Avgas - Knowledge

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line and interrupting fuel flow. If an electric boost pump is mounted in the fuel tank to push fuel toward the engine, as is common practice in fuel-injected automobiles, the fuel pressure in the lines is maintained above ambient pressure, preventing bubble formation. Likewise, if the fuel tank is mounted above the engine and fuel flows primarily due to gravity, as in a high-wing airplane, vapor lock cannot occur, using either aviation or automotive fuels. Fuel-injected engines in automobiles also usually have a "fuel return" line to send unused fuel back to the tank, which has the benefit of equalizing the fuel's temperature throughout the system, further reducing the chance of vapor lock developing.

782:. Some oxygenates other than ethanol are approved, but these STC's prohibit ethanol-laced gasolines. Ethanol-treated gasoline is susceptible to phase-separation which is very possible due to the altitude/temperature changes light airplanes undergo in ordinary flight. This ethanol-treated fuel can flood the fuel system with water which can cause in-flight engine failure. Additionally, the phase-separated fuel can leave remaining portions that do not meet octane requirements due to the loss of the ethanol in the water-absorption process. Further, the ethanol can attack materials in aircraft construction which pre-date "gasahol" fuels. Most of these applicable aircraft have 1064:(TCM) indicated that leaded avgas is required in their engines, and not unleaded auto fuels: "Current aircraft engines feature valve gear components which are designed for compatibility with the leaded ASTM D910 fuels. In such fuels, the lead acts as a lubricant, coating the contact areas between the valve, guide, and seat. The use of unleaded auto fuels with engines designed for leaded fuels can result in excessive exhaust valve seat wear due to the lack of lead with cylinder performance deteriorating to unacceptable levels in under 10 hours." 96: 1256:, the fuel is reportedly scheduled for extensive testing by the FAA to receive certification under the new ASTM D7719 guideline for unleaded 100LL replacement fuels. The company eventually intends to produce the fuel from renewable biomass feedstocks, and aims to produce something competitive in price with 100LL and currently available alternative fuels. Swift Fuels has suggested that the fuel, formerly referred to as 100SF, will be available for "high performance piston-powered aircraft" before 2020. 865:(a bubble in the line) or fuel pump cavitation, thereby starving the engine of fuel. This does not constitute an insurmountable obstacle, but merely requires examination of the fuel system, ensuring adequate shielding from high temperatures and maintaining sufficient pressure in the fuel lines. This is the main reason why both the specific engine model as well as the aircraft in which it is installed must be supplementally certified for the conversion. A good example of this is the 38: 1216:

specification D7547 is acceptable to use on those aircraft and engines that are approved to operate with ... grade UL91 avgas that meets specification D7547." In August 2016, the FAA revised SAIB HQ-16-05 to include similar wording regarding the acceptability of using UL94 in aircraft and engines that are approved to operate with avgas that has a minimum Motor octane rating of 80 or lower, including Grade 80/87.

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commence a study and investigation of the health and environmental impacts of lead emissions from general aviation aircraft, if EPA believes that insufficient information exists to make such a finding. The petition submitted by Friends of the Earth explains their view that lead emissions from general aviation aircraft endanger the public health and welfare, creating a duty for the EPA to propose emission standards.

1235: 1318:(GAMI) announced that it was in the process of developing a 100LL replacement to be called G100UL ("unleaded"). This fuel is made by blending existing refinery products and yields detonation margins comparable to 100LL. The new fuel is slightly more dense than 100LL, but has a 3.5% higher thermodynamic output. G100UL is compatible with 100LL and can be mixed with it in aircraft tanks for use. 280:

than the permissible maximum. Historically, many post-WWII developed, low-powered 4- and 6-cylinder piston aircraft engines were designed to use leaded fuels; an unleaded replacement fuel is being developed and certified for these engines. Some reciprocating-engine aircraft still require leaded fuels, but some do not, and some can burn unleaded gasoline if a special oil additive is used.

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previous levels. The new standard requires the 16,000 remaining USA sources of lead, which include lead smelting, airplane fuels, military installations, mining and metal smelting, iron and steel manufacturing, industrial boilers and process heaters, hazardous waste incineration, and production of batteries, to reduce their emissions by October 2011.

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might be shorter than that 2023 estimate. Each candidate fuel must meet a checklist of 12 fuel specification parameters and 4 distribution and storage parameters. The FAA has requested a maximum of US$ 60M to fund the administration of the changeover. In July 2014, nine companies and consortiums submitted proposals to the

3616: 1125:(TCM) announced they had tested a 94UL fuel that might be the best replacement for 100LL. This 94UL meets the avgas specification including vapor pressure but has not been completely tested for detonation qualities in all Continental engines or under all conditions. Flight testing has been conducted in an 1360:

announced that they had developed an unleaded 100 octane fuel and will submit it for FAA testing with certification expected within two to three years. The fuel is alkylate-based with an additive package of aromatics. No information has yet been published with regard to its performance, producibility

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By May 2012, the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA Unleaded Avgas Transition rulemaking committee) had put together a plan in conjunction with industry to replace leaded avgas with an unleaded alternative within 11 years. Given the progress already made on 100SF and G100UL, the replacement time

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In addition to vapor locking potential, automotive gasoline does not have the same quality tracking as aviation gasoline. To help solve this problem, the specification for an aviation fuel known as 82UL was developed as essentially automotive gasoline with additional quality tracking and restrictions

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Fortunately, significant history of engines converted to mogas has shown that very few engine problems are caused by automotive gasoline. A larger problem stems from the higher and wider range of allowable vapor pressures found in automotive gasoline; this can pose some risk to aviation users if fuel

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Leaded avgas is currently available in several grades with differing maximum lead concentrations. (Unleaded avgas is also available.) Because tetraethyllead is a toxic additive, the minimum amount needed to bring the fuel to the required octane rating is used; actual concentrations are often lower

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In 2012, Swift Fuels LLC was formed to bring in oil and gas industry experience, scale up production and bring the fuel to market. By November 2013, the company had built its pilot plant and received approval to produce fuel in it. Its most recent patent, approved in 2013, describes methods by which

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On April 6, 2017, Lycoming Engines published Service Instruction 1070V, which adds UL94 as an approved grade of fuel for dozens of engine models, 60% of which are carbureted engines. Engines with displacements of 235, 320, 360, and 540 cubic inches make up almost 90% of the models approved for UL94.

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UL94 is not intended to be a full replacement for 100LL, but rather is designed to be a drop-in replacement for aircraft with lower-octane-rated engines, such as those that are approved for operation on Grade 80 avgas (or lower), UL91, or mogas. It is estimated that up to 65% of the fleet of current

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provides a list of engines and fuels that are compatible with unleaded fuel. However, all of their engines require that an oil additive be used when unleaded fuel is used: "When using the unleaded fuels identified in Table 1, Lycoming oil additive P/N LW-16702, or an equivalent finished product such

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While lead concentrations in the air have declined, scientific studies have demonstrated that children's neurological development is harmed by much lower levels of lead exposure than previously understood. Low level lead exposure has been clearly linked to loss of IQ in performance testing. Even an

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Vapor lock typically occurs in fuel systems where a mechanically-driven fuel pump mounted on the engine draws fuel from a tank mounted lower than the pump. The reduced pressure in the line can cause the more volatile components in automotive gasoline to flash into vapor, forming bubbles in the fuel

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is roughly 8–10 points, meaning that a 91 AKI fuel might have a MON of as low as 86. The extensive testing process required to obtain an STC for the engine/airframe combination helps ensure that, for those eligible aircraft, 91 AKI fuel provides sufficient detonation margin under normal conditions.

