182:. According to adults who stutter, stuttering is defined as a "constellation of experiences" expanding beyond the external disfluencies that are apparent to the listener. In fact, most of the experience of stuttering is internal and encompasses more experiences beyond the external speech disfluencies that are not observable by the listener. The moment of stuttering often begins before the disfluency is produced, described as a moment of anticipation - where the person who stutters knows which word they are going to stutter on. The sensation of losing control and anticipation of a stutter can lead people who stutter to react in different ways including behavioral and cognitive reactions. Some behavioral reactions can manifest outwardly and be observed as physical tension or struggle anywhere in the body. Almost 80 million people worldwide stutter, about 1% of the world's population.
750:, who claimed that the onset of stuttering was connected to the cultural expectations and the pressure put on young children by anxious parents, which has since been debunked. Later studies found that this claim was not supported by the facts, so the influence of cultural factors in stuttering research declined. It is generally accepted by contemporary scholars that stuttering is present in every culture and in every race, although the attitude towards the actual prevalence differs. Some believe stuttering occurs in all cultures and races at similar rates, about 1% of general population (and is about 5% among young children) all around the world. A US-based study indicated that there were no racial or ethnic differences in the incidence of stuttering in preschool children.
738:, or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 5–6%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females. As seen in children who have just begun stuttering, there is an equivalent number of boys and girls who stutter. Still, the sex ratio appears to widen as children grow: among preschoolers, boys who stutter outnumber girls who stutter by about a two to one ratio, or less. This ratio widens to three to one during first grade, and five to one during fifth grade, as girls have higher recovery rates. the overall prevalence of stuttering is generally considered to be approximately 1%.
495:(SLP). Diagnosis of stuttering employs information both from direct observation of the individual and information about the individual's background, through a case history. The SLP may collect a case history on the individual through a detailed interview or conversation with the parents (if client is a child). They may also observe parent-child interactions and observe the speech patterns of the child's parents. The overall goal of assessment for the SLP will be (1) to determine whether a speech disfluency exists, and (2) assess if its severity warrants concern for further treatment.
507:
factors including: anxiety (Endler multidimensional anxiety scales (EMAS)), attitudes (personal report of communication apprehension (PRCA)), perceptions of self (self-rating of reactions to speech situations (SSRSS)), quality of life (overall assessment of the speaker's experience of stuttering (OASES)), behaviors (older adult self-report (OASR)), and mental health (composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI)).
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stuttering as a defect and instead positions stuttering as a valuable and respectable way of speaking in its own right. The movement encourages stutterers to take pride in their unique speech patterns and in what stuttering can tell us about the world. It also advocates for societal adjustments to allow stutterers equal access to education and employment opportunities, and addresses how this may impact
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503:). They might also employ a test to evaluate the severity of the stuttering and predictions for its course. One such test includes the stuttering prediction instrument for young children (SPI), which analyzes the child's case history, and stuttering frequency in order to determine the severity of the disfluency and its prognosis for chronicity for the future.
949:. Churchill claimed, perhaps not directly discussing himself, that "ometimes a slight and not unpleasing stammer or impediment has been of some assistance in securing the attention of the audience ..." However, those who knew Churchill and commented on his stutter believed that it was or had been a significant problem for him. His secretary
1067:, have begun to embrace their stuttering voices as an important part of their identity. In July 2015 the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) announced the launch of the Defence Stammering Network to support and champion the interests of British military personnel and MOD civil servants who stammer and to raise awareness of the condition.
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blinking and lip movements, may be used, as well as fear and avoidance of sounds, words, people, or speaking situations. Eventually, some become fully aware of their disorder and begin to identify themselves as stutterers. Depending on the situation, this may come with deeper frustration, embarrassment and shame.
499:(number of iterations, percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS)), and speaking rate (syllables per minute (SPM), words per minute (WPM)). They may also test for naturalness and fluency in speaking (naturalness rating scale (NAT), test of childhood stuttering (TOCS)) and physical concomitants during speech (
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Self-help and advocacy organisations for people who stammer have reportedly been in existence since the 1920s. In 1921, a
Philadelphia-based attorney who stammered, J. Stanley Smith, established the Kingsley Club. Designed to support people with a stammer in the Philadelphia area, the club
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World
Congress is primarily focused on people who stutter. There is also Joint World Congress on Stuttering and Cluttering that brings together academics, researchers, speech-language pathologists, people who stutter, and people who clutter for a focus more on research, viewpoints, and treatments for
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In some cases, stuttering may be acquired in adulthood as the result of a neurological event such as a head injury, tumour, stroke, or drug use. This stuttering has different characteristics from its developmental equivalent: it tends to be limited to part-word or sound repetitions, and is associated
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Stuttering is a multifaceted, complex disorder that can impact an individual's life in a variety of ways. Children and adults are monitored and evaluated for evidence of possible social, psychological or emotional signs of stress related to their disorder. Some common assessments of this type measure
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repositioning stuttering as a valuable and respectable way of speaking. The movement seeks to counter the societal narratives in which temporal and societal expectations dictate how communication takes place. In this sense, the stuttering pride movement challenges the pervasive societal narrative of
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Many counties have regular events and activities to get people who stutter together in mutual support. These events take place at regional, national, and international level. At a regional level, there are often stuttering support or chapter groups that look to provide a place for people who stutter
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Altered auditory feedback effect can be produced by speaking in chorus with another person, by blocking out the voice of the person who stutters while they are talking (masking), by delaying slightly the voice of the person who stutters (delayed auditory feedback) or by altering the frequency of the
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are frequent in people who stutter, and may increase tension and effort. With time, continued negative experiences may crystallize into a negative self-concept and self-image. People who stutter may project their own attitudes onto others, believing that the others think them nervous or stupid. Such
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These behavioral reactions are those that might not be apparent to listeners and only be perceptible to people who stutter. Some people who stutter exhibit covert behaviors such as avoiding speaking situations, substituting words/phrases when they know they are going to stutter, or use other methods
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With time a young person who stutters might transition from easy, relaxed repetition to more tense and effortful stuttering, including blocks and prolongations. Some propose that parental reactions may affect this development. With time, secondary stuttering, including escape behaviours such as eye
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diagnostic codes. The DSM-5 describes "Childhood-Onset
Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)" for developmental stuttering, and "Adult-onset Fluency Disorder". However, the specific rationale for this change from the DSM-IV is ill-documented in the APA's published literature, and is felt by some to promote
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that reduce stuttering. Overactivity of the midbrain has been found at the level of the substantia nigra extended to the red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus, which all contribute to the production of dopamine. However, increased dopamine does not imply increased excitatory function since dopamine's
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tragic case of a man from Sydney who "sought relief from the effects of stammering in suicide". As well as providing self-help, this club adopted an advocacy role with the intention of appealing to the
Government to provide special education and to fund research into the causes of stammering.
