Indoor tanning - Knowledge (XXG)

599:, some researchers have suggested that "5–30 minutes of sun exposure between 10 AM and 3 PM at least twice a week to the face, arms, legs, or back without sunscreen usually lead to sufficient vitamin D synthesis and that the moderate use of commercial tanning beds that emit 2%–6% UVB radiation is also effective". Most researchers say the health risks outweigh the benefits, that the UVB doses produced by tanning beds exceed what is needed for adequate vitamin D production, and that adequate vitamin D levels can be achieved by taking supplements and eating fortified foods. 666: 1076:(21 CFR 1040.20). This is designed to ensure that the devices adhere to a set of safety rules, with the primary focus on sunbed and lamp manufacturers regarding maximum exposure times and product equivalence. Additionally, must have a "Recommended Exposure Schedule" posted on both the front of the tanning bed and in the owners' manual, and list the original lamp that was certified for that particular tanning bed. Salon owners are required to replace the lamps with either exactly the same lamp, or a lamp that is certified by the lamp manufacturer to be. 31: 521: 549:

more toned, and that it covers or heals skin blemishes such as acne. Other reasons include acquiring a base tan for further sunbathing; that a uniform tan is easier to achieve in a tanning unit than in the sun, and a desire to avoid tan lines. Proponents of indoor tanning say that tanning beds deliver more consistent, predictable exposure than the sun, but studies show that indoor tanners do suffer burns. In two surveys in the US in 1998 and 2004, 58% of indoor tanners said they had been burned during sessions.

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used one, and one survey found that 21% had done so in the previous year. In France, 15% of adults in 1994–1995 had tanned indoors; the practice was more common in the north of France. In 2006, 12% of grade 9–10 students in Canada had used a tanning bed in the last year. In 2004, 7% of 8–11-year-olds in Scotland said they had used one. Tanning bed use is higher in the UK in the north of England. One study found that the prevalence was lower in London than in less urban areas of the country.

371: 1211:(2015): "This number is based on the average yearly estimate of injuries for 2003 and 2012 (the most recent years for which data are available). It is likely that the actual number of injuries may be higher because this estimate only includes cases that are initially treated in US hospital emergency departments and reported to a central database. This estimate does not include cases that are treated in outpatient clinics, physicians' offices, not medically treated, or not reported." 362:

tanning beds, but most have more lamps and are likely to use 100–160 watt lamps. They often have a maximum session of 7–15 minutes. There are other technical differences, or degrees of intensity, but for all practical intents, their function and safety are the same as a horizontal bed. Booths have a smaller footprint, which some commercial operators find useful. Some tanners prefer booths out of concern for hygiene, since the only shared surface is the floor.

1232:(2010): "The industry grew rapidly in the 1980s and 90s; today, according to the Indoor Tanning Association there are over 25,000 professional indoor tanning businesses in thousands of towns across America. Each year 30 million people—over 10 percent of the American public—visit an indoor tanning facility. The industry employs more than 160,000 Americans, mostly in small businesses. Its total economic impact exceeds $ 5 billion annually." 77:

facilities annually. In the United Kingdom, 5,350 tanning salons were in operation in 2009. From 1997 several countries and US states banned under-18s from indoor tanning. The commercial use of tanning beds was banned entirely in Brazil in 2009 and Australia in 2015. As of 1 January 2017, thirteen U.S. states and one territory have banned under-18s from using them, and at least 42 states and the

864: 283:, a German scientist, began using UV light on athletes, and developed beds that emitted 95% UVA and 5% UVB, which reduced the likelihood of burning. The world's first tanning salon opened in 1977 in Berlin, followed by tanning salons in Europe and North America in the late 1970s. In 1978 Wolff's devices began selling in the United States, and the indoor tanning industry was born. 215: 430: 160: 1094:(FTC) for selling tanning beds to "reverse your wrinkles" and "slash your risk of cancer". The settlement meant that consumers who had purchased the devices were eligible for refunds totalling $ 5.3 million. Mercola had falsely claimed that the FDA "endorsed indoor tanning devices as safe", and had failed to disclose that he had paid the 350:

new melanin is formed. UVB has no immediate bronzing effect, but with a delay of 72 hours makes the skin produce new melanin, leading to tans of longer duration. UVA is less likely to cause burning or dry skin than UVB but is associated with wrinkling and loss of elasticity because it penetrates deeper.

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have banned the use of tanning beds for minors under the age of 18. Other states strictly regulate indoor tanning under the age of 18, with most banning indoor tanning for persons under the age of 14 unless medically required, and some requiring the consent of a guardian for those aged 14–17. In 2010

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of 1.20) among those who had ever used a tanning device compared to those who had not, and a 59% percent increase (a relative risk of 1.59) among those who had used one before age 35. Additionally, a 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found that indoor tanners had a 16 percent increased risk of

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Tanning booths (also known as stand-up sunbeds) are vertical enclosures; the tanner stands during exposure, hanging onto straps or handrails, and is surrounded by tanning bulbs. In most models, the tanner closes a door, but there are open designs too. Some booths use the same electronics and lamps as

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In New Zealand, indoor tanning is regulated by a voluntary code of practice. Salons are asked to turn away under-18s, those with type 1 skin (fair skin that burns easily or never tans), people who experienced episodes of sunburn as children, and anyone taking certain medications, with several moles,

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In 1997 France became the first country to ban minors from indoor tanning. Under-18s are similarly prohibited in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Poland and the United Kingdom. In addition, Ireland prohibits salons from offering "happy hour" discounts. Netherlands also forbid the

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There are fewer professional salons than tanning facilities; the latter includes tanning beds in gyms, spas and similar. According to the FDA, citing the Indoor Tanning Association, there were 25,000 tanning salons in 2010 in the US (population 308.7 million in 2010). Mailing-list data suggest there

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Tanning facilities are ubiquitous in the US, although the figures are in decline. In a study in the US published in 2002, there was a higher density in colder areas with a lower median income and higher proportion of whites. A study in 1997 found an average of 50.3 indoor-tanning facilities in 20 US

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The late teens to early–mid 20s is the highest-prevalence age group. In a national survey of white teenagers in 2003 in the US (aged 13–19), 24% had used a tanning facility. Indoor-tanning prevalence figures in the US vary from 30 million each year to just under 10 million (7.8 million women and 1.9

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Tanning lamps, also known as tanning bulbs or tanning tubes, produce the ultraviolet light in tanning devices. The performance (or output) varies widely between brands and styles. Most are low-pressure fluorescent tubes, but high-pressure bulbs also exist. The electronics systems and number of lamps

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Children and adolescents who use tanning beds are at greater risk because of biological vulnerability to UV radiation. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to artificial tanning increases the risk of malignant melanoma and that the longer the exposure, the greater the risk, particularly

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power, signifying health, beauty, youth and the ability to seduce. Women, in particular, say not only that they prefer their appearance with tanned skin, but that they receive the same message from friends and family, especially from other women. They believe tanned skin makes them look thinner and

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High-pressure beds use smaller, higher-wattage quartz bulbs and emit a higher percentage of UVA. They may emit 10–15 times more UVA than the midday sun, and have a shorter maximum exposure time (typically 10–12 minutes). UVA gives an immediate, short-term tan by bronzing melanin in the skin, but no

