Takfiri - Knowledge (XXG)

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government, and publicly anti-JAS Muslim preachers targeted first. This also meant any Muslims killed collaterally were not a concern since they were "guilty" for not having joined his jihad. ... October 2010, ... assassinations targeting Muslim religious leaders, especially Salafists who opposed JAS's religious interpretation, as well as civil servants, became an almost weekly occurrence in northeastern Nigeria. In addition to this, prisons, banks, churches and beer halls also were common targets of attack

2409:(aka Alawiyya) of Syria bigger infidels than even the Jews or Christians in a conference in June 2013 in Cairo (a conference that called for jihad in Syria and was attended by the Grand Imam of al-Azhar). Indications that executions of the enemy may have religious motivation came from an October 2013 video clip where Shiite Islamist fighters executed alleged captured Syrian rebels with the claim by one of the shooters that: "We are performing our taklif and we are not seeking personal vengeance." 5389: 908: 2468: 2120:, but so was "Egyptian society as a whole" because it was "not fighting the Egyptian government and had thus accepted rule by non-Muslims". Hundreds of members of the group were arrested and Shukri Mustafa was executed but (according to journalist Robin Wright), the group reorganized with thousands of members. Later its ex-members went on to help assassinate Anwar Sadat, and be involved in the 2158:). Starting in April 1998, a series of massacres in villages or neighborhoods killed tens, and sometimes hundreds, of civilians without disregard to the age and sex of victims. Although the government had infiltrated the insurgents and it is thought by many that security forces as well as Islamists were involved in massacres, the GIA amir, Antar Zouabri claimed credit for two massacres ( 2454: 1664:, the Mongols should be killed. Ibn Taymiyya wrote that he "was among the strictest of people in forbidding that a specific person be accuse of unbelief, immorality or sin until proof from the Messenger has been established", yet he "regularly accused his opponents of outright unbelief and has become a source of inspiration to many Islamist and even takfiri movements." 897: 1825:. The memory of the menace they had posed to Muslim unity and of the moral challenge generated by their pious idealism still weighed heavily on Muslim political and religious thought, however. Even if the Kharijites could no longer threaten, their ghosts still had to be answered. The Ibadis are the only Kharijite group to surivive into modern times. 1794:(the second Islamic Civil War) when they at one point controlled more territory than any of their rivals. The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr's bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured the oasis town of al-Ta'if. 2401:, for example had successfully "tarred all shades of the opposition, and indeed sometimes all Sunnis", with the brush of "takfiri". The Sunnis and Shiites antagonism has spread from Syria, Iraq and Lebanon, so that "there have been incidents in Australia, Azerbaijan, Britain, and Egypt". Well-known cleric 2146:

But in addition to the authorities of the jahili system, civilians also were targeted. Unlike the scholars of classical Islam, extremists not only expanded the definition of what constituted an apostate, but enforced its penalty. Along with other traditional socio-economic-ethnic-military-personality

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than Qutb, but "one famous quote" from him "has been seen written on walls and has also appeared repeatedly in IS texts: 'Whoever does not pay the price of jihad, shall pay the price of abstention'". Another source writes that the "roots" of ISIL's "takfiri" ideology "can be found in the Khawarij's

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In addition to takfiring Shia, from about 2003 to 2006 al-Zarqawi expanded "the range of behavior" that could make large number of self-proclaimed Muslims apostates: including "in certain cases, selling alcohol or drugs, wearing Western clothes or shaving one's beard, voting in an election—even for

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In the "early times" of Islam, "charges of apostasy" were also "not unusual, and ... the terms 'unbeliever' and 'apostate' were commonly used in religious polemic" in hopes of silencing the deviant and prodding the lax back to the straight path. Classical manuals of jurisprudence in Islam sometimes

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Second, they agreed that it is the duty of the believers to depose any leader who falls into error. This second principle had profound implications for Kharijite theology. Applying these ideas to the early history of the caliphate, Kharijites only accept Abu Bakr and 'Umar as legitimate caliphs. Of

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may also have been a motive. Niazi declared in a number of post-slaughter speeches from Mosques in Mazar-i-Sharif: "Hazaras are not Muslim, they are Shi’a. They are kofr . The Hazaras killed our force here, and now we have to kill Hazaras. ... You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan.

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While Qutb declared that the Islamic world had "long ago vanished from existence" and that true Muslims would have to confront "arrogant, mischievous, criminal and degraded people" in the struggle to restore Islam, he had not specifically stated that the self-professed Muslim "authorities of the

1805:. Because of their readiness to declare any opponent as apostate, the extreme Kharijites tended to fragment into small groups. One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points. 2429:

after 2010 ... Shekau, believed that jihad was obligatory and that not actively joining his jihad was tantamount to apostasy. This did not mean Shekau actively killed anyone after he announced jihad and renamed the group "JAS" in 2010. Rather, there was a "priority scale" with Christians, the

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Initiated by a sly Jew, are an apostate sect drowning in worship of the dead, cursing the best companions and wives of the Prophet, spreading doubt on the very basis of the religion (the Qur’ān and the Sunnah), defaming the very honor of the Prophet, and preferring their "twelve" imāms to the

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denigrating Shi’a as "a religious school based on excess and falsehood", but al-Zawahiri (and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi) also opposed attacks on Shia as a distraction from the more important goal of defeating the "far enemy", the United States. Attacks "on ordinary Shi’a, their mosques, and the

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Takfiris also reject the traditional Muslim duty to obey one's legitimate rulers in all manners that do not contradict the Sharia, as sedition is viewed as a great danger to a nation. However, takfiris consider all political authority that does not abide by their interpretation of Islam to be

2166:), calling the killings an "offering to God" and declaring impious the victims and all Algerians who had not joined its ranks. He declared that "except for those who are with us, all others are apostates and deserving of death," Between 100,000 and 200,000 were ultimately killed in the war. 2036:

Al Qaeda is commonly described as seeking to overthrow the "apostate" regimes in the Middle East and replace them with "true" Islamic governments, and having a "habit" of denouncing Muslims who did not "accept a narrow interpretation" of Sunni Islam as "non-believers and legitimate targets."

5189:—those who declare other Muslims to be apostates—Hizbollah has tarred all shades of the opposition, and indeed sometimes all Sunnis, with the same radicalising brush. It has exaggerated, and thereby exacerbated, the sectarianism of the Syrian opposition as well as its own domestic opponents 1231:, provided legal precautions have been taken (the accused being educated in their error, given a chance to repent, evaluated for mental soundness, etc.). This is true in the case of a self-professed apostates, or "extreme, persistent and aggressive" proponents of religious innovation ( 1896:). Some Muslims (such as the cleric 'Adb al-Qadir 'Awdah) responded by preaching that if the state would not kill apostates then it had "become a duty of individual Moslems" to do so, and gave advice on how to plead in court to avoid punishment after being arrested for such a murder. 1773:

in 657 CE. When 'Ali was faced with a military stalemate and agreed to submit the dispute to arbitration, some of his party withdrew their support from him. "Judgement belongs to God alone" (لاَ حُكْكْ إلَا لِلّهِ) became the slogan of these secessionists. They also called themselves

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according to Jamileh Kadivar based on estimates from Global Terrorism Database, 2020; Herrera, 2019; Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Human Rights Office, 2014; Ibrahim, 2017; Obeidallah, 2014;

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for its strategy of takfiring Muslim society and going into psychological hijra/exile from it), kidnapped and later killed an Islamic scholar and former Egyptian government minister Muhammad al-Dhahabi. The group's founder, Shukri Mustaf—who had been imprisoned with

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the Iranian New Year", would make a Muslim an unbeliever. Nonetheless, those accused of apostasy were usually left "unmolested", and in general executions for apostasy were "rare in Islamic history", unless the violation was "extreme, persistent and aggressive".