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produced per unit weight of fuel used. Avgas is less volatile, with a Reid vapor pressure range of 5.5 to 7 psi, than automotive gasoline, with a range of 8 to 14 psi. A minimum limit ensures adequate volatility for engine starting. The upper limits are related to atmospheric pressure at sea level,

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of 104.4, 96.3% of the energy per unit of mass, and 113% of the energy per unit of volume as 100LL, and to meet most of the ASTM D910 standard for leaded aviation fuel. Following tests in two Lycoming engines, the FAA concluded it performs better than 100LL in detonation testing and will provide a

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The annual US usage of avgas was 186 million US gallons (700,000 m) in 2008, and was approximately 0.14% of the motor gasoline consumption. From 1983 through 2008, US usage of avgas declined consistently by approximately 7.5 million US gallons (28,000 m) each year. As of 2024,

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Final results from EPA's lead modeling study at the Santa Monica Airport shows off-airport levels below current 150 ng/m and possible future 20 ng/m levels. Fifteen of 17 airports monitored during a year-long study in the US by the EPA have lead emissions well below the current National

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In September 2022, in a surprise announcement, the FAA approved an STC for the use of the fuel for all piston-engined aircraft and engine combinations. In February 2023, GAMI began selling supplemental type certificates to allow aircraft owners to use the fuel when it becomes available. In April

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Despite assertions in the media that leaded avgas will be eliminated in the US by 2017 at the latest date, the EPA confirmed in July 2010 that there is no phase-out date and that setting one would be an FAA responsibility as the EPA has no authority over avgas. The FAA administrator stated that

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of an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking by the USA EPA occurred in April 2010. The EPA indicated: "This action will describe the lead inventory related to use of leaded avgas, air quality and exposure information, additional information the Agency is collecting related to the impact of lead

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that lead emissions from general aviation aircraft cause or contribute to air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare and that EPA propose emissions standards for lead from general aviation aircraft. Alternatively, Friends of the Earth requests that EPA

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Concurrent with the addition of UL94 to ASTM D7547, the FAA published Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) HQ-16-05, which states that "UL94 meets the operating limitations or aircraft and engines approved to operate with grade UL91 avgas," meaning that "Grade UL94 avgas that meets

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In November 2015, UL94 was added as a secondary grade of unleaded aviation gasoline to ASTM D7547, which is the specification that governs UL91 unleaded avgas. UL91 is currently being sold in Europe. UL94 meets all of the same specification property limits as 100LL with the exception of a lower

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indicated their opposition to 94UL. Company general manager Michael Kraft stated that aircraft owners do not realize how much performance would be lost with 94UL and characterized the decision to pursue 94UL as a mistake that could cost the aviation industry billions in lost business. Lycoming

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filed formal comments to the new EPA regulations. AOPA has asked the EPA to account for the cost and the safety issues involved with removing lead from avgas. They cited that the aviation sector employs more than 1.3 million people in the US and has an economic direct and indirect effect that

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Under a federal court order to set a new standard by October 15, 2008, the EPA cut the acceptable limits for atmospheric lead from the previous standard of 1.5 μg/m to 0.15 μg/m. This was the first change to the standard since 1978 and represents an order of magnitude reduction over

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In 2022, Paul Bertorelli of AVweb reported that the FAA was dragging its feet on broadly certifying G100UL, delaying approval of the fuel for more engines and spending over $ 80 million on EAGLE to re-start a search for an unleaded fuel when G100UL had been under evaluation for over 10 years.

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that have been shown in scientific research to interfere with brain development in children. Children in residences or childcare facilities in close proximity to airports with moderate to high piston engine aircraft traffic are at especially high risk of high blood lead levels. The

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In 1991, Hjelmco Oil introduced unleaded avgas 91/96UL (also meeting leaded grade 91/98 standard ASTM D910 with the exception of transparent colour) and no lead in Sweden. Engine manufacturers Teledyne Continental Motors, Textron Lycoming, Rotax, and radial engine manufacturer

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As of January 2010, 100LL has a maximum of 0.56 grams of lead (.875 gr of TEL) per Litre. This is equivalent to 2.12 grams of lead per US gallon of gasoline. (As a comparison, this lies within the same range as the lead content of on-road automotive gasoline from 1973.)

1299:, allowing the company to pursue certification testing. satisfactorily tested by the FAA, tested by Purdue University, and approved under ASTM specification D7719 for high-octane Grade UL102, allowing the company to test more economically in non-experimental aircraft. 493:

In November 2010, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) cleared this fuel for all aircraft where the aircraft engine manufacturer has approved this fuel, based on about 20 years of trouble-free operations with unleaded avgas 91/96UL produced by Hjelmco Oil.

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representing owners of aircraft that would be unable to run on lower octane fuel. In June 2010, clubs such as the American Bonanza Society, the Malibu Mirage Owners and Pilots Association, and the Cirrus Owners and Pilots Association collectively formed the

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The publication of the SAIB, especially the August 2016 revision, eliminated the need for many of the UL94 STCs being sold by Swift Fuels, as the majority of the aircraft on the STC's Approved Model List are type-certified to use 80-octane or lower avgas.

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average IQ loss of 1–2 points in children has a meaningful impact for the nation as a whole, as it would result in an increase in children classified as mentally challenged, as well as a proportional decrease in the number of children considered "gifted".

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with high-compression 160 or 180 hp (120 or 130 kW) engines. Only later versions of the airframe with different engine cowling and exhaust arrangements are applicable for the automotive fuel STC, and even then require fuel-system modifications.

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testing showed the fuel to be made primarily of two components — one about 85% by weight and the other about 14% by weight. Soon afterward, AVweb reported that Continental had begun the process of certifying several of its engines to use the new fuel.

857:(STC). However, the alloys used in aviation engine construction are chosen for their durability and synergistic relationship with the protective features of lead, and engine wear in the valves is a potential problem on automotive gasoline conversions. 1421:

The EPA's own studies have shown that to prevent a measurable decrease in IQ for children deemed most vulnerable, the standard needs to be set much lower, to 0.02 μg/m. The EPA identified avgas as one of the most "significant sources of lead".

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has approved the use of this fuel in a large number of their piston fleet. This fuel is also usable in any aircraft in Europe or the United Kingdom where the engine is certified to use it, whether or not the airframe is certified to do so, too.

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John and Mary-Louise Rusek founded Swift Enterprises in 2001 to develop renewable fuels and hydrogen fuel cells. They began testing "Swift 142" in 2006 and patented several alternatives for non-alcohol based fuels which can be derived from

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Automotive gasoline is not a fully viable replacement for avgas in many aircraft, because many high-performance and/or turbocharged airplane engines require 100 octane fuel and modifications are necessary in order to use lower-octane fuel.

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As of September 2022, fleet wide supplemental type certificate (STC) approved. In April 2024, 1.2 million gallons were available. STC certificate requred to use G100UL. Distribution planned to airports on the US West Coast in 2024.

1469:, indicated that they both are confident that leaded avgas will not be eliminated until a suitable replacement is in place. "There is no reason to believe 100 low-lead will become unavailable in the foreseeable future," Fuller stated. 1433:

plays a valuable role in the USA economy and any changes in lead standards that would change the current composition of avgas would have a "direct impact on the safety of flight and the very future of light aircraft in this country".

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first introduced unleaded Avgas grades in Europe in 2003, after its success with 80UL. This grade of Avgas is manufactured to meet ASTM D7547. Many common Lycoming engines are certified to run on this particular grade of Avgas, and

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indicated belief that the aviation industry will be "forced out" of using 100LL in the near future, leaving automotive fuel and jet fuel as the only alternatives. In May 2010, TCM announced that they had licensed development of the

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The 100LL phase-out has been called "one of modern GA's most pressing problems", because 70% of 100LL aviation fuel is used by the 30% of the aircraft in the general aviation fleet that cannot use any of the existing alternatives.