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About 95% of the UVR that reaches the earth from the sun is UVA and 5% UVB; no appreciable UVC reaches the earth. While tanning systems before the 1970s produced some UVC, modern tanning devices produce no UVC, a small amount of UVB and mostly UVA. Classified by the WHO as a group 1 carcinogen, UVR

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Program, and the death rate was 2.7 per 100,000. 9,730 people were estimated to die of melanoma in the United States in 2017, and these numbers are anticipated to continue rising. Although 91.7% of patients diagnosed with melanoma survive beyond 5-years, advanced melanoma is largely incurable, and

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Tanning bed use is more prevalent in northern countries. In Sweden in 2001, 44% said they had used one (in a survey of 1,752 men and women aged 18–37). Their use increased in Denmark between 1994 and 2002 from 35% to 50% (reported use in the previous two years). In Germany, between 29% and 47% had

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commissioned a "sting" operation in 2012, in which callers posing as a 16-year-old woman who wanted to tan for the first time called 300 tanning salons in the US. Staff reportedly failed to follow FDA recommendations, denied the risks of tanning, and offered misleading information about benefits.

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Indoor tanning is most popular with white females, 16–25 years old, with low-to-moderate skin sensitivity, who know other tanners. Studies seeking to link indoor tanning to education level and income have returned inconsistent results. Prevalence was highest in one German study among those with a

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was promoted as a treatment for depression, diabetes, constipation, pneumonia, high and low blood pressure, and many other ailments. Home-tanning equipment was introduced in the 1920s in the form of "sunlamps" or "health lamps", UV lamps that emitted a large percentage of UVB, leading to burns.

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Melanoma accounts for approximately one percent of skin cancer, and causes most of skin cancer-related deaths. The average age of diagnosis is 63, and it is the most common cancer in the 25–29 age group and the second most common in the 15-29 group, which may be due in part to the increased UV

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and the United States, 18.2% of adults, 45.2% of university students, and 22% of adolescents had tanned indoors in the previous year, according to studies in 2007–2012. As of 2010 the indoor-tanning industry employed 160,000 in the United States, where 10–30 million tanners visit 25,000 indoor

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increases pigment levels in the skin above baseline, and repeated exposures maintain these elevated levels. Tanning is a secondary response to UVR-induced DNA damage and molecularly linked to DNA repair pathways. Tanning beds produce UVR similar to the sun, and likewise cause DNA damage and

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or who has had skin cancer. Tanners are asked to sign a consent form, which includes health information and advice about the importance of wearing goggles. Surveys have found a high level of non-compliance. The government has carried out bi-annual surveys of tanning facilities since 2012.

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One study conducted among college students found that awareness of the risks of tanning beds did not deter the students from using them. Teenagers are frequent targets of tanning industry marketing, which includes offers of coupons and placing ads in high-school newspapers. Members of the

53:. Typically found in tanning salons, gyms, spas, hotels, and sporting facilities, and less often in private residences, the most common device is a horizontal tanning bed, also known as a sunbed or solarium. Vertical devices are known as tanning booths or stand-up sunbeds. 629:, may be treated with UVB light therapy, including by using tanning beds in commercial salons. Using tanning beds allows patients to access UV exposure when dermatologist-provided phototherapy is not available. A systematic review of studies, published in 566:

is produced when the skin is exposed to UVB, whether from sunlight or an artificial source. It is needed for mineralization of bone and bone growth. Areas in which vitamin D's role is being investigated include reducing the risk of cancer, heart disease,

1159:, and baseline pigmentation is tightly controlled by complex cellular and intercellular pathways. Evolutionary and adaptive changes have created diversity of human pigmentation, skin types, and tanning capacities. Tanning results when UVR-induced 953:

Indoor tanning is prohibited for under-18s in British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island; and for under-19s in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Northwest Territories.

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cities (13.89 facilities for every 100,000 residents); the highest was 134 in Minneapolis, MN, and the lowest four in Honolulu, Hawaii. In 2006 a study of 116 cities in the US found 41.8 facilities on average, a higher density than either

787:(eye cancer), and infections. Tanning beds can contain many microbes, some of which are pathogens that can cause skin infections and gastric distress. In one study in New York in 2009, the most common pathogens found on tanning beds were 528:

Reasons cited for indoor tanning include improving appearance, acquiring a pre-holiday tan, feeling good and treating a skin condition. Tanners often cite feelings of well-being; exposure to tanning beds is reported to "increase serum

449:, usage in the 18–29 age group fell from 11.3 percent in 2010 to 8.6 percent in 2013, perhaps attributable in part to a 10% "tanning tax" introduced in 2010. Attitudes toward tanning vary across states; in one study, doctors in the 747:

only 19.9% percent of patients with metastatic disease survive beyond 5 years. An international meta-analysis performed in 2014 estimates that annually, 464,170 cases of skin cancer can be attributed to exposure to indoor tanning.

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Obtaining vitamin D from indoor tanning has to be weighed against the risk of developing skin cancer. The indoor-tanning industry has stressed the relationship between tanning and the production of vitamin D. According to the US

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States control regulations for salons, regarding operator training, sanitization of sunbeds and eyewear, and additional warning signs. Many states also ban or regulate the use of tanning beds by minors under the age of 18.

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in Asian countries, and both support multibillion-dollar industries. Most indoor tanners are women, 16–25 years old, who want to improve their appearance or mood, acquire a pre-holiday tan, or treat a skin condition.

186:(nm, billionths of a metre) and are divided into three bands: A, B and C. UVA wavelengths are the longest, 315 to 400 nm; UVB are 280 to 315 nm, and UVC wavelengths are the shortest, 100 to 280 nm. 916:, "repeated UVR exposures, and the use of indoor tanning beds specifically, may have important systemic and behavioural consequences, including mood changes, compulsive disorders, pain and physical dependency." 3652:

Karia, Pritesh S.; Han, Jiali; Schmults, Chrysalyne D. (2013-06-01). "Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Estimated incidence of disease, nodal metastasis, and deaths from disease in the United States, 2012".

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Addiction to indoor tanning has been recognized as a psychiatric disorder. The disorder is characterized as excessive indoor tanning that causes the subject personal distress; it has been associated with

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were 18,200 in September 2008 and 12,200 in September 2015, a decline of 30 percent. According to Chris Sternberg of the American Suntanning Association, the figures are 18,000 in 2009 and 9,500 in 2016.

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developing melanoma, which increased to 23 percent for North Americans. For those who started tanning indoors before age 25, their risk further increased to 35% compared to those who began after age 25.

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Vitamin D can also be obtained from supplements, fortified foods, cod liver oil, and in small amounts from salmon, tuna, mackerel, swordfish, egg yolk, beef liver, cheese, and some types of mushroom.

1069:, a 10% excise tax was introduced on tanning dubbed a "tanning tax", which is added to the fees charged by tanning facilities; it was expected to raise $ 2.7 billion for health care over ten years. 497:

found 5,350 tanning salons in the UK in 2009: 4,492 in England (population 52.6 million in 2010), 484 in Scotland (5.3 million), 203 in Wales (3 million) and 171 in Northern Ireland (1.8 million).