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Different regions of the world are researched unevenly. The largest number of studies has been conducted in
European countries and in North America, where the experts agree on the mean estimate to be about 1% of the general population. African populations, particularly from West Africa, might have
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Additionally, psychogenic stuttering may also arise after a traumatic experience such as a death, the breakup of a relationship or as the psychological reaction to physical trauma. Its symptoms tend to be homogeneous: the stuttering is of sudden onset and associated with a significant event, it is
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Other patterns of stuttering development have been described, including sudden onset, with the child being unable to speak, despite attempts to do so. The child usually is unable to utter the first sound of a sentence, and shows high levels of awareness and frustration. Another variety also begins
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is the ability to speak two languages. Many bilingual people have been exposed to more than one language since birth and throughout childhood. Since language and culture are relatively fluid factors in a person's understanding and production of language, bilingualism may be a feature that impacts
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Prognosis is guarded with later age of onset: children who start stuttering at age 3½ years or later, and/or duration of greater than 6–12 months since onset, that is, once stuttering has become established, about 18% of children who stutter after five years recover spontaneously. Stuttering that
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While there is no cure for stuttering, several treatment options exist and the best option is dependent on the individual. Therapy should be individualized and tailored to the specific and unique needs of the client. The speech–language pathologist and the client typically work together to create
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Avoidance
Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS) is an effective form of modification therapy. It is a framework based on theories developed by professor Joseph Sheehan and his wife Vivian Sheehan. This framework focuses on self-acceptance as someone who stutters, and efficient, spontaneous and
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During direct observation of the client, the SLP will observe various aspects of the individual's speech behaviors. In particular, the therapist might test for factors including the types of disfluencies present (using a test such as the
Disfluency Type Index (DTI)), their frequency and duration
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Stuttering is not connected to the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress are not thought to cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in
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Other support groups for people who stammer began to emerge in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1935 a
Stammerer's Club was established in Melbourne, Australia, by a Mr H. Collin of Thornbury. At the time of its formation it had 68 members. The club was formed in response to the
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placed upon the person by the speaking situation. Demands may be increased by internal factors or inadequate language skills or external factors. In stuttering, the severity of the disorder is seen as likely to increase when demands placed on the person's speech and language system exceed their
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The impact of discrimination against stuttering can be severe. This may result in fears of stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, low self-esteem, being a possible target of bullying or discrimination, or feeling pressured to hide stuttering. In popular
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Some stuttering is also believed to be caused by neurophysiology. Neurogenic stuttering typically appears following some sort of injury or disease to the central nervous system. Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, including cortex, subcortex, cerebellum, and even the neural pathway regions.
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Preschool aged children often have difficulties with speech concerning motor planning and execution; this often manifests as disfluencies related to speech development (referred to as normal dysfluency or "other disfluencies"). This type of disfluency is a normal part of speech development and
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There is evidence of differences in linguistic processing between people who stutter and people who do not. Brain scans of adult stutterers have found greater activation of the right hemisphere, which is associated with emotions, than of the left hemisphere, which is associated with speech. In
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In and around eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe, surgical interventions for stuttering were recommended, including cutting the tongue with scissors, removing a triangular wedge from the posterior tongue, and cutting nerves, or neck and lip muscles. Others recommended shortening the
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The child is having difficulty using grammatically complex sentences in one or both languages as compared to other children of the same age. Also, the child may make grammatical mistakes. Developing proficiency in both languages may be gradual, so development may be uneven between the two
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People who stutter may have reactions, avoidance behaviors, or secondary behaviors related to their stuttering that may look like struggle and tension in the body. These could range anywhere from tension in the head and neck, behaviors such as snapping or tapping, or facial grimacing.
854:. Believing that fear aggravated stuttering, he suggested techniques to overcome this. Humoral manipulation continued to be a dominant treatment for stuttering until the eighteenth century. Partly due to a perceived lack of intelligence because of his stutter, the man who became the
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At a national level, stuttering charities or groups host conferences. Conferences can vary in their focus and scope, some focus on the latest research developments, some on stuttering and the arts and others still look to provide a space for stutterers simply to come together.
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Because of the unusual-sounding speech that is produced and the behaviors and attitudes that accompany a stutter, it has long been a subject of scientific interest and speculation as well as discrimination and ridicule. People who stutter can be traced back centuries to
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There is evidence that stuttering is more common in children who also have concurrent speech, language, learning or motor difficulties. For some people who stutter, congenital factors may play a role. In others, there could be added impact due to stressful situations.
965:, both caused in large measure by a defect in his palate, Churchill was at first seriously hampered in his public speaking. It is characteristic of the man's perseverance that, despite his staggering handicap, he made himself one of the greatest orators of our time."
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Healey, E. C., Reid, R., & Donaher, J. (2005). Treatment of the child who stutters with co-existing learning, behavioral, and cognitive challenges. In R. Lees & C. Stark (Eds.), The treatment of stuttering in the young school-aged child (pp. 178–196). Whurr
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Whilst
Kingsley himself did not appear to recommend self-help or advocacy groups for people who stammer, the Kingsley Club promoted a positive mental attitude to support its members in becoming confident speakers, in a similar way discussed by Charles Kingsley in
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Stuttering may present differently depending on the languages the individual uses. For example, morphological and other linguistic differences between languages may make presentation of disfluency appear to be more or less depending on the individual case.
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Auditory processing deficits have also been proposed as a cause of stuttering. Stuttering is possibly less prevalent in deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals, and stuttering is occasionally reduced when auditory feedback is altered, such as by
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Neurogenic stuttering (stuttering that occurs secondary to brain damage, such as after a stroke) and psychogenic stuttering (stuttering related to a psychological condition) are less common and classified separately from developmental.
917:– 912), called Balbulus ("The Stutterer") and described by his biographer as being "delicate of body but not of mind, stuttering of tongue but not of intellect, pushing boldly forward in things Divine," was invoked against stammering.
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Developmental stuttering is stuttering that originates when a child is learning to speak and may persist as the child matures into adulthood. Stuttering that persists after the age of seven is classified as persistent stuttering.
201:, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more or less noticeable. People who stutter often find that their stuttering fluctuates, sometimes at random.
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the highest stuttering prevalence in the world—reaching in some populations 5%, 6% and even over 9%. Many regions of the world are not researched sufficiently, and for some major regions there are no prevalence studies at all.
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Other much less common causes of stuttering include neurogenic stuttering (stuttering that occurs secondary to brain damage, such as after a stroke) and psychogenic stuttering (stuttering related to a psychological condition).
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Stuttering usually begins in early childhood. The mean onset of stuttering is 30 months. With young stutterers, disfluency may be episodic, and periods of stuttering are followed by periods of relatively decreased disfluency.
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characterized externally by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.
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For centuries "cures" such as consistently drinking water from a snail shell for the rest of one's life, "hitting a stutterer in the face when the weather is cloudy", strengthening the tongue as a muscle, and various
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There is evidence for structural and functional differences in the brains of stutterers. Research is complicated by the possibility that such differences could be the consequences of stuttering rather than a cause.
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for spontaneously recovery is about 65% to 87.5%. By 7 years of age or within the first two years of stuttering, and about 74% recover by their early teens. In particular, girls are shown to recover more often.
957:. She related one example, "'It's s-s-simply s-s-splendid,' he stuttered—as he always did when excited." Louis J. Alber, who helped to arrange a lecture tour of the United States, wrote in Volume 55 of
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as defined by listeners is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as
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Syllable repetition—a single syllable word is repeated (for example: "on-on-on a chair") or a part of a word which is still a full syllable such as "un-un-under the ..." and "o-o-open".