1964:, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even death as preparation for 2138:, targeted police, government officials (but also civilians including tourists). In one particularly bloody year (1993), 1106 persons were killed or wounded, and "several senior police officials and their bodyguards were shot dead in daylight ambushes." 1878:), ibn Abdul-Wahhāb makes an explicit takfir of people who invoke or implore for help from dead people (such as the prophet and his family) or, in other words, intercede for themselves with God by seeking intercession from the prophet and his family.) 2225:

mausoleum of their Imams" would "lift the burden from the Americans by diverting the mujahedeen to the Shi’a". What did provoke it to takfir and "legitimize targeting" was the fighting by Muslim soldiers as the allies of the West against Muslims.

2359:, considering their the shrines and these living saints a violation of monotheism. The deadliest attack by ISIL on Sufis, and "the worst terrorist attack in Egypt's modern history", occurred on 24 November 2017, when approximately 40 gunmen 2323:

and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Shariah that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Koran and the narrations of the Prophet ... and thereby apostatizing from

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injunction against imprisoning or killing fellow Muslims. Since it is very difficult to overthrow governments without killing their (self-proclaimed) Muslim rulers and officials or any Muslim opposing the Islamists, and since enforcing

2385:(January 2017 issue five) an insurgent Islamic State commander condemned Sufi practices and identified the district where the attack occurred as one of three areas where Sufis live in Sinai that Islamic State intended to "eradicate." 5162: 1493:, the prohibition against killing Muslims is a major impediment against taking power. But if the enemy can be made to be not Muslims but unbelievers claiming to be Muslims, the prohibition is turned into a religious obligation. 2182:, Afghanistan. The Taliban indicated revenge, or ethnic hatred may have been a motivation for the slaughter, but comments by Mullah Niazi, the Taliban commander of the attack and newly installed governor, also indicated that 1785:

These original Kharijites opposed both 'Ali and Mu'awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by 'Ali, who was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in guerilla warfare against the

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declaring that one who wrongly declares another Muslim to be an unbeliever is himself an apostate. Takfirism has been called a "minority ideology" which "advocates the killing of other Muslims declared to be unbelievers".

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In 1974, 100 members of the "Islamic Liberation Organization", led by one Salih Sirriya, stormed the armory of the Military Technical College in Cairo, seizing weapons and vehicles, as part of a plan to kill President

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prophets and even to Allah! ...Thus, the Rāfidah are mushrik apostates who must be killed wherever they are to be found, until no Rāfidī walks on the face of earth, even if the jihād claimants despise such...

3980: 1465:, and consequently completely disengage from it. Podeh also points out that unlike jihadists, takfiri groups make no distinction between the regime and the ordinary population when employing violence. 1272:

is "so serious, and mistakes therein are so grave", that great care is needed, and that if the accused is actually a believing Muslim, then the act of accusing makes the accuser themself guilty of

392: 131: 4287:, American University of Beirut, 1992, p. 244 al-Jihaad al-Islami, Jama'a al Jihaad, and al-Takfir wa al-Hijrah were Egyptian terrorist groups. There was a Jund Allah in Egypt (Ruthven, Malise, 2347:". In a film made by ISIL about the Camp Speicher massacre, a narrator states: "All are apostates who have come from cities of apostates to kill Sunnis here, we have more than 2,000 of them." 2088:

In Qutb's home country of Egypt in the 1980s and 1990s many authorities of "the jahili system" were attacked and killed (along with non-Muslims such as tourists and Christians) by extremists.

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Ironically, the Taliban seemed to have backed off the "Hazaras are not Muslim" approach and were later denounced by the ISIS for their tolerance of Shia. The 13th issue of the ISIS magazine

5169: 2260:". He saw himself as fighting not just the occupying United States military, but what he called "the sects of apostasy" (i.e. Shia Muslims). In September 2005 he declared "all-out war" on 2208:

The Shī’ah are Muslims ... Everyone who says there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is Allah's Messenger is a Muslim. The sects are many and Allah will decide between them on Judgment Day.

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has also been used for "sanctioning violence against leaders of Islamic states" who do not enforce sharia or are otherwise "deemed insufficiently religious". This arbitrary application of

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The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Umayyads until they were finally put down in 699 CE. The more moderate

5068: 2060: 387: 126: 1892:) abolished as a crime punishable by death in state statutes of law (the West also encouraged establishing laws giving equal rights to women and non-Muslims in violation of 1886:

In the colonial and post-colonial Muslim world the influence and pressure of Western powers meant that not only was apostasy rare in practice, but that it was (contrary to

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provided fairly detailed lists of practices and beliefs that would render a Muslim an apostate that went far beyond infractions of the basic tenets of Islam. For example,

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By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa' wrote his political treatise early in the 'Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the

1459:(branding as apostate). However, according to Podeh's formulation, takfiri groups are more extreme, and regard not just some Muslims but the whole of Egyptian society as 1978:, the radical Islamist ideology derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as other members of the Muslim Brotherhood, like 1724:. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. Shiʿas believe 1296:

is "used wrongly or unrestrainedly", retaliation could lead down a slippery slope of "discord and sedition" to mutual excommunication and "complete disaster." The Sunnī

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generally refers to a Wahabi Salafi who looks at the world in black-and-white; there are true believers and then there are nonbelievers, with no shades in between. A

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Nedza, Justyna (2016). "The Sum of Its Parts: The State as Apostate in Contemporary Saudi Militant Islamism". In Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel;

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What to do in a situation where self-professed Muslim(s) disagree with other Muslims on an important doctrinal point is more controversial. In the case of the

4943: 3991: 1813:") can become Caliph and that family or tribal affiliation is inconsequential. The only requirements for leadership are piety and acceptance by the community. 2375:

branch was strongly suspected. On 25 November, the Egyptian public prosecutor's office, citing interviews with survivors, said the attackers brandished the

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law. Conservative Islamists do not support armed struggle against the secular government, whereas jihadist and takfiri groups do, and invoke the concepts of

536: 461: 3089: 1334: 487: 3059:. Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements. Farnham, UK and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing/Routledge. pp. 81–98. 1636:

According to researcher Trevor Stanley, the precedent "for the declaration of takfir against a leader" came from the medieval Islamic scholar Taqi al-Din

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have used sectarian language to "cast one another" as non-Muslims/infidels, dehumanizing the enemy and intensifying the bloodshed and mayhem. The Shia

936: 1237:). From the 19th century onwards, liberal/modernist/reformist Muslims have complained that this capital punishment is a violation of the principle of 5042: 5423: 2883: 1913:

could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an

1241:, and only those guilty of treason should be executed. Revivalist and conservative Muslims see the capital punishment as a matter of obedience to the 793: 5351:

A Critical Study of the Multiple Identities and Disguises of 'al-Muhajiroun': Exposing the Antics of the Cult Followers of Omar Bakri Muhammad Fustuq

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Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In

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have referred to Ibn Taymiyyah when condemning self-proclaimed Muslims as not being real Muslims. ibn Abd al-Wahhab condemned the practices of

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have prescribed essential reading materials specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the

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Gibril Haddad, “Quietism and End-Time Reclusion in the Qurʾān and Hadith: Al-Nābulusī and His Book Takmīl Al-Nuʿūt within the ʿuzla Genre,”

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al-Qarawee, Harith Hasan (2016). "The Media, Methods and Messages of the Islamic State's Communication Strategy". In Giusto, Hedwig (ed.).

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dedicates "dozens of pages" were devoted "to attacking and explaining the necessity of killing Shia", who the group refers to by the label

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Sinai during Friday prayers. 311 people were killed and at least 122 injured. While no group claimed responsibility for the attack, the

4291:, Penguin, 1982, p. 315 ) and Lebanon (mentioned in Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics, 1985 by Emmanuel Sivan). 3216: 2307:, aka ISIL or Daesh, expanded takfir still further. ISIL not only called for the revival of slavery of non-Muslims (specifically of the 2241:), "has been responsible for 27,947 terrorist deaths". The majority of these have been Muslims "because it has regarded them as kafir". 1947:

adopted many of his Islamist principles. According to Qutb, the Muslim community has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to

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in 2012 where "up to 200 people" were killed, a splinter group called "Ansaru" left, complaining of the excessive killing of Muslims.