727:(BCC) and is more common than melanoma. With early detection and treatment, it is typically not life-threatening. Prevalence increases with age, cumulative exposure to UV, and proximity to the 124:. Injuries caused by tanning devices lead to over 3,000 emergency-room cases a year in the United States alone. Physicians may use or recommend tanning devices to treat skin conditions such as 303:

affect performance, but to a lesser degree than the lamp itself. Tanning lamps are regulated separately from tanning beds in most countries, as they are the consumable portion of the system.

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The user sets a timer (or it is set remotely by the salon operator), lies on the bed and pulls down the canopy. The maximum exposure time for most low-pressure beds is 15–20 minutes. In the

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surface. The tanner is surrounded by bulbs when the canopy is closed. Modern tanning beds emit mostly UVA (the sun emits around 95% UVA and 5% UVB). One review of studies found that the UVB

486:. Of the country's 125 top colleges and universities in 2014, 12% had indoor-tanning facilities on campus and 42.4% in off-campus housing, 96% of the latter free of charge to the tenants. 4304: 4504: 1191:

in 2015, just under 10 million adults in the United States (7.8 million women and 1.9 million men) had tanned indoors in the previous 12 months, based on replies to the 2010 and 2013

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White people are most at risk of melanoma, with a lifetime risk of 2.5% (1 in 40), against 0.1% (1 in 1,000) for black people and 0.5% (1 in 200) for Hispanics, according to the

877: 648:. A concern with the use of commercial tanning is that beds that primarily emit UVA may not treat psoriasis effectively. One study found that plaque psoriasis is responsive to 4846:

Hunt, Yvonne; Augustson, Erik; Rutten, Lila; Moser, Richard; and Yaroch, Amy (2012). "History and Culture of Tanning in the United States", in Heckman and Manne (eds.), 33–68.

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Ghissassi, Fatiha El; Baan, Robert; Straif, Kurt; Grosse, Yann; Secretan, Béatrice; Bouvard, Véronique; Benbrahim-Tallaa, Lamia; Guha, Neela; Freeman, Crystal (2009-08-01).

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in 2010, possibly using the Indoor Tanning Association as its source: "Each year 30 million people—over 10 percent of the American public—visit an indoor tanning facility."

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for its endorsement of his devices. The FTC said that it was deceptive for the defendants to fail to disclose that tanning is not necessary to produce vitamin D.

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moved from country work to city factories, and to crowded, dark, unsanitary homes, pale skin became increasingly associated with poverty and ill health. In 1923

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Wehner, Mackenzie R.; Chren, Mary-Margaret; Nameth, Danielle; Choudhry, Aditi; Gaskins, Matthew; Nead, Kevin T.; Boscardin, W. John; Linos, Eleni (2014-04-01).

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Weir, Hannah K.; Marrett, Loraine D.; Cokkinides, Vilma; Barnholtz-Sloan, Jill; Patel, Pragna; Tai, Eric; Jemal, Ahmedin; Li, Jun; Kim, Julian (November 2011).

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Boldeman C, Branstrom R, Dal H, Kristjansson S, Rodvall Y, Jansson B, et al. (2001). "Tanning habits and sunburn in a Swedish population age 13-50 years".

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Wehner, Mackenzie R.; Chren, Mary-Margaret; Nameth, Danielle; Choudhry, Aditi; Gaskins, Matthew; Nead, Kevin T.; Boscardin, W. John; Linos, Eleni (April 2014).

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Lessin, Stuart R; Perlis, Clifford S.; Zook, and Matthew B. Zook (2012). "How Ultraviolet Radiation Tans Skin" in Carolyn J. Heckman, Sharon L. Manne (eds.),

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banned the use of tanning beds for cosmetic purposes in 2009, making that country the first to enact a ban. It followed a 2002 ban on minors using the beds.

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Bosch, Ricardo; Philips, Neena; Suárez-Pérez, Jorge A.; Juarranz, Angeles; Devmurari, Avani; Chalensouk-Khaosaat, Jovinna; González, Salvador (2015-03-26).

338:, maximum times are set by the manufacturer according to how long it takes to produce four "minimal erythema doses" (MEDs), an upper limit laid down by the 4333: 743: 133: 4654: 446: 416:(eye protection) should be worn to avoid eye damage. In one 2004 study, tanners said they avoided goggles to prevent leaving pale skin around the eyes. 382:

to the whole body and may use a separate facial-tanning lotion. These lotions are considerably more expensive than drugstore lotions. They contain no

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Colantonio, S; Bracken, MB; Beecker, J (May 2014). "The association of indoor tanning and melanoma in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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which may cause the cell to die or become cancerous. These mutations can result in cancer, aging, persistent mutation and cell death. For example,

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Lessin, Stuart R; Perlis, Clifford S.; Zook, and Matthew B. Zook (2012). "How Ultraviolet Radiation Tans Skin" in Heckman and Manne (eds.), 87–94.

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Gilchrest, Barbara A.; Eller, Mark S.; Geller, Alan C.; Yaar, Mina (1999-04-29). "The Pathogenesis of Melanoma Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation".

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Coups, Elliot J. and Phillips, L. Alison (2012). "Prevalence and Correlates of Indoor Tanning", in Carolyn J. Heckman, Sharon L. Manne (eds.),

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Atillasoy, E. S.; Seykora, J. T.; Soballe, P. W.; Elenitsas, R.; Nesbit, M.; Elder, D. E.; Montone, K. T.; Sauter, E.; Herlyn, M. (May 1998).

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that they should not be used by individuals under the age of 18, but it has not banned their use by minors. As of 1 January 2017,

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Lluria-Prevatt, Maria; Dickinson, Sally E.; and Alberts, David S. (2013). "Skin Cancer Prevention", in David Alberts, Lisa M. Hess (eds.).

2562: 4257: 731:. It is most prevalent in Australia, where the rate is 1,000 in 100,000 and where, as of 2000, it represented 75 percent of all cancers. 676:

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), whether from the sun or tanning devices is known to be a major cause of the three main types of

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Cartmel, B.; Bale, A.E.; Mayne, S.T.; Gelernter, J.E.; DeWan, A.T.; Spain, P.; Leffell, D.J.; Pagoto, S.; Ferrucci, L.M. (2017-02-21).

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Lille; Nilsen, Tove N.; Hannevik, M.; Veierød, M. B. (2016). "Ultraviolet exposure from indoor tanning devices: a systematic review".

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Alan C. Geller (2002). "Use of Sunscreen, Sunburning Rates, and Tanning Bed Use Among More Than 10,000 US Children and Adolescents".

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Nikiforos Kollias; Eduardo Ruvolo Jr; Robert M. Sayre (November–December 2011). "The Value of the Ratio of UVA to UVB in Sunlight".

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The figures were compiled from 16 countries: Australia, Canada, the United States, and 13 countries in the north and west of Europe.

855:, which makes burning the skin while tanning more likely. This risk is increased by a lack of staff training in tanning facilities. 4383: 1432: 1192: 137: 1940: 4843:

Hay, Jennifer and Lipsky, Samara (2012), "International Perspectives on Indoor Tanning", in Heckman and Manne (eds)., 179–193.

