647:
49:
453:
1407:
718:
1466:
75:
810:
309:
581:
998:
2656:
799:
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1116:
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583:
582:
622:
Starlings imitate a variety of avian species and have a repertoire of about 15–20 distinct imitations. They also imitate a few sounds other than those of wild birds. The calls of abundant species or calls that are simple in frequency structure and show little amplitude modulation are preferentially
507:
Asian species are most common in evergreen forests; 39 species found in Asia are predominantly forest birds as opposed to 24 found in more open or human modified environments. In contrast to this, African species are more likely to be found in open woodlands and savannah; 33 species are open-area
585:
613:
of their large flight formations. These flocks may include other species of starlings and sometimes species from other families. This sociality is particularly evident in their roosting behaviour; in the nonbreeding season, some roosts can number in the thousands of birds.
512:
is both highly widespread and extremely eclectic in its habitat, occupying most types of open habitat. Like many other starling species, it has also adapted readily to human-modified habitat, including farmland, orchards, plantations, and urban areas.
508:
specialists compared to 13 true forest species. The high diversity of species found in Asia and Africa is not matched by Europe, which has one widespread (and very common) species and two more restricted species. The
567:
should be in North
America, leading to the introduction of the starling to the U.S.; however, this claim is more fiction than fact. While Schieffelin and other members of the society did release starlings in
685:
Laboratory experiments on
European starlings have found that they have disposal enzymes that allow them to break down alcohol very quickly. In addition to consuming fruits, many starlings also consume
584:
272:
by "open-bill probing", that is, forcefully opening the bill after inserting it into a crevice, thus expanding the hole and exposing the prey; this behaviour is referred to by the German verb
928:
plumage colors on the underside. Inside this latter group, there is a clade consisting of species which, again, are usually not too brightly colored, and which consists of the "typical" myna-
440:
or erectile feathers on the crest. Other ornamentation includes elongated tail feathers and brightly coloured bare areas on the face. These colours can be derived from pigments, or as in the
650:
Two starlings and an
American robin (right) on grape arbor: The American robin is plucking a grape. Robins and starlings cause serious damage to ripening grapes in California and elsewhere.
373:). This species can measure up to 36 cm (14 in), and in domestication they can weigh up to 400 g (14 oz). Rivaling the prior species in bulk if not dimensions, the
2478:
Zuccon, Dario; Cibois, Alice; Pasquet, Eric; Ericson, Per G.P. (2006). "Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa".
2993:
444:, structural colour, caused by light scattering off parallel collagen fibers. The irises of many species are red and yellow, although those of younger birds are much darker.
982:
among the most advanced genera. Too few taxa have yet been studied as regards their relationships, however, thus a change in the sequence has to wait for further studies.
646:
2849:
985:
As of 2023, the review by
Lovette & Rubenstein (2008) is the most recent work on the phylogeny of the group. This taxonomy is also based on the order of the
476:. The family is naturally absent from the Americas and from large parts of Australia, but it is present over the majority of Europe, Africa, and Asia. The genus
2888:
2219:
2524:
Cibois, A.; Cracraft, J. (2004). "Assessing the passerine 'tapestry': phylogenetic relationships of the
Muscicapoidea inferred from nuclear DNA sequences".
953:
virtually rules out a close relationship of
Philippine creepers and treecreepers, as neither the latter nor their close relatives seem to have ever reached
949:
members of the more initial radiation of the
Sturnidae. While this may seem odd at first glance, their placement has always been contentious. In addition,
654:
The diets of the starlings are usually dominated by fruits and insects. Many species are important dispersers of seeds, in Asia and Africa, for example,
555:, organizations dedicated to introducing European flora and fauna into North America for cultural and economic reasons. A persistent story alleges that
682:. Starlings have been observed feeding on fermenting over-ripe fruit, which led to the speculation that they might become intoxicated by the alcohol.
