Suffering - Knowledge (XXG)

1865: 2004:, suffering has been defined as the distress a person experiences when they perceive a threat to any aspect of their continued existence, whether physical, psychological, or social. Other researchers have noted that suffering results from an inability to control actions that usually define one's view of one's self and that the characteristics of suffering include the loss of autonomy, or the loss of valued relationships or sense of self. Suffering is therefore determined not by the threat itself but, rather, by its meaning to the individual and the threat to their personhood. 3041:, which begins with this paragraph: "Pleasure, in the inclusive usages most important in moral psychology, ethical theory, and the studies of mind, includes all joy and gladness – all our feeling good, or happy. It is often contrasted with similarly inclusive pain or suffering, which is similarly thought of as including all our feeling bad." It should be mentioned that most encyclopedias, like the one mentioned above and Britannica, do not have an article about suffering and describe pain in the physical sense only. 2396:

one to relieve it and may give an inspiring direction to one's life. Alternatively, people may make self-detrimental use of suffering. Some may be caught in compulsive reenactment of painful feelings in order to protect them from seeing that those feelings have their origin in unmentionable past experiences; some may addictively indulge in disagreeable emotions like fear, anger, or jealousy, in order to enjoy pleasant feelings of arousal or release that often accompany these emotions; some may engage in acts of

2116:. In operant conditioning, a negative stimulus is removed thereby increasing a desired behavior, alternatively an aversive stimulus can be introduced as a punishing factor. In both methods, unfavorable circumstances are used in order to motivate an individual or an animal towards a certain goal. However, other theories of psychology present contradicting ideas such as the idea that humans sometimes seek out suffering. Many existentialists believe suffering is necessary in order to find meaning in our lives. 1989:" is a legal term that refers to the mental distress or physical pain endured by a plaintiff as a result of injury for which the plaintiff seeks redress. Assessments of pain and suffering are required to be made for attributing legal awards. In the Western world these are typical made by juries in a discretionary fashion and are regarded as subjective, variable, and difficult to predict, for instance in the US, UK, Australia and New Zealand. See also, in US law, 7366: 46: 1953:. Its main databases are about world problems (56,564 profiles), global strategies and solutions (32,547 profiles), human values (3,257 profiles), and human development (4,817 profiles). It states that "the most fundamental entry common to the core parts is that of pain (or suffering)" and "common to the core parts is the learning dimension of new understanding or insight in response to suffering". 1959:, an American author, urged in 1988 the "creation of a new and vigorous academic discipline, called panetics, to be devoted to the study of the infliction of suffering", The International Society for Panetics was founded in 1991 to study and develop ways to reduce the infliction of human suffering by individuals acting through professions, corporations, governments, and other social groups. 1729: 1628:, which prioritizes the reduction of suffering over the enhancement of happiness when speaking of utility: "I believe that there is, from the ethical point of view, no symmetry between suffering and happiness, or between pain and pleasure. ... human suffering makes a direct moral appeal for help, while there is no similar call to increase the happiness of a man who is doing well anyway." 5180: 5174: 79: 74: 2183:

intactness of the person". Cassell writes: "The obligation of physicians to relieve human suffering stretches back to antiquity. Despite this fact, little attention is explicitly given to the problem of suffering in medical education, research or practice." Mirroring the traditional body and mind dichotomy that underlies its teaching and practice, medicine strongly distinguishes

2052: 1681:). "Where humanitarian efforts seek a positive addition to the happiness of sentient beings, it is to make the unhappy happy rather than the happy happier. ... is an ingredient in many social attitudes; in the modern world it has so penetrated into diverse movements ... that it can hardly be said to exist in itself." 2229:

Since suffering is such a universal motivating experience, people, when asked, can relate their activities to its relief and prevention. Farmers, for instance, may claim that they prevent famine, artists may say that they take our minds off our worries, and teachers may hold that they hand down tools

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takes note, thanks to neuroimaging studies, that the cingulate cortex fires up when the brain feels suffering from experimentally induced social distress, as well as physical pain. The theory proposes therefore that physical pain and social pain (i.e. two radically differing kinds of suffering) share

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In Islam, the faithful must endure suffering with hope and faith, not resist or ask why, accept it as Allah's will and submit to it as a test of faith. Allah never asks more than can be endured. One must also work to alleviate the suffering of others, as well as one's own. Suffering is also seen as a

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Philosopher Leonard Katz wrote: "But Nature, as we now know, regards ultimately only fitness and not our happiness ... and does not scruple to use hate, fear, punishment and even war alongside affection in ordering social groups and selecting among them, just as she uses pain as well as pleasure to

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in the broad sense, may refer to the basic affective dimension of pain (its suffering aspect), usually in contrast with the sensory dimension, as for instance in this sentence: "Pain-unpleasantness is often, though not always, closely linked to both the intensity and unique qualities of the painful

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In personal conduct, people may use suffering for themselves, in a positive way. Personal suffering may lead, if bitterness, depression, or spitefulness is avoided, to character-building, spiritual growth, or moral achievement; realizing the extent or gravity of suffering in the world may motivate

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beings in numerous manners, often dramatically. As a result, many fields of human activity are concerned with some aspects of suffering. These aspects may include the nature of suffering, its processes, its origin and causes, its meaning and significance, its related personal, social, and cultural

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Suffering is often categorized as physical or mental. It may come in all degrees of intensity, from mild to intolerable. Factors of duration and frequency of occurrence usually compound that of intensity. Attitudes toward suffering may vary widely, in the sufferer or other people, according to how

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For instance, Wayne Hudson in Historicizing Suffering, Chapter 14 of Perspectives on Human Suffering (Jeff Malpas and Norelle Lickiss, editors, Springer, 2012) : "According to the standard account suffering is a universal human experience described as a negative basic feeling or emotion that

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In the words of `Abdu'l-Bahá: "All these examples are to show you that the trials which beset our every step, all our sorrow, pain, shame and grief, are born in the world of matter; whereas the spiritual Kingdom never causes sadness. A man living with his thoughts in this Kingdom knows perpetual

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are often used both together in different ways. For instance, they may be used as interchangeable synonyms. Or they may be used in 'contradistinction' to one another, as in "pain is physical, suffering is mental", or "pain is inevitable, suffering is optional". Or they may be used to define each

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and others, describes "collective and individual human suffering associated with life conditions shaped by powerful social forces". Such suffering is an increasing concern in medical anthropology, ethnography, mass media analysis, and Holocaust studies, says Iain Wilkinson, who is developing a

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Health care approaches to suffering, however, remain problematic. Physician and author Eric Cassell, widely cited on the subject of attending to the suffering person as a primary goal of medicine, has defined suffering as "the state of severe distress associated with events that threaten the

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Artistic and literary works often engage with suffering, sometimes at great cost to their creators or performers. Be it in the tragic, comic or other genres, art and literature offer means to alleviate (and perhaps also exacerbate) suffering, as argued for instance in Harold Schweizer's

3128:: "Think for a moment of the many physical symptoms which, when persistent, can make our lives miserable: nausea, hiccups, sneezing, dizziness, disorientation, loss of balance, itching, 'pins and needles', 'restless legs', tics, twitching, fatigue, difficulty in breathing, and so on." 2293:(s-risks) from emerging technologies. Another organization also focused on research, the Center on Reducing Suffering, has a similar focus, with a stress on clarifying what priorities there should be at a practical level to attain the goal of reducing intense suffering in the future. 1640:). Another aspect worthy of mention here is that many utilitarians since Bentham hold that the moral status of a being comes from its ability to feel pleasure and pain: therefore, moral agents should consider not only the interests of human beings but also those of (other) animals. 1779:, which is the difficulty of reconciling the existence of an omnipotent and benevolent god with the existence of evil: a quintessential form of evil, for many people, is extreme suffering, especially in innocent children, or in creatures destined to an eternity of torments (see 770:

should not be taken too literally: physical pain or suffering, as a matter of fact, happens through conscious minds and involves emotional aspects, while mental pain or suffering happens through physical brains and, being an emotion, involves important physiological aspects.