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2024, GAMI announced that 1 million gallons of G100UL had been produced. Fuel availability in the US was forecast for airports in California, Washington and Oregon by the middle of 2024 and the rest of the country by 2026.

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as Aeroshell 15W-50, must be used." Lycoming also notes that the octane rating of the fuel used must also meet the requirements stated in the fuel specification, otherwise engine damage may occur due to detonation.

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might not directly correspond to the 91/96 avgas used to certify engines, as motor vehicle pumps in the US use the so-called "(R + M)/2" averaged motor vehicle octane rating system as posted on gas station pumps.

3489: 4331:, RUSEK JOHN J; RUSEK MARY-LOUISE R & ZIULKOWSKI JONATHON D et al., "Renewable Engine Fuel and method of producing Same", published July 17, 2008, assigned to Swift Enterprises LTD 180:

engines which have no octane requirement and operate over a much wider flight envelope than piston engines. Kerosene is also used by most diesel piston engines developed for aviation use, such as those by

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computation.) Density increases to 6.41 pounds per US gallon (768 g/L) at −40 °C (−40 °F), and decreases by about 0.1% per 1 °C (1.8 °F) increase in temperature. Avgas has an

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president Jim Coyne indicated that the environmental impact of aviation is expected to be a big issue over the next few years and will result in the phasing out of 100LL because of its lead content.

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to approve the use of UL91 and UL94 in selected engines, stating that "Continental considers 91UL and 94UL fuel as a transitional step in a long-term strategy to reach a more sustainable aviation".

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Some of the lower-powered (100–150 horsepower or 75–112 kilowatts) aviation engines that were developed in the late 1990s are designed to run on unleaded fuel and on 100LL, an example being the

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aid ground crew and pilots in identifying and distinguishing the fuel grades and most are specified by ASTM D910 or other standards. Dyes for the fuel are required in some countries.

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AKI is the octane rating used to grade all U.S. automotive gasoline (typical values at the pump can include 87, 89, 91, and 93), and also the 93UL fuel from Airworthy AutoGas.

5180: 1340:. The company indicated that the retail cost was expected to be 0.60–0.85 US dollars per US gallon higher than 100LL. This was later revised to 1.00 US dollar per US gallon. 1187:

Since May 2016, UL94, now a product of Swift Fuels, is available for sale at dozens of airports in the United States. Swift Fuels has an agreement for distribution in Europe.

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The particular mixtures in use today are the same as when they were first developed in the 1940s, and were used in airline and military aero engines with high levels of

4524: 4463: 3481: 3614:, Rusek, Mary-Louise, R & Ziulkowski, Jonathon, D., "Renewable Engine Fuel", published July 17, 2008, assigned to Swift Enterprises, Ltd. 2880: 2240: 1321:

In demonstrations held in July 2010, G100UL performed better than 100LL that just meets the minimum specification and performed as well as average production 100LL.

4925: 4818: 3308: 1264:. Over the next several years, the company sought to build a pilot plant to produce enough fuel for larger-scale testing and submitted fuel to the FAA for testing. 1867: 4952: 3254: 3200: 2444: 1647: 1275:'s Dave Hirschman. Swift Enterprises' claims that the fuel could eventually be manufactured much more cheaply than 100LL have been debated in the aviation press. 48: 3625:, Rusek, Mary-Louise, R & Ziulkowski, Jonathon, D., "Renewable Engine Fuel", published 2008-01-31, assigned to Swift Enterprises Ltd 1191:

general aviation piston-engine-powered aircraft can operate on UL94 with no modifications to either the engine or airframe. Some aircraft, however, do require a

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have cleared the Hjelmco avgas 91/96UL which in practice means that the fuel can be used in more than 90% of the piston aircraft fleet worldwide. May be used in

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avgas has an octane rating of 100 at the lean settings usually used for cruising and 130 at the rich settings used for take-off and other full-power conditions.

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the annual US usage of avgas was 180 million US gallons (680,000 m), most of which contained lead, and 170,000 aircraft in the US used leaded avgas.

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Zahran, Sammy; Iverson, Terrence; McElmurry, Shawn P.; Weiler, Stephan (June 1, 2017). "The Effect of Leaded Aviation Gasoline on Blood Lead in Children".

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15 of the airports monitored during a year-long study have lead emissions well below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead.

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regulating lead in avgas is an EPA responsibility, resulting in widespread criticism of both organizations for causing confusion and delaying solutions.

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Composed primarily of aviation alkylate (same as used for 100LL). Developed by General Aviation Modifications, Inc. (GAMI), G100UL is not certified by

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With the first flights complete, TCM will begin the certification process of several engine models to meet the needs for existing and future aircraft

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engines. In May 2010, TCM indicated that despite industry skepticism, they are proceeding with 94UL and that certification was expected in mid-2013.

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Note: this 1996 USEPA document is provided solely to substantiate the 2–3 grams per gallon figure of lead in 1973 on-road automotive gasoline.

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in children's brain function tests, thus providing a high degree of motivation to eliminate lead and its compounds from the environment.

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14.7 psi, for motor vehicles and ambient pressure at 22,000 ft, 6.25 psi, for aircraft. The lower avgas volatility reduces the chance of

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engine, and air-cooled radial engines from Pratt & Whitney, Wright, and other manufacturers on both sides of the Atlantic. The high

4867: 1587: 1442:"exceeds $ 150 billion annually". AOPA interprets the new regulations as not affecting general aviation as they are currently written. 894:

engines. Light sport aircraft that are specified by the manufacturer to tolerate alcohol in the fuel system can use up to 10% ethanol.

2845: 1032: 530: 5176: 4792: 2067: 1003:(TCM) announced that the company is very concerned about future availability of 100LL, and as a result, they would develop a line of 5141:"Final Results from EPA's Lead Modeling Study at the Santa Monica Airport, by Arnold Den, Senior Science Advisor, February 22, 2010" 4780: 2626: 2210: 1812: 1609: 82: 4455: 4079: 3929: 2952: 1660:

Petroleum prehistoric to petrochemicals, G.A.Purdy 1957, Copp Clark Publishing Company, Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal, p.312 and 342

1174:(94.0 minimum for UL94 vs. 99.6 minimum for 100LL) and a decreased maximum lead content. UL94 is an unleaded fuel, but as with all 717:

Originally used as primary fuel for the largest, boost-supercharged radial engines needing this fuel's anti-detonation properties.

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or "pump rating" given to automotive gasoline in the US. The second number indicates the octane rating of the fuel tested to the "

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Swift Fuels, LLC, has attained approval to produce fuel for testing at its pilot plant in Indiana. Composed of approximately 85%

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100LL (pronounced "one hundred low lead") may contain a maximum of one-half the tetraethyllead allowed in 100/130 (green) avgas.

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premium auto gas on a Lycoming O-360-A4M in 2013. The fuel is certified under Lycoming Service Instruction 1070 and ASTM D4814.

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formally petitioned the EPA, asking them to regulate leaded avgas. The EPA responded with a notice of petition for rulemaking.

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cars as its octane rating is higher than automotive gasoline thus allowing the engines to run at higher compression ratios.

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Taking a fuel sample from an under-wing drain using a GATS Jar fuel sampler. The blue dye indicates that this fuel is 100LL.

