770:
494:
917:
940:
620:
404:
898:
636:
960:
710:) wore wide, red fezzes with detachable tassels of various colors. It was an off-duty affectation of the Zouaves to wear their fezzes at different angles according to the regiment; French officers of North African units during the 1930s often wore the same fez as their men, with rank insignia attached. (Many volunteer Zouave regiments wore the French North African version of the fez during the
1015:
823:, in North Africa, retain a parade uniform that includes the fez and white cloaks. Filipino units organised in the early days of U.S. rule briefly wore black fezzes, and officers serving with Muslim personnel of the Philippines Constabulary were authorised to wear this headdress from 1909. The Liberian Frontier Force, although not a colonial force, wore fezzes until the 1940s.
1202:
3113:
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301:
40:
1815:
The origin of the fez is disputed. One historian, Jeremy Seal, says the hat originated in Turkey where the Sultan
Mahmoud II sought to replace the cloth turban with a modern headpiece. The fez bore no brim to enable good Muslims to press their heads to the ground in prayer, according to Seal's "A Fez
761:
continued to wear a khaki-covered version in the field until about 1943. During the final period of colonial rule in Africa (approximately 1945 to 1962), the fez was seen only as a full-dress item in French, British, Belgian, Spanish, and
Portuguese African units, being replaced by wide-brimmed hats
756:
While the fez was a colorful and picturesque item of uniform, it was in several ways an impractical headdress. If worn without a drab cover, it made the head a target for enemy fire, and it provided little protection from the sun. As a result, it was increasingly relegated to parade or off-duty wear
460:
of
Austrian goods, which became known as the "Fez Boycott" due to the near-monopoly the Austrians then held on the production of the hat. Although the headdress survived, the year-long boycott brought the end of its universality in the Ottoman Empire as other styles became socially acceptable.
983:
countries, tarboush-making is a profession passed down from parents to children through generations. Producing the hat is tricky and requires a high degree of precision, with many stages in its production cycle. Fewer and fewer people have inherited and continue the profession. In
594:
perception of it during the 20th century west as exotic and romantic lead to its vogue as part of men's luxury smoking outfit in the United States and the United
Kingdom. It had also become associated with Ottoman domination across much of the former Ottoman empire and
1808:
Ann LoLordo (1997), "That brimless hat signified style Fez: In such countries as
Morocco, Turkey, Syria and Egypt, the tarbush has had a colorful political past, favored by king and commoner and then banned by governments. Only two makers remain in Cairo.",
650:
for the 1400–1700s version of the mail armor head protector (a round metal plate or skull-cap, around which hung a curtain of mail to protect the neck and upper shoulder). The red fez with blue tassel was the standard headdress of the
2545:
1133:" is also used in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, while in Java, it is called "kopiah"; this headwear is also known widely in Indonesia as "peci", although peci is somewhat different. This hat has been commonly worn in
1282:
is an international fraternal organization devoted to the lives and films of comedians Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy. The group takes its name from a fictional lodge that Laurel and Hardy belonged to in the 1933 film
842:
774:
543:, which at the time was still mostly under Ottoman suzerainty. There were variations on the fez in the Balkan states, mainly involving the addition of religious symbols on the front. In semi-independent
484:
government, with Cairo having been one of the most important centers of production of the fez up until then. Fez production has subsequently resumed in Egypt, but its sale is largely aimed at tourists.