2415:; people may use nonphysical suffering against competitors in nonviolent power struggles; people who argue for a policy may put forward the need to relieve, prevent or avenge suffering; individuals or groups may use past suffering as a political lever in their favor. 1847:

is the belief that human suffering, when accepted and offered up in union with the "passion" (flogging and crucifixion) of Jesus, can remit the just punishment for sins, and allow oneself to grow in the love of The Trinity, other people, and oneself.

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hold this world to be mainly bad, or even the worst possible, plagued with, among other things, unbearable and unstoppable suffering. Some identify suffering as the nature of the world and conclude that it would be better if life did not exist at all.

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According to the Bahá'í Faith, all suffering is a brief and temporary manifestation of physical life, whose source is the material aspects of physical existence, and often attachment to them, whereas only joy exists in the spiritual worlds.

1817:). One must accept suffering as a just consequence and as an opportunity for spiritual progress. Thus the soul or true self, which is eternally free of any suffering, may come to manifest itself in the person, who then achieves liberation ( 2221:, writes that mental illness might best be viewed as medicalization or labeling/naming suffering (i.e. that all mental illnesses might not necessarily be of dysfunction or biological-etiology, but might be social or cultural/societal). 2208:

created the concept of 'total pain' ('total suffering' say now the textbooks), which encompasses the whole set of physical and mental distress, discomfort, symptoms, problems, or needs that a patient may experience hurtfully.

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from suffering, and most attention goes to the treatment of pain. Nevertheless, physical pain itself still lacks adequate attention from the medical community, according to numerous reports. Besides, some medical fields like

2048:). Despite its initial disrupting nature, suffering contributes to the organization of meaning in an individual's world and psyche. In turn, meaning determines how individuals or societies experience and deal with suffering. 1852:

blessing. Through that gift, the sufferer remembers Allah and connects with him. Suffering expunges the sins of human beings and cleanses their soul for the immense reward of the afterlife, and the avoidance of hell.

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in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative

2385:" to get compensation; lawyers may use a victim's suffering as an argument against the accused; an accused's or defendant's suffering may be an argument in their favor; authorities at times use light or heavy 1606:, a popular doctrine in ethics, politics, and economics. Bentham argued that the right act or policy was that which would cause "the greatest happiness of the greatest number". He suggested a procedure called 4163:

Wilson, KG.; Chochinov, HM.; McPherson, CJ.; LeMay, K.; Allard, P.; Chary, S.; Gagnon, PR.; Macmillan, K.; De Luca, M.; O'Shea, F.; Kuhl, D.; Fainsinger, RL. (May 1, 2007). "Suffering With Advanced Cancer".

3090: 5661: 3419: 4395:: "In our era of information saturation, media uses pain, suffering, and desire to distract and to create spectacular roadkill out of poverty, deviancy, and violence (...)". See also for instance 3674: 7159: 5967: 2120:

is a theory dedicated to exploring the relationship between suffering and happiness and the belief that true authentic happiness can only come from experiencing pain and hardships.

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Suffering plays an important role in a number of religions, regarding matters such as the following: consolation or relief; moral conduct (do no harm, help the afflicted, show

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We currently focus on efforts to reduce the worst risks of astronomical suffering (s-risks) from emerging technologies, with a focus on transformative artificial intelligence.

1945: 2274:, which relate to precautionary measures taken by individuals or families, to interventions by the military, the police, the firefighters, and to notions or fields like 2020:

that psychologists often identify as basic in our emotional lives. The evolutionary role of physical and mental suffering, through natural selection, is primordial: it

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In arts, literature, or entertainment, people may use suffering for creation, for performance, or for enjoyment. Entertainment particularly makes use of suffering in

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In interpersonal relationships, especially in places like families, schools, or workplaces, suffering is used for various motives, particularly under the form of

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for coping with life hazards. In certain aspects of collective life, however, suffering is more readily an explicit concern by itself. Such aspects may include

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regarding non-evident matters), most particularly beliefs that certain things are either good or bad by nature. Suffering can be removed by developing

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In economics, the following notions relate not only to the matters suggested by their positive appellations, but to the matter of suffering as well:

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Disease and injury may contribute to suffering in humans and animals. For example, suffering may be a feature of mental or physical illness such as

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in a sense that normally includes not only the 'typical sensory experience of physical pain' but also other unpleasant bodily experiences including

7167: 3682: 1794:, a term often translated as suffering. They state the nature of suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the way leading to its cessation, the 2289:

The nongovernmental research organization Center on Long-Term Risk, formerly known as the Foundational Research Institute, focuses on reducing

1702:, first influenced by Schopenhauer, developed afterward quite another attitude, arguing that the suffering of life is productive, exalting the 2305:

People make use of suffering for specific social or personal purposes in many areas of human life, as can be seen in the following instances:

4147: 3352: 3014: 3002: 2941: 965: 2069:, both implicated in nociceptive and empathic pain). Various hypotheses try to account for the experience of suffering. One of these, the 3313: 7183: 5505: 5409: 3540: 1950: 4253: 3974: 1191: 3831: 6283: 5619: 4434: 4374: 4320: 3999: 3949: 3924: 3603: 3485: 2975: 2955: 2924: 2910: 2887: 2873: 1870: 3051:

involves a subjective character of unpleasantness, aversion, harm or threat of harm to body or mind (Spelman 1997; Cassell 1991)."

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In religion, suffering is used especially to grow spiritually, to expiate, to inspire compassion and help, to frighten, to punish.

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for distinguishing between two wide categories of pain or suffering. A first caveat concerning such a distinction is that it uses

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viewed suffering as something humans are hardwired to avoid, while they are always in the pursuit of pleasure, also known as the

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In Kurt Almqvist & Anders Haag (2017), The Return of Consciousness. Stockholm: Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson Foundation.

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are some of the emerging scientific fields that could in the coming years focus their attention on the phenomenon of suffering.

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In science, humans and animals are subjected on purpose to aversive experiences for the study of suffering or other phenomena.

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Hinduism holds that suffering follows naturally from personal negative behaviors in one's current life or in a past life (see

1238:) to pleasure and pain: as a consequence, this doctrine has become identified with stern self-control in regard to suffering. 7151: 5764: 5379: 3880: 1470: 39: 3718:"The significance of suffering in organizations: Understanding variation in workers' responses to multiple modes of control" 3567:"Encyclopedia of world problems and human potential project – commentaries | Union of International Associations (UIA)" 3437: 1892: 3643:"Putting a Price on Pain-And-Suffering Damages: A Critique of the Current Approaches and a Preliminary Peoposal for Change" 819:

suffering is alleviated by achieving mental clarity or lucidity (ἁτυφια: atyphia), developing self-sufficiency (αὐτάρκεια:

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In business and various organizations, suffering may be used for constraining humans or animals into required behaviors.

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Fertuck, EA.; Jekal, A.; Song, I.; Wyman, B.; Morris, MC.; Wilson, ST.; Brodsky, BS.; Stanley, B. (December 2009).

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with a robot-like response to noxious stimuli or with information-sensitive gradients of bliss, through

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Zaki, Jamil; Wager, Tor D.; Singer, Tania; Keysers, Christian; Gazzola, Valeria (April 2016).

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Many brain structures and physiological processes are involved in suffering (particularly the

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distress, unhappiness, misery, affliction, woe, ill, discomfort, displeasure, disagreeableness

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other, as in "pain is physical suffering", or "suffering is severe physical or mental pain".

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much it is regarded as avoidable or unavoidable, useful or useless, deserved or undeserved.

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Francisco Ibáñez-Carrasco, Erica R. Meiners (eds.); Suzanne De Castell (foreword) (2004).