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of 6.01 pounds per US gallon (720 g/L) at 15 °C (59 °F). (6 lb/U.S. gal is commonly used in America for

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87 octane rating) for North American automobiles today. Direct conversions to run on automotive fuel are fairly common, by

4784: 3132:"May I use Unleaded Aviation Gasoline (Avgas) UL 91 even if the airframe TCDS states that the minimum fuel octane is 100?" 2425: 2236: 2155:"EASA Safety Information Bulletin 2010–31 : Unleaded Aviation Gasoline (Avgas) Hjelmco 91/96 UL and Hjelmco 91/98 UL" 1406: 1329: 1196: 1047: 854: 771: 4921: 4814: 3304: 1315: 4574:"National Analysis of the Populations Residing Near or Attending School Near U.S. Airports – February 2020 Final Report" 2097: 1863: 898: 4948: 3250: 3196: 2025: 3085: 1122: 1061: 1000: 4210: 2791: 4547: 4010: 2526: 2395: 1928: 1378:(EPA) has noted that exposure to even very low levels of lead contamination has been conclusively linked to loss of 878:

on permissible additives. This fuel is not currently in production and no refiners have committed to producing it.

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system design considerations are not taken into account. Automotive gasoline can vaporize in fuel lines, causing a

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Limited batches are produced for special events such as unlimited air races. Reintroduced by Warter Aviation 2015.

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There are three fundamental issues in using unleaded fuels without serious modification of the airframe/engine:

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Some aircraft engines were originally certified using a 91/96 avgas and have STCs available to run "premium" 91

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In Europe, avgas remains the most common piston-engine fuel. High prices have encouraged efforts to convert to

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The FAA scheduled UL102 for 2 years of phase 2 testing in its PAFI initiative beginning in the summer of 2016.

166:(premature detonation). There are ongoing efforts to reduce or eliminate the use of lead in aviation gasoline. 64: 4069:"DOT/FAA/AR-08/53 Full-Scale Engine Detonation and Power Performance Evaluation of Swift Enterprises 702 Fuel" 4375: 4241: 3956: 1283:

fuel saving of 8% per unit of volume, though it weighs 1 pound per US gallon (120 g/L) more than 100LL.

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Friends of the Earth has filed a petition with EPA, requesting that EPA find pursuant to section 231 of the

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or price. Industry analysts have indicated that it will likely cost as much as or more than existing 100LL.

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The fuel must have a high enough octane rating (and meet other specifications) to replace leaded fuels,

334:(TEL) help to control detonation and provide lubrication. One gram of TEL contains 640.6 milligrams of 260:

heavy bomber (the Merlin II and later versions required 100-octane fuel), as well as the liquid-cooled

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emissions from piston-engine aircraft on air quality and will request comments on this information."

1395: 1261: 766: – known as mogas or autogas among aviators – that does not contain ethanol may be used in 418:

As of 2008, 82UL is not being produced and no refiner has announced plans to put it into production.

4187: 4037: 2122: 1539:(Millennium ed.). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Aviation Publishers Co. Limited. pp. 265, 261. 2341: 1279: 1171: 1114: 779: 147: 4615: 3711: 1641: 1296: 1268: 1175: 1158: 1130: 1084: 791: 253: 222: 190: 4135: 1893: 1671: 1271:

attracted popular attention to the fuel, as also did a cross-country Swift-Fueled flight by the

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believes the industry should be pursuing 100UL instead. The Lycoming position is supported by

1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1126: 946: 809:(AKI) automotive gasoline. Examples include some Cherokees with the 160 hp (120 kW) 783: 391: 4871: 3741: 3024:(Press release). Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA: Continental Aerospace Technologies. July 26, 2022. 4654: 4646: 4607: 2467: 1579: 1446: 1430: 1392: 1153: 1102: 1053: 849:

were designed to run on 80/87 octane, roughly the standard (as unleaded fuel only, with the

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engines which were originally certified to run on 80/87 avgas and require only "regular" 87

767: 4635:"A Geospatial Analysis of the Effects of Aviation Gasoline on Childhood Blood Lead Levels" 4573: 2622: 2059: 846: 519: 331: 327: 317: 309: 226: 163: 4718: 4068: 296:, which is more readily available, less expensive, and has advantages for aviation use. 4659: 4634: 1494: 1425:

At an EPA public consultation held in June 2008 on the new standards, Andy Cebula, the

866: 822: 814: 810: 799: 795: 523: 273: 269: 261: 257: 230: 151: 119: 4429: 1336:

in July 2021. The STC was initially only applicable to Lycoming-powered models of the

1031:(PAFI) to assess fuels without tetraethyl lead. Phase one testing is performed at the 608:

Common in North America and western Europe, limited availability elsewhere worldwide.

5216: 3078:"ASTM D7547 – 15e1 Standard Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline" 1458: 1203: 1013: 1004: 913: 850: 831: 826: 577: 342: 313: 305: 265: 186: 159: 139: 123: 4619: 2214: 1234: 3398: 3157:"Introduction of Generic Concession No. 7 (Unleaded Aviation Gasoline (Avgas) UL91" 249: 1777: 1206:

employed for grading aviation gasoline) of 94.0. 100LL has a minimum MON of 99.6.

4134:(Press release). Teledyne Continental Motors, Inc. March 31, 2009. Archived from 3108:"FUEL - PLACARD INSTALLATION FOR USE OF VERY LOW LEAD AND UNLEADED AVIATION FUEL" 1986:"Selection of Suitable Operating Fluids for 912 and 914 (series) Engines – rev 2" 1067:

In 2022, TCM changed its policy. They have announced a formal application to the

1482: 1241: 936: 293: 256:

engine used in the Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, Mosquito fighter-bomber and

182: 177: 155: 4633:

Miranda, Marie Lynn; Anthopolos, Rebecca; Hastings, Douglas (October 1, 2011).

2429: 624:

As of January 2011, 100VLL has a maximum of 0.45 grams of lead per Litre.

3710:. Chicago: Northwestern University Medill School of Journalism. Archived from 2711: 2368: 2304: 1559: 1535:

MacDonald, Sandy A. F.; Peppler, Isabel L. (2004) . "Chapter 10. Airmanship".

1370: 1337: 1333: 1253: 1249: 1180: 932: 862: 818: 683: 679: 648: 242: 150:

for pollution reduction, the most commonly used grades of avgas still contain

60: 3047: 2090: 2018: 1357: 958: 908: 891: 743: 561: 415:

ASTM D6227; similar to automobile gasoline but without automotive additives

214: 202: 4668: 3077: 5057:"AirVenture 2010: Avgas — Top 'er off with 100 gallons of muddled message" 3131: 2305:"GAMI makes big announcement at Sun 'n Fun regarding G100UL availability" 1924: 887: 763: 712: 206: 173: 169: 135: 17: 4650: 2933:

Dave Hirschman (September 2014). "FAA to Evaluate nine unleaded fuels".

1166:

to represent them on this issue and push for unleaded 100 octane avgas.

731: 3581:"Petroleum Free: New agriculture-based fuel revealed at Delphi Airport" 2565: 2309: 968: 397:

Phased out in the late 20th century. Its availability is very limited.

218: 4719:"New EPA lead standard significantly improved to protect kids' health" 3983: 3331: 2471: 2154: 1622:

Form EIA-1605EZ Short Form for Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases

308:. The first number indicates the octane rating of the fuel tested to " 4840: 4815:"Lead emissions from planes may be costing billions in lost earnings" 1414:

The public comment period on this petition closed on March 17, 2008.

1089: 1038:

In July 2021, the first commercially-produced unleaded avgas, GAMI's

644: 569: 2328:"More than 1 million gallons of G100 UL unleaded fuel now available" 1614:"Appendix F. Fuel and Energy Source Codes and Emission Coefficients" 4611: 4600:

Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists

3609:

The patent lists Mary-Louise Rusek and Jon Ziulkowski as inventors.

2060:"Specified Fuels for Spark Ignited Gasoline Aircraft Engine Models" 1981: 1233: 758:

An EAA Cessna 150 used for American STC certification of auto fuel

754: 753: 730: 565: 487: 304:

Grades of avgas are identified by two numbers associated with its

94: 3704:"Swift Enterprises hopes to take off with renewable aviation gas" 2458:

Seyferth, Dietmar (2003). "The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead".

