:
2293:Peloroplites
2291:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2212:Mymoorapelta
2210:
2203:
2197:Hylaeosaurus
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2158:
2153:Anoplosaurus
2151:
2144:
2133:Nodosauridae
2105:
2097:
2090:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2000:Cryptosaurus
1998:
1982:Ankylosauria
1960:Ankylosauria
1958:
1930:Ankylosauria
1918:Ornithischia
1903:Ornithischia
1855:
1851:Ornithischia
1846:
1837:
1809:Ankylosauria
1741:
1737:
1727:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1286:
1280:
1237:
1233:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1183:
1178:
1161:
1127:
1125:
1122:Paleobiology
1079:
1078:
1077:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1020:
1019:
1005:Pawpawsaurus
1003:
1002:
970:
969:
953:
952:
923:
915:
907:
903:
900:Ankylosauria
893:Nodosauridae
888:
887:analysis of
883:
878:
852:convergently
849:
836:
814:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
768:
764:
760:
758:
751:
747:nomen dubium
745:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
691:
670:
663:
655:
647:
641:
632:
624:
619:, after the
616:
606:
603:synapophysis
595:thyreophoran
590:Hylaeosaurus
588:
582:
578:
576:
567:
566:ÏÏÏÎżÏΞΔÎčÎżÏ,
559:
551:and gave no
544:
536:
526:
500:
497:Eduard Suess
494:
441:
437:= ostrich +
434:
426:
425:
424:
416:Seeley, 1881
412:Pleuropeltus
411:
410:
406:Bunzel, 1871
401:
400:
396:Seeley, 1881
391:
390:
367:
366:
351:
350:
319:
318:
309:Type species
302:Bunzel, 1871
296:
295:
273:
267:Nodosaurinae
254:Nodosauridae
241:Ankylosauria
231:
215:
209:Ornithischia
199:
186:
127:
31:
25:
3051:HaÈeg fauna
3001:Nodosaurids
2792:Scolosaurus
2709:Tsagantegia
2658:Jinyunpelta
2598:Shamosaurus
2549:Chuanqilong
2391:Silvisaurus
2369:Patagopelta
2301:Polacanthus
2250:Sauroplites
2050:Spicomellus
2028:Sarcolestes
1860:Thyreophora
1582:(1): 93-114
877:Humerus of
675:nodosaurine
637:diapophysis
568:stroutheios
518:fresh water
260:Subfamily:
225:Thyreophora
44:85â66
2995:Categories
2860:See also:
2785:Platypelta
2778:Oohkotokia
2716:Zaraapelta
2591:Gobisaurus
2542:Cedarpelta
2534:Aletopelta
2487:Stegopelta
2432:Edmontonia
2418:Animantarx
2384:Sauropelta
2362:Nodosaurus
2228:Priconodon
2072:Vectipelta
2007:Dracopelta
1939:see belowâ
1842:Dinosauria
1693:: e12362.
1604:(1): 1â84.
1240:(1): 144.
1170:References
1022:Stegopelta
613:River Maas
608:Mosasaurus
599:tuberculum
587:sp. and a
457:Cretaceous
450:nodosaurid
392:Crataeomus
193:Dinosauria
2799:Talarurus
2679:Saichania
2466:Europelta
2446:Texasetes
2308:Taohelong
2205:Invictarx
2107:Stegouros
1825:Kingdom:
1768:134924657
1744:: 83â93.
1668:131087368
1549:: 324-328
1526:219235284
1432:140174401
972:Europelta
885:Cladistic
805:Maryanska
734:Campanian
557:Neo-Latin
553:etymology
461:Santonian
453:dinosaurs
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
2906:Wikidata
2872:Category
2862:Timeline
2806:Ziapelta
2278:Gastonia
2175:Gastonia
1833:Chordata
1831:Phylum:
1827:Animalia
1719:34966571
1491:24312471
1451:PLOS ONE
1272:34996895
1204:and cf.
1135:See also
660:holotype
560:struthio
459:period (
435:struthio
382:Synonyms
247:Family:
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
2965:4946737
2952:1041356
2939:4823204
2926:4530882
2912:Q136920
2694:Tarchia
2686:Shanxia
1746:Bibcode
1710:8667728
1629:1303969
1482:3847141
1459:Bibcode
1383:: 1â18.
1332:Bibcode
1263:8741922
1242:Bibcode
1215:: 58â63
821:occiput
801:ischium
644:species
499:at the
481:Hungary
473:Romania
469:Austria
339:species
289:Genus:
134:in the
130:, from
1766:
1717:
1707:
1666:
1627:
1524:
1489:
1479:
1430:
1400:: 1-24
1301:
1270:
1260:
924:et al.
829:London
793:dorsal
742:France
677:tribe
667:Nopcsa
625:anceps
621:Danube
485:Europe
477:France
442:sauros
359:, 1915
357:Nopcsa
337:Other
326:Bunzel
2978:38830
2947:IRMNG
2651:Datai
2014:Minmi
1856:Clade
1847:Clade
1838:Clade
1764:S2CID
1687:PeerJ
1664:S2CID
1625:JSTOR
1522:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1373:(PDF)
897:clade
642:Many
629:Latin
549:taxon
507:near
467:) of
446:genus
439:Greek
432:Latin
274:Clade
232:Clade
216:Clade
200:Clade
187:Clade
2934:GBIF
2813:Zuul
1916:see
1889:see
1715:PMID
1487:PMID
1299:ISBN
1268:PMID
912:2018
541:type
479:and
330:1871
52:Preê
2921:EoL
1754:doi
1742:137
1705:PMC
1695:doi
1656:doi
1596:".
1580:III
1514:doi
1477:PMC
1467:doi
1420:doi
1340:doi
1291:doi
1258:PMC
1250:doi
827:in
483:in
448:of
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