4219: 3903: 3884: 3762: 3594:, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 28 No. 3, Summer 1988. See also Ralph G. H. Siu, 3423: 3347:. Translated by Del Caro, Adrian. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–179. 3317: 3218: 2990: 2861: 2839: 2559: 2520: 2342: 2275: 2255: 2243: 2205: 2193: 2189: 2062: 1963: 1936: 1780: 1776: 1666: 1510: 1293: 960: 367: 1215:, free from the worrisome pursuit or the unwelcome consequences of ephemeral pleasures. 7339: 7093: 6993: 6978: 6953: 6948: 6832: 6722: 6660: 6579: 6569: 6559: 6469: 6350: 6345: 6330: 6270: 6255: 6230: 6137: 6040: 5907: 5691: 5624: 5443: 5124: 5084: 5010: 4658: 4234:

in Journal of Pain Symptom and Management, Volume 27, Issue 3, pp. 241–250 (March 2004)

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get us to feed, water and protect our bodies and also in forging our social bonds."

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Central Neural Mechanisms that Interrelate Sensory and Affective Dimensions of Pain

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In a criminal context, people may use suffering for coercion, revenge, or pleasure.

2251: 2247: 2235: 2001: 1706:, despising weak compassion or pity, and recommending us to embrace willfully the ' 1693: 1653: 1350: 1216: 1038: 995: 832: 192: 45: 4294: 4312: 678:, or more often yet it refers to pain in the broad sense, i.e. to any unpleasant 7003: 6807: 6584: 6245: 6157: 6083: 6068: 6030: 5985: 5942: 5937: 5835: 5809: 5238: 5211: 5050: 4988: 4860: 4828: 4750: 4730: 4623: 3463: 3249:"Suffering, hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan" 3230: 3190: 2791: 2759: 2459: 2363: 2321:

depiction of suffering. A more or less great amount of suffering is involved in

2310: 2148: 2109: 2051: 1837: 1747:); spiritual advancement through life hardships or through self-imposed trials ( 1728: 1615: 1535: 726:, are often used to refer to certain types of pain or suffering. In particular, 397: 342: 242: 3863: 3792: 2345:, in which for instance the body is mutilated or pushed to its physical limits. 787:

sensation." Other current words that have a definition with some similarity to

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While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along;

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Tragic mask on the façade of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, Sweden

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In sports, suffering may be used to outperform competitors or oneself; see

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The Importance of Suffering: the value and meaning of emotional discontent

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Nietzsche, Friedrich (2006). Del Caro, Adrian; Pippin, Robert B. (eds.).

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are respectively the negative and positive affects, or hedonic tones, or

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recommends us to take refuge in things like art, philosophy, loss of the

1435: 1231: 1224: 1220: 1212: 1204: 1108: 1083: 1028: 980: 925: 910: 881: 863: 824: 639: 467: 417: 407: 327: 282: 237: 4142:(4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 1994. 6933: 6822: 6787: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6645: 6635: 5871: 5651: 5231: 5099: 5059: 5045: 5040: 5030: 4941: 4801: 4700: 4663: 4633: 4628: 4593: 4573: 4563: 4548: 4490: 4477: 3696: 3206: 3194: 3166: 3154: 3065: 2733: 2651: 2641: 2430: 2408: 2386: 2168: 1807: 1752: 1440: 1223:, as an ethical theory, claims that good and bad consist ultimately in 1053: 820: 739: 683: 679: 537: 512: 507: 497: 312: 277: 247: 222: 207: 197: 182: 65: 17: 3897:

Life in the Far North – An information-theoretic perspective on Heaven

3109:"UAB – School of Medicine – Center for Palliative and Supportive Care" 1891:

This Bruegel painting is among those that inspired W. H. Auden's poem

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The Sweet Spot: The Pleasures of Suffering and the Search for Meaning

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Social suffering. Daedalus. Proc Amer Acad Arts Sciences 1996;125(1).

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Mental suffering can also be called psychological or emotional (see

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through the use of biotechnology (see more details below in section

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usually refers to physical pain, but it is also a common synonym of

3009:, SpringerBriefs in Well-Being and Quality of Life Research, 2014. 2903:

Suffering, Politics, Power: a Genealogy in Modern Political Theory.

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Our posthuman future: consequences of the biotechnology revolution

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Evolutionary origins of morality: cross-disciplinary perspectives

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Existential pain – an entity, a provocation, or a challenge?

3765:, Journal of Consciousness Studies 12 (8–10), pp. 106–129 (2005). 1614:

improved and promoted the doctrine of hedonistic utilitarianism.

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In management and organization studies, drawing on the work of

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Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems

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about the uses and abuses of images of suffering in the media.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)

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Different theories of psychology view suffering differently.

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In Breughel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away

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Public acts: disruptive readings on making curriculum public

3598:, Washington: The International Society for Panetics, 1994, 2403:

In politics, there is purposeful infliction of suffering in

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addresses this suffering in many ways, in subfields such as

7160:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

3616: 862:(suspension of judgment) regarding beliefs, which leads to 6173: 5968:

congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis

3541:"School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research" 2866:

Victims and Values: A History and a Theory of Suffering.

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and is, through that, relevant to suffering in general.

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Wong, P.T.P (2009). "Existential positive psychology".

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Other examples are given by L. W. Sumner, on p. 103 of

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The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World.

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aimed at relieving otherwise unbearable states of mind.

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In the news media, suffering is often the raw material.

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is a philosophical speciality that focuses on physical

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Another doctrine related to the relief of suffering is

2997:, Social Indicators Research Series, Volume 56, 2015. 2897:(pertama ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 4035:

Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonistic Psychology

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Kane, P.V. History of the Dharmaśāstras Vol. 4 p. 38

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Panetics − The Study of the Infliction of Suffering

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Fruits of sorrow framing our attention to suffering