2823:
832:
Usually, the starlings are considered a family, as is done here. Sibley & Monroe included the mimids in the family and demoted the starlings to
875:
forms are found there. An alternative scenario would be
African origin for the entire "sturnoid" group, with the oxpeckers representing an ancient
2862:
840:. This treatment was used by Zuccon et al. However, the grouping of Sibley & Monroe is overly coarse due to methodological drawbacks of their
572:
in 1890, the birds had already been in the U.S. since at least the mid-1870s, and
Schieffelin was not inspired to do so by Shakespeare's works.
986:
296:
and human speech patterns. The birds can recognize particular individuals by their calls and are the subject of research into the evolution of
860:
consisting of Sibley/Monroe's "pan-Sturnidae" would nonetheless be desirable to contrast them with the other major lineages of
Muscicapoidea.
2451:
2197:
2147:
292:
Starlings have diverse and complex vocalizations and have been known to embed sounds from their surroundings into their own calls, including
1977:
starlings were formerly of uncertain relationships, but are now thought to belong to the Oriental-Australasian clade, being allied with the
898:) divergence dates for the "sturnoids" lineages must be considered extremely tentative. Given the overall evidence for the origin of most
432:, but with only 25 species showing such differences between the two sexes. The plumage of the starling is often brightly coloured due to
791:
specimen of a mimid, mislabelled as to suggest an Old World origin, was for many decades believed to represent an extinct starling (see
2420:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 157, 252.
2172:
2137:
2960:
2136:
Craig, Adrian; Feare, Chris (2009). "Family Sturnidae (Starlings)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).
560:
206:. The family contains 128 species which are divided into 36 genera. Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, are called
594:
924:
which are most common in Africa and the Palearctic, usually have metallic coloration, and in a number of species also bright
2867:
601:
The starlings are generally a highly social family. Most species associate in flocks of varying sizes throughout the year.
2875:
2396:
752:
151:
961:. Nonetheless, their inclusion in the Sturnidae is not entirely final and eventually, they may remain a separate family.
436:; this colour is derived from the structure of the feathers, not from any pigment. Some species of Asian starling have
2745:
2732:
1611:
1530:
779:(thrashers and mockingbirds). The latter are apparently the Sturnidae's closest living relatives, replace them in the
2802:
1548:
1539:
74:
285:
Plumage of many species is typically dark with a metallic sheen. Most species nest in holes and lay blue or white
221:. Starlings are native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well as northern Australia and the islands of the tropical
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2815:
1683:
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1301:
545:
56:
31:
1837:
1783:
1620:
1310:
457:
278:
48:
1602:
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and the mimids arriving in South America. This is contradicted by the North American distribution of the most
1774:
694:
552:
551:
The European starling was purposely introduced to North America in the 1870s through the 1890s by multiple
2672:
1819:
1701:
1638:
1557:
2349:
Prinzinger, R.; Hakimi G.A. (1996). "Alcohol resorption and alcohol degradation in the European Starling
2924:
2275:
1846:
1647:
1319:
841:
452:
2750:
2648:
1855:
1711:
1674:
521:
336:
2942:
856:, and obscures the evolutionary distinctness of the three lineages. Establishing a valid name for the
2965:
2903:
2771:
2719:
2580:
2487:
2362:
2313:
1828:
1792:
784:
764:
635:
344:
225:. Several European and Asian species have been introduced to these areas, as well as North America,
1765:
1629:
1001:
670:
606:
564:
2988:
2620:"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers – IOC World Bird List"
2378:
2249:
938:
792:
674:
556:
460:
is a partial migrant over much of the east of its range, but its movements are poorly understood.