1266:
423:. Styles soon multiplied, with nuances of shape, height, material, and hue competing in the market. The striking scarlet and merlot colors of the fez were initially achieved through an extract of
1438:
1180:(also spelt kofija). especially at prayer times in mosques, at weddings, and at home as a sign of respect when in the company of elderly people. It is also popular with children at
1238:
1187:
The "Silver Fez" is a competition of all-male choirs from the Cape Malay community in Cape Town, involving thousands of musicians and a wide variety of tunes. A documentary film,
396:
reforms. Although tradesmen and artisans generally rejected the fez, it became a symbol of modernity throughout the Near East, inspiring similar decrees in other nations (such as
2818:
384:. The intention was to coerce the populace at large to update to the fez, and the plan was successful. This was a radically egalitarian measure, which replaced the elaborate
749:
of the
British Army wore a fez as part of its Zouave-style full dress until this unit was disbanded in 1928. The tradition is continued in the full dress of the band of the
916:
837:. They wore distinctive light blue or field grey uniforms, with a buckle showing an arm with a scimitar inside a shield as the symbol of Bosniak ethnicity. The primarily
453:
1440:
Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum
Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum
769:
2708:
Grow Lovely, Growing Old: The Story of Cape Town's Three
Centuries-the Streets, the Houses, the Characters, the Legends, Traditions and Folklore,the Laughter and Tears
343:). Later the turban was eliminated, the bonnet shortened, and the color fixed to red. Praying while wearing a fez—instead of a headdress with brim—was easier because
1535:
590:
cultural identity. On the one hand this led to its banning as part of modernising reforms in Turkey (1925) and later in Egypt (1958). On the other hand, the western
146:
having embraced the style. In 1829, Mahmud issued new regulations mandating use of the fez by all civil and religious officials. The intention was to replace the
567:
on the front irrespective of religion, believing that the symbol predated the introduction of Islam in the
Balkans. In 1850, regulations in the newly-autonomous
512:
The fez was a symbol not only of
Ottoman affiliation but also of religious adherence to Islam. It was also the main headdress for Christians and Jews during the
2654:
795:
in certain orders of dress. The Bersaglieri adopted the fez as an informal headdress through the influence of the French Zouaves, with whom they served in the
3090:
2627:
2575:
2276:
1259:
733:
in the Congo wore large and floppy red fezzes similar to those of the French Tirailleurs Senegalais and the Portuguese Companhias Indigenas. The British
2681:
493:
1061:
never wore expensive clothes but used to wear Rumi Topi to camouflage his short physical stature — he was only five feet tall — and advised his son
5129:
2601:
576:
3097:
Wilson Chacko Jacob, "Working Out Egypt: Masculinity and Subject Formation Between Colonial Modernity and Nationalism, 1870–1940" (PhD thesis,
2480:
2455:
2430:
2258:
2165:
1990:
1935:
1747:
1720:
1688:
1621:
1591:
1173:, to hide their religious practice, with death as the punishment for practising their faith in public or for attempting to convert anyone.
1103:
population. Despite its use declining in popularity, the fez is still used in traditional marriage ceremonies. It continues to be worn by "
2531:
1828:
1457:
2947:
5144:
1865:
1816:
of the Heart," a history of the hat. Others say the hat got its name from the city in Morocco from which the red-berry dye originates.
1764:
1653:
1252:
591:
376:
adopted Western style uniforms and, as headdresses, the fez with a cloth wrapped around it. In 1827, 50,000 fezzes were ordered from
3761:
2507:
2405:
2371:
2337:
2312:
1382:
694:
From the mid-19th century on, the fez was widely adopted as the headdress of locally recruited "native" soldiers among the various
999:(Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan), the tarboush is still worn, but it is becoming rarer in recent times, and mostly worn by
2978:
2915:
963:
897:
4321:
1231:
781:
Post-independence armies in Africa quickly discarded the fez as a colonial relic. It is, however, still worn by the ceremonial
219:
150:, which acted as a marker of identity and so divided rather than unified the population. A century later, in 1925, the fez was
69:
5114:
3145:
1430:
826:
139:
2730:
766:
on other occasions. Colonial police forces, however, usually retained the fez as normal duty wear for indigenous personnel.
2039:"The Tarbush Transformation: Oriental Jewish Men and the Significance of Headgear in Ottoman and British Mandate Palestine"
560:
2222:
1643:
380:
for the sultan's troops. In 1829 the Sultan ordered his civil officials to wear the plain fez, and banned the wearing of
1003:, or people who work in the tourist industry in historical places. It is still regarded as traditional Syrian headwear.
521:
2114:
Deringil, Selim (January 1993). "The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908".
2884:
845:, which was recruited from Bosnia, used a red or field grey fez with Waffen SS cap insignia during the latter half of
738:
2658:
1963:
1678:
1317:
often wear fezzes to matches, and the club itself describes the fez as "one of the most recognisable club symbols".
939:
714:.) The Libyan battalions and squadrons of the Italian colonial forces wore lower, red fezzes over white skull caps.