1369:

TEL found in leaded avgas and its combustion products are potent

1267:

In 2008, an article by technology writer and aviation enthusiast

229:(or factor) of 18.355 pounds per US gallon (2.1994 kg/L) of 1272: 654: 573: 335: 3355: 3353: 2712:"Certification of a Carbureted Aircraft Engine on Ethanol Fuel" 1429:'s executive vice president of government affairs, stated that 478:

ethanol-free, antioxidant and antistatic additives; ASTM D7547

4075: 3459: 2738:"Teledyne Continental Plans Certified Diesel Within Two Years" 1521: 31: 4755:"Federal Register: November 16, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 221)" 4129:"Continental Motors Completes First Flight on Unleaded AvGas" 2953:"GAMI Awarded Long-Awaited STC For Unleaded 100-Octane Avgas" 1295:

From 2009 through 2011, 100SF was approved as a test fuel by

47:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

4157:"Efforts Move Forward To Produce Alternative Aviation Fuels" 2873:"FAA Fuel Committee: 11-Year Timeline for Avgas Replacement" 2369:"Antiknock effectiveness of xylidine in small-scale engines" 1518:

Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25A)

439:

Motor Octane Number min 85. Research Octane Number min 95.

4748: 4746: 3389: 3387: 2396:"Method of stabilizing xylidine, U.S. Patent No 2,509,891" 1212:

The minimum AKI of UL94, as sold by Swift Fuels, is 98.0.

1202:

UL94 has a minimum Motor octane number (MON, which is the

5179:. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. June 20, 2013. 4184:"Indiana Airline Fuel Developer Moves Ahead With Testing" 2621:

Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (August 9, 2006).

1672:"U.S. Prime Supplier Sales Volumes of Petroleum Products" 2687:. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. Archived from 1121:) is essentially 100LL without the lead. In March 2009, 4483: 4481: 4449: 4447: 3422:"Swift Fuels Introduces Unleaded 94UL Avgas Nationwide" 2239:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. 217:. All grades of avgas that meet CAN 2–3, 25-M82 have a 56: 5207: 3674:"Delphi could be showcase for renewable aviation fuel" 1199:(STC) to be purchased to allow for operation on UL94. 526:– nine-cylinder, air-cooled, radial aircraft engines. 3332:"100 Octane Unleaded Aviation Fuel – Demand No Less!" 2566:"Aviation Fuel – AvGas Information Aviation Gasoline" 2237:"EPA Takes Final Step in Phaseout of Leaded Gasoline" 2157:. European Aviation Safety Agency. November 8, 2010. 1101:

The firm Airworthy AutoGas tested an ethanol-free 93

2983:"Use of Automotive Gasoline in TCM Aircraft Engines" 2946: 2944: 995:

The airframe must also be certified to use the fuel.

931:

alkyl derivatives of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone, like