69:
2929:
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400:
384:
2854:
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Genus sequence follows traditional treatments. This is apparently not entirely correct, with
2916:
2588:
2533:
2495:
2421:
2370:
2321:
2231:
2062:
2052:
1810:
1584:
1328:
1064:
876:
825:, but the weight of evidence has shifted towards granting them full family status as a more
655:
437:
392:
234:
186:
2952:
365: oz). The largest starling, going on standard measurements and perhaps weight, is the
1801:
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2317:
731:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2810:
2797:
2561:"A complete species-level molecular phylogeny for the "Eurasian" starlings (Sturnidae:
2439:
1747:
1179:
871:
lineages to occur there. Expansion into Africa appears to have occurred later, as most
845:
756:
678:
517:
366:
297:
233:, where they generally compete for habitats with native birds and are considered to be
913:
of this family, corresponding to the generally drab, often striped, largish "atypical
308:
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1924:
1758:
1721:
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1425:
1410:
1204:
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891:
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2569:, and allies): Recent diversification in a highly social and dispersive avian group"
2400:
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829:
member of the Sturnidae-Mimidae group, derived from an early expansion into Africa.
2619:
2444:
Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World: A Study in Molecular Evolution
2057:
2032:
1513:
1237:
1163:
1136:
997:
978:
950:
917:" and other mainly Asian-Pacific lineages, and the often smaller, sometimes highly
872:
853:
569:
504:). Also, a species of this genus is the only starling found in northern Australia.
211:
2724:
237:. The starling species familiar to most people in Europe and North America is the
2763:
2737:
2139:
Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows
252:
Starlings have strong feet, their flight is strong and direct, and they are very
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2010:
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332:
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2220:"Shakespeare's Starlings: Literary History and the Fictions of Invasiveness"
1978:
1974:
1935:
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1144:
954:
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887:
867:, perhaps towards the southwestern Pacific, as inferred by the number of
852:). The all-inclusive Sturnidae grouping conveys little information about
818:
780:
749:
698:
537:
525:
286:
265:
136:
106:
17:
1518:—typical glossy-starlings (23 species; monophyly requires confirmation)
2374:
2006:
1971:
1436:
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1379:
1289:
1226:
1152:
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222:
218:
194:
2559:
Lovette, I.J.; McCleery, B.V.; Talaba, A.L.; Rubenstein, D.R. (2008).
2067:
748:
The starling family Sturnidae was introduced (as Sturnidia) by French
548:, which is migratory in part of its range, but is resident in others.
2841:
1880:
1193:
686:
473:
422:
269:
257:
226:
96:
2828:
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2425:
2402:
Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés
2276:"Shakespeare to blame for introduction of European starlings to U.S"
472:. The only habitats they do not typically occupy are very dry sandy
2789:
482:
has also spread widely across the islands of the Pacific, reaching
264:. Several species live around human habitation and are effectively
2937:
2093:"Starlings' listening skills may shed light on language evolution"
1464:
1405:
1114:
1013:
996:
910:
857:
808:
797:
783:, and have a rather similar but more solitary lifestyle. They are
645:
630:
579:
533:
451:
307:
261:
199:
160:
2405:(in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 68.
343:), at 15 cm (6 in), but the lightest-weight species is
921:
914:
374:
242:
207:
192:, common name of Sturnid. The Sturnidae are named for the genus
182:
116:
2670:
256:. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat
1115:
711:
662:. In addition to trees, they are also important dispersers of
2776:
844:
technique and most of their proposed revisions of taxonomic
30:
This article is about the bird family. For other uses, see
2218:
Fugate, Lauren; Miller, John MacNeill (November 1, 2021).
1029:—Pacific starlings (c. 20 living species, 4–5 recently
906:, it appears to be not too far off the mark, however.
863:
Starlings probably originated in the general area of
2418:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
2188:
Doughty, Chris; Day, Nicholas; Andrew Plant (1999).
2167:. Helm Identification Guide. London: A&C Black.
623:
imitated. Dialects of mimicked sounds can be local.
464:
Starlings inhabit a wide range of habitats from the
2679:
2190:Birds of the Solomons, Vanuatu & New Caledonia
2041:(White), Melolonthinae) populations in Canterbury"
425:-like species is comprised by its very long tail.