5134:
5124:
5119:
4131:
3450:
2181:
604:
544:
2791:
1434:
5139:
4269:
3864:
2682:"Life and Contribution of Osmanli Scholar, Abu bakr Effendi, towards Islamic thought and Culture in South Africa"
2386:
Elioe Vittorio, tavola XLVI "Atlante dell Uniformi: military italians dal 1934 ad oggi", Ermanno Albertelli 1984.
722:
regiments in Italian service wore high red fezzes with colored tassels that varied according to the unit. German
2352:
Rinaldo D'Ami, pages 53 & 59 "World Uniforms in Colour", Volume 2, Casa Editrice AMZ Milqn 1966 SBN 85059 X.
5149:
5109:
2871:
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1162:
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539:
Through the 19th and early 20th centuries the fez was the preferred headwear for Christians and Muslims in the
277:(Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan). Tarboosh is considered to be a Turkish word composed of two elements,
210:
60:
3054:
2200:
734:
469:
2688:
4693:
1245:
1134:
1081:
850:
607:. Morocco remains one of the last places where the fez is occasionally worn, and remains a favoured part of
477:
389:
369:
159:
427:. However, the invention of low-cost synthetic dyes soon shifted production of the hat to the factories of
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4194:
3470:
2849:
1279:
944:
619:
572:
568:
239:
97:
4641:
165:
The fez has been used as part of soldiers' uniforms in many armies and wars for centuries, including the
3800:
1073:
2068:
Quataert, Donald (August 1997). "Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720–1829".
4041:
3820:
3711:
3003:
1551:
1273:
783:
355:
33:
679:
the fez was still worn by some naval reserve units and occasionally by soldiers when off duty. The
4826:
4184:
3934:
3673:
3098:
2906:
1510:
1329:
746:
580:
166:
111:
headdress in the shape of a short, cylindrical, peakless hat, usually red, typically with a black
4651:
4451:
4244:
3969:
3702:
3693:
3542:
3167:
3138:
3117:
2218:
2131:
2093:
2085:
1285:
1161:, when he moved there from Turkey in 1863 to teach them about their religion. Prior to this, the
1058:
952:
888:
711:
481:
446:
2274:
Philipp O. Amour (2018). "Yusif Sayigh: Personal Account of the Palestinian National Movement".
926:
1184:(Islamic schools). However, the last traditional fez-maker in Cape Town retired in March 2022.
833:
Empire had been distinguished by wearing the fez, from their creation in 1885 until the end of
142:. The decision was inspired by the Ottoman naval command, who had previously returned from the
4951:
4941:
4876:
4801:
4673:
4656:
4361:
4311:
4284:
4107:
2879:
2503:
2497:
2476:
2451:
2426:
2401:
2367:
2333:
2308:
2254:
2161:
2155:
1986:
1980:
1950:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1861:
1743:
1737:
1716:
1710:
1684:
1649:
1617:
1587:
1166:
1118:
1077:
1069:
1022:
750:
608:
564:
556:
403:
336:
2844:
1611:
1581:
1563:
737:(recruited in East Africa) wore high straight-sided fezzes in either red or black, while the
4992:
4946:
4728:
4723:
4546:
4421:
4144:
4065:
3833:
3795:
3614:
3602:
3343:
3308:
3295:
3261:
2955:
2527:
2285:
2123:
2077:
2050:
1889:
1377:
1303:
1227:
are often depicted wearing a red fez; the headgear became official for the Shriners in 1872.
1158:
1050:
1021:, a Pakistani writer, poet, translator and a journalist who played an important role in the
830:
571:
concerning uniforms of ministerial officers specified the wear of red fezzes displaying the
548:
529:
497:
373:
332:
and its use spread throughout the empire, and much of its popularity derives from this era.
266:
258:
202:
52:
4901:
1855:
1347:, a main character who has a persona "Mr. Mystery", wears a fez which sometimes features a
5037:
4891:
4861:
4816:
4526:
4346:
4331:
3751:
3741:
3480:
3465:
3175:
1771:
The fez used to be common headwear in Mediterranean countries and originated from Morocco.
1217:
1100:
1054:
803:
in the First World War wore a black fez that later became a uniform item of the Mussolini
719:
695:
668:
663:
in 1910. The only significant exceptions were cavalry and some artillery units who wore a
635:
501:
442:
415:. To meet escalating demand, skilled fez makers were induced to immigrate from Tunisia to
230:
186:
88:
4080:
130:
The modern fez owes much of its popularity to the Ottoman era. It became a symbol of the
4921:
4626:
4531:
4416:
4234:
4154:
4117:
4100:
3724:
3551:
3537:
3495:
3219:
3088:
Donald Quataert, "Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720–1829".