2433:), rituals that make use of suffering are frequent. 2108:. This dogma also ties in with certain concepts of 1637: 4422: 4135: 3480:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 3383:The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 3064:of various types, excessive heat, excessive cold, 2905:Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. 2074:a common phenomenological and neurological basis. 1946:Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential 4200:The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine 3915:Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (1988). 2895:The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine 2056:Neuroimaging sheds light on the seat of suffering 1806:) as basic for leading a holy life and attaining 5963:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis 5057: 3247:Eggerman, Panter Brick, Mark, Catherine (2010). 2341:. Another form of body art is a sub-category of 1644:came to the same conclusion in his concepts of ' 839:, and indifference to the vicissitudes of life ( 4033:Kahneman, D., E. Diener and N. Schwartz (eds.) 3345:Thus Spoke Zarathustra, A Book for All and None 3320:, ‘’Molecular Interventions’’ 2:392–403 (2002). 2381:); victims may refer to what legal texts call " 658:behaviors, its remedies, management, and uses. 4932: 3856:"The Hedonistic Imperative: Table Of Contents" 6189: 5758: 4462: 1580: 1185: 600: 8: 7136:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 5236: 5075: 5066: 4833: 4389:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3528:Suffering – A Sociological Introduction 3333:, Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, 1937 3295:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2389:in order to get information or a confession. 2325:. The most common forms of body art include 1995:Intentional infliction of emotional distress 5735:indicate emotion names in foreign languages 4799: 2474: 1696:, and tolerance toward 'fellow-sufferers'. 6196: 6182: 6174: 5784: 5765: 5751: 5743: 4469: 4455: 4447: 2950:Berkeley: University of California, 2002. 1991:Negligent infliction of emotional distress 1903:The Old Masters; how well, they understood 1587: 1573: 1245: 1192: 1178: 868: 607: 593: 52: 4111: 4049:I am ... , I have ... , I suffer from ... 3800: 3394: 3272: 2919:New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 2466:as instances of pain-based entertainment. 2093:and other technical scientific advances. 1836:and a test of a person's faith, like the 1211:) and that the greatest pleasure lies in 670:is sometimes used in the narrow sense of 4369:. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. p. 6. 2967:New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. 1923:Quite leisurely from the disaster; (...) 1727: 778:, which some people use as a synonym of 7168:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 4429:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 3026: 2266:. To these can be added the aspects of 1257: 880: 64: 4382: 3288: 1907:Its human position; how it takes place 1899:About suffering they were never wrong, 27:Pain, mental, or emotional unhappiness 4213:National Pain Care Policy Act of 2007 3711: 3709: 1798:. Buddhism considers liberation from 7: 4293:Center on Reducing Suffering (2019) 3379:"Putting Suffering Into Perspective" 3037:'. See also the entry 'Pleasure' in 2368:primary, secondary, or tertiary gain 1832:In Judaism, suffering is often seen 762:. A second caveat is that the terms 7184:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4311:. Devon: Imprint Academic. p. 4017:Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology 3435:Suffering an Islamic point of view: 3039:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3007:Human Suffering and Quality of Life 2995:World Suffering and Quality of Life 2986:. Boston, Mass., USA: Beacon Press. 2917:Suffering and Moral Responsibility. 2439:In sex, especially in a context of 1951:Union of International Associations 2194:pain management (or pain medicine) 2087:replacing the biology of suffering 2040:negatively certain behaviors (see 25: 4408:See for instance Viktor Frankl's 3878:Vanity Fair interview with Pearce 3141:). Examples of mental suffering: 2576:Good and evil: welfarist theories 1871:Landscape with the Fall of Icarus 1656:'s writings, especially the book 730:may be used in relationship with 653:Suffering occurs in the lives of 7365: 7364: 5958:Congenital insensitivity to pain 5918:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder 5178: 5172: 3060:Examples of physical suffering: 3034: 2692:Psychological or emotional abuse 2225:Relief and prevention in society 1802:and the practice of compassion ( 1621:The Open Society and Its Enemies 77: 72: 4342:Altruistic World Online Library 4037:, Russell Sage Foundation, 1999 3623:from the original on 2013-07-28 3573:from the original on 2011-07-17 3478:Suffering and the remedy of art 3444:from the original on 2016-10-01 3265:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.023 3115:from the original on 2007-10-28 2291:risks of astronomical suffering 2141:borderline personality disorder 2118:Existential Positive Psychology 1886:Suffering and the remedy of art 1710:' of the greatest sufferings. 638:. The opposite of suffering is 7152:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 6522:Value monism – Value pluralism 3917:The Language of Psychoanalysis 3508:p. 179 (E. Mendelson ed. 1976) 3377:R. Peteet, M.D., John (2001). 3126:Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics 2373:In law, suffering is used for 2008:Biology, neurology, psychology 1638:Biology, neurology, psychology 1471:Utilitarian social choice rule 674:, but more often it refers to 40:The Suffering (disambiguation) 1: 4338:"Children and Media Violence" 4053:Journal of Medical Humanities 3438:"Sufferings are Divine Grace" 3253:Social Science & Medicine 2668:Sadistic personality disorder 2485:Physical pain-related topics 1964:Well-being or Quality of life 1608:hedonic or felicific calculus 7216:On the Genealogy of Morality 7176:Critique of Practical Reason 5687:Social emotional development 4307:Katz, Leonard David (2000). 4166:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3781:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3722:Academy of Management Review 2480:Topics related to suffering 2102:hedonic theory of motivation 732:physical pain (or suffering) 4933: 3919:(1st ed.). Routledge. 3761:September 25, 2007, at the 3422:September 30, 2005, at the 2114:Operant Conditioning theory 916:Julien Offray de La Mettrie 7422: 7144:A Treatise of Human Nature 4421:Fukuyama, Francis (2002). 4272:. Center on Long-Term Risk 3942:Science and Human Behavior 3793:10.1016/j.tics.2016.02.003 3476:Schweizer, Harold (1997). 2598:Compassion-related topics 1980:genuine progress indicator 1749:mortification of the flesh 728:mental pain (or suffering) 29: 7360: 5730: 5170: 4104:10.1017/S003329170900600X 3679:www.citizensadvice.org.uk 2868:New York: Praeger, 1990. 2584:Negative consequentialism 6495:Universal prescriptivism 5620:in virtual communication 4410:Man's Search for Meaning 4244:Greenberg, Gary (2013). 4178:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.6801 3992:Man's Search for Meaning 2744:Eradication of suffering 2592:Suffering-focused ethics 1976:Gross National Happiness 1940:sociology of suffering. 1877:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 1834:as a punishment for sins 1790:' of Buddhism are about 810:Hellenistic philosophies 804:Ancient Greek philosophy 6284:Artificial intelligence 6079:Posteromarginal nucleus 6014:Measurement and testing 4065:10.1023/A:1022918132461 4047:Fleischman, S (1999). " 3990:Frankl, Victor (1959). 3329:Crane Brinton, article 3091:"IASP Pain Terminology" 2982:Spelman, E. V. (1995). 2648:Cruelty-related topics 2123:Hedonistic psychology, 1671:humanitarian principles 1626:negative utilitarianism 1506:Replaceability argument 1491:Demandingness objection 1364:Types of utilitarianism 1289:Claude Adrien Helvétius 966:Metrodorus of Lampsacus 850:, suffering comes from 36:Suffer (disambiguation) 30:For physical pain, see 5237: 5076: 5067: 5058: 4834: 4800: 4092:Psychological Medicine 3940:Skinner, B.F. (1953). 