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Wehner, Mackenzie, R.; Shive, Melissa L.; Chren, Mary-Margaret; Han, Jiali; Qureshi, Abrar A.; Linos, Eleni (2 October 2012).

2116: 4892: 1112: 1084: 996:(FDA) classifies tanning beds as "moderate risk" devices (changed in 2014 from "low risk"). It requires that devices carry a 511: 241:

Until the late 19th century in Europe and the United States, pale skin was a symbol of high social class among white people.

4784: 4441: 740: 634: 596: 3704: 2557:(Proceedings of a Symposium, Boston, Massachusetts, 16–18 June 2001). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers (113–126), 114. 4612: 1872: 1208: 1196: 993: 3781:

Gandini, Sara; Autier, Philippe; Boniol, Mathieu (2011). "Reviews on sun exposure and artificial light and melanoma".

1073: 665: 230:("Finsen's light" or a "Finsen lamp") that produced ultraviolet radiation for use in skin therapy, including to treat 4718: 2142: 4214:

Petit, Aymeric; et al. (2014). "(June 2014). "Phenomenology and psychopathology of excessive indoor tanning"".

3254:"Tanning beds, skin cancer, and vitamin D: An examination of the scientific evidence and public health implications" 4749: 2251:"Biological Effects of Sunlight, Ultraviolet Radiation, Visible Light, Infrared Radiation and Vitamin D for Health" 913: 450: 4882: 2634: 2498: 2392: 720: 709: 608: 280: 129: 3816:

Demko, Catherine A.; Borawski, Elaine A.; Debanne, Sara M.; Cooper, Kevin D.; Stange, Kurt C. (September 2003).

1711:"Mechanisms of Photoaging and Cutaneous Photocarcinogenesis, and Photoprotective Strategies with Phytochemicals" 4809: 1091: 848: 736: 454: 171: 2796: 2553:

Sharon A. Miller, et al. (2002). "Production and persistence of UV-induced Tan", in Michael F. Holick (ed.).

1380:"Recent Changes in the Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Frequency of Indoor Tanning Among US Adults" 575:. Exposing arms and legs to a minimal 0.5 erythemal (mild sunburn) UVB dose is equal to consuming about 3000 249:

and wear wide-brimmed hats and gloves; their homes featured heavy curtains that kept out the sun. But as the

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Vannini, Phillip; McCright, Aaron M. (2004). "To Die For: The Semiotic Seductive Power of the Tanned Body".

1251: 751: 685: 4714: 2344: 520: 795: 572: 458: 140:. Researchers at the Yale School of Public Health found evidence of addiction to tanning in a 2017 paper. 4824:

Book chapters are cited in short form above and long form below. All other sources are cited above only.

4765: 1430:"The Public Health etc (Scotland) Act 2008 (Sunbed) Regulations 2009: Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA)" 3532: 3058:

Cokkinides, Vilma; Weinstock, Martin; Lazovich, DeAnn; Ward, Elizabeth; Thun, Michael (1 January 2009).

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Most tanning beds are horizontal enclosures with a bench and canopy (lid) that house long, low-pressure

154: 46: 2204:"From patient to discoverer—Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860-1904)—the founder of phototherapy in dermatology" 1521: 637:, and suggested that clinicians consider UV phototherapy and tanning beds as a source of that therapy. 583:. In a study in Boston, MA, researchers found that adults who used tanning beds had "robust" levels of 353:

Commercial tanning beds cost $ 6,000 to $ 30,000 as of 2006, with high-pressure beds at the high end.

30: 4325: 1009: 831: 724: 681: 558: 78: 984: 4286:"Resolução n°59 de 9 de novembro 2009", Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, 11 November 2009. 2280: 2165: 1066: 735:

exposure and use of indoor tanning observed in this population. In the United States, the melanoma

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In parallel physicians began advising their patients on the benefits of the "sun cure", citing its

223: 2919: 4583: 4239: 4138: 3894:"Vital Signs: Melanoma Incidence and Mortality Trends and Projections — United States, 1982–2030" 3577: 3283: 3234: 3089: 2838: 2536: 2040: 1568: 1061: 930: 890: 801: 576: 568: 395: 4110: 3552:

Rajeshwar P. Sinhaa; Donat-P. Häder (April 2002). "UV-induced DNA damage and repair: a review".

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doses of either UVA or UVB. It does require more energy to reach erythemogenic dosing with UVA.

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Palmer, Richard; et al. (2002). "Indoor Tanning Facility Density in Eighty U.S. Cities".

2743: 2605: 2558: 2528: 2450: 2262: 2228: 2184: 2098: 2032: 1997: 1979: 1922: 1850: 1842: 1750: 1732: 1691: 1673: 1642: 1634: 1594: 1576: 1477: 1409: 1357: 1095: 697: 669: 4732: 4056: 1778: 4223: 4169: 4158:"Awareness of the risks of tanning lamps does not influence behavior among college students" 4122: 4068: 4029: 3992: 3976: 3935: 3919: 3829: 3790: 3753: 3745: 3662: 3624: 3608: 3561: 3510: 3502: 3422: 3414: 3373: 3363: 3322: 3314: 3265: 3218: 3181: 3173: 3117: 3071: 3032: 3003: 2995: 2966: 2958: 2906: 2878: 2822: 2733: 2676: 2668: 2595: 2587: 2520: 2440: 2432: 2324: 2316: 2218: 2174: 2088: 2078: 2024: 1987: 1971: 1912: 1904: 1832: 1740: 1722: 1681: 1626: 1584: 1558: 1467: 1399: 1391: 1347: 1339: 1187: 852: 538: 399: 316: 312: 262: 4562: 4275:"Black market for suntans emerges following government bans on commercial use of solariums" 267:

magazine: "A golden tan is the index of chic!" Tanned skin had become a fashion accessory.

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Radack, Kyle P.; Farhangian, Michael E.; Anderson, Kathryn L.; Feldman, Steven R. (2015).

1436: 1117: 901: 403: 73: 4354: 3893: 2119:. National Toxicology Program, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. 5 November 2014. 1775:"Banning children and youth under the age of 18 years from commercial tanning facilities" 2986:

Vannini, Phillip (2004). "To Die For: The Semiotic Seductive Power of the Tanned Body".

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Vannini, Phillip (2004). "To Die For: The Semiotic Seductive Power of the Tanned Body".

2659:

Vannini, Phillip (2004). "To Die For: The Semiotic Seductive Power of the Tanned Body".

3997: 3964: 3940: 3907: 3758: 3734:"Melanoma in adolescents and young adults (ages 15-39 years): United States, 1999-2006" 3733: 3629: 3596: 3515: 3490: 3427: 3402: 3378: 3351: 3327: 3302: 3186: 3161: 2600: 2575: 2445: 2420: 2223: 2159:

WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group (August 2009).