1336:
1321:
1189:
1042:
1018:
1014:
903:
730:
533:
513:
473:
432:
329:
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151:
131:
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3555:
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3397:
3335:
3249:
3214:
3194:
3131:
2135:
1406:
1340:
1314:
876:
742:
715:
575:. The fez was a symbol of Arab nationalist resistance against the Zionism during the
385:
354:
The tarboosh was depicted as an element of Turkish clothing as early as around 1460.
4601:
2097:
1680:
Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia: A Cultural Encyclopedia
959:
4748:
4733:
4646:
4576:
4381:
4376:
4336:
4298:
4259:
4214:
4179:
4095:
4053:
4008:
4003:
3986:
3949:
3575:
3490:
3455:
3425:
3387:
3244:
3204:
2602:"Hyderabad: Rumi topi defies time, still popular | Hyderabad News - Times of India"
1344:
1306:. The hat went on to become Cooper's hallmark, and an icon of 20th century comedy.
1299:
1176:
Muslim men have continued to wear the fez there, where it is also referred to as a
1026:
846:
688:
652:
178:
116:
4856:
2305:
Uniforms of the World. A Compendium of Army, Navy and Air Force Uniforms 1700-1937
1057:
after he visited Rome. As per Himayat Ali Mirza, the great-grandson of the Nizam,
2706:
2250:
Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions
2248:
1474:
5007:
4911:
4616:
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4496:
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4406:
4316:
4264:
4209:
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4013:
3959:
3911:
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3661:
3570:
3560:
3415:
3392:
3375:
3370:
3303:
3268:
3256:
3186:
1325:
1310:
1205:
1177:
1092:
was one of the few people in Pakistan who wore the fez until his death in 2003.
1062:
872:
834:
796:
792:
703:
676:
628:
587:
552:
525:
190:
174:
2576:"Nizam's Rumi topi now makes style statement | Hyderabad News - Times of India"
2546:"أدخلها الملك فيصل الأول وتميز بها البغداديون.. ماذا تعرف عن السدارة العراقية؟"
879:(although the turban was the nearly-universal headdress among Hindu and Muslim
4786:
4718:
4631:
4506:
4481:
4436:
4426:
4391:
4351:
4341:
4326:
4249:
4149:
3998:
3964:
3954:
3944:
3919:
3872:
3843:
3805:
3651:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3565:
3517:
3505:
3500:
3440:
3382:
3325:
3320:
3239:
3224:
3199:
3028:
2227:
2127:
2081:
1150:
1138:
1046:
948:
763:
684:
660:
647:
438:
428:
424:
170:
691:. It now survives in the parade uniform of the Presidential Guard in Athens.
292:, due to it being the source of the crimson berry once used to dye the felt.
5017:
4763:
4738:
4678:
4536:
4446:
4441:
4401:
4306:
4279:
4229:
4199:
4164:
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3810:
3639:
3619:
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3532:
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3435:
3283:
1452:
1212:
Arab Patrol in costume in the midst dance with people looking on, circa 1925
1201:
1170:
1154:
1096:
1034:
967:
863:
808:
726:
in East Africa wore their fezzes with khaki covers on nearly all occasions.
664:
464:
The societal position of the fez as a symbol of tradition led to its ban in
365:
321:
317:
305:
182:
135:
4683:
2289:
1739:
Ottoman Dress and Design in the West: A Visual History of Cultural Exchange
1302:
adopted the fez as part of his comic act while serving in Egypt during the
992:
replaced the Fez after the country's independence from the Ottoman Empire.
547:, a client state of the Ottoman Empire that enjoyed complete autonomy, its
360:
3112:
1951:
Postcolonial Approaches to the European Middle Ages: Translating Cultures.
1006:
However in Morocco the tarboush is still worn as part of everyday attire.