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The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to eliminate stuttering but to modify it so that stuttering is easier and less effortful. The most widely known approach was published by
779:) from both languages in one sentence. This is a normal process that helps the child increase their skills in the weaker language, but may trigger a temporary increase in disfluency.
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Common stuttering behaviors are observable signs of speech disfluencies, for example: repeating sounds, syllables, words or phrases, silent blocks and prolongation of sounds.
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Fluency shaping therapy trains people who stutter to speak less disfluently by controlling their breathing, phonation, and articulation (lips, jaw, and tongue). It is based on
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in 1973 and is also known as block modification therapy. Stuttering modification therapy should not be used to promote fluent speech or presented as a cure for stuttering.
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A variety of hypotheses and theories suggest multiple factors contributing to stuttering. There is strong evidence that stuttering has a genetic basis. Children who have
981:, allowing an infant to look in the mirror, cutting a child's hair before the child spoke his or her first words, having too small a tongue, or the "work of the devil".
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Self-help groups provide people who stutter a shared forum within which they can access resources and support from others facing the same challenges of stuttering.
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techniques. This type of therapy is not considered best practice in the field of speech and language pathology and is potentially harmful and traumatic for clients.
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961:(1942) that "Churchill struggled to express his feelings but his stutter caught him in the throat and his face turned purple" and that "born with a stutter and a
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achievable and realistic goals that target communication confidence, autonomy, managing emotions and stress related to their stutter, and working on disclosure.
349:; the prevalence rate of childhood stuttering in dyslexia is around 30–40%, while in adults the prevalence of dyslexia in adults who stutter is around 30–50%.
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Multi-syllable repetition—more than one syllable such as a whole word, or more than one word is repeated, such as "I know-I know-I know a lot of information."
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842:'s humoral theories were influential in Europe in the Middle Ages for centuries afterward. In this theory, stuttering was attributed to an imbalance of the
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with a relative lack of anxiety and secondary stuttering behaviors. Techniques such as altered auditory feedback are not effective with the acquired type.
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Andrews, G., Craig, A., Feyer, A. M., Hoddinott, S., Howie, P., Neilson, M. (1983). "Stuttering: a review of research findings and theories circa 1982".
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Some characteristics of stuttered speech are not as easy for listeners to detect. As a result, diagnosing stuttering requires the skills of a licensed
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Craig, A., Tran, Y. (2005). "The epidemiology of stuttering: The need for reliable estimates of prevalence and anxiety levels over the lifespan".
2777:("Stuttering is shown to be qualitatively as well as quantitatively different from normal disfluency even at the earliest stages of stuttering.")
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Cross-cultural studies of stuttering prevalence were very active in early and mid-20th century, particularly under the influence of the works of
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Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y.; Craig, M., Peters, K. (2002). "Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span".
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Kloth, S, Janssen, P, Kraaimaat, F, Brutten, G (1995). "Speech-motor and linguistic skills of young people who stutter prior to onset".
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model has been proposed to account for the heterogeneity of the disorder. In this approach, speech performance varies depending on the
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American
Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
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Yairi, E. (1993). "Epidemiologic and other considerations in treatment efficacy research with preschool-age children who stutter".
409:. Researchers estimated that alterations in these three genes were present in 9% of those who have a family history of stuttering.
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also stuttered, and that placing a burning coal in his mouth had caused him to be "slow and hesitant of speech" (Exodus 4, v.10).
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Incomplete syllable repetition—an incomplete syllable is repeated, such as a consonant without a vowel, for example, "c-c-c-cold".
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persists after the age of seven is classified as persistent stuttering, and is associated with a much lower chance of recovery.
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3581:"Stuttering in the Chinese population in some Southeast Asian countries: A preliminary investigation on attitude and incidence"
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The child is having difficulty finding the correct word to express ideas resulting in an increase in normal speech disfluency.
194:(chronic nervousness and stress). Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering.
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It was once believed that being bilingual would 'confuse' a child and cause stuttering, but research has debunked this myth.
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speech fluency. There are several ways during which stuttering may be noticed in bilingual children including the following.
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850:, writing in the sixteenth century, proposed to redress the imbalance by changes in diet, reduced libido (in men only), and
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suddenly with frequent word and phrase repetition, and does not include the development of secondary stuttering behaviours.
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1288:"Dysphemia and Dysphonia: Cardinal Features of Three Types of Functional Syndrome: Stuttering, Aphonia and Falsetto (Male)"
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constant and uninfluenced by different speaking situations, and there is little awareness or concern shown by the speaker.
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Johnson, W., L. Duke (1935). "Changes in handedness associated with onset or disappearance of stuttering; sixteen cases".
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capacity to deal with these pressures. However, the precise nature of the capacity or incapacity has not been delineated.
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1988:"The Coexistence of Disabling Conditions in Children Who Stutter: Evidence From the National Health Interview Survey"
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media, stuttering is sometimes seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is no direct correlation in that direction.
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Without audible airflow—such as a block of speech or a tense pause where no airflow occurs and no phonation occurs.
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Proctor, A., Duff, M., Yairi, E. (2002). "Early childhood stuttering: African Americans and European Americans".
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It was once thought that forcing a left-handed student to write with their right-hand caused stuttering due to
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and encourage other stutterers to take pride in their stutter and to find how it has been beneficial for them.
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were tried. Similarly, in the past people subscribed to odd theories about the causes of stuttering, such as
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Fibiger S. 2009. Stuttering. In: JH Stone, M Blouin, editors. International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation.
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effect can be both excitatory or inhibitory depending upon which dopamine receptors have been stimulated.
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who stutter are three times as likely to develop a stutter. In a 2010 article, three genes were found by
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Ambrose, Nicoline Grinager, and Ehud Yairi. "Normative Disfluency Data for Early Childhood Stuttering."
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Stuttering could have a significant negative cognitive and affective impact on the person who stutters.
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Sander RW, Osborne CA (1 November 2019). "Stuttering: Understanding and Treating a Common Disability".
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The cause of developmental stuttering is complex and thought to be neurological with a genetic factor.
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Yairi, E., Ambrose, N. G. (1999). "Early childhood stuttering I: persistency and recovery rates".
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The Stuttering Pride flag symbolises the waves of stuttering pride rippling through the community.
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Rieber, RW, Wollock, J (1977). "The historical roots of the theory and therapy of stuttering".
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Kang C, Riazuddin S, Mundorff J, Krasnewich D, Friedman P, Mullikin JC, Drayna D (2010-02-25).
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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 16 January 2006
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Yairi, E., Ambrose, N. (1992). "Onset of stuttering in preschool children: selected factors".
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No medication is FDA-approved for stuttering. Some research suggests dopamine antagonists
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feedback (frequency altered feedback). Studies of these techniques have had mixed results.
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commented that "Winston Churchill was born and grew up with a stutter" in her 1941 book
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placed a small forked golden plate under the tongue in order to support "weak" muscles.
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Stuttering can co-occur with other disabilities. These associated disabilities include:
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2973:
2594:
2577:
2542:
2408:
2383:
2303:
2270:
2085:
2052:
1817:
1784:
1668:"Traits of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children who stutter"
1588:
1555:
1364:
667:
joyful communication, essentially, minimizing quality-of-life impact due to stuttering.