1379: 2116:, and was now one of Qutb's "most radical" disciples—believed that not only were the Egyptian President and his government officials 5202: 436: 2598: 1325:

but also against rival insurgent Islamist groups (although they are also Salafi-jihadists) and all those who oppose its policy of

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between the Algerian Government and various Islamist rebel groups, takfir was known to be declared by the hardline Islamist GIA (

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Yazidi women and children divided according to the Shariah amongst the fighters of the Islamic State who participated in the

4045: 3195: 2704: 2155: 929: 2332:(monotheism)". The Taliban were found "to be "a 'nationalist' movement, all too tolerant" of Shia. In 2015 ISIL "pronounced 2300: 2253: 1801:

Kharijites were longer-lived, continuing to wield political power in North and East Africa and in eastern Arabia during the

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and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus

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Watts, Michael. 2015. "Insurgent Spaces: Power, Place, and Spectacle in Nigeria" in Merrill, Heather, and Hoffman, Lisa.

1508:), Takfiris condone acts of violence as legitimate methods of achieving religious or political goals. Middle East expert 6012: 1940: 1375: 1200: 5622: 3516:"Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations". 3483: 1759: 1253:; instead, it is frequently carried out by "vigilantes" who believe that they are executing their "individual duty". ( 1228: 1002: 138: 5227: 1069:), and this is only done if all the prescribed legal precautions have been taken. Traditionally, the declaration of 6017: 4995: 3584: 1834: 1580: 1576: 1441:. All three see the government and society sadly lacking in piety and in need of Islamification and restoration of 1407: 1145: 763: 431: 255: 81: 2356: 1322: 5627: 4969: 3566: 2708: 2654:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. 2542: 2135: 1560: 1423: 1387: 1250: 1238: 922: 877: 220: 3100: 1587:, but Takfiris believe that one who deliberately kills himself whilst attempting to kill a religious enemy is a 1318: 5409: 5113: 3479: 2538: 1625: 1102: 5393: 3126: 5432: 5020: 4685: 3651: 1349: 1249:) and protection of the faith. Since the 20th century, capital punishment is seldom applied by the state in 840: 580: 1817:'Uthman's caliphate they recognize only the first six years as legitimate, and they reject 'Ali altogether. 1648:. After the Mongols converted to Islam, another cause was sought for the jihad against them. In his famous 421: 4223: 3254:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 123. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 304–326. 2559: 2340: 2101: 2042: 2025: 1997: 1822: 1706: 1682: 1600: 1473: 1307: 708: 144: 4763:

Stewart, S. (2017, March 9). Can the Islamic State and Al Qaeda find common ground? Stratfor World View.

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Starting in 2013, the ISIL began "encouraging takfir of Muslims deemed insufficiently pure in regard of

1353: 1110: 1074: 781: 620: 5137: 4859: 4717: 4414: 3915:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 123. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 1–24. 1953:(the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the 1857:(innovation of the religion), and ibn Abd al-Wahhab's followers slew many Muslims for allegedly pagan ( 1480:

may serve as a sort of ingenious "legal loophole" for Islamist insurgents, allowing them to bypass the

3911:(2016). "Introduction". In Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). 2417:

According to researchers Jacob Zenna and Zacharias Pier, takfir has been a major part of the focus of

2333: 1660:(Islamic law), they were not really Muslims, and since non-Muslims who called themselves Muslims were 5552: 4811: 4660: 2998: 2256:

in Iraq in 1999, is said to have turned "an insurgency against US troops" in Iraq "into a Shia–Sunni

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was successfully assassinated (along with six diplomats) by members of the Tanzim al-Jihad movement.

1604: 1584: 1192: 698: 600: 492: 86: 1049:("unbeliever"), and is described as when "one who is a Muslim is declared impure." An apostate is a 4771:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 4069: 3613:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 2954: 2950:"The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism" 2204:

quoted "Abdullāh al-Wazīr, the official correspondent of the nationalist Taliban media committee":

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Abdullah El-Faisal Al-Jamayki: A Critical Study of His Statements, Errors and Extremism in Takfeer

5310: 5261: 3672: 4903: 4845: 4792: 4245: 4144: 4104: 3854: 3835: 3634: 3370: 3304: 2920: 2795: 2546: 2381: 2376: 2151: 2121: 1918: 1779: 1588: 1106: 810: 786: 648: 426: 411: 321: 174: 4543: 3515: 1732:

to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shiʿas and the Sunnis during the

3300:"Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective" 1736:(the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to 1437:, Elie Podeh distinguishes between three groups: conservative Islamists, "jihadi" Muslims, and 5318: 5269: 4864: 4597: 4524: 4384: 4253: 4235: 4227: 4192: 4182: 4025: 3934: 3924: 3753: 3680: 3454: 3424: 3414: 3360: 3323: 3273: 3263: 3191: 3134: 3070: 3060: 2973: 2912: 2812: 2675: 2665: 2611: 2572: 2402: 2360: 2221: 2163: 2117: 2073: 2064: 2017: 1979: 1935: 1802: 1787: 1763: 1725: 1678: 1661: 1469: 1415: 1411: 1383: 1273: 1258: 1224: 1208: 1168: 1164: 998: 983: 982:

who excommunicates one of his/her coreligionists, i.e. who accuses another Muslim of being an

975: 870: 820: 748: 713: 688: 668: 585: 546: 522: 281: 233: 194: 184: 160: 76: 38: 4518: 3402: 3224: 3052: 2197: 5808: 5582: 5562: 4782: 4174: 4136: 4096: 3916: 3908: 3827: 3624: 3352: 3313: 3255: 3247: 3171: 3167: 2963: 2902: 2892: 2804: 2655: 2643: 2603: 2564: 2394: 2192: 2107: 2048: 2001: 1770: 1326: 1204: 1157: 1129: 1078: 753: 703: 311: 209: 204: 189: 5854: 5715: 5539: 3570: 3549: 3537: 3522: 3187: 2473: 2422: 1961: 1838: 1718: 1497: 1304: 1161: 971: 964: 955: 912: 663: 575: 416: 326: 250: 121: 71: 4740: 1939:), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government. Other Salafi movements in the 4765:

https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/can-islamic-state-and-al-qaeda-find-common-ground

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upon orthodox, self-professed Muslims. Generally, Muslims agree that the declaration of

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Another popular term used by Shiite jihadis for their Sunni enemies has been "takfiri"

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Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb

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From its inception in 2013 to 2021, directly or through affiliated groups, ISIS (also

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system" were apostates (or whether they should all be killed)—but his followers have.

1476:(such as Jacob Zenna, Zacharias Pier, and Dale Eikmeier) argue that the accusation of 907: 6001: 5782: 5694: 4796: 3638: 3374: 2992: 2924: 2607: 2568: 2486: 2159: 2069: 1637: 1330: 1180: 1122: 1118: 830: 738: 723: 673: 658: 610: 590: 516: 262: 199: 5311:"How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization" 5262:"How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization" 4558: 3786: 3673:"How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization" 3542: 3530: 2783: 2220:

Al Qaeda shared some of the takfir beliefs of ISIS, with, for example senior leader

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factors of insurgency, takfir played a part in the bloodshed of extremist violence.