2893:Casell, E. J. (1991). 2548:Ethics-related topics 2280:environmental security 2175:, and through various 2129:affective neuroscience 2058: 2024:of threats, motivates 1880: 1740: 1634:abolition of suffering 1541:Neoclassical economics 1531:Rational choice theory 1157:"Wine, women and song" 1014:Psychological hedonism 946:Aristippus the Younger 866:(mental tranquility). 105:Emotional intelligence 50: 34:. For other uses, see 7208:The Methods of Ethics 6446:Divine command theory 6441:Ideal observer theory 6163:Drug-seeking behavior 6051:Visual analogue scale 4248:. Plume. p. 15. 4218:May 15, 2008, at the 4211:See for instance the 3825:"Pain Overlap Theory" 3754:Giovanna Colombetti, 3734:10.5465/amr.2016.0378 3547:on September 30, 2007 3097:on September 26, 2008 2856:Selected bibliography 2848:Wild animal suffering 2740:Other related topics 2714:Death-related topics 2315:violence in the media 2177:health care providers 2054: 1867: 1759:); ultimate destiny ( 1731: 1602:developed hedonistic 1496:Mere addition paradox 936:Theodorus the Atheist 812:addressed suffering. 48: 7325:Political philosophy 6074:Anterolateral system 5657:Group affective tone 3965:Bloom, Paul (2021). 3837:on February 29, 2012 3530:, Polity Press, 2005 3502:Musée des Beaux Arts 2948:The Culture of Pain. 2882:. London: Routledge 2768:Negative affectivity 2441:sadism and masochism 2165:alternative medicine 2143:and occasionally in 1893:Musée des Beaux Arts 1845:redemptive suffering 1796:Noble Eightfold Path 1024:Axiological hedonism 748:vestibular suffering 710:Qualifiers, such as 308:Emotional Detachment 7295:Evolutionary ethics 7256:Reasons and Persons 7232:A Theory of Justice 6386:Uncertain sentience 5710:constructed emotion 5380:functional accounts 3716:Gill, M J. (2019). 3675:"Personal injuries" 3187:craving or yearning 2319:violent video games 2217:Gary Greenberg, in 2157:clinical psychology 2091:genetic engineering 2083:Darwinian evolution 2071:pain overlap theory 1972:Happiness economics 1860:Arts and literature 1700:Friedrich Nietzsche 1690:Arthur Schopenhauer 1501:Paradox of hedonism 1461:Equal consideration 1147:Paradox of hedonism 1008:Schools of hedonism 7290:Ethics in religion 7285:Descriptive ethics 7120:Nicomachean Ethics 6153:Philosophy of pain 5828:Respiratory system 5610:in decision-making 4851:(sense of purpose) 3902:2016-03-14 at the 3883:2007-05-05 at the 3756:Appraising Valence 3685:on April 20, 2013. 3316:2009-08-18 at the 3139:Psychological pain 2929:Thomas Metzinger. 2776:Psychological pain 2708:Cruelty to animals 2610:Compassion fatigue 2383:pain and suffering 2106:pleasure principle 2085:. Pearce promotes 2059: 1987:Pain and suffering 1881: 1843:For Christianity, 1741: 1714:Philosophy of pain 1551:Effective altruism 1466:Felicific calculus 1129:Felicific calculus 1044:Christian hedonism 676:psychological pain 51: 7378: 7377: 7345:Social philosophy 7330:Population ethics 7320:Philosophy of law 7300:History of ethics 6783:Political freedom 6460:Euthyphro dilemma 6251:Suffering-focused 6171: 6170: 6026:Cold pressor test 6009: 6008: 5740: 5739: 5327:Appeal to emotion 5105:Social connection 4361:See for instance 4172:(13): 1691–1697. 4149:978-0-89-042061-4 4098:(12): 1979–1988. 3866:on July 29, 2013. 3619:. Panetics.info. 3354:978-0-511-21975-7 3309:Donald D. Price, 3143:depression (mood) 3086:sleep deprivation 3015:978-94-007-7668-5 3003:978-94-017-9669-9 2946:David B. Morris. 2942:978-91-89672-90-1 2915:Jamie Mayerfeld. 2901:Cynthia Halpern. 2853: 2852: 2832:Hedonic treadmill 2816:Pain and pleasure 2726:Animal euthanasia 2497:Pain (philosophy) 2464:violence in sport 2125:affective science 1968:Welfare economics 1949:is a work by the 1827:ahimsa in Jainism 1815:karma in Hinduism 1788:Four Noble Truths 1659:Animal Liberation 1597: 1596: 1563:Philosophy portal 1546:Population ethics 1304:Francis Hutcheson 1242:Modern philosophy 1202: 1201: 1152:Hedonic treadmill 896:Ajita Kesakambali 756:sleep deprivation 617: 616: 543:Social connection 16:(Redirected from 7413: 7368: 7367: 7315:Moral psychology 7260: 7252: 7244: 7240:Practical Ethics 7236: 7228: 7224:Principia Ethica 7220: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7164: 7156: 7148: 7140: 7132: 7128:Ethics (Spinoza) 7124: 6763:Moral imperative 6221:Consequentialism 6198: 6191: 6184: 6175: 6126:Related concepts 6117:Pain eradication 5875: 5862: 5813: 5785: 5781:By region/system 5767: 5760: 5753: 5744: 5715:discrete emotion 5615:in the workplace 5511:Empathy quotient 5242: 5182: 5176: 5081: 5072: 5063: 4938: 4839: 4805: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4448: 4441: 4440: 4428: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4380: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4336:Carlsson, Ulla. 4333: 4327: 4326: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4241: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4209: 4203: 4198:Eric J Cassell, 4196: 4190: 4189: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4044: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3994:. 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Amato 2858: 2840:Suffering risks 2560:Problem of evil 2521:Pain in animals 2473: 2343:performance art 2299: 2276:social security 2256:social services 2244:disaster relief 2227: 2219:The Book of Woe 2215: 2206:Cicely Saunders 2190:palliative care 2145:advanced cancer 2137: 2112:, most notably 2063:anterior insula 2057: 2030:fight or flight 2010: 1937:Arthur Kleinman 1935:, according to 1930: 1928:Social sciences 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1879: 1874: 1862: 1781:problem of hell 1777:problem of evil 1775:deals with the 1739: 1734: 1726: 1667:humanitarianism 1593: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1525: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1511:Utility monster 1485: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1365: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1325: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1294:Cesare Beccaria 1268: 1244: 1198: 1169: 1168: 1142: 1134: 1133: 1074: 1066: 1065: 1009: 1001: 1000: 961:Pierre Gassendi 891: 806: 801: 664: 613: 584: 583: 582: 147: 146: 137: 116:Self-regulation 114: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7419: 7417: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7383: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7340:Secular ethics 7337: 7335:Rehabilitation 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7253: 7245: 7237: 7229: 7221: 7213: 7205: 7200:Utilitarianism 7197: 7189: 7181: 7173: 7165: 7157: 7149: 7141: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6560:Existentialist 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6455:Constructivism 6452: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6429:Non-naturalism 6426: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6256:Utilitarianism 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6138:Pain tolerance 6135: 6133:Pain threshold 6129: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6041:Hot plate test 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5908:Pain asymbolia 5905: 5899: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5869: 5864: 5855: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5720:somatic marker 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5694: 5692:Stoic passions 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5640:social sharing 5637: 5632: 5630:self-conscious 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5573:thought method 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5538:lateralization 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5365:classification 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5085:Sentimentality 5082: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4921:at first sight 4918: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4845: 4840: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4659:Disappointment 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4413: 4401: 4375: 4354: 4328: 4321: 4299: 4286: 4261: 4255:978-0399158537 4254: 4236: 4223: 4204: 4191: 4155: 4148: 4127: 4078: 4039: 4026: 4007: 4000: 3982: 3976:978-0062910561 3975: 3957: 3950: 3932: 3925: 3907: 3888: 3869: 3860:www.hedweb.com 3847: 3816: 3787:(4): 249–259. 