461:
Another theory is that adults who stutter have elevated levels of the neurotransmitter
187:
124:
4424:
3730:
3580:
3478:
3314:
1896:
1857:
1800:
1730:
1081:
802:
4749:
4691:
4637:
4525:
4346:
3768:
3669:
3561:
3397:
3379:
3204:
3013:
2166:
1967:
1540:
1404:
1217:
978:
939:
855:
806:
595:
Other disorders with symptoms resembling stuttering, or associated disorders include
394:
312:
negative feelings and attitudes may need to be a major focus of a treatment program.
288:
3848:
2813:
2027:
1652:
1613:"Elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children who stutter"
137:
75-80% developmental resolves by late childhood; 15-20% of cases last into adulthood
2946:
2664:
1753:
925:
767:
3983:
3653:
3328:
Yairi, E, Ambrose, N, Cox, N (1996). "Genetics of stuttering: a critical review".
2126:
2109:
1943:
1683:
1628:
1516:
4449:
4261:
4251:
4241:
3999:
2003:
938:
plays George VI, tells his story. The film is based on an original screenplay by
824:, who tried to control his disfluency by speaking with pebbles in his mouth. The
4468:
3805:
3548:
Nwokah, E (1988). "The imbalance of stuttering behavior in bilingual speakers".
3109:"Graphique 1.3 Avantages sanitaires de la lutte contre le changement climatique"
3044:
2989:
1380:
935:
892:
880:
821:
776:
296:
2271:"Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme–Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering"
58:
Stammering, alalia syllabaris, alalia literalis, anarthria literalis, dysphemia
4677:
4409:
4188:
2805:
2686:
2365:
2110:"Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions"
1571:
1182:
899:
735:
600:
4053:
4028:
3963:
3158:
3052:
2997:
2294:
2076:
2011:
1951:
1904:
1808:
1691:
1636:
1579:
1524:
1388:
1311:
4697:
3637:
3443:
3142:"The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis"
2914:
2431:
Soo-Eun, Chang (2007). "Brain anatomy differences in childhood stuttering".
1754:"A Revised Component Model for diagnosing and Treating Children Who Stutter"
1192:
1035:. Kingsley, a nineteenth-century English social reformer and author of
970:
921:
718:
612:
442:
addition, reduced activation in the left auditory cortex has been observed.
280:
279:, with the immediately visible and audible symptoms of stuttering above the
179:
132:
114:
4168:
3738:
3661:
3486:
3451:
3177:
3070:
3005:
2938:
2603:
2550:
2474:
2417:
2399:
2312:
2135:
2094:
2019:
1959:
1912:
1865:
1826:
1769:
1738:
1699:
1644:
1597:
1532:
1396:
861:
was initially shunned from the public eye and excluded from public office.
3902:
3349:
3341:
3287:
3279:
3108:
2851:
2843:
2286:
535:
temporarily present in preschool-aged children who are learning to speak.
235:
With audible airflow—prolongation of a sound occurs such as "mmmmmmmmmom".
3776:
3612:
Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter
3120:
2930:
2774:
974:
858:
851:
693:
462:
346:
4485:
4303:
Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering
2209:"NIH study in mice identifies type of brain cell involved in stuttering"
4316:
Goldmark, Daniel. "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930." In
3301:
Mansson, H. (2000). "Childhood stuttering: Incidence and development".
1197:
903:
284:
276:
272:
4373:
3388:
2710:
http://cirrie.buffalo.edu/encyclopedia/en/article/158/#s4International
2053:"Language Abilities of Children Who Stutter: A Meta-Analytical Review"
339:(ADHD); the prevalence of ADHD in school-aged children who stutter is
4404:
4385:
3602:
3600:
3598:
870:
825:
596:
398:
352:
3717:
Brosch, S, Pirsig, W. (2001). "Stuttering in history and culture".
4173:. Patrick Campbell, Christopher Constantino, Sam Simpson. . 2019.
4111:
3992:
Perceptions of the Press in Nineteenth-Century British Periodicals
3926:
1429:"Information for Families: Stuttering- What can be done about it?"
1017:
There are two different international meetings of stutterers. The
879:
866:
839:
833:
829:
801:
514:
406:
402:
304:
292:
175:
4339:
Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment
2915:"One size does not fit all: special topics in stuttering therapy"
80:
Involuntary sound repetition and disruption or blocking of speech
4438:
4435:
4342:
2352:
West R, Nelson S, Berry M (1939). "The heredity of stuttering".
962:
300:
4489:
3585:"Stuttering Awareness Day"; Minnesota State University, Mankato
1611:
Druker K, Hennessey N, Mazzucchelli T, Beilby J (2019-03-01).
1416:
1414:
1010:
in the local area to meet, discuss and learn from each other.
3251:
Yairi, E., Ambrose, N. (2005). "Early childhood stuttering".
1840:
Blood GW, Ridenour VJ, Qualls CD, Hammer CS (November 2003).
1556:"Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
1462:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKalinowskiSaltuklaroglu2006 (
513:
with adequate expertise can also diagnose stuttering per the
501:
Riley's Stuttering Severity Instrument Fourth Edition (SSI-4)
453:
that the individual has for producing fluent speech, and the
3233:
Yairi, E (Fall 2005). "On the Gender Factor in Stuttering".
4170:
Stammering pride and prejudice : difference not defect
4082:
2748:"Trobe University School of Human Communication Disorders"
1881:"Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter"
1758:
Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders
1715:"Concomitant Disorders in School-Age Children Who Stutter"
1499:
Constantino CD, Campbell P, Simpson S (March–April 2022).
2382:
Watkins KE, Smith SM, Davis S, Howell P (January 2008).
1928:"Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit?"
2578:"The psychological approach to the preschool stutterer"
2529:
Gordon, N. (2002). "Stuttering: incidence and causes".
1457:
2705:
2703:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
4363:
3140:
Maguire GA, Nguyen DL, Simonson KC, Kurz TL (2020).
3027:
Tichenor SE, Constantino C, Yaruss JS (2022-02-09).
4646:
4615:
4587:
4524:
4459:
4367:
1674:. Special Issue: 9th Oxford Dysfluency Conference.
1325:
World Health Organization ICD-10 F95.8 – Stuttering
141:
131:
120:
108:
100:
92:
84:
74:
62:
54:
49:
1926:Elsherif MM, Wheeldon LR, Frisson S (2021-03-01).
1292:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
1281:
1279:
928:, for his stammer. The Academy Award-winning film
174:, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually
20:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3638:"Bilinguals who stutter: A cognitive perspective"
3467:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
3432:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
3330:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
3033:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
2978:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
2771:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1992:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1885:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
1719:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
1369:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
4322:. New York, London: Routledge. pp. 91–105.
3927:"Local NSA Chapters | Stuttering Support Groups"
2051:Ntourou K, Conture EG, Lipsey MW (August 2011).
1842:"Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter"
1713:Arndt Jennifer, Healey E. Charles (2001-04-01).
1298:(1). American Medical Association (AMA): 74–82.