909:As of 2007, recent studies identified two major
2031:East R. & R. P. Pottinger (November 1975).
693:is unknown, but at least some are, such as the
2142:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 654–709.
1981:. However, while the two more recent species (
689:. The extent to which starlings are important
8:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2045:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
399:). The longest species in the family is the
2994:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
2667:
638:have been observed feeding on the eggs of
47:
38:
2592:
2519:
2517:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2325:
2235:
2066:
2056:
886:As the fossil record is limited to quite
775:, which are quite distant relatives, and
2446:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1989:) have been classified, the prehistoric
848:have not been accepted (see for example
697:of alpine East Africa, which pollinates
210:, and many African species are known as
2023:
421: in), although around 60% in this
407:), which can measure up to 50 cm (
268:. Many species search for prey such as
494:(in addition one species in the genus
2614:
2612:
2573:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2526:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2480:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
941:, a single genus of three species of
755:in 1815. The starlings belong to the
277:
7:
2943:880F1003-A270-FF98-FF23-392AFCE8FA35
2904:3921d75b-42ac-446c-99a8-a0547e63a2b1
2816:efa0ce66-1cdb-4ec3-a65a-ac4d038dcea1
2163:Feare, Chris; Craig, Adrian (1998).
1961:—Philippine creepers (four species)
448:Distribution, habitat and movements
902:families in the first half of the
428:Less sexual dimorphism is seen in
25:
945:-like birds, appear to be highly
673:is an important disperser of the
563:, decided all birds mentioned by
335:. The shortest-bodied species is
2654:
2642:
716:
561:American Acclimatization Society
73:
1441:—typical starlings (2 species)
821:are sometimes placed here as a
595:Newport Wetlands Nature Reserve
383:are also large, especially the
198:, which in turn comes from the
2442:; Monroe, Burt L. Jr. (1990).
2397:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel
2274:Mirsky, Steve (May 23, 2008).
2058:10.1080/00288233.1975.10421071
516:Some species of starlings are
1:
2037:L.) predation on grass grub (
1402:Afrotropical-Palearctic clade
759:Muscicapoidea, together with
753:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
2300:King AJ, Sumpter DJ (2012).
2192:. London: Christopher Helm.
609:of starlings, including the
2594:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.020
2538:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.002
2500:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.007
2091:Zimmer, Carl (2 May 2006).
1612:Long-tailed glossy starling
1531:Greater blue-eared starling
1242:—typical mynas (11 species)
993:Oriental-Australasian clade
787:quite similar too—a partly
331:Starlings are medium-sized
3010:
1779:Onychognathus tenuirostris
1549:Miombo blue-eared starling
1540:Lesser blue-eared starling
178:are small to medium-sized
29:
2327:10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.033
1851:Onychognathus albirostris
1706:Lamprotornis albicapillus
1684:Chestnut-bellied starling
1670:Lamprotornis hildebrandti
1607:Lamprotornis purpuroptera
1544:Lamprotornis chloropterus
1302:White-shouldered starling
1231:—hill mynas (six species)
725:This section needs to be