5022:
5002:
4997:
4916:
4831:
4768:
4703:
4636:
4596:
4516:
4491:
4386:
4356:
4204:
4174:
4169:
4112:
4046:
3981:
3771:
3746:
3736:
3678:
3629:
3522:
3420:
3365:
3348:
3234:
3229:
3209:
2054:
1348:
1224:
1209:
1181:
1085:
1000:
505:
416:
393:
340:
254:
2819:"Last of his kind: Traditional fez maker in Kensington hangs up his hat"
2758:
532:). In southern Asia, the fez had been adopted due to its links with the
364:
to signify his right of the conquest of Constantinople. In 1826, Sultan
5073:
5068:
5063:
5042:
4976:
4926:
4896:
4846:
4806:
4791:
4758:
4708:
4688:
4668:
4611:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4551:
4541:
4521:
4511:
4486:
4254:
4139:
3877:
3731:
3719:
3666:
3646:
3546:
3475:
3430:
3407:
3278:
3273:
2232:
2228:"April 1897 - Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem (speed corrected w/ added sound)"
1783:
1400:
1388:
1130:
1114:
923:
907:
838:
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804:
723:
680:
672:
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457:
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344:
143:
124:
17:
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115:
attached to the top. The name "fez" may refer to the Moroccan city of
5078:
5032:
5027:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4906:
4886:
4841:
4836:
4821:
4796:
4621:
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4466:
4371:
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4239:
4224:
4219:
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3887:
3882:
3850:
3828:
3776:
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3358:
3353:
3315:
2038:
2024:
1394:
1366:
1360:
1110:
996:
989:
800:
707:
699:
671:
levies wore a white version of the fez, resembling their traditional
624:
517:
465:
407:
An Arab "protest gathering" against British policy in Palestine, 1929
381:
274:
155:
147:
112:
300:
3055:"Gravity Falls: Alex Hirsch Reveals Why Grunkle Stan's Hat Changed"
1857:
The Mode in Hats and Headdress: A Historical Survey with 198 Plates
1613:
The Mode in Hats and Headdress: A Historical Survey with 198 Plates
5047:
4931:
4881:
4871:
4866:
4811:
4743:
4566:
4456:
4431:
4396:
4274:
3939:
3783:
3624:
2916:
Festival de Cine Africano de Tarifa / Tarifa African Film Festival
2025:
Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720-1829
1200:
1013:
958:
938:
884:
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816:
788:
768:
656:
634:
618:
492:
437:
412:
402:
377:
348:
299:
38:
3081:
Patricia Baker, "The Fez in Turkey: A Symbol of Modernization?".
2979:"Just like hat! Why Tommy Cooper's fez was much more than a prop"
328:
origin. It was popular especially during the later period of the
4971:
4556:
4501:
4189:
3527:
3123:
1371:
985:
980:
596:
397:
162:. Since then, it has not been a part of Turkish men's clothing.
108:
3127:
2027:. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 29(3), page 412
1137:
since the 19th century, when it was introduced by Muslims from
169:
in Pakistan as late as the 1960s. It is still worn in parts of
4753:
3158:
3154:
1907:. Liverpool, England: Liverpool University Press. p. 119.
687:
wore their own distinctive version of the fez from 1837 until
289:
120:
39:
1267:
Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
1084:, the political party that eventually created the country of
224:
138:
mandated its use as a modern headdress for his new army, the
74:
2929:
2004:
2002:
1905:
Social theory and later modernities: the Turkish experience
1829:"Fez Journal; Last Refuge of the Tall Tasseled Ottoman Hat"
1564:"History of the Fez | Iconic Hats | Village Hats"
1276:'s second-degree body, the Moose Legion, wear a purple fez.
858:
1712:
Ethnic Dress in the United States: A Cultural Encyclopedia
1053:). The fez was popularised by Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan of
419:, where factories were established in the neighborhood of
411:
The original centre of production appears to have been in
2149:
2147:
2145:
480:. It was banned for similar reasons in 1958 in Egypt by
1193:, was made about the competition and released in 2009.
1080:. Later, it became associated with some leaders of the
335:
Initially, the fez was a brimless red, white, or black
2398:
Military Uniforms in America. The Modern Era from 1868
1766:
Fez: A time-honored Ottoman hat from the Mediterranean
1239:
Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm
339:
over which a turban was wrapped (similar to a wrapped
2731:"Malay Pilgrims from Cape Town on their way to Mecca"
2499:
The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945
1982:
Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453-1924
1289:. A special fez is worn occasionally by some members.