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by Hanafi scholar Shaykhzadeh (d.1667 CE), declared such misdeeds as "to assert the

3413:. Contemporary Terrorism Studies. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 44–102. 3344: 2554: 2459: 2393:

Writing in 2014, Aaron Y. Zelin and Phillip Smyth argue that the combatants in the

1944: 1791: 1742:(excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims to be either 1549: 1357: 901: 882: 758: 743: 683: 565: 372: 357: 316: 245: 216: 4052: 2134:

During the 1990s, a violent Islamic insurgency in Egypt, primarily perpetrated by

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First, they were principled egalitarians, holding that any pious Muslim ("even an

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Entre menace, censure et liberté: La presse privé algérienne se bat pour survivre

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Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience

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Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir, and the Genocide of Muslims

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The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām

3090:"Sectarian Twitter Wars: Sunni-Shia Conflict and Cooperation in the Digital Age" 2439: 2264:

in Iraq after the Iraqi government offensive on insurgents in the Sunni town of

2113: 2077: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1842: 1798: 1733: 1694: 1509: 1496:

Takfiris have also been classified by some scholars as violent offshoots of the

1188: 1098: 1054: 845: 733: 718: 605: 529: 4463:, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986, p. 93 4125:, Bayrut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, n.d. 2 volumes; v. 1, pp. 535–538; quoted in 3024: 2467: 5938: 5818: 5524: 5499: 5474: 5363: 3920: 3356: 3318: 3299: 3259: 2808: 2660: 2647: 2449: 2418: 2261: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1184: 1133: 1082: 815: 595: 367: 114: 5322: 5273: 4787: 4770: 3938: 3684: 3629: 3612: 3327: 3277: 2977: 2962:(8: "The Return of Religious Antisemitism?"). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI: 483. 2916: 2897: 2816: 2679: 5844: 5790: 5759: 5720: 4930:"Up to 15,000 ISIS victims buried in mass graves in Syria and Iraq – survey" 4234:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 102–110. 2491: 2398: 2200:

to be their brothers and publicly denouncing those who target the Rāfidah:"

1949: 1559:

was brought to a more public prominence by the BBC investigative journalist

1528: 1447: 1422:), "the overwhelming majority" of violent terrorist attacks had occurred in 1345: 1086: 382: 179: 5928: 5095:"Gunmen in Egypt mosque attack carried Islamic State flag, prosecutor says" 5069:"Gunmen in Egypt mosque attack carried Islamic State flag, prosecutor says" 1652:, Ibn Taymiyyah reasoned that since the Mongols followed their traditional 1532: 1233: 4441:. Belgium: FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies. p. 102 2311:

minority group), but takfired any Muslim who disagreed with their policy.

2277: 1628:, to translate the Quran, ... to pay respect to non-Muslims, to celebrate 1394:) who have targeted and killed hundreds of Ahmadi Muslims in the country. 5572: 5489: 5469: 5464: 5441: 5114:"Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt's Deadliest Terrorist Attack" 4645: 2481: 2265: 2029: 1854: 1729: 1721: 1673: 1300: 1297: 1172: 362: 238: 104: 46: 4907: 4891: 3563:"Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Survey of the Education System of Pakistan" 3351:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 239–240. 3007: 2968: 2949: 2296:

a Muslim candidate—and being lax about calling other people apostates".

17: 5954: 5910: 5899: 5772: 5736: 5638: 5484: 4148: 4108: 3839: 2907: 2406: 2343:

in Iraq, "when the group murdered more than 1,500 Shi’a army cadets in

2175: 1975: 1751: 1702: 1641: 1541: 1370: 1141: 347: 109: 5021:"Egypt hunts for killers after mosque attack leaves at least 235 dead" 4024:(3rd ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 163–169. 3562: 3389:

Terror's Source: The Ideology of Wahhabi-Salafism and its Consequences

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The policy led to a schism in the group, and after Shekau ordered an "

2363:

the al-Rawda mosque (associated with the Jaririya Sufi order) near El-

1414:

on civilians is underscored by the fact that as of 2017 (according to

1073:

was used against self-professed Muslims who denied one or more of the

5959: 5933: 5923: 5867: 5826: 5800: 5767: 5750: 5661: 5632: 5619: 5600: 5567: 5557: 5514: 5457: 5452: 2592:

Adang, Camilla (2001). "Belief and Unbelief: Choice or Destiny?". In

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One of ISIL's "most infamous large-scale killings" was the June 2014

2320: 2308: 2183: 1954: 1888: 1778:("the Vendors"), to reflect their willingness to sell their lives in 1738: 1657: 1645: 1629: 1596: 1242: 1220: 1030: 1015: 990: 979: 268: 166: 5368:

Global Jihadism as a Transnational Movement: A Theoretical Framework

4415:"Transcript | Al Qaeda's New Front | Frontline | PBS" 4140: 4100: 3913:

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3885: 3831: 3252:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

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and deprives them of religious rights. All religious seminaries and

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4087:

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In August 1998 the Taliban insurgents slaughtered 8000 mostly Shia

1552:. As such, violence against such regimes is considered legitimate. 5986: 5918: 5894: 5653: 5529: 5479: 5401: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4257: 4196: 3428: 3183: 3074: 2364: 1966: 1769:

The Islamic tradition traces the origin of the Kharijities to the

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Abubakar, Aballahhi. 2012. "The media, politics and Boko blitz".

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of the martyrs are absolved when they die in martyrdom, allowing

1380:

political and religious persecution of Ahmadi Muslims in Pakistan

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Kepel, Gilles; Milelli, Jean-Pierre; Hegghammer, Thomas (2008).

3658:, edited by Efraim Inbar, Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, Routledge, 2013 1859: 1850: 1846: 1611:

for the indiscriminate killing of civilians and non-combatants.

1500:. Although most Salafis oppose terrorism or violence within the 1026: 5405: 4341:

by Marc Sageman, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 63

4181:(1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 9–26. 1540:

illegitimate and therefore apostate; this view closely mirrors

1264:

There is also agreement among Muslims in the case of declaring

1179:, who have drawn on the ideas of the medieval Islamic scholars 5699: 5043:"The Latest: Egypt says death toll in mosque attack up to 200" 4435:

Daesh and the terrorist threat: from the Middle East to Europe

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Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017).

4475:"Jihad Without Rules: The Evolution of al-Takfir wa al-Hijra" 2052:) had been in prison with Qutb, and was a "disciple" of his. 4970:"Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them?" 4175:"Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Islamic Political Ideology" 3025:"The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement" 2196:(19 January 2016) attacked the Taliban for "considering the 1995:

By the mid 1990s, one list of Qutb-inspired groups included

1790:, but only became a movement to be reckoned with during the 1005:, and potentially a cause of strife and violence within the 5370:, PhD dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara. 5356:

AbdulHaq al-Ashanti and Abu Ameenah AbdurRahman as-Salafi,

5349:

AbdulHaq al-Ashanti and Abu Ameenah AbdurRahman as-Salafi,

5229:

Hizballah Executing Syrian Prisoners? – Analyzing the Video

5203:"Inside Hezbollah: fighting and dying for a confused cause" 2948:

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2735:

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Along with Shia, ISIL and to a lesser extent Al-Qaeda have

4383:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 155. 1148:

for centuries. Since the latter half of the 20th century,

4123:

al-tashri al-djina'i al-Islam muqaran bi-al-qanun al-wadi

3586:

Islam and the patterns in terrorism and violent extremism

3474: 3472: 3470: 2004:, Jund Allah, al-Jihaad, Tanzim al-Faniyyah al-Askariyyah 1728:

is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnis consider

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Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.).