945:Another British case was that of Prime Minister
4163:
4161:
283:and a broader set of symptoms such as negative
4272:
3994:, Anthem Press, pp. 261–299, 2012-02-01,
1752:Riley Jeanna, Riley Johnetta G. (2000-10-01).
4501:
2057:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
1365:"Stuttering as Defined by Adults Who Stutter"
1063:Some people who stutter, and are part of the
977:an infant too much, eating improperly during
846:—yellow bile, blood, black bile, and phlegm.
8:
4320:Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music
3499:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3415:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGuitar2005 (
3246:
3244:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2531:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
2242:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGuitar2005 (
2233:
2231:
2229:
1484:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGuitar2005 (
1475:
1473:
1178:American Speech–Language–Hearing Association
1142:Michael Palin Centre for Stammering Children
3268:The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders
3235:Stuttering Foundation of America Newsletter
955:I was Winston Churchill's Private Secretary
898:attributed stuttering to deviations in the
518:confusion between the very different terms
319:Alternatively, there are those who embrace
4544:European League of Stuttering Associations
4508:
4494:
4486:
4364:
4201:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2377:
2375:
1127:European League of Stuttering Associations
46:
3984:"Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country,
3750:
3748:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3686:Multilingual Aspects of Fluency Disorders
3387:
3216:
3214:
3167:
3157:
3060:
2593:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2407:
2329:. Children.webmd.com. February 10, 2010.
2302:
2125:
2084:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1816:
1587:
1112:All India Institute of Speech and Hearing
3361:
3359:
2825:
2823:
2327:"Genetic Mutations Linked to Stuttering"
2149:St Louis KO, Hinzman AR (October 1988).
1080:
337:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3867:
3865:
3804:(4). Washington, D.C.: 281 – via
1783:Peterson RL, Pennington BF (May 2012).
1554:Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X (2013-02-01).
1275:
700:have the potential to treat stuttering.
397:and team to correlate with stuttering:
4628:International Stuttering Awareness Day
4534:American Institute for Stuttering (US)
4286:, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
4194:
3872:Kuster, Judith Maginnis (2005-04-01).
3822:. The Churchill Centre. Archived from
3492:
3410:
2832:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
2775:https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4204.895
2333:from the original on November 12, 2012
2237:
1479:
1203:International Stuttering Awareness Day
920:A royal Briton who stammered was King
438:(DAF), or frequency altered feedback.
287:hidden below the surface. Feelings of
4141:"Defence Stammering Network launched"
2794:Advances in Speech Language Pathology
2178:
2176:
1363:Tichenor SE, Yaruss JS (2019-12-18).
1043:, had a stammer himself.
815:, had a stammer, as did his siblings.
7:
4574:National Stuttering Association (US)
4559:International Stuttering Association
4054:"THE STAMMERERS' CLUB OF QUEENSLAND"
3608:"Stuttering and the Bilingual Child"
3220:
3095:
3083:
2959:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2563:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2256:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1304:10.1001/archotol.1937.00650020080011
1132:International Stuttering Association
1019:International Stuttering Association
1666:Donaher J, Richels C (2012-12-01).
1458:Kalinowski & Saltuklaroglu 2006
1031:took inspiration for its name from
942:, who also stuttered until age 16.
4633:National Stuttering Awareness Week
3757:Journal of Communication Disorders
2543:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00806.x
1846:Journal of Communication Disorders
1505:Journal of Communication Disorders
1439:from the original on April 2, 2015
1223:National Stuttering Awareness Week
14:
4671:The Case of the Stuttering Bishop
3719:Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol
3537:. San Diego: Singular Pub. Group.
2653:Journal of Experimental Education
2187:. Cengage Learning. p. 142.
2108:Iverach L, Rapee RM (June 2014).
1986:Briley PM, Ellis C (2018-12-10).
1879:Arndt J, Healey EC (April 2001).
1501:"Stuttering and the social model"
1164:The Indian Stammering Association
1152:Philippine Stuttering Association
1117:American Institute for Stuttering
475:Dopamine hypothesis of stuttering
4271:
4259:
4249:
4239:
3591:from the original on 2011-06-06.
2619:"LEFT-HANDEDNESS AND STUTTERING"
2183:Bloodstein O, Ratner NB (2007).
1159:Stuttering Foundation of America
812:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
775:The child is mixing vocabulary (
4704:Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)
4147:from the original on 2015-08-25
4122:from the original on 2015-10-29
4093:from the original on 2015-10-06
3931:National Stuttering Association
3884:from the original on 2005-04-19
3820:"Churchill: A Study in Oratory"
3618:from the original on 2017-09-26
3029:"A Point of View About Fluency"
2617:Bryngelson B, Clark TB (1933).
2275:New England Journal of Medicine
2069:10.1044/1058-0360(2011/09-0102)
1433:speech-language-therapy dot com
1147:National Stuttering Association
1026:Historic advocacy and self-help
985:Society, culture, and community
654:Stuttering modification therapy
481:bias against left-handed people
360:language or learning disability
271:described this in terms of the
4305:, Croom Helm, (London), 1980.
2729:Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation
2665:10.1080/00220973.1935.11010003
1233:Speech and language impairment
1122:British Stammering Association
1092:(or stuttering advocacy) is a
902:, a conclusion he came to via
1:
4564:Israel Stuttering Association
4554:Indian Stammering Association
3874:"Folk Myths About Stuttering"
3731:10.1016/S0165-5876(01)00474-8
3654:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105819
3315:10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00023-6
2127:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003
1944:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105827
1858:10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00023-6
1801:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60198-6
1684:10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.08.002
1629:10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.002
1517:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106200
1258:Stuttering in popular culture
1155:Taiwan Stuttering Association
1137:Israel Stuttering Association
996:Stuttering in popular culture
911:
376:other developmental disorders
4000:10.7135/upo9781843317562.019
3903:"Stammering Groups | STAMMA"
3790:Townsend A (December 1928).
3769:10.1016/0021-9924(77)90009-0
3683:Howell P, Borsel JV (2011).
3642:Journal of Fluency Disorders
3562:10.1016/0094-730X(88)90004-6
3550:Journal of Fluency Disorders
3380:10.1016/0094-730X(94)00022-L
3368:Journal of Fluency Disorders
3303:Journal of Fluency Disorders
3205:10.1016/0094-730X(93)90007-Q
3193:Journal of Fluency Disorders
2685:. 2015-08-18. Archived from
2167:10.1016/0094-730X(88)90003-4
2155:Journal of Fluency Disorders
2114:Journal of Fluency Disorders
2004:10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378
1932:Journal of Fluency Disorders
1672:Journal of Fluency Disorders
1617:Journal of Fluency Disorders
887:, from a medieval manuscript
4725:Su.. Su... Sudhi Vathmeekam
3479:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088)
3045:10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00342
2990:10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00015
2773:42, no. 4 (1999): 895–909.
2354:Quarterly Journal of Speech
1897:10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006)
1731:10.1044/0161-1461(2001/006)
1381:10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00137
1228:Neurodevelopmental disorder
1208:Lists of language disorders
493:speech–language pathologist
4777:
4579:Stuttering Foundation (US)
3878:Minnesota State University
2903:, pp. 4, 332, 335–337
1074:
1065:disability rights movement
1059:Disability rights movement
993:
832:passages to indicate that
809:, the well-known author of
675:
630:
483:, but this myth died out.