4712: 4710: 4708: 4349:"FAA Moves To Next Phase of Unleaded Avgas Testing" 4211:"Swift Fuel engine test results generally positive" 1465:(GAMA), and Craig Fuller, president and CEO of the 1303:the fuel can be produced from fermentable biomass. 1184:amount of unintentionally added lead is permitted. 363: 360: 357: 4456:"GAMI Unleaded Avgas Approved For GA Piston Fleet" 2650:"Swift developing synthetic fuel to replace 100LL" 1927:. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International. 1826: 1824: 798:with the 150 hp (110 kW) variant of the 790:automotive gasoline. Examples include the popular 154:, a toxic lead containing additive used to aid in 4785:"U.S. tightens health standard for airborne lead" 4753:Environmental Protection Agency (November 2007). 4680: 4678: 3765:"Demonstration fuel facility project accelerated" 3697: 3695: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1701:"Avgas Issue Comes To A Head And It's About Time" 1035:for a FAA approved industry replacement by 2018. 992:The engine must be certified to use the fuel, and 5084:"100LL: FAA's Babbitt contradicts EPA statement" 3923: 3921: 3278:"Groups Act On Potential Leaded-Fuel Rulemaking" 1857: 1855: 1853: 437:Used to power piston-engine ultralight aircraft. 4579:. United States Environmental Protection Agency 3854:"Grass for gas – Flying a real, renewable fuel" 1473:Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead. 1403: 1384: 268:were traditionally achieved by the addition of 3197:"Continental: Maybe 94 Unleaded Fuel Will Fly" 2623:"Regulatory Brief: AVGAS (100LL) ALTERNATIVES" 1007:. In a February 2008 interview, TCM president 274:phased out of automotive use in most countries 5111:""Town Meeting" Issues: Avgas, Pilot Decline" 4403:"Pelton, Fuller Take A Look At GAMI's G100UL" 4078:Office of Aviation Research and Development. 3930:"Exclusive Video: AVweb's G100UL Flight Test" 3643:"Permit required for tree activity in Delphi" 2322: 2320: 1578:US Energy Information Administration (2017). 1376:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1097:93UL (Ethanol-free 93AKI automotive gasoline) 774:(STC) for automotive gasoline, as well as in 688:Limited quantities are produced for testing. 45:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 5003:"EPA On Lead In Fuel: No Immediate Deadline" 3305:"Big-Engine Type Groups Unite On Fuel Issue" 2992:. Pacific Continental Motors. Archived from 2344:. United States military. January 24, 1978. 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1695: 1693: 1584:US Energy Information Administration website 245:in fuel lines at altitudes up to 22,000 ft. 4922:"Leaded Avgas Issue Moving To Front Burner" 4106:"Continental-powered Bonanza on Swift Fuel" 2598:. No. 235. August 2008. Archived from 1864:"Avgas: Group Asks EPA To Get The Lead Out" 1834:. Shell Aviation. July 2008. Archived from 886:Rotax allows up to 10% ethanol (similar to 490:engines, and Lycoming engines per SI1070R. 4895:"Leaded Fuel, Emissions, The EPA And AOPA" 4521:"Shell Announces Unleaded 100-Octane Fuel" 4305:. Aircraft Owners and pilots Association. 3982:The American Bonanza Society (June 2010). 2819:"TCM Buys a Diesel: Does This Make Sense?" 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 1720: 1718: 1646:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1463:General Aviation Manufacturers Association 176:is formulated to suit the requirements of 4658: 2679:AOPA ePublishing staff (March 19, 2006). 1568:, page A40. Nav Canada, November 23, 2006 827:The AKI rating of typical automotive fuel 83:Learn how and when to remove this message 5030:"Industry Leaders: Don't Panic On Avgas" 3734:"New Aviation Fuel Developed in Indiana" 3251:"Lycoming: 94UL Would Be A Huge Mistake" 2128:. lightaircraftassociation.co.uk. 2011. 4949:"EPA Advances 100LL Rulemaking Process" 4687:"EPA Sets New Standard For Lead In Air" 4011:"Swift Fuel: A Tilt Toward Natural Gas" 3796:"Annual EDC request approved by Delphi" 3224:"Can 94UL Replace 100LL? TCM Thinks So" 1580:"Carbon Dioxide Emissions Coefficients" 1509: 1021:National Air Transportation Association 627:Very low lead substitute for 100/130LL 4821:from the original on December 31, 2021 4546:Bertorelli, Paul (December 11, 2013). 4466:from the original on September 3, 2022 4382:from the original on February 21, 2010 4309:from the original on November 18, 2013 4182:Purdue Research Park (December 2009). 4085:from the original on November 22, 2009 3936:from the original on February 13, 2010 3432:from the original on February 14, 2017 3372:from the original on February 14, 2017 3028:from the original on November 30, 2022 2792:"Continental Unveils a Diesel Project" 2744:from the original on February 26, 2008 2543: 2243:from the original on September 9, 2021 2161:from the original on February 21, 2011 1870:from the original on February 24, 2008 1670:US Energy Information Administration. 1639: 1590:from the original on February 13, 2017 1467:Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association 1427:Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association 605:Most commonly used aviation gasoline. 5177:"GA community works to replace 100LL" 5121:from the original on January 25, 2012 4901:from the original on February 8, 2009 4847:from the original on January 19, 2021 4795:from the original on February 8, 2009 4731:from the original on February 6, 2011 4693:from the original on January 25, 2022 4527:from the original on December 9, 2013 4519:Bertorelli, Paul (December 3, 2013). 4500:from the original on February 3, 2023 4252:from the original on November 1, 2010 3802:. Flora, Indiana, USA. Archived from 3771:. Flora, Indiana, USA. Archived from 3649:. Flora, Indiana, USA. Archived from 3587:. Flora, Indiana, USA. Archived from 3560:from the original on January 24, 2017 3528:from the original on January 25, 2017 3360:Dave Hirschman (September 13, 2016). 3072: 3070: 3068: 2852:from the original on February 9, 2009 1784:from the original on January 16, 2012 977:Phase-out of leaded aviation gasoline 312:" standards, which is similar to the 7: 4955:from the original on August 11, 2010 4554:from the original on August 14, 2014 4548:"Shell's New Avgas: Inside Comments" 4454:O'Connor, Kate (September 1, 2022). 4282:from the original on October 2, 2013 3852:Dave Hirschman (September 3, 2009). 3833:from the original on August 21, 2016 3579:Jennifer Archibald (June 21, 2006). 3452:"UL94 Supplemental Type Certificate" 3338:from the original on August 30, 2010 2070:from the original on August 12, 2022 1758:from the original on August 27, 2018 1678:from the original on October 3, 2010 1610:US Energy Information Administration 1178:unleaded gasoline specifications, a 462:Made particularly for military use. 272:, a highly toxic substance that was 205:component used in blending avgas is 126:used in aircraft with spark-ignited 4868:"EPA sets new air quality standard" 4488:O'Connor, Kate (February 2, 2023). 4272:"SwiftFuel meets new ASTM standard" 4048:from the original on March 10, 2009 3906:from the original on March 12, 2009 3879:from the original on March 10, 2009 3492:from the original on April 15, 2017 3088:from the original on April 15, 2017 2914:from the original on August 4, 2014 2902:Wood, Janice (September 29, 2013). 2629:from the original on August 2, 2008 2278:from the original on April 15, 2016 1807:. Aviation Publishers. p. 20. 1316:General Aviation Modifications Inc. 1278:The FAA found Swift Fuel to have a 134:is distinguished from conventional 5183:from the original on June 25, 2013 5090:from the original on June 11, 2011 5063:from the original on June 11, 2011 5055:Bertorelli, Paul (July 28, 2010). 5036:from the original on June 11, 2011 5028:Bertorelli, Paul (July 28, 2010). 5009:from the original on June 11, 2011 5001:Bertorelli, Paul (July 28, 2010). 4982:from the original on July 10, 2010 4928:from the original on June 11, 2011 4428:Bertorelli, Paul (April 5, 2022). 4409:from the original on June 11, 2011 4374:Bertorelli, Paul (February 2010). 4221:from the original on June 11, 2011 4163:from the original on June 12, 2011 4116:from the original on June 12, 2011 4036:Bertorelli, Paul (March 4, 2009). 3990:from the original on June 25, 2010 3928:Bertorelli, Paul (February 2010). 3825:Robert X Cringely (June 6, 2008). 3362:"Swift Fuels 94UL Put to the Test" 3311:from the original on June 11, 2011 3284:from the original on June 11, 2011 3249:Bertorelli, Paul (June 11, 2010). 3203:from the original on April 6, 2009 2963:from the original on July 28, 2021 2951:Bertorelli, Paul (July 27, 2021). 2763:Bertorelli, Paul (February 2008). 2656:. Airport Business. Archived from 2394:Starr, Charles E Jr.; et al. 2348:from the original on April 2, 2015 2181:"B 91/115 aviation gasoline – OBR" 2103:from the original on July 11, 2011 2031:from the original on July 11, 2011 1998:from the original on July 15, 2011 1931:from the original on April 2, 2015 1726:"When will we see unleaded AvGas?" 1033:William J. Hughes Technical Center 533:, produced exclusively by OBR PR. 531:Commonwealth of Independent States 25: 5157:from the original on July 3, 2017 4974:Bertorelli, Paul (July 4, 2010). 4781:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 4639:Environmental Health Perspectives 4303:"Swift Fuels gains ASTM approval" 4038:"FAA Evaluates 100LL Alternative" 4017:from the original on July 7, 2010 3873:"FAA Evaluates 100LL Alternative" 3702:Sargent, Sara (August 26, 2008). 3641:Lowe, Debbie (November 7, 2007). 3257:from the original on June 8, 2010 3230:from the original on May 15, 2010 2883:from the original on July 6, 2012 2871:Bertorelli, Paul (May 20, 2012). 