3767: 3747: 3728:(2): 377–404. 3705: 3688: 3666: 3633: 3608: 3583: 3558: 3532: 3519: 3510: 3493: 3486: 3468: 3454: 3440:. 2015-03-14. 3428: 3410: 3389:(3): 187–192. 3369: 3360: 3353: 3335: 3322: 3302: 3239: 3130: 3053: 3043: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3017: 2988: 2969: 2968: 2958: 2944: 2927: 2913: 2899: 2890: 2878:James Davies. 2876: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2684:Physical abuse 2649: 2645: 2644: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2448: 2437: 2434: 2419: 2416: 2401: 2393: 2390: 2371: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2339:human branding 2298: 2295: 2284:human security 2264:animal welfare 2226: 2223: 2214: 2213:Mental illness 2211: 2136: 2133: 2055: 2012:Suffering and 2009: 2006: 1929: 1926: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1732: 1725: 1722: 1708:eternal return 1679:humane society 1604:utilitarianism 1600:Jeremy Bentham 1595: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1577: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1524:Related topics 1523: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341:Henry Sidgwick 1338: 1333: 1331:Jeremy Bentham 1327: 1326: 1323:Key proponents 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1299:William Godwin 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1259:Utilitarianism 1255: 1254: 1243: 1240: 1219:'s version of 1200: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1182: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1124:Tetrapharmakos 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1049:Utilitarianism 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 901:Jeremy Bentham 898: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 878: 877: 805: 802: 800: 797: 776:unpleasantness 663: 660: 615: 614: 612: 611: 604: 597: 589: 586: 585: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 273:Disappointment 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 149: 148: 144: 143: 142: 139: 138: 136: 135: 130: 129: 128: 123: 112: 107: 102: 97: 95:Classification 92: 86: 83: 82: 69: 68: 62: 61: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7418: 7407: 7406:Social issues 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7371: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7254: 7249: 7246: 7241: 7238: 7233: 7230: 7225: 7222: 7217: 7214: 7209: 7206: 7201: 7198: 7193: 7190: 7185: 7182: 7177: 7174: 7169: 7166: 7161: 7158: 7153: 7150: 7145: 7142: 7137: 7134: 7129: 7126: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:Moral courage 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6691:Good and evil 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:Family values 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6490:Quasi-realism 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6314:Environmental 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6236:Particularism 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6036:Grimace scale 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6001:Low back pain 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5953:Referred pain 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913:Pain disorder 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5885:Delayed-onset 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788:Head and neck 5786: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5734: 5729: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:dysregulation 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5422:interpersonal 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5275:in psychology 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5260:consciousness 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069:Schadenfreude 5065: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935:Mono no aware 4931: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4787:Joie de vivre 4784: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4756:Gratification 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4684:Embarrassment 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4589:Belongingness 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4438: 4436:0-374-23643-7 4432: 4427: 4426: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4378: 4376:0-415-94839-8 4372: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4355: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4322:0-907845-07-X 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4008: 4003: 4001:9780807014271 3997: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3951:9780024112705 3947: 3944:. Macmillan. 3943: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3926:9780946439492 3922: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3604:1-884437-00-1 3601: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3487:0-7914-3264-5 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3455: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3227:embarrassment 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3114: 3110: 3101:September 11, 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2976:0-19-504996-9 2973: 2966: 2962: 2961:Elaine Scarry 2959: 2957: 2956:0-520-08276-1 2953: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2925:0-19-515495-9 2922: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2911:0-7914-5103-8 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2888:0-415-66780-1 2885: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2874:0-275-93690-2 2871: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:Schadenfreude 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2541:Invertebrates 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:sports injury 2449: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335:scarification 2332: 2331:body piercing 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2232:public health 2224: 2222: 2220: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2173:public health 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161:psychotherapy 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098:Sigmund Freud 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2077:According to 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1840:illustrates. 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704:will to power 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642:Richard Ryder 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624:, proposed a 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1415: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1360: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1310: 1309:William Paley 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1164: 1163:Joie de vivre 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1004: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 976:Zeno of Sidon 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 941:Michel Onfray 939: 937: 934: 932: 931:Fred Feldman 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 887: 886: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 803: 798: 796: 794: 790: 785: 781: 777: 772: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 736:physical pain 733: 729: 725: 724:psychological 721: 717: 713: 708: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672:physical pain 669: 661: 659: 656: 651: 647: 645: 641: 637: 634: 630: 625: 621: 610: 605: 603: 598: 596: 591: 590: 588: 587: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 518:Schadenfreude 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 348:Gratification 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 303:Embarrassment 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 268:Determination 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 