472:
245:Outward physical behaviors
18:
4734:
4607:Electronic fluency device
4602:Delayed Auditory Feedback
4569:Michael Palin Centre (UK)
3636:Kornisch M (2020-12-03).
2806:10.1080/14417040500055060
2463:American Family Physician
2366:10.1080/00335633909380434
1572:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6
1248:Speech–language pathology
678:Electronic fluency device
672:Electronic fluency device
436:delayed auditory feedback
104:Neurological and genetics
69:Speech–language pathology
3950:Thurber J (1930-04-25).
3792:"The Christmas Sequence"
3689:. Multilingual Matters.
3535:A Handbook on Stuttering
3159:10.3389/fnins.2020.00158
2972:Sisskin V (2023-01-17).
2185:A handbook on stuttering
1785:"Developmental dyslexia"
1286:GREENE JS (1937-07-01).
1188:Developmental dysfluency
26:Stammer (disambiguation)
22:Stutter (disambiguation)
3444:10.1044/jslhr.4205.1097
2626:The Journal of Heredity
875:Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
642:Fluency shaping therapy
367:social anxiety disorder
357:intellectual disability
259:to hide their stutter.
4224:Listen to this article
4116:stuttermore.tumblr.com
2913:Yaruss JS (Feb 2003).
1770:10.1044/cicsd_27_F_188
1086:
888:
848:Hieronymus Mercurialis
816:
591:Differential diagnosis
511:Clinical psychologists
465:, and have thus found
447:capacities and demands
391:first-degree relatives
372:speech sound disorders
263:Feelings and attitudes
192:allostatic stress load
110:Differential diagnosis
4205:) CS1 maint: others (
4112:"How To Stutter More"
4033:Sydney Morning Herald
3533:Bloodstein O (1995).
3342:10.1044/jshr.3904.771
3280:10.1044/jshd.4803.226
2891:, pp. 4, 332–335
2844:10.1044/jshr.3504.782
2287:10.1056/nejmoa0902630
1560:Neuroscience Bulletin
1084:
1049:Irrationale of Speech
883:
805:
569:Neurogenic stuttering
327:Associated conditions
4349:: Psychology Press.
4295:More spoken articles
3121:10.1787/888932428576
2931:10.1055/s-2003-37381
2576:Lewis R (May 1949).
2400:10.1093/brain/awm241
1005:Stuttering community
959:The American Mercury
758:Bilingual stuttering
717:Among ages 3–5, the
647:operant conditioning
467:dopamine antagonists
254:Behavioral reactions
210:Audible disfluencies
4657:A Fish Called Wanda
3845:"Churchill Stutter"
1795:(9830): 1997–2007.
617:spasmodic dysphonia
605:Parkinson's disease
578:Acquired stuttering
218:Repeated movements
4737:List of stutterers
4664:Attention bandits!
4460:External resources
4029:"STAMMERERS' CLUB"
3952:"Stammerers' Club"
2879:, pp. 115–116
2734:2013-11-10 at the
2715:2013-11-10 at the
1330:2014-11-02 at the
1263:Stuttering therapy
1213:List of stutterers
1099:stuttering therapy
1087:
1000:List of stutterers
990:In popular culture
908:Notker of St. Gall
889:
844:four bodily humors
817:
633:Stuttering therapy
31:For the film, see
4743:
4742:
4685:The King's Speech
4638:The Monster Study
4483:
4482:
4356:978-1-84169-334-7
4329:978-0-415-97906-1
4318:Lerner N (2006).
4264:
4254:
4244:
4180:978-1-907826-36-8
4009:978-1-84331-756-2
3696:978-1-84769-358-7
2919:Semin Speech Lang
2194:978-1-4180-4203-5
1998:(12): 2895–2905.
1764:(Fall): 188–199.
1375:(12): 4356–4369.
1253:Speech processing
1243:Speech disfluency
947:Winston Churchill
931:The King's Speech
896:Giovanni Morgagni
659:Charles Van Riper
530:Normal disfluency
425:History of causes
363:seizure disorders
149:
148:
44:Medical condition
4768:
4761:Speech disorders
4623:Stuttering pride
4510:
4503:
4496:
4487:
4365:
4360:
4333:
4285:
4283:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4233:
4231:
4225:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4192:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4083:"Did I Stutter?"
4079:
4073:
4071:Bermuda Reporter
4068:
4062:
4061:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4016:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3847:. Archived from
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3714:
3701:
3700:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3604:
3593:
3592:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3199:(2–3): 197–220.
3188:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2867:, pp. 114–5
2862:
2856:
2855:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2789:
2778:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2726:
2720:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2573:
2567:
2566:, pp. 16–21
2561:
2555:
2554:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2458:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2031:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1283:
1090:Stuttering pride
1077:Stuttering pride
1071:Stuttering pride
1041:The Water Babies
1033:Charles Kingsley
934:(2010) in which
916:
913:
869:or removing the
698:deutetrabenazine
621:selective mutism
609:essential tremor
342:
321:stuttering pride
197:The disorder is
154:, also known as
47:
39:
29:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4730:
4648:Popular culture
4642:
4611:
4583:
4520:
4514:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4455:
4454:
4376:
4357:
4337:Ward D (2006).
4336:
4330:
4317:
4299:
4298:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4269:
4260:
4250:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4227:(3 parts,
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:Further reading
4215:
4214:
4193:
4181:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4150:
4148:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4096:
4094:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3966:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3887:
3885:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3716:
3715:
3704:
3697:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3596:
3577:Joseph Jordania
3574:
3573:
3569:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3491:
3473:(6): 1097–105.
3464:
3463:
3459:
3438:(5): 1097–112.
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3212:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3026:
3025:
3021:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2791:
2790:
2781:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2736:Wayback Machine
2727:
2723:
2717:Wayback Machine
2708:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2582:Can Med Assoc J
2575:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2528:
2527:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:, pp. 46–7
2486:
2482:
2460:
2459:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1482:, pp. 16–7
1478:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1332:Wayback Machine
1323:
1319:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1238:Speech disorder
1173:
1168:
1149:, United States
1107:
1094:social movement
1079:
1073:
1061:
1028:
1007:
1002:
992:
987:
971:herbal remedies
914:
885:Notker Balbulus
800:
765:
760:
748:Wendell Johnson
744:
732:
715:
707:
680:
635:
629:
593:
580:
571:
554:
541:
532:
489:
477:
427:
384:
379:
340:
329:
265:
256:
247:
212:
207:
205:Characteristics
160:speech disorder
45:
40:
30:
19:
17:
16:Speech disorder
12:
11:
5:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4711:Rocket Science
4707:
4700:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4441:
4427:
4412:
4397:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:Classification
4362:
4361:
4355:
4334:
4328:
4301:* Rockey, D.,
4288:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4247:
4236:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4179:
4157:
4132:
4103:
4087:Did I Stutter?
4074:
4063:
4045:
4020:
4008:
3975:
3956:The New Yorker
3942:
3918:
3894:
3861:
3836:
3811:
3782:
3744:
3702:
3695:
3675:
3628:
3614:. 6 May 2011.