2817:Paul, Bertorelli (May 12, 2010). 2798:from the original on May 15, 2010 2648:Taylor Graham (August 28, 2008). 2572:from the original on May 25, 2012 2211:Experimental Aircraft Association 2135:from the original on May 13, 2013 1228:UL102 (formerly 100SF Swift Fuel) 4866:Hirschman, Dave (October 2008). 3963:from the original on May 7, 2010 1832:"Avgas Grades and Specification" 1029:Piston Aviation Fuels Initiative 390:It was used in engines with low 355:Lead (Pb) content maximum (g/L) 236:or about 3.07 units of weight CO 209:, which is a mixture of various 36: 4893:Pew, Glenn (December 5, 2008). 4347:Lynch, Kerry (March 30, 2016). 4301:Jim Moore (November 11, 2013). 3984:"ABS Developing Fuels Strategy" 3898:Bertorelli, Paul (March 2009). 3871:Bertorelli, Paul (March 2009). 3428:. Aviation International News. 3195:Bertorelli, Paul (March 2009). 2443:Riordan, Kate (June 26, 2015). 2424:VP Fuels (September 30, 2010). 2089:Miring, Robert (October 2006). 1951:"UL 91 aviation gasoline – OBR" 1890:"85 UL aviation gasoline – OBR" 1401:The notice of petition stated: 1326:Federal Aviation Administration 1044:Federal Aviation Administration 103:being refueled with 100LL avgas 4947:Grady, Mary (April 10, 2010). 4920:Grady, Mary (April 10, 2007). 4490:"GAMI Begins G100UL STC Sales" 4401:Bertorelli, Paul (July 2010). 4009:Bertorelli, Paul (July 2010). 3763:Lowe, Debbie (July 30, 2008). 3740:. June 5, 2008. Archived from 2681:"AOPA working on future avgas" 2367:Meyer, Carl L. (August 1943). 2017:Wheelock, Jim (January 1991). 1481:Avgas is occasionally used in 1352:Shell Unleaded 100-Octane Fuel 344:Table of aviation fuel grades 1: 4976:"Fuel Fight: It's About Time" 4717:Balbus, John (October 2008). 4376:"AVweb Flies New G100UL Fuel" 4355:. Aviation International News 4248:. Aviation Publishing Group. 4217:. Aviation Publishing Group. 4155:Grady, Mary (December 2009). 4104:Russ Niles (April 23, 2009). 4067:David Atwood (January 2009). 3955:Bertorelli, Paul (May 2010). 3900:"Swift Fuel: Is It for Real?" 3794:Lowe, Debbie (July 9, 2008). 3672:Eric Weddle (June 13, 2008). 3623:WO application 2008013922 3612:US application 2008168706 3420:Laboda, Amy (April 6, 2016). 3222:Bertorelli, Paul (May 2010). 2844:Niles, Russ (November 2008). 2790:Paul, Bertorelli (May 2010). 2736:AvWeb Staff (February 2008). 2091:"Service Bulletin 129/S/2006" 2019:"Teledyne Continental Letter" 1330:Supplemental Type Certificate 1197:Supplemental Type Certificate 1048:Supplemental Type Certificate 949:or 1,3-benzenediol, 2,4-bis 855:supplemental type certificate 813:or 180 hp (130 kW) 772:Supplemental Type Certificate 678:Swift Fuels LLC blend of 83% 101:American Aviation AA-1 Yankee 5082:Pew, Glenn (July 28, 2010). 4242:"Swift Fuel Expands Testing" 4240:Grady, Mary (October 2010). 1862:Pew, Glenn (November 2007). 1628:. Washington, DC. p. 22 915:Table of aviation fuel dyes 899:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 4685:Pew, Glenn (October 2008). 4209:Niles, Russ (August 2010). 4126:reporting on Press Release 4044:. Vol. 7, no. 9. 3827:"It's the Platform, Stupid" 3180:"Piper Flies on Auto Gas". 2990:Teledyne Continental Motors 1499:emission from various fuels 1324:G100UL was approved by the 1123:Teledyne Continental Motors 1062:Teledyne Continental Motors 1039: 1001:Teledyne Continental Motors 959:azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol 643:aromatic compounds such as 128:internal combustion engines 59:, discuss the issue on the 5239: 5109:Grady, Mary (April 2011). 1461:, Pete Bunce, head of the 1391:On November 16, 2007, the 1164:Clean 100 Octane Coalition 896: 890:for cars) in the fuel for 557:Mostly replaced by 100LL. 276:in the late 20th century. 3680:. Federated Publisher Inc 3303:Niles, Russ (June 2010). 2846:"Aviation Off D.C. Radar" 922: 919: 518:Specially formulated for 354: 351: 348: 306:Motor Octane Number (MON) 213:Some refineries also use 3276:Pew, Glenn (June 2010). 2183:. Obr.pl. Archived from 1953:. Obr.pl. Archived from 1892:. Obr.pl. Archived from 1803:MacDonalds, Sandy A. F. 1748:"AVGAS Facts and Future" 1565:Canada Flight Supplement 1365:Environmental regulation 1075:New unleaded fuel grades 947:p-diethylaminoazobenzene 560:As of August 2013, 158:of the engine, increase 4430:"FAA, Do Your Damn Job" 3738:Inside Indiana Business 3048:"Hjelmco i dina tankar" 2426:"Airplane Racing Fuels" 2375:. U.S. Government, NASA 1524:. pp. section 9–7. 1445:Publication in the USA 1244:Swift Fuel demonstrator 3957:"Oil Slicks and Avgas" 3856:. AOPA. Archived from 2271:. ASTM International. 2213:. 2009. Archived from 2207:"Avgas Specifications" 1780:. AV Web. April 2002. 1412: 1389: 1245: 1133:and ground testing in 1103:anti-knock index (AKI) 1042:, was approved by the 759: 736: 104: 4817:. December 16, 2016. 4329:US patent 8556999 4276:General Aviation News 3860:on February 25, 2013. 3744:on September 28, 2011 3548:"FAA SAIB HQ-16-05R1" 3521:. November 10, 2015. 3395:"Unleaded UL94 Avgas" 3182:General Aviation News 2908:General Aviation News 2654:Airport Business News 1778:"Lead in the Hogwash" 1328:by the issuance of a 1237: 969:benzene-azo-2-napthol 957:alkyl derivatives of 920:Dye (nominal colour) 776:experimental aircraft 770:aircraft that have a 757: 734: 452:(orange + blue + red) 380:(red + a little blue) 98: 3800:Carroll County Comet 3769:Carroll County Comet 3714:on September 4, 2008 3678:Journal&Courrier 3647:Carroll County Comet 3585:Carroll County Comet 3401:on February 13, 2017 3120:on February 4, 2022. 2904:"The future of fuel" 2771:on February 28, 2008 2550:: CS1 maint: year ( 2518:Berry, Mike (n.d.). 2499:on February 20, 2009 2405:. U.S. Patent Office 2187:on November 29, 2014 1957:on November 29, 2014 1896:on November 28, 2014 1396:Friends of the Earth 1262:biomass fermentation 1109:UL94 (formerly 94UL) 568:, and the states of 227:emission coefficient 148:catalytic converters 65:create a new article 57:improve this article 4874:on October 27, 2008 4843:. October 7, 2019. 4724:. MarketWatch.com. 4651:10.1289/ehp.1003231 4190:on January 18, 2011 3806:on January 18, 2013 3775:on January 19, 2013 3553:. August 30, 2016. 3512:"FAA SAIB HQ-16-05" 3482:"FAA STC SA01757WI" 3184:: 5. July 19, 2013. 2717:. Baylor University 2592:"Avgas Revolution?" 2432:on January 5, 2016. 2123:"Rotax Instruction" 1703:. February 19, 2024 1483:amateur auto racing 1393:environmental group 1280:motor octane number 1172:motor octane number 1159:aircraft type clubs 916: 780:ultralight aircraft 750:Automotive gasoline 345: 4141:on July 16, 2009. 3591:on August 10, 2008 2999:on October 4, 2017 2487:"Avgas vs Autogas" 2342:"MIL-G-5572 Rev F" 1805:From the Ground up 1586:. Washington, DC. 1537:From The Ground Up 1437:In December 2008, 1356:In December 2013, 1314:In February 2010, 1297:ASTM International 1269:Robert X. Cringely 1246: 1176:ASTM International 1131:Beechcraft Bonanza 1019:In November 2008, 999:In February 2008, 914: 792:Cessna 172 Skyhawk 760: 737: 711:TEL, historically 512:TEL; see standard 456:almost negligible 343: 254:Rolls-Royce Merlin 223:weight and balance 142:, which is termed 105: 4645:(10): 1513–1516. 3462:on April 15, 2017 2472:10.1021/om030621b 2466:(25): 5154–5178. 2313:. April 16, 2024. 1546:978-0-9680390-5-2 1457:In April 2011 at 1239:Purdue University 1135:Continental O-200 974: 973: 724: 723: 392:compression ratio 138:(petrol) used in 112:aviation gasoline 93: 92: 85: 67:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 5230: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4870:. Archived from 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4783:(October 2008). 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4761:on July 25, 2008 4757:. Archived from 4750: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4730: 4723: 4714: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4682: 4673: 4672: 4662: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4278:. May 25, 2011. 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4186:. Archived from 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4084: 4073: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3653:on July 19, 2008 3638: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3527: 3516: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3458:. Archived from 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3397:. Archived from 3391: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3357: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3330:Lee, B. (2010). 