516:. Jewish men wore the fez and referred to it by the
312:
The origins of the hat are obscure. It is either of
244:
185:, South Africa. It has also been adopted by various
102:
5056:
4985:
4777:
4297:
4130:
4022:
3910:
3863:
3819:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3406:
3334:
3294:
3185:
3174:
3029:"Madness - Night Boat to Cairo (Official HD Video)"
1709:Lynch, Annette; Strauss, Mitchell D., eds. (2014).
811:(formerly Moorish) Tabors stationed in the Spanish
2930:"The Fez Museum - Dedicated to Fraternal Fez Hats"
1919:
1099:, the fez was frequently worn by the local Muslim
698:of the world. The French North African regiments (
520:name "Tarboush", especially if they spoke Arabic (
1068:The fez was also a symbol of the support for the
966:, Indian politician and Deputy Chief Minister of
843:13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar
775:13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar
586:Over time, the fez came to be seen as part of an
454:Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina
288:The fez takes its name from the Moroccan city of
2009:Jirousek, Charlotte (2005). "Islamic Clothing".
1966: Cornell University, June, 1985. p.22.
1403:, a truncated conical felt hat in Southeast Asia
849:. Their fezzes were decorated on the front with
757:by World War II. However, France's West African
372:and began sweeping reforms of the military. The
1583:Reveal and Conceal: Dress in Contemporary Egypt
1546:
1544:
1269:wear fezzes of various colors, based upon rank.
1255:wear fezzes of various colors, based upon rank.
1117:, a variation of the fez, is worn by the local
753:, with a white turban wrapped around the base.
745:wore the classic Turkish model until 1950. The
1964:The Hat as Symbol of Westernization in Turkey.
1660:FEZ. (From Fez in Morocco). Of Turkish origin.
875:recruited from Muslim areas wore fezzes under
273:), and is used mainly in the countries of the
3139:
2655:"PDIP: Kopiah Bagian Dari identitas Nasional"
1974:
1972:
8:
3091:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2201:"The Fabric of Jewish History: Ottoman Jews"
2154:Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2012).
2070:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1953: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
1605:
1603:
1552:"Sull'etimologia del termine tarbusc "fez"."
1169:, mainly brought as slaves from what is now
1104:
1041:, which means "Roman Cap" (by virtue of the
861:
851:
127:berries. However, its origins are disputed.
2657:(in Indonesian). Inilah.com. Archived from
1536:"Foreign words in the English of textiles."
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
655:from the 1840s until the introduction of a
358:wore a jeweled tarboosh wrapped in a white
4019:
3707:
3698:
3182:
3146:
3132:
3124:
2948:"Shriners International: History: The Fez"
2526:, Volume 2, Casa Editrice AMZ Milqn, 1966
2277:Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies
2116:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1575:
1573:
2779:, 189: Cape Malays call the fez a kofija.
2502:. Cornell University Press. p. 182.
1742:. Indiana University Press. p. 159.
1715:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 121.
1637:
1635:
1633:
1586:. Syracuse University Press. p. 13.
1149:The Turkish-style fez was introduced to
2628:"The origin of the songkok or 'kopiah'"
1423:
1391:, a white rounded cap worn by Albanians
1324:have often worn fezzes, as seen in the
893:
1886:Hats: a history of fashion in headwear
1645:Hats: A History of Fashion in Headwear
2763:A Dictionary of South African English
2653:Abdullah Mubarok (21 February 2016).
2569:
2567:
2109:
2107:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1469:
1467:
347:put their heads to the ground during
27:Cylinder-shaped cap with a flat crown
7:
2843:De Waal, Shaun (16 September 2009).
2182:"Jewish Community in Ottoman Empire"
646:A version of the fez was used as an
392:, and occupation, foreshadowing the
214:
134:in the early 19th century. In 1827,
123:to color the hat was extracted from
64:
2914:(in French, Spanish, and English).
1962:Dunham, Dilmeran Akgöze.
1860:. Courier Corporation. p. 33.
1648:. Courier Corporation. p. 12.
1616:. Courier Corporation. p. 33.
1509:Alallawi, Bashar (29 August 2021).