553:acclimatisation societies
546:white-shouldered starling
241:, and throughout much of
166:
159:
70:Scientific classification
68:
62:Lamprotornis hildebrandti
55:
46:
41:
32:Starling (disambiguation)
2416:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
2355:Journal für Ornithologie
2237:10.1215/22011919-9320167
2224:Environmental Humanities
1918:—white-collared starling
1842:Onychognathus salvadorii
1838:Bristle-crowned starling
1824:Onychognathus tristramii
1784:Chestnut-winged starling
1652:Lamprotornis acuticaudus
1621:Golden-breasted starling
1311:Chestnut-tailed starling
520:, either entirely, like
458:chestnut-tailed starling
1833:Onychognathus nabouroup
1775:Slender-billed starling
1752:—violet-backed starling
1571:Lamprotornis splendidus
1535:Lamprotornis chalybaeus
1496:—black-bellied starling
1294:(sometimes included in
1275:(sometimes included in
1184:Streptocitta albertinae
1175:Streptocitta albicollis
695:slender-billed starling
669:. In South Africa, the
593:of common starlings at
405:Streptocitta albicollis
351:), which is 34 g (
1907:– spot-winged starling
1860:Onychognathus neumanni
1788:Onychognathus fulgidus
1702:White-crowned starling
1666:Hildebrandt's starling
1643:Lamprotornis australis
1598:Lamprotornis purpureus
1562:Lamprotornis chalcurus
1558:Bronze-tailed starling
1553:Lamprotornis elisabeth
1473:
1418:
1129:
1017:
814:
806:
651:
643:
598:
461:
328:
57:Hildebrandt's starling
2925:Paleobiology Database
2039:Costelytra zealandica
2005:—Mauritius starling (
1847:White-billed starling
1806:Onychognathus blythii
1797:Onychognathus walleri
1741:– Madagascar starling
1716:Lamprotornis fischeri
1697:Lamprotornis unicolor
1679:Lamprotornis shelleyi
1661:Lamprotornis superbus
1648:Sharp-tailed starling
1616:Lamprotornis caudatus
1468:
1409:
1397:, late 18th century?)
1393:—Rodrigues starling (
1356:—white-faced starling
1320:White-headed starling
1118:
1090:Basilornis celebensis
1000:
842:DNA-DNA hybridization
812:
801:
649:
636:Micronesian starlings
634:
589:
455:
311:
245:and the Pacific, the
168:Nearly 30, see text.
2811:Fauna Europaea (new)
2651:at Wikimedia Commons
2440:Sibley, Charles Gald
1829:Pale-winged starling
1815:Onychognathus frater
1726:Lamprotornis bicolor
1688:Lamprotornis pulcher
1634:Lamprotornis mevesii
1580:Lamprotornis ornatus
1324:Sturnia erythropygia
1220:—golden-crested myna
1108:Basilornis corythaix
976:, for example, and
890:forms, the proposed
2585:2008MolPE..47..251L
2492:2006MolPE..41..333Z
2367:1996JOrni.137..319P
2318:2012CBio...22.R112K
2280:Scientific American
2165:Starlings and Mynas
1896:– Abbott's starling
1885:– Sharpe's starling
1820:Tristram's starling
1770:Onychognathus morio
1766:Red-winged starling
1639:Burchell's starling
1625:Lamprotornis regius
1526:Lamprotornis nitens
1415:Lamprotornis nitens
1378:—Réunion starling (
1099:Basilornis galeatus
1002:Polynesian starling
939:Philippine creepers
813:Adult feeding young
671:red-winged starling
565:William Shakespeare
349:Poeoptera femoralis
279:[ˈtsɪʁkl̩n]
202:word for starling,
2375:10.1007/BF01651072
2097:The New York Times
1940:—babbling starling
1856:Neumann's starling
1712:Fischer's starling
1675:Shelley's starling
1603:Rüppell's starling
1474:
1419:
1315:Sturnia malabarica
1209:—finch-billed myna
1198:—fiery-browed myna
1130:
1018:
1008:, ranges from the
815:
807:
793:Rodrigues starling
652:
644:
599:
559:, chairman of the
557:Eugene Schieffelin
524:, which breeds in
522:Shelley's starling
462:
341:Poeoptera kenricki
337:Kenrick's starling
329:
249:is indeed common.