2117:"Scientific Review of Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, Broad Spectrum and UVA, UVB, and UVC" 2093: 2066: 1992: 1959: 1917: 1892: 1745: 1710: 1686: 1661: 1589: 1546: 1429: 1404: 1379: 1352: 1327: 1087: 1045: 836: 784: 780: 530: 231: 121: 117: 65: 3121: 2179: 2160: 1837: 1820: 4871: 4142: 4096: 4057:"Tanning bed hygiene: Microbes found on tanning beds present a potential health risk" 3794: 3270: 3253: 3093: 2203: 2028: 1944: 1160: 1136: 1041: 1029: 997: 955: 755: 515: 483: 250: 242: 175: 109: 101: 57: 4243: 3965:"Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: systematic review and meta-analysis" 3870: 3581: 3287: 3238: 2842: 2540: 2250: 2044: 704:

can fix some mutations, if they are not sufficiently effective, a cell will acquire

3923: 2883: 2866: 2721: 1563: 1472: 1455: 1395: 1343: 1328:"International Prevalence of Indoor Tanning: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 1152: 819: 588: 407: 391: 297: 164: 4156:

J. Matthew Knight; Anna N. Kirincich; Evan R. Farmer; et al. (October 2002).

3491:"Indoor tanning and non-melanoma skin cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis" 1547:"International Prevalence of Indoor Tanning:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 1143:

is responsible for burning. Tanning is a human defense mechanism directed against

933:

where no salons are in operation. Private ownership of tanning beds is permitted.

863: 4174: 4157: 3318: 3177: 3150:, Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, 11 February 2016. 1220:

Some texts use the crossover point of UVB at 320 nm rather than 315 nm.

633:

in 2015, noted that moderate sunlight is a treatment recommended by the American

544:

Improving appearance is the most-cited reason. Studies show that tanned skin has

1630: 789: 693: 677: 584: 254: 191: 136:

includes tanning devices, along with ultraviolet radiation from the sun, in its

85: 61: 56:

First introduced in the 1960s, indoor tanning became popular with people in the

50: 4671: 4073: 4033: 3834: 3817: 3749: 3666: 3451: 4685: 3612: 3418: 2826: 2722:"Policy Statement—Ultraviolet Radiation: A Hazard to Children and Adolescents" 1908: 1148: 1144: 1001: 844: 840: 772: 768: 701: 580: 320: 271: 214: 183: 179: 93: 3988: 3963:

Boniol, Mathieu; Autier, Philippe; Boyle, Peter; Gandini, Sara (2012-07-24).

3931: 3843: 3674: 3620: 3467: 2999: 2962: 2672: 2421:"Teens and indoor tanning: a cancer prevention opportunity for pediatricians" 2320: 1983: 1846: 1736: 1677: 1638: 1580: 1572: 1498: 533:

levels by 44%". Beta-endorphin is associated with feelings of relaxation and

3818:"Use of indoor tanning facilities by white adolescents in the United States" 3036: 1295:, Medical Devices Advisory Committee, Food and Drug Administration, 2010, 1. 1156: 1072:

Tanning beds are regulated in the United States by the federal government's

1033: 1025: 618: 614: 563: 479: 387: 383: 203: 199: 125: 105: 4235: 4183: 4134: 4126: 4082: 4041: 4006: 3949: 3851: 3802: 3767: 3682: 3638: 3573: 3524: 3475: 3436: 3387: 3336: 3279: 3230: 3195: 3129: 3085: 3044: 2892: 2834: 2747: 2738: 2646: 2609: 2532: 2454: 2436: 2266: 2232: 2188: 2102: 2036: 2001: 1926: 1854: 1754: 1646: 1598: 1481: 1413: 1361: 429: 2083: 1960:"Predictors of tanning dependence in white non-Hispanic females and males" 1727: 1695: 4785:"Accused by feds, sun bed-selling doctor settles for up to $ 5.3 million" 3597:"Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Innovations" 3222: 2361: 1017: 1005: 807: 776: 705: 689: 649: 641: 545: 534: 343: 275: 227: 113: 89: 4655:"Irish Cancer Society seeks sun-bed tanning ban for fair-skinned people" 3368: 2477: 872:

in individuals exposed before the age of 30 or who have been sunburned.

644:, an oral or topical medication, the combined therapy is referred to as 465:

to recommend tanning beds to treat vitamin D deficiency and depression.

159: 3403:"The Patient's Guide to Psoriasis Treatment. Part 2: PUVA Phototherapy" 3076: 3059: 1456:"Legislation Restricting Access to Indoor Tanning Throughout the World" 1057: 905: 897: 728: 413: 246: 195: 97: 17: 4227: 3980: 3506: 3352:"Management of atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy of phototherapy" 2524: 1975: 1522:"Indoor Tanning Restrictions for Minors | A State-By-State Comparison" 1326:

Mackenzie; Wehner, R.; Chren, Mary-Margaret; Nameth, Danielle (2014).

3565: 3008: 2971: 2681: 2329: 1662:"UVB induces atypical melanocytic lesions and melanoma in human skin" 1049: 1037: 1021: 1013: 622: 258: 84:

Indoor tanning is a source of UV radiation, which is known to cause

3350:

Patrizi, Annalisa; Raone, Beatrice; Maria Ravaioli, Giulia (2015).

3303:"Indoor UV tanning and skin cancer: health risks and opportunities" 1893:"A review of the use of tanning beds as a dermatological treatment" 3450:

Seebode, Christina; Lehmann, Janin; Emmert, Steffen (2016-03-01).

2591: 1053: 983: 862: 664: 519: 428: 369: 213: 158: 29: 929:

Commercial tanning services are banned in all states, except the

190:

has "complex and mixed effects on human health". While it causes

1454:

Pawlak, Mary T.; Bui, Melanie; Amir, Mahsa; et al. (2012).

692:. Overexposure to UVR induces at least two types of DNA damage: 645: 626: 3715: 3713: 1439:, CMO and Public Health Directorate, Scottish Government, 2009. 64:, in the late 1970s. The practice finds a cultural parallel in 3060:"Indoor tanning use among adolescents in the US, 1998 to 2004" 1964:

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

1229: 1140: 713: 339: 323:

of beds was on average lower than the summer sun at latitudes

132:

does not recommend their use for cosmetic purposes. The WHO's

81:

have imposed regulations, such as requiring parental consent.

4584:"New Legislation Protects Children, Families and Communities" 835:. Several prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including 4622:. Government of Northwest Territories. 2012. pp. 10–11. 2937:"Revised Annual Mid-year Population Estimates: 2001 to 2010" 1164:

contribute to the development of skin cancers among humans."

739:

rate was 22.3 per 100,000, based on 2010–2014 data from the

4258:"It's Only May, and the Tanorexics Are Already Complaining" 3452:"Photocarcinogenesis and Skin Cancer Prevention Strategies" 2419:

Balk, Sophie J.; Fisher, David E.; Geller, Alan C. (2013).

2143:"By the way, doctor: Is a tanning bed safer than sunlight?" 386:, but instead moisturize the skin with ingredients such as 378:

Before entering a tanning unit, the tanner usually applies

335: 4833:. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media, 5–32. 3896:, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5 June 2015. 1139:

is predominantly responsible for tanning of the skin and

342:. An MED is the amount of UV radiation that will produce 4806:"Deceptive 'safe' indoor tanning claims burn consumers" 4590:. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 2014-01-26. 1276:. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media, 93. 445:

The figures in the US are in decline: according to the

27:

Tanning using an artificial source of ultraviolet light

4472:"Au combat depuis 1938 - Société canadienne du cancer" 4384:"The Tanning Bed Regulations to Take Effect This Fall" 2202:

Grzybowski, Andrzej; Pietrzak, Krzysztof (July 2012).