1458:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
1088:. The veteran Pakistani politician
791:-style uniform, and by the Italian
603:, where it became a symbol against
262:
234:
92:
2792:"Muslim man wins fez court battle"
2630:. The Brunei Times. Archived from
1985:. John Murray Press. p. 251.
1979:Philip Mansel (10 November 2011).
1253:Ancient Mystic Order of Samaritans
891:of Pakistan as late as the 1960s.
683:(light infantry) regiments of the
551:citizens wore their fezzes with a
25:
3762:Head covering for Christian women
2918:(FCAT). May 2010. pp. 86–87.
2626:Rozan Yunos (23 September 2007).
1397:, an Iraqi cap that can be folded
1383:Moorish Science Temple of America
559:among South Slavs, especially in
249:), also spelt tarboush. The word
3111:
2977:Logan, Brian (5 December 2016).
2817:Landsberg, Ian (14 March 2022).
2364:A Dictionary of Military Uniform
2328:Nicolle, David (28 March 1994).
2303:Knotel, Richard (January 1980).
2037:Kahlenberg, Caroline R. (2019).
1385:, where male members wore fezzes
915:
896:
555:on the front. Supporters of the
2199:Bywater, Maria (30 July 2014).
2157:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
1736:Jirousek, Charlotte A. (2019).
1475:"The Truth Behind the Tarboush"
1431:Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien
1232:International Order of Alhambra
1220:are known for wearing fezzes.
887:). A green fez was worn by the
435:(then in the Austrian Empire).
304:Portrait of the Ottoman Sultan
269:, from Ottoman Turkish تيرپوس (
229:) is also known as a tarboosh (
5130:Clothing of the Ottoman Empire
3053:Nolan, Liam (7 January 2020).
2687:. pp. 7–8. Archived from
2600:Syed Akbar (1 November 2021).
2574:Moulika KV (28 January 2018).
1683:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 175–176.
1105:
599:world, though an exception is
265:(meaning "headdress") via the
140:Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye
1:
1165:had compelled Muslims in the
857:(eagle and Swastika) and the
667:hat with colored cloth tops.
579:between 1936 and 1939 in the
3101:, 2005), chapter 6 (326–84).
2396:Elting, Col John R. (1988).
1511:"The fez throughout history"
1065:to also wear the Rumi Topi.
787:in Senegal as part of their
741:wore a low red version. The
639:Ottoman soldiers during the
225:
75:
2845:"The Song remains the same"
2471:Neumayer, Christoh (2008).
1854:Ruth Turner Wilcox (2013).
1763:EKREM BUĞRA EKINCI (2016),
1550:Pennacchietti, Fabrizio A.
1363:, a similar Turkic head cap
739:West African Frontier Force
659:service dress and peakless
563:, wore their fezzes with a
245:
103:
5166:
1157:, South Africa, by Sheikh
1037:, the fez is known as the
370:suppressed the Janissaries
308:after his clothing reforms
31:
5145:History of Asian clothing
3165:
3094:29, no. 3 (1997): 403–425
2128:10.1017/S0010417500018247
2082:10.1017/s0020743800064837
2043:Journal of Social History
1610:R. Turner Wilcox (2013).
2524:World Uniforms in Colour
2496:George H. Stein (1984).
2332:. pp. 44 & 47.
2330:The Ottoman Army 1914-18
1884:Amphlett, Hilda (2003).
1784:"fez | hat | Britannica"
1409:, a brimless rounded cap
1163:Dutch East India Company
1090:Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan
868:(skull and crossbones).
829:regiments in the former
773:Bosniak Soldiers of the
641:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
577:Arab revolt in Palestine
285:"a light turban cloth".
2850:The Mail & Guardian
1677:Chico, Beverly (2013).
1642:Hilda Amphlett (2012).
1580:Andrea B. Rugh (1986).
1246:Knights of Peter Claver
1197:Use by fraternal orders
1135:Maritime Southeast Asia
1106:Qadiriyathun Nabaviyyah
478:his modernizing reforms
2952:Shriners International
2738:Royal Collection Trust
2473:The Emperor's Bosniaks
2448:The Emperor's Bosniaks
2423:The Emperor's Bosniaks
2290:10.3366/hlps.2018.0184
2013:. New York: Macmillan.
1918:Kinross, Lord (1979).
1903:Kaya, Ibrahim (2004).