218:Belongingness 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 141: 140: 134: 131: 127: 126:Dysregulation 124: 122: 121:Interpersonal 119: 118: 117: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 85: 84: 80: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 59: 55: 54: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7349: 7305:Human rights 7248:After Virtue 6974:Schopenhauer 6802: 6748:Moral agency 6621:Common sense 6517:Universalism 6485:Expressivism 6465:Intuitionism 6436:Subjectivism 6381:Terraforming 6356:Professional 6142: 5948:Phantom pain 5933:Hyperalgesia 5928:Chronic pain 5812:(swallowing) 5810:Odynophagia 5732: 5672:Meta-emotion 5585:Emotionality 5558:responsivity 5506:and bullying 5501:intelligence 5311:Affectivity 5295:neuroscience 5265:in education 5131: 4848: 4809:Homesickness 4785: 4711:Enthrallment 4696:Emotion work 4559:Anticipation 4424: 4416: 4404: 4365: 4357: 4345:. Retrieved 4341: 4331: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4281: 4274:. Retrieved 4264: 4245: 4239: 4226: 4207: 4199: 4194: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4137: 4130: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4034: 4029: 4020: 4016: 4010: 3991: 3985: 3966: 3960: 3941: 3935: 3916: 3910: 3891: 3872: 3864:the original 3859: 3850: 3839:. Retrieved 3832:the original 3819: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3750: 3725: 3721: 3691: 3683:the original 3678: 3669: 3659:February 17, 3657:. Retrieved 3650:the original 3636: 3625:. Retrieved 3611: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3575:. Retrieved 3561: 3549:. Retrieved 3545:the original 3535: 3527: 3522: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3500:W.H. Auden, 3496: 3477: 3471: 3457: 3446:. Retrieved 3431: 3413: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3363: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3305: 3291:cite journal 3259:(1): 71–83. 3256: 3252: 3242: 3235:restlessness 3147:hopelessness 3133: 3117:. Retrieved 3099:. Retrieved 3095:the original 3056: 3046: 3029: 3006: 2994: 2983: 2970: 2964: 2947: 2930: 2916: 2902: 2894: 2879: 2865: 2843: 2835: 2827: 2819: 2811: 2803: 2795: 2787: 2779: 2771: 2763: 2755: 2747: 2729: 2721: 2703: 2695: 2687: 2679: 2671: 2663: 2655: 2637: 2629: 2621: 2613: 2605: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2516: 2513:Chronic pain 2508: 2500: 2492: 2317:, including 2311:blood sports 2304: 2300: 2288: 2252:economic aid 2248:philanthropy 2236:human rights 2228: 2218: 2216: 2181: 2138: 2122: 2095: 2079:David Pearce 2076: 2070: 2060: 2011: 2002:Eric Cassell 1999: 1984: 1961: 1955: 1944: 1942: 1932: 1931: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1869: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1831: 1812: 1799: 1785: 1742: 1712: 1698: 1694:will to live 1683: 1664: 1658: 1654:Peter Singer 1630:David Pearce 1619: 1598: 1430: 1419:Key concepts 1351:Peter Singer 1267:Predecessors 1229: 1217:Epicureanism 1203: 1161: 1118: 1073:Key concepts 1058: 1039:Epicureanism 996:Peter Singer 971:David Pearce 845: 814: 808:Many of the 807: 792: 788: 783: 779: 775: 773: 767: 763: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 709: 703: 699: 698:. The words 695: 691: 667: 665: 652: 648: 623: 619: 618: 552: 193:Anticipation 7123:(c. 322 BC) 6989:Kierkegaard 6808:Stewardship 6585:Rousseauian 6502:Rationalism 6414:Cognitivism 6361:Programming 6336:Meat eating 6309:Engineering 6158:Cancer pain 6084:Substance P 6069:Nociception 6031:Dolorimeter 5986:Pelvic pain 5943:Hyperpathia 5938:Hypoalgesia 5859:Arthralgia 5841:Pleurodynia 5836:Sore throat 5600:and culture 5405:recognition 5390:homeostatic 5290:forecasting 5239:Weltschmerz 5212:Misanthropy 4989:grandiosity 4871:Inspiration 4861:Infatuation 4829:Humiliation 4751:Frustration 4624:Contentment 4347:29 November 3464:Paris Talks 3231:humiliation 3191:frustration 3035:Terminology 2792:Victimology 2760:Weltschmerz 2533:Crustaceans 2529:Cephalopods 2460:blood sport 2458:; see also 2364:malingerers 2149:Health care 2135:Health care 2110:Behaviorism 1838:Book of Job 1616:Karl Popper 1536:Game theory 1060:Libertinage 690:. The word 662:Terminology 398:Humiliation 343:Frustration 243:Contentment 7385:Categories 7019:Bonhoeffer 6728:Immorality 6671:Eudaimonia 6631:Conscience 6626:Compassion 6512:Skepticism 6507:Relativism 6424:Naturalism 6404:Absolutism 6376:Technology 6226:Deontology 6107:Anesthesia 6094:Management 6021:Pain scale 5991:Proctalgia 5895:Neurologic 5795:Eye strain 5677:Pathognomy 5578:well-being 5494:and gender 5489:expression 5484:exhaustion 5469:detachment 5454:competence 5435:Emotional 5417:regulation 5400:perception 5395:in animals 5345:and memory 5281:Affective 5189:Worldviews 5051:melancholy 5036:Resentment 4906:Loneliness 4881:Irritation 4866:Insecurity 4856:Indulgence 4731:Excitement 4716:Enthusiasm 4649:Depression 4609:Confidence 4604:Compassion 4579:Attraction 4504:Admiration 4499:Acceptance 4295:"About us" 4270:"About Us" 4023:: 361–368. 3841:2013-01-20 3627:2013-01-20 3577:2013-01-20 3569:. Uia.be. 3504:(1938) in 3448:2016-08-01 3171:irritation 3163:heartbreak 3159:loneliness 3119:2008-09-11 3082:air hunger 3021:References 2718:Euthanasia 2602:Compassion 2525:Amphibians 2425:(see also 2375:punishment 2360:punishment 2202:psychiatry 2042:punishment 2038:reinforces 1757:asceticism 1745:compassion 1685:Pessimists 1669:(see also 1646:speciesism 1451:Eudaimonia 1401:Preference 1346:R. M. Hare 1284:David Hume 1279:Shantideva 1227:and pain. 1089:Eudaimonia 951:Hermarchus 921:Aristippus 848:Pyrrhonism 825:equanimity 799:Philosophy 740:air hunger 503:Resentment 428:Loneliness 318:Enthusiasm 258:Depression 228:Confidence 158:Admiration 153:Acceptance 100:In animals 7391:Suffering 7280:Casuistry 7192:Either/Or 7099:Korsgaard 7094:Azurmendi 7059:MacIntyre 6999:Nietzsche 6929:Augustine 6924:Confucius 6904:Aristotle 6880:Ethicists 6838:Intrinsic 6803:Suffering 6713:Happiness 6686:Free will 6666:Etiquette 6611:Authority 6555:Epicurean 6550:Confucian 6545:Christian 6480:Emotivism 6304:Discourse 6241:Pragmatic 6213:Normative 6143:Suffering 6112:Cordotomy 6102:Analgesia 5923:Allodynia 5903:Neuralgia 5867:Bone pain 5818:Toothache 5705:appraisal 5645:sociology 5596:Emotions 5568:symbiosis 5553:reasoning 5523:isolation 5464:contagion 5449:blackmail 5375:expressed 5370:evolution 5360:and sleep 5350:and music 5285:computing 5232:Reclusion 5227:Pessimism 5202:Defeatism 5132:Suffering 5078:Sehnsucht 5021:Rejection 4972:self-pity 4947:Nostalgia 4916:limerence 4886:Isolation 4824:Hostility 4781:Happiness 4761:Gratitude 4706:Emptiness 4689:vicarious 4639:Curiosity 4614:Confusion 4554:Annoyance 4534:Amusement 4524:Agitation 4519:Affection 4514:Aesthetic 4509:Adoration 4385:cite book 4073:141747255 3742:149501870 3466:, p. 110. 2932:Suffering 2824:Happiness 2784:Amor fati 2700:Self-harm 2413:terrorism 2398:self-harm 2379:penal law 2327:tattooing 2260:insurance 2046:aversives 1985:In law, " 1957:Ralph Siu 1765:damnation 1761:salvation 1650:'painism' 1446:Happiness 1431:Suffering 1406:Classical 1386:Two-level 1119:Suffering 1114:Sensation 1094:Happiness 1034:Cyrenaics 956:Lucretius 841:adiaphora 837:parrhesia 789:suffering 780:suffering 774:The word 720:emotional 704:suffering 696:suffering 688:sensation 668:suffering 666:The word 644:happiness 636:phenomena 633:affective 620:Suffering 563:Suspicion 553:Suffering 523:Self-pity 488:Rejection 443:Nostalgia 423:Limerence 393:Hostility 373:Happiness 353:Gratitude 298:Elevation 253:Curiosity 233:Confusion 188:Annoyance 168:Amusement 163:Affection 7370:Category 7310:Ideology 7275:Axiology 7104:Nussbaum 7054:Frankena 7049:Anscombe 7039:Williams 6994:Sidgwick 6914:Valluvar 6909:Diogenes 6894:Socrates 6818:Theodicy 6813:Sympathy 6778:Pacifism 6768:Morality 6681:Fidelity 6661:Equality 6616:Autonomy 6604:Concepts 6565:Feminist 6540:Buddhist 6470:Nihilism 6409:Axiology 6366:Research 6299:Computer 6294:Business 6148:SOCRATES 5874:(muscle) 5872:Myalgia 5800:Headache 5563:security 5543:literacy 5528:lability 5518:intimacy 5459:conflict 5439:aperture 5336:Emotion 5320:negative 5315:positive 5305:spectrum 5270:measures 5222:Optimism 5217:Nihilism 5207:Fatalism 5197:Cynicism 5142:Sympathy 5137:Surprise 4979:Pleasure 4901:Kindness 4891:Jealousy 4876:Interest 4843:Hysteria 4726:Euphoria 4669:Distrust 4619:Contempt 4599:Calmness 4491:Emotions 4478:Emotions 4216:Archived 4186:17470861 4122:19460187 4059:: 3–32. 