346:(redness of the skin) within a few hours of exposure. 331:, but that UVA irradiance was on average much higher. 4750:"Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 (Sec. 1040.20)" 4413:"The Skin Cancer Prevention Act (Tanning Beds), 2013" 3160:

Arash Hossein-nezhad; Michael F. Holick (July 2013).

2867:"Availability of Tanning Beds on US College Campuses" 1869:"Sunlamps and Sunlamp Products (Tanning Beds/Booths)" 1805:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 14 October 2015. 4705:, New Zealand Ministry of Health, 30 September 2016. 4649: 4647: 4198:"Indoor Tanning: Risk to Health vs. Risk to Freedom" 878:

United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce

438:

moderate level of education (neither high nor low).

4856:. Heidelberg and Berlin: Springer Verlag, 321–376. 3209:Holick, Michael F. (2007). "Vitamin D Deficiency". 2939:, Office for National Statistics, 17 December 2013. 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 1493: 1491: 4752:, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1 April 2016. 4721:, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1 April 2016. 4717:, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 29 May 2014; 4055:Julie E. Russak; Darrell S. Rigel (January 2010). 3401:Farahnik, Benjamin; et al. (September 2016). 3356:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2907:"Population Distribution and Change: 2000 to 2010" 2244: 2242: 1312: 1310: 640:When UV light therapy is used in combination with 587:(46 ng/mL on average), along with higher hip 457:of the country were more likely than those in the 4561:. Government of Nova Scotia. 2013. Archived from 2161:"A Review of Human Carcinogens—Part D: Radiation" 1943:. World Health Organization. 2003. Archived from 1821:"A review of human carcinogens—Part D: radiation" 958:recommends against the use of tanning equipment. 744:Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 4778: 4776: 4774: 3822:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2621: 2619: 2281:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903" 754:found a 20% increase in the risk of melanoma (a 4684:Cancer Control New Zealand (13 December 2010). 4497:"Tanning beds now off limits for P.E.I. minors" 4273:Megan Palin and Ken McGrego (13 January 2016). 4097:"Artificial tanning sunbeds: risk and guidance" 3595:Mohan, Shalini V.; Chang, Anne Lynn S. (2014). 2761: 2759: 2757: 2703: 2701: 1941:"Artificial tanning sunbeds: risk and guidance" 712:can be caused by a UVB-induced mutation in the 672:: Influence of pigmentation on skin cancer risk 4686:"New Zealand sunbed operators under the lamp!" 4355:"The Public Health Act and Tanning Regulation" 4061:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4022:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3738:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3655:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3301:Schulman, Joshua M.; Fisher, David E. (2009). 3143: 3141: 3139: 2773: 2771: 2715: 2713: 4715:"FDA to require warnings on sunlamp products" 4417:Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care 1886: 1884: 1882: 1797: 1795: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1147:induced by UVR exposures. Melanin-containing 700:(CPDs) and 6–4 photoproducts (6–4PPs). While 8: 4719:"CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21" 4613:"Personal Service Establishment Regulations" 3908:"International Prevalence of Indoor Tanning" 3783:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 3554:Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 3537:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3162:"Vitamin D for Health: A Global Perspective" 2499:"Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation and Cancer Risk" 1777:. Canadian Pediatric Society. Archived from 1520:Legislatures, National Conference of State. 1425: 1423: 967:usage of a tanning bed below the age of 18. 767:Exposure to UV radiation is associated with 4733:"Tanning salons burned by health care bill" 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2071:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 1515: 1513: 1511: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1181: 1179: 908:. The media has described the addiction as 591:, compared to adults who did not use them. 406:. So-called "tingle" tanning lotions cause 170:Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is part of the 134:International Agency for Research on Cancer 4442:"Tanning beds forbidden for Quebec minors" 3871:"Melanoma of the Skin - Cancer Stat Facts" 2909:, United States Census Bureau, March 2011. 1773:Danielle Taddeo; Richard Stanwick (2012). 447:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4173: 4109:Balk, Sophie J.; Geller, Alan C. (2008). 4072: 3996: 3939: 3833: 3757: 3720:"Key statistics for melanoma skin cancer" 3628: 3514: 3426: 3377: 3367: 3326: 3269: 3185: 3075: 3007: 2970: 2882: 2737: 2680: 2599: 2574:Heckman, Carolyn J.; et al. (2013). 2444: 2328: 2222: 2178: 2141:Celeste Robb-Nicholson (September 2009). 2092: 2082: 2065:D'Orazio, John; et al. (June 2013). 1991: 1916: 1836: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1744: 1726: 1685: 1588: 1562: 1471: 1403: 1373: 1371: 1351: 163:Typical F71T12 71-inch, 100-watt, bi-pin 4303:. Government of British Columbia. 2012. 3252:Woo, Denise K.; Eide, Melody J. (2010). 3722:, American Cancer Society, 20 May 2016. 2797:"How Britain fell in love with the tan" 2154: 2152: 1265: 1128: 3530: 2393:"Der Sonnenkönig hat sich ausgebräunt" 4532:. Government of New Brunswick. 2013. 4390:. Government of Ontario. 2015-09-24. 3865: 3863: 3861: 2576:"Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing" 2480:. Wolff System Technology Corporation 2343:Sophie Wilkinson (19 February 2012). 2287:from the original on 22 October 2016. 1814: 1812: 1612: 1610: 1608: 236:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 7: 4478:(in French). Canadian Cancer Society 4216:International Journal of Dermatology 3707:, American Cancer Society, 2016, 20. 2360:Denise Winterman (1 November 2006). 495:South West Public Health Observatory 198:, it also triggers the synthesis of 112:, and damage to the eyes, including 4762:Federal Trade Commission v. Mercola 4670:Belinda Castles (4 February 2016). 2283:. Nobelprize.org (Nobel Media AB). 943:National Health Surveillance Agency 613:Certain skin conditions, including 45:involves using a device that emits 4111:"Teenagers and Artificial Tanning" 3695:Lluria-Prevatt et al. (2013), 321. 2647:"Sunbed eye damage warning issued" 2637:, Associated Press, 17 March 2006. 2467:Coups and Phillips (2012), 33, 35. 2224:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.11.019 1378:Guy, Gery P.; et al. (2015). 779:(reddening of the skin), sunburn, 719:Non-melanoma skin cancer includes 25: 4854:Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention 4332:. Canadian Cancer Society. 2015. 2635:"No national chain under the sun" 2580:Journal of Visualized Experiments 1666:The American Journal of Pathology 35: 4831:Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning 4361:. Government of Manitoba. 2015. 3795:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.011 3271:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01291.x 2920:"Twilight of the Tanning Salons" 2918:Patrick Clark (5 October 2016). 2501:, American Cancer Society, 2015. 2399:from the original on 2019-11-03. 2029:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00980.x 1497:Nick Mulcahy (20 January 2015). 1274:Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning 1193:National Health Interview Survey 410:, increasing blood circulation. 