3594:
3575:Sheree Reese,
3567:
3556:(5): 357–373.
3540:
3525:
3506:
3457:
3422:
3403:
3355:
3336:(4): 771–784.
3320:
3293:
3258:
3240:
3225:
3210:
3183:
3146:Front Neurosci
3132:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3039:(2): 645–652.
3019:
2984:(1): 114–119.
2964:
2952:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2819:
2779:
2762:
2753:
2739:
2721:
2699:
2670:
2643:
2609:
2588:(5): 497–500.
2568:
2556:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2469:(9): 556–560.
2440:
2423:
2394:(Pt 1): 50–9.
2371:
2344:
2318:
2281:(8): 677–685.
2261:
2249:
2240:, pp. 5–6
2225:
2200:
2193:
2172:
2161:(5): 331–355.
2141:
2100:
2063:(3): 163–179.
2043:
2033:
1973:
1918:
1871:
1852:(6): 427–448.
1832:
1775:
1744:
1705:
1678:(4): 242–252.
1658:
1603:
1566:(1): 103–110.
1546:
1491:
1469:
1450:
1419:
1410:
1350:
1336:
1317:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1075:Main article:
1072:
1069:
1060:
1057:
1027:
1024:
1006:
1003:
991:
988:
986:
983:
799:
796:
788:
787:
783:
780:
764:
763:Identification
761:
759:
756:
743:
742:Cross cultural
740:
731:
728:
714:
711:
706:
703:
702:
701:
690:
686:
685:
676:Main article:
674:
673:
669:
668:
664:
662:
655:
651:
650:
643:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
592:
589:
579:
576:
570:
567:
553:
550:
540:
539:Classification
537:
531:
528:
488:
485:
473:Main article:
426:
423:
383:
380:
378:
377:
374:
369:
364:
361:
358:
355:
350:
344:
333:
328:
325:
269:Joseph Sheehan
264:
261:
255:
252:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
236:
232:Prolongations
230:
229:
228:
225:
222:
211:
208:
206:
203:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
125:Speech therapy
122:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
43:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4773:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4692:My Generation
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4526:Organizations
4523:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4347:New York City
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:0-85664-809-4
4308:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4258:
4248:
4238:
4237:
4217:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4060:. 1936-10-10.
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3979:
3976:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3851:on 2012-01-13
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3826:on 2005-04-19
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3763:(1–2): 3–24.
3762:
3758:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3374:(2): 157–70.
3373:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:(3): 226–46.
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3098:, p. 245
3097:
3092:
3089:
3086:, p. 253
3085:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2962:, p. 257
2961:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2689:on 2018-05-20
2688:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2632:(10): 387–390
2631:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:(4): 278–81.
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
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2058:
2054:
2047:
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2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
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1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
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1218:Monster Study
1216:
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979:breastfeeding
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956:
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940:David Seidler
937:
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853:
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552:Developmental
551:
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521:
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424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:Dennis Drayna
392:
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373:
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332:
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310:
306:
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298:
294:
290:
289:embarrassment
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
262:
260:
253:
251:
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233:
231:
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223:
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23:
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4549:FRIENDS (US)
4516:
4467:
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4429:
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4399:
4380:
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4300:
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4149:. Retrieved
4135:
4124:. Retrieved
4115:
4106:
4095:. Retrieved
4086:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4037:. Retrieved
4035:. 1935-05-23
4032:
4023:
4013:, retrieved
3991:
3985:
3978:
3967:. Retrieved
3955:
3945:
3934:. Retrieved
3930:
3921:
3910:. Retrieved
3906:
3897:
3886:. Retrieved
3853:. Retrieved
3849:the original
3839:
3828:. Retrieved
3824:the original
3814:
3801:
3795:
3785:
3760:
3756:
3722:
3718:
3685:
3678:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3620:. Retrieved
3611:
3584:
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3543:
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3528:
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3509:
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3470:
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3460:
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3431:
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3413:, p. 22
3406:
3371:
3367:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3309:(1): 47–57.
3306:
3302:
3296:
3271:
3267:
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3252:
3234:
3228:
3223:, p. 16
3196:
3192:
3186:
3149:
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3135:
3124:. Retrieved
3112:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3036:
3032:
3022:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2955:
2922:
2918:
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2872:
2860:
2838:(4): 782–8.
2835:
2831:
2800:(1): 41–46.
2797:
2793:
2770:
2765:
2756:
2742:
2724:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:the original
2682:
2679:"Stuttering"
2673:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2629:
2625:
2612:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2559:
2534:
2530:
2514:, p. 43
2507:
2502:, p. 58
2495:
2483:
2466:
2462:
2432:
2426:
2391:
2387:
2360:(1): 23–30.
2357:
2353:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2321:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2259:, p. 11
2252:
2217:. Retrieved
2215:. 2019-08-16
2212:
2203:
2184:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2036:
1995:
1991:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1891:(2): 68–78.
1888:
1884:
1874:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1725:(2): 68–78.
1722:
1718:
1708:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1460:, p. 17
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1432:
1422:
1372:
1368:
1345:"Stuttering"
1339:
1320:
1295:
1291:
1105:Associations
1088:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1037:Westward Ho!
1036:
1029:
1022:stuttering.
1016:
1012:
1008:
967:
958:
954:
951:Phyllis Moir
944:
929:
926:Lionel Logue
919:
890:
863:
838:
818:
810:
792:
789:
768:Bilingualism
766:
752:
745:
733:
730:Epidemiology
724:
716:
708:
636:
594:
585:
581:
572:
563:
559:
555:
546:
542:
533:
523:
519:
509:
505:
500:
497:
490:
478:
460:
454:
450:
446:
444:
440:
428:
419:
415:
411:
388:
385:
341:around 4–50%
330:
318:
314:
266:
257:
248:
213:
198:
196:
184:
171:
167:
165:
155:
151:
150:
41:
33:
4539:Stamma (UK)
4519:/stammering
4469:MedlinePlus
4058:Cairns Post
3806:Archive.org
3725:(2): 81–7.
3516:ASHA Leader
3411:Guitar 2005
2925:(24): 3–6.
2659:: 112–132.
2238:Guitar 2005
2041:Publishers.
1480:Guitar 2005
936:Colin Firth
893:pathologist
828:interprets
822:Demosthenes
777:code-mixing
689:Medications
297:frustration
85:Usual onset
55:Other names
4756:Stuttering
4750:Categories
4678:K-K-K-Katy
4589:Management
4517:Stuttering
4291:Audio help
4282:2006-01-16
4189:1121135480
4151:2015-07-25
4126:2015-10-05
4097:2015-10-05
4039:2023-08-01
4015:2023-08-01
3969:2023-08-01
3936:2023-07-23
3912:2023-07-23
3907:stamma.org
3888:2005-04-03
3855:2012-01-28
3830:2005-04-05
3797:Dominicana
3622:2017-12-18
3522:(15): 102.
3389:2066/21168
3126:2024-02-07
3113:dx.doi.org
2693:2020-01-29
2636:January 3,
2434:NeuroImage
2337:August 13,
2219:2021-05-16
1938:: 105827.