2336:—then al-Qaida's affiliate in Syria—an apostate group." 1146:

main source of insurrection against the early caliphates

1132:, a sect originating in the 7th century CE known as the 1057:, the only group authorized to declare another Muslim a 3451:

The Middle East: a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years

3186:: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at 3008:"Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts" 1219:

Traditionally, Muslims have agreed that someone born a

3652:"Egypt's Struggle against the Militant Islamic Groups" 1113:

perpetrated against them over the centuries. The term

989:

Since according to the traditional interpretations of

2563:. Vol. 10. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 1583:. In mainstream Islam, suicide is considered a major 4963: 4961: 3666: 3664: 3053:"A Legal Analysis of Ahmadi Persecution in Pakistan" 2943: 2941: 2784:"The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of 2777: 2775: 2773: 2602:. Vol. I. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 5972: 5947: 5908: 5887: 5880: 5853: 5835: 5817: 5799: 5781: 5758: 5749: 5729: 5708: 5677: 5670: 5652: 5614: 5591: 5538: 5507: 5498: 5440: 5250:, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. p. 196. 5248:

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2299:Al-Zarqawi was killed in 2006 the successor of the 1689:in the 7th century CE. The original schism between 5215:those they provocatively and brand "the Takfiris" 4885: 4883: 4327:The War for Muslim Minds : Islam and the West 3888:. Perspectives on World History and Current Events 3511: 3509: 2006:—all of which were fighting violent insurgencies. 1451:(regression of Muslims to pre-Islamic ignorance), 1333:and Non-Muslim religious minorities, particularly 5112:Walsh, Declan; Youssef, Nour (24 November 2017). 4741:"[Letter from al-Zawahiri to al-Zarqawi]" 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3298:Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2537:Hunwick, Ed; Hunwick, J. O. (2000). "Takfīr". In 2379:. In an interview in the Islamic State magazine 5019:Ian Lee, Laura Smith-Spark and Hamdi Alkhshali. 4996:"Death toll in Egypt mosque attack rises to 309" 3176:): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem" 1259:Apostasy in Islam#In practice in the recent past 1121:groups to demonise and justify violence against 5309:Zenna, Jacob; Pierib, Zacharias (Summer 2017). 5260:Zenna, Jacob; Pierib, Zacharias (Summer 2017). 5185:By framing its fight as a preemptive attack on 3981:"The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism" 3671:Zenna, Jacob; Pierib, Zacharias (Summer 2017). 3656:Religious Radicalism in the Greater Middle East 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3347:(2009). "Islam Subverted? Jihad as Terrorism". 1428:"primary victims" of these attacks were Muslims 1348:—who are accused of denying the basic tenet of 5093:Omar Fahmy; Patrick Marke (25 November 2017). 3954:"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'" 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 1187:, and those of the modern Islamist ideologues 1081:, Islamic denominations and movements such as 5417: 5163:"Lebanon's Hizbollah Turns Eastward to Syria" 4892:"Ideological Infighting in the Islamic State" 4228:"Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory" 3339: 3337: 3123:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 3046: 3044: 3042: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 1531:according to a literal interpretation of the 1156:has become a "central ideology" of insurgent 930: 8: 5168:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3139:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2020:, "jihad's main ideologist," (originally of 500:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 3776:, Oxford University Press 2002, pp. 59–60. 1276:. There is also a belief shared by various 5884: 5755: 5674: 5504: 5424: 5410: 5402: 4716:Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (29 January 2016). 3789:. 21 July 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 3097:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 3033:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2696:Blanchard, Christopher (28 January 2009). 2691: 2689: 1771:battle between 'Ali and Mu'awiya at Siffin 937: 923: 31: 5375:Al Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam 4786: 4046:"Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā'idatuhu" 3711:Parameters: U.S. Army War College Journal 3707:"Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-fascism" 3628: 3317: 2967: 2906: 2896: 2884:Journal of Language and Social Psychology 2659: 2405:, often branded as "moderate," declared 794:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 3312:(4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 305–335. 2803:(2). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 134–162. 1974:government/society, and overthrow them. 1579:also differ significantly from those of 4860:"Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia" 4592:Nesroullah Yous; Salima Mellah (2000). 3774:Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam 3349:Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia 3211: 3209: 3207: 2765:Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea 2652:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements 2529: 2508: 1868:Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā’idatuhu 1412:religiously-motivated terrorist attacks 1203:and mainstream Muslim scholars such as 1117:has also been pejoritavely deployed by 34: 4775:Contemporary Review of the Middle East 4718:"Revealed: Why ISIS Hates the Taliban" 4409: 4407: 3617:Contemporary Review of the Middle East 3132: 2560:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4179:Routledge Handbook of Political Islam 4015: 4013: 4011: 3573:Contemporary South Asia, 2004. p. 15. 3494:from the original on 16 February 2015 3057:State Responses to Minority Religions 2229:War in Iraq (2013–2017) and aftermath 1199:has been denounced as deviant by the 1019:is considered a major forbidden act ( 7: 4649:, 21 January (quoted in Willis 1996) 3865:from the original on 11 January 2016 2731: 2729: 2305:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2271:The 13th issue of the ISIS magazine 2239:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2057:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 1833:The 18th-century Islamic revivalist 1382:has sparked several large riots (in 1362:Second Amendment to its Constitution 3787:"The New Al-Qaeda: Madrid bombings" 3531:"Eight die in Pakistan sect attack" 3391:. Birmingham: Amadeus Books, 2002 . 3088:Siegel, Alexandra (December 2015). 2891:(5–6). Sage Publications: 706–734. 2855:, London: I.B. Tauris, 2002, p. 31 2853:Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam 2703:. fpc.state.gov. Washington, D.C.: 2212:as evidence of Taliban wrongdoing. 1917:. He was a prominent leader of the 1433:Studying the largest Arab country, 959: 4968:Specia, Megan (24 November 2017). 4842:"Letter from Zarqawi to bin Laden" 4351:Byman, Daniel L. (29 April 2015). 3886:"Kufr – Kaffir – Takfir – Takfiri" 2739:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2319:... Enslaving the families of the 2096:and other top Egyptian officials. 2034:Knights under the Prophet's Banner 2032:, paid homage to Qutb in his book 1707:political and religious succession 1640:(1263–1328 CE), who supported the 1603:. According to this doctrine, all 1563:in his 2005 BBC television series 1280:which assert that the practice of 512:Principles of State and Government 488:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 25: 5136:Zelin, Aaron Y.; Smyth, Phillip. 4769:Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). 3907:Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel; 3853:Elliott, Andrea (26 March 2006). 3611:Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). 3543:"Sect offices closed in Pakistan" 3023:Matthiesen, Toby (21 July 2015). 2826:from the original on 11 July 2019 1595:) and therefore goes straight to 1410:, insurgent Islamist groups, and 437:List of Islamic political parties 5387: 5296:Journal of African Media Studies 5201:Miller, Johnathan (April 2014). 5138:"The vocabulary of sectarianism" 4686:"The Massacre in Mazar-i Sharif" 4659:Ajami, Fouad (27 January 2010). 