218:Sunlamp in the Netherlands, 1930 4594:from the original on 2015-05-14 4536:from the original on 2014-02-21 4507:from the original on 2015-09-19 4452:from the original on 2014-03-21 4423:from the original on 2016-10-28 4419:. Government of Ontario. 2014. 4394:from the original on 2015-09-28 4365:from the original on 2016-10-18 4336:from the original on 2016-10-31 4307:from the original on 2016-10-31 4099:, World Health Organization, 6. 3705:"Cancer Facts and Figures 2016" 3211:New England Journal of Medicine 2795:Esther Addley (1 August 2009). 2777:Hay and Lipsky (2012), 181–182. 2123:from the original on 2016-08-16 2017:Photochemistry and Photobiology 1619:New England Journal of Medicine 1499:"Australia Bans Tanning Salons" 1316:Hay and Lipsky (2012), 181–184. 4804:Fair, Lesley (14 April 2016). 4783:Janssen, Kim (14 April 2016). 4731:Ellis, Blake (24 March 2010). 4196:Charlie Pokora (Spring 2010). 3924:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.6896 2884:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.3590 2855:Coups and Phillips (2012), 36. 2765:Coups and Phillips (2012), 59. 2707:Coups and Phillips (2012), 58. 2695:Coups and Phillips (2012), 64. 2555:Biologic Effects of Light 2001 2513:British Journal of Dermatology 1564:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.6896 1473:10.1001/archdermatol.2012.2080 1396:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.1568 1344:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.6896 1113:Light skin in Japanese culture 1090:was prosecuted in 2016 by the 512:Health effects of sun exposure 1: 4653:David Kearns (3 March 2015). 3122:10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00310-0 2180:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70213-X 1838:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70213-X 741:National Institutes of Health 635:National Psoriasis Foundation 597:National Institutes of Health 222:In 1890 the Danish physician 4703:"Sunbeds and tanning booths" 4256:Carol E. Lee (13 May 2005). 4175:10.1001/archderm.138.10.1311 3319:10.1097/CCO.0b013e3283252fc5 3178:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 2345:"A short history of tanning" 1873:Food and Drug Administration 1197:Food and Drug Administration 1151:are closely associated with 994:Food and Drug Administration 680:: non-melanoma skin cancer ( 194:and other damage, including 3601:Current Dermatology Reports 3307:Current Opinion in Oncology 2815:Journal of Community Health 2786:Hay and Lipsky (2012), 184. 2649:, BBC News, 17 August 2010. 2067:"UV Radiation and the Skin" 1631:10.1056/NEJM199904293401707 1074:Code of Federal Regulations 775:, loss of skin elasticity, 257:returned from a holiday in 138:list of group 1 carcinogens 4909: 4888:Tanning (beauty treatment) 4768:(N.D. Ill. 13 April 2016). 4074:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.05.034 4034:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.11.050 3835:10.1001/archpedi.157.9.854 3750:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.04.038 3667:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.11.037 3110:European Journal of Cancer 2865:Pagoto, Sherry L. (2015). 2382:Hunt et al. (2012), 14–15. 2373:Hunt et al. (2012), 13–14. 914:Canadian Pediatric Society 888: 606: 556: 509: 374:Goggles for indoor tanning 295: 261:with a tan, later telling 152: 72:Across Australia, Canada, 3613:10.1007/s13671-014-0069-y 3419:10.1007/s13555-016-0130-9 2625:Lessin et al. (2012), 92. 2395:(in German). 2010-01-26. 2297:Hunt et al. (2012), 9–10. 2145:. Harvard Medical School. 1909:10.1007/s13555-015-0071-8 609:Ultraviolet light therapy 130:World Health Organization 96:, and is associated with 4878:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 4810:Federal Trade Commission 4634:"Tanning beds and lamps" 4526:"Tanning Beds and Youth" 3000:10.1525/si.2004.27.3.309 2963:10.1525/si.2004.27.3.309 2673:10.1525/si.2004.27.3.309 2321:10.1525/si.2004.27.3.309 2249:Holick, Michael (2016). 1304:Hunt et al. (2012), 7–8. 1092:Federal Trade Commission 867:Tanning bed in operation 849:anti-diabetic medication 398:. They may also contain 315:(100–200 watt) under an 172:electromagnetic spectrum 4674:, Consumer New Zealand. 4095:Craig Sinclair (2003). 3407:Dermatology and Therapy 3166:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 3037:10.1542/peds.109.6.1009 2827:10.1023/A:1015202023512 1897:Dermatology and Therapy 1252:American Cancer Society 1135:Lessin et al. (2012): " 752:epidemiological studies 721:squamous cell carcinoma 710:squamous cell carcinoma 686:squamous cell carcinoma 631:Dermatology and Therapy 4326:"Alberta bans the tan" 4297:"B.C. Tanning Bed Ban" 4127:10.1542/peds.2007-2256 2739:10.1542/peds.2010-3501 2437:10.1542/peds.2012-2404 2211:Clinics in Dermatology 1803:"The Risks of Tanning" 1293:Tanning lamps and beds 989: 868: 771:, wrinkle production, 673: 525: 434: 375: 219: 167: 49:to produce a cosmetic 39: 4893:Ultraviolet radiation 4588:Newfoundland Labrador 3744:(5): S38.e1–S38.e13. 2084:10.3390/ijms140612222 1728:10.3390/antiox4020248 1108:Indoor tanning lotion 1085:osteopathic physician 987: 866: 826:Staphylococcus aureus 814:Klebsiella pneumoniae 668: 573:glucose dysregulation 557:Further information: 523: 473:Density of facilities 432: 380:indoor tanning lotion 373: 217: 162: 155:Ultraviolet radiation 149:Ultraviolet radiation 120:(snow blindness) and 47:ultraviolet radiation 33: 4638:Government of Canada 4530:New Brunswick Canada 3258:Dermatologic Therapy 3223:10.1056/NEJMra070553 2988:Symbolic Interaction 2951:Symbolic Interaction 2661:Symbolic Interaction 2364:, BBC News Magazine. 2309:Symbolic Interaction 1010:District of Columbia 988:Inside a tanning bed 832:Enterobacter cloacae 725:basal cell carcinoma 682:basal cell carcinoma 559:Vitamin D deficiency 79:District of Columbia 4028:(5): 847–57.e1–18. 3456:Anticancer Research 3369:10.2147/CCID.S87987 2255:Anticancer Research 2166:The Lancet Oncology 1875:. 22 December 2015. 1825:The Lancet Oncology 1067:Affordable Care Act 912:. According to the 750:A 2012 analysis of 366:Lotions and goggles 224:Niels Ryberg Finsen 108:, weakening of the 102:photodrug reactions 4640:. 12 January 2012. 4262:The New York Times 3077:10.1002/cncr.24010 2362:"A tan to die for" 2077:(6): 12222–12248. 1435:2016-11-06 at the 1195:.According to the 990: 931:Northern Territory 891:Tanning dependence 869: 783:(snow blindness), 702:DNA repair enzymes 674: 569:multiple sclerosis 526: 435: 425:Tanning-device use 396:sunflower seed oil 376: 245:women would carry 234:. He won the 1903 220: 168: 60:, particularly in 40: 4862:978-3-642-38983-2 4839:978-94-007-2048-0 4659:Irish Independent 4228:10.1111/ijd.12336 4168:(10): 1311–1315. 3981:10.1136/bmj.e4757 3507:10.1136/bmj.e5909 3116:(18): 2441–2448. 2720:American (2011). 2525:10.1111/bjd.14388 1976:10.1111/jdv.14138 1947:on June 29, 2004. 1625:(17): 1341–1348. 1390:(11): 1256–1259. 1096:Vitamin D Council 998:black box warning 706:genetic mutations 698:pyrimidine dimers 670:Fitzpatrick scale 313:fluorescent bulbs 16:(Redirected from 4900: 4883:Human skin color 4814: 4813: 4808:. United States 4801: 4795: 4794: 4780: 4769: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4728: 4722: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4681: 4675: 4668: 4662: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4301:British Columbia 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4265: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4211: 4205: 4202:The Triple Helix 4194: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4162:JAMA Dermatology 4153: 4147: 4146: 4121:(5): 1040–1042. 4106: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3912:JAMA Dermatology 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3867: 3856: 3855: 3837: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3761: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3566:10.1039/B201230H 3549: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3528: 3518: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3462:(3): 1371–1378. 