2976:
2975:
2912:Open Tree of Life
2673:Taxon identifiers
2647:Media related to
2453:978-0-300-04969-5
2199:978-0-7136-4690-0
2149:978-84-96553-50-7
1793:Waller's starling
1589:Lamprotornis iris
1576:Principe starling
1567:Splendid starling
1485:—wattled starling
1454:Spotless starling
1342:Sturnia pagodarum
1338:Brahminy starling
1171:White-necked myna
1104:Long-crested myna
1047:Yellow-faced myna
1006:Aplonis tabuensis
803:European starling
746:
745:
587:
510:European starling
401:white-necked myna
393:long-tailed mynas
345:Abbott's starling
214:because of their
173:
172:
155:
16:(Redirected from
3001:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2883:
2881:NBNSYS0000161070
2871:
2870:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2831:
2819:
2818:
2806:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2728:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2668:
2659:Data related to
2658:
2646:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2475:
2458:
2457:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2351:Sturnus vulgaris
2346:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2239:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2133:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2060:
2035:Sturnus vulgaris
2028:
1929:—magpie starling
1811:Socotra starling
1630:Meves's starling
1585:Emerald starling
1458:Sturnus unicolor
1449:Sturnus vulgaris
1329:Malabar starling
1306:Sturnia sinensis
1065:Long-tailed myna
957:, let alone the
741:
738:
732:
720:
719:
712:
656:white sandalwood
627:Diet and feeding
588:
532:and migrates to
500:has reached the
420:
419:
415:
412:
364:
363:
359:
356:
318:Sturnus vulgaris
281:
235:invasive species
212:glossy starlings
150:
78:
77:
51:
39:
21:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2675:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2477:
2476:
2461:
2454:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2306:Current Biology
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2135:
2134:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2020:
1968:
1950:
1802:Somali starling
1657:Superb starling
1594:Purple starling
1471:superb starling
1445:Common starling
1430:— rosy starling
1404:
1333:Sturnia blythii
1010:Solomon Islands
995:
785:morphologically
742:
736:
733:
730:
721:
717:
710:
629:
620:
611:swarm behaviour
580:
578:
502:Solomon Islands
450:
417:
413:
410:
408:
371:Gracula robusta
361:
357:
354:
352:
314:common starling
306:
239:common starling
149:
72:
59:
35:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2957:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2898:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2798:Fauna Europaea
2794:
2781:
2768:
2755:
2742:
2729:
2716:
2701:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2663:at Wikispecies
2652:
2638:
2637:External links
2635:
2632:
2631:
2608:
2579:(1): 251–260.
2551:
2532:(1): 264–273.
2513:
2486:(2): 333–344.
2459:
2452:
2431:
2408:
2388:
2361:(3): 319–327.
2341:
2302:"Murmurations"
2292:
2266:
2230:(2): 301–322.
2205:
2198:
2180:
2174:978-0713639612
2173:
2155:
2148:
2109:
2083:
2051:(4): 417–452.
2022:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1919:
1908:
1897:
1886:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1753:
1748:Cinnyricinclus
1742:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1508:
1497:
1486:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1431:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1383:
1368:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1284:
1265:
1254:
1243:
1232:
1221:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1180:Bare-eyed myna
1177:
1158:
1147:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1034:
994:
991:
795:for details).
744:
743:
724:
722:
715:
709:
706:
679:Acacia cyclops
628:
625:
619:
616:
577:
574:
544:, or like the
449:
446:
367:Nias hill myna
305:
302:
298:human language
171:
170:
164:
163:
157:
156:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3006:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:(4): R112–4.