3969:. Ecco. 3900:Archived 3881:Archived 3811:26944221 3759:Archived 3621:Archived 3571:Archived 3551:July 31, 3442:Archived 3420:Archived 3405:11402082 3314:Archived 3283:20452111 3179:jealousy 3113:Archived 3005:; Also: 2808:Pleasure 2800:Penology 2634:Sympathy 2471:See also 2323:body art 2268:security 2198:oncology 2153:medicine 2034:escapism 2018:valences 2014:pleasure 1773:Theodicy 1733:Mahavira 1724:Religion 1484:Problems 1436:Pleasure 1371:Negative 1251:a series 1249:Part of 1236:apatheia 1232:Stoicism 1225:pleasure 1221:Hedonism 1213:ataraxia 1205:Epicurus 1109:Pleasure 1084:Ataraxia 1029:Charvaka 981:Yang Zhu 926:Epicurus 911:Jovinian 890:Thinkers 882:Hedonism 874:a series 872:Part of 864:ataraxia 817:Cynicism 791:include 764:physical 712:physical 655:sentient 640:pleasure 558:Surprise 468:Pleasure 418:Kindness 408:Jealousy 403:Interest 328:Euphoria 283:Distrust 238:Contempt 145:Emotions 66:Emotions 58:a series 56:Part of 7396:Feeling 7268:Related 7014:Tillich 6979:Bentham 6954:Spinoza 6949:Aquinas 6934:Mencius 6848:Western 6823:Torture 6788:Precept 6743:Loyalty 6738:Liberty 6733:Justice 6646:Dignity 6636:Consent 6580:Kantian 6570:Islamic 6533:Schools 6419:Realism 6351:Nursing 6346:Medical 6331:Machine 6271:Applied 5861:(joint) 5733:Italics 5696:Theory 5652:Feeling 5605:history 5590:bounded 5548:prosody 5355:and sex 5340:and art 5300:science 5256:Affect 5250:Related 5125:chronic 5100:Shyness 5060:Saudade 5046:Sadness 5041:Revenge 5031:Remorse 4962:Passion 4952:Outrage 4942:Neglect 4802:Hiraeth 4701:Empathy 4679:Ecstasy 4664:Disgust 4634:Cruelty 4629:Courage 4594:Boredom 4574:Arousal 4564:Anxiety 4549:Anguish 4276:May 17, 4202:, 2004. 4113:3427787 3802:5521249 3396:3330651 3274:3125115 3207:anxiety 3195:anguish 3167:disgust 3155:sadness 3066:itching 2734:Suicide 2652:Cruelty 2642:Empathy 2431:ragging 2409:torture 2387:torture 2169:hygiene 2104:or the 2036:), and 1808:nirvana 1753:penance 1441:Utility 1396:Average 1054:Yangism 856:beliefs 821:autarky 760:itching 684:emotion 680:feeling 629:valence 538:Shyness 513:Saudade 508:Sadness 498:Remorse 458:Passion 448:Outrage 313:Empathy 293:Ecstasy 278:Disgust 248:Courage 223:Boredom 208:Arousal 198:Anxiety 183:Anguish 133:Valence 18:Suffers 7259:(1984) 7251:(1981) 7243:(1979) 7235:(1971) 7227:(1903) 7219:(1887) 7211:(1874) 7203:(1861) 7195:(1843) 7187:(1820) 7179:(1788) 7171:(1785) 7163:(1780) 7155:(1759) 7147:(1740) 7139:(1726) 7131:(1677) 7089:Taylor 7074:Parfit 7069:Singer 7044:Mackie 6919:Cicero 6860:Virtue 6793:Rights 6718:Honour 6575:Jewish 6371:Sexual 6279:Animal 6261:Virtue 6205:Ethics 5700:affect 5682:Pathos 5635:social 5479:eating 5152:Wonder 5120:Stress 5110:Sorrow 5026:Relief 5016:Regret 5004:vanity 4999:insult 4994:hubris 4849:Ikigai 4819:Horror 4795:Hatred 4654:Desire 4644:Defeat 4569:Apathy 4433: 4373: 4319: 4252: 4184: 4146: 4120: 4110: 4071: 3998: 3973: 3948: 3923: 3809: 3799: 3740: 3602: 3484: 3462:joy." 3403: 3393: 3351: 3281: 3271: 3223:regret 3078:nausea 3074:thirst 3070:hunger 3013: 3001: 2974: 2954: 2940: 2923: 2909: 2886: 2872: 2846: 2844:· 2842: 2838: 2836:· 2834: 2830: 2828:· 2826: 2822: 2820:· 2818: 2814: 2812:· 2810: 2806: 2804:· 2802: 2798: 2796:· 2794: 2790: 2788:· 2786: 2782: 2780:· 2778: 2774: 2772:· 2770: 2766: 2764:· 2762: 2758: 2756:· 2754: 2752:Dukkha 2750: 2748:· 2746: 2732: 2730:· 2728: 2724: 2722:· 2720: 2706: 2704:· 2702: 2698: 2696:· 2694: 2690: 2688:· 2686: 2682: 2680:· 2678: 2674: 2672:· 2670: 2666: 2664:· 2662: 2658: 2656:· 2654: 2640: 2638:· 2636: 2632: 2630:· 2628: 2624: 2622:· 2620: 2616: 2614:· 2612: 2608: 2606:· 2604: 2590: 2588:· 2586: 2582: 2580:· 2578: 2574: 2572:· 2570: 2566: 2564:· 2562: 2558: 2556:· 2554: 2517:· 2515: 2511: 2509:· 2507: 2503: 2501:· 2499: 2493:· 2491: 2454:, and 2427:hazing 2411:, and 2282:, and 2272:safety 2262:, and 2127:, and 2026:coping 1823:ahimsa 1819:moksha 1804:karuna 1800:dukkha 1792:dukkha 1737:ahimsa 1677:, and 1648:' and 1209:aponia 1099:Hedone 1079:Aponia 860:epoche 854:(i.e. 852:dogmas 768:mental 758:, and 752:nausea 744:hunger 722:, and 716:mental 573:Wonder 548:Sorrow 493:Relief 483:Regret 388:Horror 378:Hatred 263:Desire 203:Apathy 90:Affect 7351:Index 7113:Works 7084:Adams 7079:Nagel 7034:Dewey 7029:Rawls 7009:Barth 7004:Moore 6969:Hegel 6944:Xunzi 6899:Plato 6889:Laozi 6870:Wrong 6843:Japan 6833:Value 6828:Trust 6723:Ideal 6590:Stoic 6341:Media 6326:Legal 5979:Other 5880:Acute 5625:moral 5533:labor 5385:group 5164:Worry 5147:Trust 5115:Spite 5095:Shock 5090:Shame 4984:Pride 4957:Panic 4836:Hygge 4776:Guilt 4771:Grief 4766:Greed 4736:Faith 4674:Doubt 4544:Angst 4539:Anger 4529:Agony 4069:S2CID 3835:(PDF) 3828:(PDF) 3738:S2CID 3700:(PDF) 3653:(PDF) 3646:(PDF) 3617:"ISP" 3219:guilt 3215:shame 3211:panic 3199:angst 3175:anger 3151:grief 3033:See ' 2676:Abuse 2626:Mercy 2519: 2495: 2377:(see 2356:abuse 2200:, or 2022:warns 1915:(...) 1786:The ' 1618:, in 1391:Total 829:arete 622:, or 578:Worry 568:Trust 533:Shock 528:Shame 473:Pride 453:Panic 368:Guilt 363:Grief 358:Greed 333:Faith 288:Doubt 178:Angst 173:Anger 7401:Pain 7064:Hare 7024:Foot 6984:Mill 6964:Kant 6959:Hume 6939:Mozi 6855:Vice 6773:Norm 6701:Evil 6696:Good 6656:Duty 6396:Meta 6319:Land 6246:Role 6231:Care 5996:Back 5805:Neck 5774:Pain 5444:bias 5429:work 5011:Rage 4967:Pity 4928:Lust 4911:Love 4814:Hope 4746:Flow 4741:Fear 4721:Envy 4482:list 4431:ISBN 4391:link 4371:ISBN 4349:2018 4317:ISBN 4278:2020 4250:ISBN 4230:See 4182:PMID 4144:ISBN 4118:PMID 3996:ISBN 3971:ISBN 3946:ISBN 3921:ISBN 3895:See 3876:See 3807:PMID 3661:2013 3600:ISBN 3553:2007 3482:ISBN 3401:PMID 3349:ISBN 3297:link 3279:PMID 3203:fear 3183:envy 3103:2008 3062:pain 3011:ISBN 2999:ISBN 2972:ISBN 2952:ISBN 2938:ISBN 2921:ISBN 2907:ISBN 2884:ISBN 2870:ISBN 2618:Pity 2568:Hell 2552:Evil 2537:Fish 2489:Pain 2462:and 2445:BDSM 2358:and 2313:and 2297:Uses 2270:and 2185:pain 2065:and 1993:and 1943:The 1769:hell 1718:pain 1426:Pain 1376:Rule 1274:Mozi 1230:For 1104:Pain 846:For 784:pain 702:and 700:pain 692:pain 624:pain 478:Rage 463:Pity 438:Lust 433:Love 383:Hope 338:Fear 323:Envy 110:Mood 38:and 32:Pain 6865:Vow 6595:Tao 6289:Bio 4896:Joy 4584:Awe 4174:doi 4108:PMC 4100:doi 4061:doi 3797:PMC 3789:doi 3730:doi 3391:PMC 3269:PMC 3261:doi 2443:or 2421:In 2405:war 1875:by 1829:). 1783:). 1771:). 1381:Act 843:). 823:), 815:In 782:or 766:or 686:or 642:or 631:of 413:Joy 213:Awe 7387:: 4387:}} 4383:{{ 4340:. 4315:. 4313:xv 4280:. 4180:. 4170:25 4168:. 4116:. 4106:. 4096:39 4094:. 4090:. 4067:. 4057:20 4055:. 4019:. 3858:. 3805:. 3795:. 3785:20 3783:. 3779:. 3736:. 3726:44 3724:. 3720:. 3708:^ 3677:. 3399:. 3387:10 3385:. 3381:. 3293:}} 3289:{{ 3277:. 3267:. 3257:71 3255:. 3251:. 3233:, 3229:/ 3225:, 3221:, 3217:/ 3213:, 3209:/ 3205:, 3201:, 3197:, 3193:, 3189:, 3185:, 3181:, 3177:, 3173:, 3169:, 3165:, 3161:/ 3157:/ 3153:, 3149:, 3145:/ 3111:. 3088:. 3084:, 3080:, 3076:, 3072:, 3068:, 2993:. 2963:. 2864:. 2543:) 2539:, 2535:, 2531:, 2527:, 2429:, 2407:, 2337:, 2333:, 2329:, 2286:. 2278:, 2258:, 2254:, 2250:, 2246:, 2242:, 2238:, 2234:, 2196:, 2192:, 2179:. 2171:, 2167:, 2163:, 2159:, 2155:, 2147:. 2044:, 2032:, 1997:. 1982:. 1978:, 1974:, 1970:, 1966:, 1895:: 1888:. 1810:. 1767:, 1763:, 1755:, 1751:, 1673:, 1652:. 1253:on 876:on 835:, 831:, 827:, 795:. 754:, 750:, 746:, 742:, 718:, 714:, 682:, 646:. 60:on 6197:e 6190:t 6183:v 5766:e 5759:t 5752:v 4484:) 4480:( 4470:e 4463:t 4456:v 4439:. 4393:) 4379:. 4351:. 4325:. 4297:. 4258:. 4188:. 4176:: 4152:. 4124:. 4102:: 4075:. 4063:: 4021:1 4004:. 3979:. 3954:. 3929:. 3844:. 3813:. 3791:: 3744:. 3732:: 3702:. 3663:. 3630:. 3606:. 3580:. 3555:. 3490:. 3451:. 3426:. 3407:. 3357:. 3299:) 3285:. 3263:: 3237:. 3122:. 3105:. 2934:. 2523:( 2370:. 2028:( 1588:e 1581:t 1574:v 1193:e 1186:t 1179:v 608:e 601:t 594:v 42:. 20:)

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