3447: 3441: 3440: 3430: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3381: 3371: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3330: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3273: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3134: 3133: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3079: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3031:(6): 1009–1014. 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2946: 2940: 2935:For population: 2933: 2927: 2916: 2910: 2905:For population: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2871:JAMA Dermatology 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2810: 2804: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2766: 2763: 2752: 2751: 2741: 2717: 2708: 2705: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2614: 2613: 2603: 2571: 2565: 2563:978-07923-7669-9 2551: 2545: 2544: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2448: 2416: 2401: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2261:(3): 1345–1356. 2246: 2237: 2236: 2226: 2208: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2182: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2096: 2086: 2062: 2049: 2048: 2023:(6): 1474–1475. 2012: 2006: 2005: 1995: 1970:(7): 1223–1228. 1955: 1949: 1948: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1920: 1888: 1877: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1840: 1816: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1770: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1730: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1689: 1672:(5): 1179–1186. 1657: 1651: 1650: 1614: 1603: 1602: 1592: 1566: 1551:JAMA Dermatology 1542: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1517: 1506: 1495: 1486: 1485: 1475: 1466:(9): 1006–1012. 1460:JAMA Dermatology 1451: 1440: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1407: 1384:JAMA Dermatology 1375: 1366: 1365: 1355: 1332:JAMA Dermatology 1323: 1317: 1314: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1277: 1270: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1188:JAMA Dermatology 1183: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1133: 902:eating disorders 853:photosensitivity 400:dihydroxyacetone 21: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4822: 4817: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4790:Chicago Tribune 4782: 4781: 4772: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4652: 4645: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4568: 4566: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4510: 4508: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4424: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4397: 4395: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4308: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4255: 4251: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4195: 4191: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4090: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3879: 3877: 3875:seer.cancer.gov 3869: 3868: 3859: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3551: 3550: 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4463: 4448:. 2013-02-10. 4433: 4404: 4375: 4346: 4317: 4288: 4279: 4277:, news.com.au. 4266: 4249: 4222:(6): 664–672. 4206: 4189: 4148: 4101: 4088: 4067:(1): 155–157. 4047: 4012: 3955: 3918:(4): 390–400. 3898: 3886: 3857: 3828:(9): 854–860. 3808: 3773: 3724: 3709: 3697: 3688: 3661:(6): 957–966. 3644: 3587: 3560:(4): 225–236. 3544: 3481: 3442: 3413:(3): 315–324. 3393: 3342: 3313:(2): 144–149. 3293: 3244: 3217:(3): 266–281. 3201: 3172:(7): 720–755. 3152: 3135: 3099: 3070:(1): 190–198. 3050: 3015: 2994:(3): 319–324. 2978: 2941: 2928: 2911: 2898: 2857: 2848: 2821:(3): 191–202. 2805: 2788: 2779: 2767: 2753: 2732:(3): 588–597. 2709: 2697: 2688: 2667:(3): 309–332. 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2566: 2546: 2519:(4): 730–740. 2503: 2491: 2469: 2460: 2431:(4): 772–785. 2402: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2353: 2336: 2299: 2290: 2272: 2238: 2217:(4): 451–455. 2194: 2173:(8): 751–752. 2148: 2133: 2108: 2050: 2007: 1950: 1932: 1878: 1860: 1831:(8): 751–752. 1808: 1791: 1760: 1721:(2): 248–268. 1701: 1652: 1604: 1557:(4): 390–400. 1537: 1507: 1487: 1441: 1419: 1367: 1338:(4): 390–400. 1318: 1306: 1297: 1278: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1243: 1234: 1222: 1213: 1201: 1175: 1166: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1088:Joseph Mercola 1046:North Carolina 981: 978: 972: 969: 963: 962:European Union 960: 950: 947: 938: 935: 926: 923: 921: 918: 889:Main article: 886: 883: 860: 857: 781:photokeratitis 764: 761: 662: 659: 657: 654: 607:Main article: 604: 601: 554: 551: 531:beta-endorphin 507: 504: 502: 499: 474: 471: 442:million men). 426: 423: 421: 418: 404:sunless tanner 367: 364: 358: 355: 308: 305: 296:Main article: 293: 290: 288: 285: 238:for his work. 232:lupus vulgaris 211: 208: 178:. Ultraviolet 174:, just beyond 153:Main article: 150: 147: 145: 142: 118:photokeratitis 66:skin whitening 43:Indoor tanning 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4905: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766:1:16-cv-04282 4763: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4565:on 2017-09-25 4564: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4263: 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2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1781:on 2013-05-13 1780: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1185:According to 1182: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1162: 1161:melanogenesis 1158: 1154: 1153:keratinocytes 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:New Hampshire 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:Massachusetts 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 986: 980:United States 979: 977: 970: 968: 961: 959: 957: 956:Health Canada 948: 946: 944: 936: 934: 932: 924: 919: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 892: 884: 882: 879: 873: 865: 858: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833: 828: 827: 822: 821: 816: 815: 810: 809: 804: 803: 798: 797: 792: 791: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 762: 760: 757: 756:relative risk 753: 748: 745: 742: 738: 732: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 671: 667: 660: 655: 653: 651: 650:erythemogenic 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 610: 602: 600: 598: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 560: 552: 550: 547: 542: 540: 539:runner's high 537:, including " 536: 532: 524:Tanning lamps 522: 517: 516:Melanogenesis 513: 505: 500: 498: 496: 491: 487: 485: 481: 472: 470: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 439: 433:Tanning booth 431: 424: 419: 417: 415: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 372: 365: 363: 356: 354: 351: 347: 345: 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 306: 304: 299: 291: 286: 284: 282: 277: 273: 268: 266: 265: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 216: 209: 207: 206:in the skin. 205: 201: 197: 193: 187: 185: 181: 177: 176:visible light 173: 166: 161: 156: 148: 143: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 110:immune system 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 80: 75: 70: 67: 63: 59: 58:Western world 54: 52: 48: 44: 37: 32: 19: 4853: 4830: 4823: 4820:Bibliography 4799: 4788: 4761: 4757: 4745: 4736: 4726: 4710: 4698: 4689: 4679: 4666: 4658: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4607: 4596:. 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