4523:. Rand Corporation. p. 70. 4177:. In Akbarzadeh, Shahram (ed.). 3119:"The Vocabulary of Sectarianism" 2714:from the original on 11 May 2022 2608:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00025 2569:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1154 2466: 2452: 1986:Late 20th and early 21st century 1837:and 20th-century Muslim authors 1408:modern Islamic political thought 1284:may be dangerous for the entire 1039:The accusation itself is called 1013:), an ill-founded accusation of 970:lit. "excommunicational") is an 906: 895: 4628: 1599:without having to wait for the 1043:, derived from the Arabic word 4928:Shaheen, K. (30 August 2016). 4890:Bunzel, Cole (February 2019). 4844:. January 2004. Archived from 4473:Mili, Hayder (June 29, 2006). 4274:15, no. 2 (2017): pp. 108–109) 3855:"In Kabul, a Test for Shariah" 3705:Eikmeier, Dale (Spring 2007). 3055:. In Kirkham, David M. (ed.). 2705:Congressional Research Service 2156:Armed Islamic Group of Algeria 1646:invading Central Asian Mongols 1527:s mission is to re-create the 1053:. In principle, in mainstream 1: 5642:(United Society of Believers) 5392:The dictionary definition of 4810:Anonymous (August 13, 2015). 4548:By Katerina Dalacoura, p. 113 4339:Understanding Terror Networks 3221:Oxford Islamic Studies Online 2068:view, and in the writings of 2028:), and the current leader of 1970:against what he perceived as 1758:), and therefore deemed them 1313:, for example, have declared 1140:against both Sunnī and Shīʿa 654:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 5315:Journal for Deradicalization 5266:Journal for Deradicalization 4520:Radical Islam in East Africa 4173:Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2012). 3960:. The Globe and Mail Opinion 3952:Khan, Sheema (12 May 2018). 3677:Journal for Deradicalization 3526:Harvard Human Rights Journal 1941:Middle East and North Africa 1644:in their jihad against the 1354:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1201:mainstream branches of Islam 6008:Islam-related controversies 5623:Great and abominable church 4582:, Scribner, 2002, pp. 82–83 4559:"Armed Conflict Year Index" 4022:A New Introduction to Islam 3816:(1, pp. 629–637); cited in 3583:Cordesman, Anthony (2017). 3453:. Touchstone. p. 229. 3401:Julie Rajan, V. G. (2015). 3099:. p. 6. Archived from 2767:, Penguin UK (2017), p. 75 2599:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 2301:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 2254:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 2040:Shukri Mustaf, founder of 1876:Clarification of the Doubts 1350:the Finality of Prophethood 965: 448:Militant Islamism based in 6039: 1927:In the shade of the Qurʾān 1903: 1835:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1685:with the emergence of the 1671: 1364:, that Ahmadi Muslims are 1346:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 1087:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 764:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 432:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 4946:. Vice news. 12 July 2015 4896:Perspectives on Terrorism 4461:Muslim Extremism in Egypt 4380:Al Qaeda in Its Own Words 3921:10.1163/9789004307834_002 3536:30 September 2009 at the 3528:, Vol 16, September 2003. 3521:17 September 2009 at the 3403:"Islamism, Al Qaeda, and 3357:10.4159/9780674039070-007 3319:10.1163/15730255-12314024 3260:10.1163/9789004307834_013 2809:10.1163/15730255-31020044 2751:Contending with Terrorism 2661:10.1163/9789004435544_026 1929:) and his 1966 manifesto 1717:) after the death of the 1455:(God's sovereignty), and 1424:Muslim-majority countries 1374:in Pakistan belonging to 1251:Muslim-majority countries 1239:no compulsion in religion 878:Islam and other religions 388:International propagation 127:International propagation 27:Radical Islamist ideology 4816:New York Review of Books 4788:10.1177/2347798920921706 4739:Al-Zawahiri, A. (2005). 4661:"The Furrows of Algeria" 4596:. La Découverte, Paris. 3630:10.1177/2347798920921706 3484:"What ISIS Really Wants" 3006:Ghasemi, Faezeh (2017). 2991:Ghasemi, Faezeh (2020). 2898:10.1177/0261927X19868494 2698:"Islam: Sunnis and Shia" 2421:under the leadership of 2150:In the brutal 1991–2002 2105:(known to the public as 2046:(known to the public as 1626:createdness of the Quran 1544:on what he perceived as 1376:different sects of Islam 1292:); they believe that if 1103:religious discrimination 540:Governance of the Jurist 3449:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 3051:Uddin, Asma T. (2014). 2749:Brown, Michael (2010). 1709:to the guidance of the 1223:or converting to Islam 644:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 5346:Sahih al-Bukhari 4.574 4517:Rabasa, Angel (2009). 4250:10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10 4121:'Abd al-Qadir 'Awdah, 4020:Brown, Daniel (2017). 2594:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 2432: 2341:Camp Speicher massacre 2326: 2288: 2210: 2136:Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya 2059:may be more rooted in 2026:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 1882:Colonial era and after 1705:was disputed over the 1683:early history of Islam 1537: 1474:Middle Eastern studies 1308:terrorist organization 1101:, becoming victims of 709:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 145:Islamic fundamentalism 5360:, Jamiah Media, 2011 5353:, Jamiah Media, 2009 4812:"The Mystery of ISIS" 4594:Qui a tué a Bentalha? 4357:Brookings Institution 3979:Hasan, Usama (2012). 3803:, (2002), pp. 47–48. 2994:Anti-Shiism Discourse 2427: 2413:Boko Haram in Nigeria 2357:takfired Sufi Muslims 2313: 2283: 2206: 1853:and other Muslims as 1615:Historical background 1514: 1225:who rejects the faith 1215:Issues and criticisms 1089:have been accused of 1075:basic tenets of Islam 1027:Islamic jurisprudence 997:) the punishment for 782:Criticism of Islamism 776:Criticism of Islamism 694:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 621:Hibatullah Akhundzada 5636:(Society of Friends) 4868:. September 14, 2005 4848:on January 20, 2016. 4283:Ahmad S. Moussalli, 3569:16 June 2007 at the 3548:2 April 2012 at the 2999:University of Tehran 2250:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 1762:for their perceived 1470:political scientists 581:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 538:Islamic Government: 6013:Islam-related slurs 5205:. Channel Four News 4232:Understanding Jihad 4129:Die Welt des Islams 4089:Die Welt des Islams 3820:Die Welt des Islams 3772:Esposito, John L.; 3752:. New York: Crown. 3490:. Washington, D.C. 3387:Oliveti, Vincenzo. 3227:on January 17, 2013 3129:on 1 February 2022. 2969:10.3390/rel10080483 2102:Jama'at al-Muslimin 2099:In 1977, the group 2043:Jama'at al-Muslimin 2022:al-Jihaad al-Islami 1998:al-Jihaad al-Islami 1991:Qutb and insurgents 1872:Kashf ush-Shubuhaat 1390:) and bombings (in 1097:("unbelievers") by 913:Politics portal 866:Islam and modernity 542:("Velayat-e faqih") 524:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 5236:. 14 October 2013. 5175:on 21 October 2014 5118:The New York Times 5049:. 24 November 2017 4974:The New York Times 4692:. November 1, 1998 4289:Islam in the World 3988:Quiliam Foundation 3958:The Globe and Mail 3859:The New York Times 3654:by Elie Podeh. in 3305:Arab Law Quarterly 3021: • 3004: • 2796:Arab Law Quarterly 2377:Islamic State flag 2178:non-combatants in 2164:Bentalha massacres 2152:Algerian Civil War 2142:Algerian Civil War 2122:Algerian Civil War 1923:Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān 1919:Muslim Brotherhood 1823:Islamic heartlands 1681:dates back to the 1489:is the insurgents 1402:The importance of 1311:ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh 1229:capital punishment 1195:. The practice of 1177:ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh 811:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 787:Criticism of Islam 649:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 467:Sub-Saharan Africa 427:Muslim Brotherhood 412:Iranian Revolution 322:Islamic Golden Age 175:Islamic governance 6018:Islamic extremism 5995: 5994: 5968: 5967: 5876: 5875: 5745: 5744: 5648: 5647: 4479:Terrorism Monitor 3909:Schmidtke, Sabine 3884:Stanley, Trevor. 3750:The Devil We Know 3248:Schmidtke, Sabine 3190:. pp. 1–20. 