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:Speculipastor
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:Onychognathus
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1722:Pied starling
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:Ashy starling
1691:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:Cape starling
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Cape starling
1408:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:) (2 species)
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:Scissirostrum
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:Helmeted myna
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:Sulawesi myna
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Mino dumontii
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
988:
983:
981:
980:
975:
971:
967:
966:Scissirostrum
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
932:
927:
923:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
894:(about 25–20
893:
892:Early Miocene
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:plesiomorphic
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
850:Ciconiiformes
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
811:
804:
800:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:, as well as
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
740:
737:December 2019
728:
723:
714:
713:
707:
705:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:
661:
660:Indian banyan
657:
648:
641:
637:
633:
626:
624:
617:
615:
612:
608:
604:
596:
592:
575:
573:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
511:
505:
503:
499:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
466:Arctic Circle
459:
454:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:
377:of the genus
376:
372:
368:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
323:
319:
315:
310:
303:
301:
299:
295:
290:
288:
283:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
169:
165:
162:
158:
153:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Passeriformes
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2680:
2623:. Retrieved
2576:
2572:
2567:Acridotheres
2566:
2562:
2554:
2529:
2525:
2483:
2479:
2443:
2434:
2417:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2285:November 14,
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2269:
2259:November 26,
2257:. Retrieved
2227:
2223:
2189:
2183:
2164:
2158:
2138:
2100:. Retrieved
2096:
2086:
2081:(See p.429.)
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2026:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1514:Lamprotornis
1512:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1457:
1448:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1387:
1385:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1238:Acridotheres
1236:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1164:Streptocitta
1162:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1137:Goodfellowia
1135:
1133:
1123:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1077:
1075:
1069:Mino kreffti
1068:
1059:
1050:
1038:
1036:
1023:
1021:
1005:
984:
979:Acridotheres
977:
973:
969:
965:
963:
951:biogeography
936:
934:assemblage.
929:
908:
885:
862:
854:biogeography
837:
831:
816:
747:
734:
726:
684:
677:
653:
621:
602:
600:
570:Central Park
550:
515:
506:
495:
477:
463:
427:
404:
396:
388:
385:yellow-faced
378:
370:
348:
340:
330:
317:
291:
284:
276:(pronounced
273:
251:
203:
193:
189:
175:
174:
167:
146:
61:
36:
2837:iNaturalist
2705:Wikispecies
2011:prehistoric
1892:Arizelopsar
1874:(3 species)
1737:Hartlaubius
1507:(2 species)
1481:Creatophora
1264:— 4 species
1253:(2 species)
1056:Golden myna
959:Philippines
943:treecreeper
765:flycatchers
757:superfamily
708:Systematics
691:pollinators
603:Murmuration
591:Murmuration
434:iridescence
389:M. dumontii
304:Description
247:common myna
231:New Zealand
2983:Categories
2625:2021-07-29
2102:14 January
2068:10182/2197
2018:References
2001:Cryptopsar
1991:Cryptopsar
1983:Fregipilus
1966:Unresolved
1957:Rhabdornis
1946:Rhabdornis
1903:Saroglossa
1492:Notopholia
1374:Fregilupus
1367:—Bali myna
1352:Sturnornis
1249:Spodiopsar
1216:Ampeliceps
1120:Hill mynas
1079:Basilornis
1060:Mino anais
968:closer to
947:apomorphic
926:carotinoid
919:apomorphic
789:albinistic
675:introduced
667:mistletoes
530:Somaliland
492:Micronesia
397:M. kreffti
333:passerines
322:iridescent
294:car alarms
254:gregarious
216:iridescent
152:Rafinesque
133:Suborder:
2989:Sturnidae
2738:Sturnidae
2725:Sturnidae
2711:Sturnidae
2681:Sturnidae
2661:Sturnidae
2649:Sturnidae
2254:243468840
2246:2201-1919
2077:0028-8233
1993:has not.
1987:Necropsar
1979:Bali myna
1975:Mascarene
1936:Neocichla
1870:Poeoptera
1389:Necropsar
1363:Leucopsar
1260:Gracupica
883:Mimidae.
865:East Asia
836:rank, as
823:subfamily
819:oxpeckers
664:parasitic
576:Behaviour
518:migratory
488:Melanesia
484:Polynesia
442:Bali myna
266:omnivores
190:Sturnidae
180:passerine
176:Starlings
147:Sturnidae
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
42:Starling
18:Sturnidae
2690:Wikidata
2603:18321732
2546:15186812
2508:16806992
2426:2246/830
2399:(1815).