1789:The Lancet
1511:: 106200.
1183:Cluttering
994:See also:
915: 840
906:. Blessed
900:hyoid bone
786:languages.
736:prevalence
601:cluttering
524:disfluency
180:semivowels
168:stuttering
156:stammering
152:Stuttering
50:Stuttering
4718:Stutterer
4698:Porky Pig
4197:cite book
3986:1830–1882
3964:0028-792X
3670:228089017
3398:146130424
3221:Ward 2006
3096:Ward 2006
3084:Ward 2006
3053:1092-4388
3014:253096977
2998:0161-1461
2960:Ward 2006
2901:Ward 2006
2889:Ward 2006
2877:Ward 2006
2865:Ward 2006
2564:Ward 2006
2512:Ward 2006
2500:Ward 2006
2488:Ward 2006
2295:0028-4793
2257:Ward 2006
2120:: 69–82.
2077:1058-0360
2012:1092-4388
1968:231611179
1952:0094-730X
1905:0161-1461
1809:0140-6736
1692:0094-730X
1637:0094-730X
1623:: 80–90.
1580:1995-8218
1541:247096437
1525:0021-9924
1427:Bowen C.
1405:209340288
1389:1092-4388
1312:0886-4470
1193:Dyscravia
922:George VI
719:prognosis
713:Prognosis
627:Treatment
613:palilalia
487:Diagnosis
281:waterline
190:and high
166:The term
142:Frequency
133:Prognosis
127:, support
121:Treatment
115:Dysphonia
96:Long term
88:2–5 years
64:Specialty
34:Stutterer
4597:Overview
4293: ·
4145:Archived
4120:Archived
4091:Archived
3882:Archived
3739:11378182
3662:33296800
3616:Archived
3589:Archived
3579:(2001).
3487:12546480
3452:10515508
3178:32292321
3115:(XLSX).
3071:34982943
3006:36279203
2939:12601580
2814:71565512
2732:Archived
2713:Archived
2604:18125462
2551:11995897
2475:31674746
2418:17928317
2331:Archived
2313:20147709
2136:24929468
2095:21478281
2028:53946065
2020:30458520
1960:33444937
1913:27764357
1866:12967738
1827:22513218
1739:27764357
1700:23218208
1653:53733731
1645:30477807
1598:23299717
1533:35248920
1443:June 19,
1437:Archived
1397:31830837
1328:Archived
1171:See also
975:tickling
891:Italian
859:Claudius
694:ecopipam
463:dopamine
451:capacity
347:dyslexia
285:emotions
199:variable
145:About 1%
93:Duration
76:Symptoms
4450:D013342
4280: (
4232:minutes
3350:8844557
3288:6353066
3169:7118465
3152:: 158.
3062:9135003
2947:8582797
2852:1405533
2595:1591462
2409:2492392
2304:2936507
2086:3738062
1818:3465717
1589:4440572
1198:Fluency
904:autopsy
871:tonsils
852:purging
798:History
705:Support
520:fluency
455:demands
432:masking
277:iceberg
273:analogy
188:anxiety
158:, is a
4474:001427
4439:609261
4436:184450
4391:6A01.1
4353:
4326:
4309:
4187:
4177:
4006:
3962:
3777:325028
3775:
3737:
3693:
3668:
3660:
3485:
3450:
3396:
3348:
3286:
3253:Pro-Ed
3176:
3166:
3069:
3059:
3051:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2945:
2937:
2850:
2812:
2602:
2592:
2549:
2473:
2416:
2406:
2311:
2301:
2293:
2191:
2134:
2093:
2083:
2075:
2026:
2018:
2010:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1911:
1903:
1864:
1825:
1815:
1807:
1737:
1698:
1690:
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1643:
1635:
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1586:
1578:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1310:
826:Talmud
619:, and
597:autism
405:, and
399:GNPTAB
382:Causes
353:autism
307:, and
275:to an
176:vowels
172:blocks
101:Causes
36:(film)
4616:Other
4425:307.0
4410:F98.5
3666:S2CID
3394:S2CID
3010:S2CID
2943:S2CID
2810:S2CID
2683:NIDCD
2622:(PDF)
2388:Brain
2213:NIDCD
2024:S2CID
1964:S2CID
1649:S2CID
1537:S2CID
1401:S2CID
1270:Notes
867:uvula
840:Galen
834:Moses
830:Bible
515:DSM-5
407:NAGPA
403:GNPTG
309:guilt
305:anger
293:shame
4445:MeSH
4431:OMIM
4420:9-CM
4395:MA81
4351:ISBN
4345:and
4343:Hove
4324:ISBN
4307:ISBN
4207:link
4203:link
4185:OCLC
4175:ISBN
4004:ISBN
3960:ISSN
3773:PMID
3735:PMID
3691:ISBN
3658:PMID
3501:link
3483:PMID
3448:PMID
3417:help
3346:PMID
3284:PMID
3237:: 5.
3174:PMID
3067:PMID
3049:ISSN
3002:PMID
2994:ISSN
2935:PMID
2848:PMID
2638:2011
2600:PMID
2547:PMID
2471:PMID
2414:PMID
2339:2012
2309:PMID
2291:ISSN
2244:help
2189:ISBN
2132:PMID
2091:PMID
2073:ISSN
2016:PMID
2008:ISSN
1956:PMID
1948:ISSN
1909:PMID
1901:ISSN
1862:PMID
1823:PMID
1805:ISSN
1735:PMID
1696:PMID
1688:ISSN
1641:PMID
1633:ISSN
1594:PMID
1576:ISSN
1529:PMID
1521:ISSN
1486:help
1464:help
1445:2013
1393:PMID
1385:ISSN
1308:ISSN
1039:and
998:and
963:lisp
696:and
522:and
445:The
301:fear
4416:ICD
4401:ICD
4382:ICD
3996:doi
3765:doi
3727:doi
3650:doi
3558:doi
3475:doi
3440:doi
3384:hdl
3376:doi
3338:doi
3311:doi
3276:doi
3201:doi
3164:PMC
3154:doi
3117:doi
3057:PMC
3041:doi
2986:doi
2927:doi
2840:doi
2802:doi
2661:doi
2590:PMC
2539:doi
2467:100
2404:PMC
2396:doi
2392:131
2362:doi
2299:PMC
2283:doi
2279:362
2163:doi
2122:doi
2081:PMC
2065:doi
2000:doi
1940:doi
1893:doi
1854:doi
1813:PMC
1797:doi
1793:379
1766:doi
1727:doi
1680:doi
1625:doi
1584:PMC
1568:doi
1513:doi
1377:doi
1300:doi
178:or
4752::
4472::
4448::
4434::
4423::
4408::
4405:10
4393:,
4389::
4386:11
4341:.
4230:52
4199:}}
4195:{{
4183:.
4160:^
4143:.
4118:.
4114:.
4089:.
4085:.
4056:.
4031:.
4002:,
3990:,
3958:.
3954:.
3929:.
3905:.
3880:.
3876:.
3864:^
3802:13
3800:.
3794:.
3771:.
3761:10
3759:.
3747:^
3733:.
3723:59
3721:.
3705:^
3664:.
3656:.
3648:.
3646:67
3644:.
3640:.
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