3168:Izutsu, Toshihiko 3066:978-1-4724-1647-6 2644:Cusack, Carole M. 2617:978-90-04-14743-0 2543:van Donzel, E. J. 2503:Explanatory notes 2403:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 2317:Sinjar operations 2222:Ayman al-Zawahiri 2074:Ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2065:Ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2018:Ayman al-Zawahiri 1980:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1931:Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq 1726:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1679:Islamic extremism 1656:law rather than 1512:has written that 1416:Anthony Cordesman 1398:Takfiri, Khawarij 1209:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1193:Abul A'la Maududi 1144:, and became the 1077:. Throughout the 1063:scholars of Islam 947: 946: 821:Abdelwahab Meddeb 749:Haji Shariatullah 714:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 699:Abul A'la Maududi 689:Ruhollah Khomeini 669:Rached Ghannouchi 601:Alija Izetbegović 586:Ruhollah Khomeini 493:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 393:by country/region 282:Two-nation theory 234:Islamic terrorism 195:Islamic socialism 185:Islamic democracy 161:Apostasy in Islam 132:by country/region 16:(Redirected from 6030: 5885: 5809:Grave worshipper 5756: 5675: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5628:Latter-Day Saint 5583:Whore of Babylon 5563:Mackerel snapper 5505: 5461: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5403: 5391: 5377:, Penguin, 2004 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5306: 5300: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5257: 5251: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5234:Brown Moses Blog 5224: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5182: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5140:. Foreign Policy 5133: 5122: 5121: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5047:Associated Press 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4976:. New York Times 4965: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4713: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4642: 4636: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4555: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4514: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4470: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4440: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4281: 4275: 4272:Islamic Sciences 4268: 4262: 4261: 4220: 4201: 4200: 4170: 4153: 4152: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4051:. Archived from 4050: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4017: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997:on 2 August 2014 3996: 3990:. Archived from 3985: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3814:Madjma' al-anhur 3810: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3668: 3659: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3608: 3591: 3590: 3580: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3476: 3465: 3464: 3446: 3433: 3432: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3223:. Archived from 3213: 3202: 3201: 3164: 3145: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3125:. 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P. 2534: 2517: 2513: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2395:Syrian Civil War 2389:Syrian civil war 2351:Attacks on Sufis 2334:Jabhat al-Nusrat 2108:Takfir wal-Hijra 2049:Takfir wal-Hijra 2002:Takfir wal-Hijra 1829:ibn Abdul-Wahhāb 1711:Muslim community 1622:Madjma' al-Anhur 1601:Day of Judgement 1581:orthodox Muslims 1577:views on suicide 1565:The New Al Qaeda 1526: 1502:Muslim community 1472:and scholars of 1286:Muslim community 1227:is deserving of 1205:Hasan al-Hudaybi 1169:terrorist groups 1130:history of Islam 1079:history of Islam 1007:Muslim community 968: 961: 939: 932: 925: 911: 910: 902:Islam portal 900: 899: 898: 804:in North America 754:Hassan Al-Turabi 704:Abul Hasan Nadwi 312:Anti-imperialism 210:Islamic republic 205:Islamic monarchy 190:Islamic feminism 49: 43: 42: 32: 21: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6027: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5964: 5943: 5904: 5872: 5849: 5831: 5813: 5795: 5777: 5741: 5725: 5716:Self-hating Jew 5704: 5666: 5644: 5641: 5635: 5625: 5610: 5587: 5534: 5494: 5455: 5436: 5430: 5384: 5343: 5341:Further reading 5338: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5245: 5241: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5143: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5125: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5004: 5002: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4932:. The Guardian. 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4639: 4627: 4623: 4619:, 31 March 1998 4615: 4611: 4604: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4578:Murphy, Caryle 4577: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4507:, 1985, p. 181 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4459:Kepel, Gilles, 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4413: 4412: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4295: 4282: 4278: 4269: 4265: 4242: 4222: 4221: 4204: 4189: 4172: 4171: 4156: 4141:10.2307/1570336 4126: 4120: 4116: 4101:10.2307/1570336 4086: 4085: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4019: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3983: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3931: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3832:10.2307/1570336 3817: 3811: 3807: 3801:Terror's Source 3798: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3735:, (2002), p. 45 3733:Terror's Source 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3650: 3646: 3610: 3609: 3594: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3571:Wayback Machine 3561:Rahman, Tariq: 3560: 3556: 3550:Wayback Machine 3541: 3538:Wayback Machine 3529: 3523:Wayback Machine 3514: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3478: 3477: 3468: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3436: 3421: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3367: 3343: 3342: 3335: 3297: 3296: 3285: 3270: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3215: 3214: 3205: 3198: 3188:Keio University 3166: 3165: 3148: 3131: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3067: 3050: 3049: 3040: 3022: 3020: 3005: 3003: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2859: 2851:Kepel, Gilles; 2850: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2734: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2672: 2641: 2640: 2625: 2618: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2539:Bosworth, C. E. 2536: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2474:Religion portal 2472: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2423:Abubakar Shekau 2415: 2391: 2353: 2293: 2247: 2231: 2218: 2172: 2144: 2129:President Sadat 2086: 1993: 1988: 1943:and across the 1908: 1902: 1884: 1839:Maulana Maududi 1831: 1811:Ethiopian slave 1803:'Abbasid period 1760:worthy of death 1719:Islamic prophet 1676: 1670: 1617: 1573: 1524: 1498:Salafi movement 1400: 1305:Salafi-jihadist 1278:Muslim scholars 1217: 1171:, particularly 1162:Salafi jihadist 1093:and labeled as 943: 905: 896: 894: 888: 887: 861: 851: 850: 777: 769: 768: 664:Hassan al-Banna 634: 626: 625: 576:Muammar Gaddafi 561: 553: 552: 539: 482: 474: 473: 417:Jamaat-e-Islami 340: 332: 331: 327:Islamic revival 302: 294: 293: 251:Political Islam 156: 148: 147: 141: 122:Salafi movement 100: 92: 91: 57: 45: 44: 36: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6000: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5548:Creeping Jesus 5544: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5450: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5383: 5382:External links 5380: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5301: 5286: 5252: 5239: 5219: 5193: 5154: 5123: 5104: 5085: 5060: 5034: 5011: 5000:Anadolu Agency 4987: 4957: 4935: 4920: 4879: 4851: 4833: 4802: 4781:(3): 259–285. 4756: 4731: 4720:. The Diplomat 4703: 4677: 4651: 4637: 4621: 4609: 4603:978-2707133328 4602: 4584: 4571: 4550: 4536: 4530:978-0833046796 4529: 4509: 4503:Wright, Robin 4496: 4465: 4452: 4424: 4403: 4390:978-0674028043 4389: 4369: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4306: 4293: 4276: 4263: 4241:978-0520287327 4240: 4202: 4188:978-1138577824 4187: 4154: 4114: 4079: 4074:islamicweb.com 4061: 4058:on 2014-07-23. 