2383:31680169
2336:22361142
1914:Grafisia
1503:Hylopsar
1469:African
1382:, 1850s)
1271:Agropsar
1145:Apo myna
972:than to
955:Wallacea
838:Sturnini
781:Americas
761:thrushes
750:polymath
702:lobelias
640:seabirds
607:flocking
538:Tanzania
526:Ethiopia
143:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
2696:Q185237
2581:Bibcode
2563:Sturnus
2488:Bibcode
2363:Bibcode
2314:Bibcode
2007:extinct
1972:extinct
1437:Sturnus
1395:extinct
1380:extinct
1296:Sturnus
1290:Sturnia
1281:Sturnia
1277:Sturnus
1227:Gracula
1157:—Coleto
1153:Sarcops
1128:species
1125:Gracula
1031:extinct
1025:Aplonis
974:Gracula
970:Aplonis
931:Sturnus
904:Miocene
900:Passeri
873:derived
777:Mimidae
773:dippers
727:updated
605:is the
597:, Wales
542:Somalia
479:Aplonis
474:deserts
470:Equator
468:to the
430:plumage
416:⁄
360:⁄
325:plumage
274:zirkeln
258:insects
223:Pacific
219:plumage
204:sturnus
195:Sturnus
185:in the
137:Passeri
123:Order:
113:Class:
2966:558589
2950:uBio:
2930:134484
2917:565817
2901:NZOR:
2868:179635
2855:105098
2790:1STURF
2601:
2544:
2506:
2450:
2381:
2334:
2252:
2244:
2196:
2171:
2146:
2075:
1998:Genus
1954:Genus
1933:Genus
1922:Genus
1911:Genus
1900:Genus
1889:Genus
1881:Pholia
1878:Genus
1867:Genus
1756:Genus
1745:Genus
1734:Genus
1511:Genus
1500:Genus
1489:Genus
1478:Genus
1434:Genus
1426:Pastor
1423:Genus
1386:Genus
1371:Genus
1360:Genus
1349:Genus
1287:Genus
1268:Genus
1257:Genus
1246:Genus
1235:Genus
1224:Genus
1213:Genus
1202:Genus
1194:Enodes
1191:Genus
1161:Genus
1150:Genus
1134:Genus
1076:Genus
1037:Genus
1022:Genus
911:clades
888:Recent
877:relict
687:nectar
540:, and
490:, and
438:crests
423:magpie
391:) and
320:) has
229:, and
227:Hawaii
187:family
161:Genera
154:, 1815
2961:WoRMS
2953:21628
2938:Plazi
2850:IRMNG
2842:14841
2803:10855
2379:S2CID
2250:S2CID
1948:clade
1014:Tonga
915:mynas
881:basal
858:clade
834:tribe
827:basal
769:chats
699:giant
618:Mimic
534:Kenya
375:mynas
270:grubs
262:fruit
208:mynas
200:Latin
183:birds
2894:9170
2889:NCBI
2863:ITIS
2829:9350
2824:GBIF
2785:EPPO
2777:1607
2751:1200
2746:BOLD
2599:PMID
2542:PMID
2504:PMID
2448:ISBN
2332:PMID
2287:2012
2261:2021
2242:ISSN
2194:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2104:2009
2073:ISSN
1985:and
1970:The
1040:Mino
937:The
922:taxa
846:rank
817:The
805:eggs
767:and
658:and
528:and
497:Mino
456:The
380:Mino
312:The
287:eggs
260:and
243:Asia
117:Aves
2876:NBN
2772:EoL
2764:GRP
2759:CoL
2733:AFD
2720:ADW
2589:doi
2534:doi
2496:doi
2422:hdl
2371:doi
2359:137
2353:".
2322:doi
2232:doi
2063:hdl
2053:doi
1279:or
1012:to
987:IOC
896:Mya
282:).
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