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3113:. Archived from 3112: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3074: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3023: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2998: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2821:. Archived from 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2767:. Archived from 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2716: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2691:on June 21, 2008 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2602:on July 23, 2011 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2532:on June 13, 2010 2531: 2525:. Archived from 2524: 2520:"Autogas Part 2" 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2498: 2492:. Archived from 2491: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2428:. Archived from 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2400: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2301: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2217:on June 13, 2010 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2064:Textron Lycoming 2056: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1997: 1990: 1978: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1921: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1859: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1838:on July 14, 2008 1828: 1819: 1818: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1728:. August 5, 2019 1722: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1697: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1627: 1618: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1575: 1569: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1514: 1447:Federal Register 1431:general aviation 1154:Lycoming Engines 1054:Lycoming Engines 917: 847:aircraft engines 844:general aviation 807:anti-knock index 788:anti-knock index 705: 697: 589: 548: 515: 506: 453: 409: 381: 373: 346: 328:Antiknock agents 314:anti-knock index 114:, also known as 88: 81: 77: 74: 68: 40: 39: 32: 21: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4841:"ASTM D910 PDF" 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4138: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4117: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2825:on May 20, 2010 2816: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2660:on July 7, 2011 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2460:Organometallics 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2303: 2302: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2058: 2057: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1980: 1979: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1923: 1922: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1861: 1860: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1491: 1479: 1367: 1354: 1312: 1230: 1111: 1099: 1082: 1077: 1060:Prior to 2022, 1016:diesel engine. 979: 906: 901: 884: 784:low-compression 752: 729: 703: 702: 695: 623: 600: 588:("avgas 100LL") 587: 547:(yellow + blue) 546: 545: 520:Shvetsov ASh-62 513: 505:(yellow + blue) 504: 503: 451: 450: 438: 434:oxygenate-free 407: 406: 379: 378: 371: 332:tetraethyl lead 302: 286: 239: 234: 199: 164:engine knocking 152:tetraethyl lead 116:aviation spirit 89: 78: 72: 69: 54: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5225: 5223:Aviation fuels 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5202:External links 5200: 5198: 5197: 5168: 5132: 5101: 5074: 5047: 5020: 4993: 4966: 4939: 4912: 4885: 4858: 4832: 4806: 4772: 4742: 4704: 4674: 4625: 4612:10.1086/691686 4606:(2): 575–610. 4590: 4565: 4538: 4511: 4477: 4443: 4420: 4393: 4366: 4339: 4320: 4293: 4263: 4232: 4201: 4174: 4147: 4096: 4059: 4028: 4001: 3974: 3947: 3917: 3890: 3863: 3844: 3817: 3786: 3755: 3725: 3708:Medill Reports 3691: 3664: 3633: 3602: 3571: 3539: 3503: 3473: 3456:swiftfuels.com 3443: 3412: 3383: 3349: 3322: 3295: 3268: 3241: 3214: 3187: 3172: 3148: 3123: 3099: 3064: 3039: 3010: 2974: 2940: 2925: 2894: 2863: 2836: 2809: 2782: 2755: 2728: 2710:Schauk, M. E. 2702: 2671: 2640: 2613: 2583: 2557: 2510: 2477: 2450: 2435: 2416: 2403:Google Patents 2386: 2373:U.S. NASA NTRS 2359: 2333: 2316: 2289: 2266:"ASTM D910-11" 2257: 2228: 2198: 2172: 2146: 2114: 2081: 2042: 2009: 1984:(April 2009). 1968: 1942: 1907: 1881: 1849: 1820: 1813: 1795: 1769: 1739: 1714: 1689: 1662: 1653: 1601: 1570: 1552: 1545: 1527: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1366: 1363: 1353: 1350: 1311: 1308: 1229: 1226: 1152:In June 2010, 1110: 1107: 1098: 1095: 1081: 1080:91UL (or UL91) 1078: 1076: 1073: 1005:diesel engines 997: 996: 993: 990: 978: 975: 972: 971: 966: 962: 961: 955: 951: 950: 944: 940: 939: 929: 925: 924: 921: 905: 902: 883: 880: 867:Piper Cherokee 811:Lycoming O-320 800:Lycoming O-320 796:Piper Cherokee 751: 748: 728: 725: 722: 721: 718: 715: 709: 706: 699: 690: 689: 686: 676: 673: 670: 667: 663: 662: 658: 651: 641: 638: 635: 631: 630: 628: 625: 620: 617: 614: 610: 609: 606: 603: 597: 594: 591: 582: 581: 558: 555: 552: 549: 542: 540:("avgas 100") 535: 534: 527: 524:Ivchenko AI-14 516: 510: 507: 500: 496: 495: 491: 479: 476: 473: 470: 466: 465: 463: 460: 457: 454: 447: 443: 442: 440: 435: 432: 429: 426: 422: 421: 419: 416: 413: 410: 403: 399: 398: 395: 388: 385: 382: 375: 366: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 301: 298: 285: 282: 270:tetraethyllead 266:octane ratings 262:Allison V-1710 252:; notably the 237: 232: 198: 195: 162:, and prevent 140:motor vehicles 91: 90: 51:of the subject 49:worldwide view 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5235: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5102: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5075: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5021: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4994: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4967: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4940: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4913: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4886: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4859: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4591: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4512: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4367: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4294: 4286:September 27, 4281: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4233: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4060: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4029: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3845: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3818: 3810:September 18, 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3657:September 18, 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3624: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3556: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3342:September 11, 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3269: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2926: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2729: 2713: 2706: 2703: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2614: 2601: 2597: 2594:. Editorial. 2593: 2587: 2584: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2553: 2547: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2495: 2488: 2485:Berry, Mike. 2481: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2417: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2274: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2131: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2099: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2027: 2020: 2013: 2010: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814:0-9690054-2-3 1810: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1757: 1753: 1752:www.shell.com 1749: 1743: 1740: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407:Clean Air Act 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1204:octane rating 1200: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 994: 991: 988: 987: 986: 983: 976: 970: 967: 964: 963: 960: 956: 953: 952: 948: 945: 942: 941: 938: 934: 930: 927: 926: 918: 912: 910: 903: 900: 895: 893: 889: 881: 879: 875: 871: 868: 864: 858: 856: 852: 848: 845: 840: 836: 833: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 756: 749: 747: 745: 740: 733: 726: 719: 716: 714: 710: 707: 700: 698: 696:("avgas 115") 692: 691: 687: 685: 681: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 664: 659: 656: 652: 650: 646: 642: 639: 636: 633: 632: 629: 626: 621: 618: 615: 612: 611: 607: 604: 598: 595: 592: 590: 584: 583: 579: 578:United States 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 556: 553: 550: 543: 541: 537: 536: 532: 528: 525: 521: 517: 514:GOST 1012–72. 511: 508: 501: 498: 497: 492: 489: 485: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 448: 445: 444: 441: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 404: 401: 400: 396: 393: 389: 386: 383: 376: 374: 368: 367: 364:Availability 352:Colour (Dye) 347: 341: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 323: 319: 318:aviation rich 315: 311: 310:aviation lean 307: 299: 297: 295: 290: 283: 281: 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:supercharging 246: 244: 235: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 196: 194: 192: 188: 187:Austro Engine 184: 179: 175: 171: 167: 165: 161: 160:octane rating 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 124:aviation fuel 121: 117: 113: 109: 102: 97: 87: 84: 76: 66: 62: 58: 52: 50: 43: 34: 33: 30: 27:Aviation fuel 19: 5192: 5185:. 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May 2024. 2247:October 19, 2165:November 6, 2002:October 31, 1925:"ASTM D910" 1632:December 3, 1495:Relative CO 1371:neurotoxins 1242:Cessna 150M 1129:powering a 1085:Hjelmco Oil 937:Oil Blue 35 832:Sensitivity 762:Automotive 294:diesel fuel 284:Consumption 211:isooctanes. 183:SMA Engines 156:lubrication 5161:August 27, 4225:August 23, 3837:August 24, 3779:August 28, 3718:August 28, 3595:August 28, 3003:October 3, 2935:AOPA Pilot 2695:August 28, 2664:August 28, 2633:August 28, 2606:August 28, 1762:August 27, 1560:Nav Canada 1505:References 1477:Other uses 1459:Sun 'n Fun 1338:Cessna 172 1334:AirVenture 1254:isopentane 1250:mesitylene 1195:-approved 1181:de minimis 1046:through a 1009:Rhett Ross 933:Oil Blue A 897:See also: 863:vapor lock 819:Cessna 152 684:isopentane 680:mesitylene 649:mesitylene 358:Additives 243:vapor lock 197:Properties 5148:smgov.net 4959:April 22, 4550:. Avweb. 4523:. 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