4037: 4031:978-1118953464 4030: 4007: 3971: 3944: 3930:978-9004307834 3929: 3899: 3876: 3845: 3805: 3792: 3778: 3765: 3759:978-0307408648 3758: 3737: 3724: 3697: 3660: 3644: 3623:(3): 259–285. 3592: 3575: 3554: 3505: 3482:(March 2015). 3466: 3460:978-0684832807 3459: 3434: 3420:978-1138221802 3419: 3393: 3380: 3366:978-0674039070 3365: 3333: 3283: 3269:978-9004307834 3268: 3238: 3203: 3196: 3172:"The Infidel ( 3146: 3109: 3106:on 3 May 2023. 3080: 3065: 3038: 2983: 2937: 2857: 2837: 2769: 2763:Shiraz Maher, 2756: 2741: 2725: 2685: 2671:978-9004435544 2670: 2648:Upal, M. Afzal 2623: 2616: 2584: 2578:978-9004161214 2577: 2555:Bearman, P. J. 2528: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2463: 2447: 2444: 2436:urban invasion 2414: 2411: 2390: 2387: 2352: 2349: 2292: 2291:Broader takfir 2289: 2252:, who founded 2246: 2243: 2230: 2227: 2217: 2214: 2180:Mazar-i-Sharif 2171: 2168: 2143: 2140: 2124:and Al-Qaeda. 2094:Anwar El Sadat 2085: 2082: 2055:The Takfir of 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1960:. In order to 1904:Main article: 1901: 1898: 1883: 1880: 1866:(In his books 1830: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1672:Main article: 1669: 1666: 1616: 1613: 1572: 1569: 1399: 1396: 1317:not only upon 1216: 1213: 1207:(d. 1977) and 945: 944: 942: 941: 934: 927: 919: 916: 915: 890: 889: 886: 885: 880: 875: 874: 873: 862: 859:Related topics 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 826:Maryam Namazie 823: 818: 813: 808: 807: 806: 801: 791: 790: 789: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 729:Ata Abu Rashta 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 679:Muhammad Iqbal 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 639:Muhammad Abduh 635: 633:Key ideologues 632: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 618: 616:House of Thani 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 571:Omar al-Bashir 568: 562: 560:Heads of state 559: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 533: 526:("Milestones") 520: 508: 496: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 471: 470: 469: 464: 462:Southeast Asia 459: 454: 440: 439: 434: 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2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2753:. p. 89. 2752: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2549:; Lewis, B.; 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2530: 2523: 2512: 2509: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2487:Islamofascism 2485: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2373:Wilayat Sinai 2370: 2369:Islamic State 2366: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2310: 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1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Ibn Taymiyyah 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1609:carte blanche 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1491:raison d'être 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:Shīʿa Muslims 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:Shīʿa Muslims 1316: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:Ibn Taymiyyah 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1123:Sunni Muslims 1120: 1119:Shia jihadist 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099:Sunnī Muslims 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:Shīʿa Muslims 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003:death penalty 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 967: 957: 953: 952: 940: 935: 933: 928: 926: 921: 920: 918: 917: 914: 909: 904: 903: 892: 891: 884: 881: 879: 876: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860: 855: 854: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 831:Maajid Nawaaz 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 795: 792: 788: 785: 784: 783: 780: 779: 773: 772: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 739:Navvab Safavi 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 724:Tariq Ramadan 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 674:Safwat Hegazi 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 659:Muhammad Asad 657: 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Onwar.com 4505:Sacred Rage 4489:18 December 4445:20 December 4419:www.pbs.org 4396:18 December 4362:18 December 4224:Cook, David 4135:(1/4): 17. 4095:(1/4): 24. 3869:28 November 3679:(11): 288. 3231:18 December 3018:(3): 75–96. 2908:10871/37355 2551:Pellat, Ch. 2170:Afghanistan 2114:Sayyid Qutb 2078:Sayyid Qutb 1911:Sayyid Qutb 1906:Sayyid Qutb 1900:Sayyid Qutb 1843:Sayyid Qutb 1734:First Fitna 1510:Robert Baer 1366:Non-Muslims 1243:Islamic law 1189:Sayyid Qutb 1111:persecution 1055:Sunnī Islam 1029:, with one 991:Islamic law 978:denoting a 960:تَكْفِيرِيّ 846:Bassam Tibi 841:Olivier Roy 734:Rashid Rida 719:Sayyid Qutb 505:Iqbal 1930s 452:MENA region 422:Millî Görüş 6002:Categories 5948:Non-Jewish 5939:Jahiliyyah 5695:Żydokomuna 5525:Nicodemite 5500:Christians 5475:Jahiliyyah 5364:Reza Aslan 5005:2017-11-28 4865:Al Jazeera 4749:10 January 4565:2015-07-11 4315:Milestones 4302:Milestones 4258:2015010201 4197:2011025970 4001:2015-11-17 3552:, BBC News 3540:, BBC News 3429:2014031954 3197:9839154702 3075:2013019344 2830:25 October 2498:References 2419:Boko Haram 1936:Milestones 1691:Kharijites 1687:Kharijites 1668:Kharijites 1546:jahiliyyah 1335:Christians 1303:group and 1185:Ibn Kathir 1134:Kharijites 836:Sam Harris 816:Farag Foda 596:Zia ul-Haq 457:South Asia 368:Madkhalism 343:Scholastic 301:Influences 115:Khomeinism 99:Ideologies 87:Secularism 5845:Bakriyyah 5791:Batiniyya 5783:Isma'ilis 5721:Misnagdim 5709:Reformers 5540:Catholics 5442:Buddhists 5433:Religious 5323:2363-9849 5274:2363-9849 4797:219460446 4317:, p. 150 4226:(2015) . 3939:0929-2403 3799:Oliveti, 3731:Oliveti, 3685:2363-9849 3639:219460446 3375:152941120 3328:1573-0255 3278:0929-2403 3217:"Takfiri" 3170:(2006) . 3012:Discourse 2978:2077-1444 2955:Religions 2930:3 January 2925:195448888 2917:1552-6526 2817:1573-0255 2718:10 August 2680:1874-6691 2524:Citations 2492:Wahhabism 2399:Hizbollah 2258:civil war 2245:Anti-Shia 2127:In 1981, 2118:apostates 2061:Wahhabism 1950:jahiliyah 1915:apologist 1780:martyrdom 1776:al-Shurat 1756:munāfiḳūn 1662:apostates 1555:The term 1529:Caliphate 1457:al-takfir 1448:jahiliyya 1327:enslaving 1165:extremist 966:takfīriyy 871:Modernism 799:in Europe 530:Qutb 1965 517:Asad 1961 481:Key texts 401:Political 383:Wahhabism 339:Movements 180:Caliphate 77:Economics 5573:Romanist 5470:Hinayana 5449:Butprast 5366:(2009), 5187:takfiris 4908:26590504 4646:El Watan 4304:, p. 20 3964:19 April 3863:Archived 3748:(2008). 3717:10 March 3567:Archived 3546:Archived 3534:Archived 3519:Archived 3492:Archived 3250:(eds.). 3135:cite web 2821:Archived 2709:Archived 2650:(eds.). 2557:(eds.). 2482:Deobandi 2446:See also 2407:Nusayris 2361:attacked 2266:Tal Afar 2262:Shi'ites 2216:Al Qaeda 2030:al-Qaeda 1788:Umayyads 1764:apostasy 1744:infidels 1730:Abu Bakr 1722:Muhammad 1674:Khawarij 1575:Takfiri 1426:and the 1418:and the 1371:madrasas 1301:militant 1298:Islamist 1274:apostasy 1255:See also 1173:al-Qaeda 1107:violence 1085:and the 1061:are the 999:apostasy 984:apostate 443:Militant 363:Deobandi 239:Jihadism 155:Concepts 105:Islamism 82:Politics 47:Islamism 39:a series 37:Part of 18:Takfiris 5955:Shegetz 5911:Muslims 5900:Infidel 5888:General 5863:Takfiri 5855:Salafis 5773:Qadiani 5760:Ahmadis 5751:Muslims 5737:Marrano 5730:Cryptos 5678:General 5639:Shakers 5508:General 5485:Infidel 5465:Heathen 5458:Muslims 5395:takfiri 5328:6 March 5279:6 March 5099:Reuters 5073:Reuters 4629:Kepel, 4149:1570336 4109:1570336 3840:1570336 3690:6 March 2997:(PhD). 2596:(ed.). 2382:Rumiyah 2278:Rafidah 2198:Rāfidah 1976:Qutbism 1703:Muslims 1642:Mamluks 1571:Suicide 1557:takfiri 1548:in the 1522:takfiri 1518:takfiri 1439:takfiri 1360:of the 1339:Yazidis 1247:sharīʿa 1158:Wahhabi 1142:Muslims 1128:In the 1115:Takfiri 1001:is the 995:sharīʿa 951:Takfiri 348:Barelvi 256:aspects 219: ( 110:Qutbism 72:Culture 67:History 5960:Shiksa 5934:Dhimmi 5929:Zindīq 5924:Giaour 5868:Wahabi 5837:Sunnis 5827:Rafida 5768:Mirzai 5662:Malaun 5654:Hindus 5633:Quaker 5620:Mormon 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