1374:, brimless rounded cap
1280:The Sons of the Desert
1213:
1030:
971:
956:
945:Mohammed VI of Morocco
862:
852:
778:
643:
632:
569:Principality of Serbia
509:
449:
408:
368:of the Ottoman Empire
309:
206:
191:English-speaking world
56:
44:
5115:Islamic male clothing
3801:Salvation Army bonnet
2680:Argun, Selim (2000).
2446:Neumayer, Christoph.
2421:Neumayer, Christoph.
2160:. SAGE. p. 402.
2023:Quataert, D. (1997).
2011:Encyclopedia of Islam
1926:. Perennial. p.
1922:The Ottoman Centuries
1442:, Vienna, column 3519
1262:wear a navy blue fez.
1204:
1074:British Indian Empire
1017:
962:
942:
871:Two regiments of the
772:
735:King's African Rifles
638:
622:
496:
470:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
441:
406:
303:
42:
3120:at Wikimedia Commons
2705:Green, L.G. (1951).
2307:. pp. 430–433.
1479:World Youth Alliance
1461:, 4th ed., page 649.
1274:Loyal Order of Moose
1260:Knights of Khorassan
1113:path followers. The
1051:Eastern Roman Empire
807:regime. The Spanish
573:Serbian coat of arms
388:that signaled rank,
356:Mehmed the Conqueror
34:Fez (disambiguation)
32:For other uses, see
4185:Coal scuttle bonnet
3471:Casquette d'Afrique
3099:New York University
2247:A. Maxwell (2014).
1330:Night Boat to Cairo
1328:to their 1979 song
1029:, used to wear fez.
970:state wearing a fez
955:while wearing a fez
747:West India Regiment
605:French colonisation
504:as law students in
374:modernised military
253:is thought to be a
167:Bahawalpur Regiment
4652:sombrero de catite
3970:Boss of the Plains
3168:List of hat styles
2798:. 24 February 2006
2765:. 20 February 2023
2694:on 31 August 2011.
2634:on 5 December 2008
2606:The Times of India
2580:The Times of India
2188:. 13 October 2017.
2055:10.1093/jsh/shx164
1833:The New York Times
1788:www.britannica.com
1534:Balteiro, Isabel.
1481:. 16 December 2017
1294:In popular culture
1286:Sons of the Desert
1214:
1059:Mir Osman Ali Khan
1055:princely Hyderabad
1045:being seen as the
1031:
972:
957:
889:Bahawalpur Lancers
779:
712:American Civil War
644:
633:
510:
482:Gamal Abdel Nasser
450:
447:Muslim Brotherhood
409:
310:
45:
5135:Moroccan clothing
5125:Tunisian clothing
5120:Algerian clothing
5087:
5086:
4877:Haredi burqa sect
4674:Stormy Kromer cap
4657:sombrero vueltiao
4647:sombrero cordobés
4293:
4292:
4126:
4125:
3906:
3905:
3859:
3858:
3116:Media related to
2934:www.fezmuseum.com
2775:1951 L.G. Green,
2550:www.aljazeera.net
2544:بابان, صلاح حسن.
2482:978-3-902526-17-5
2457:978-3-902526-17-5
2432:978-3-902526-17-5
2260:978-1-137-27714-5
2236:. 6 October 2018.
2167:978-0-7619-2729-7
1992:978-1-84854-647-9
1937:978-0-688-08093-8
1811:The Baltimore Sun
1749:978-0-253-04219-4
1722:978-0-7591-2150-8
1690:978-1-61069-063-8
1623:978-0-486-31830-1
1593:978-0-8156-2368-7
1298:British comedian
1241:wear a black fez.
1234:wear a white fez.
1167:Cape of Good Hope
1125:In Southeast Asia
1119:Sri Lankan Malays
1078:Khilafat Movement
1070:Ottoman Caliphate
1023:Pakistan Movement
975:In Arab countries
751:Barbados Regiment
565:star and crescent
557:Illyrian movement
445:, founder of the
351:(daily prayers).
243:
223:
160:Atatürk's reforms
101:
73:
16:(Redirected from
5157:
5140:Turkish clothing
4642:sombrero calañés
4020:
3834:epanokalimavkion
3708:
3699:
3183:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3115:
3085:20 (1986): 72–85
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3050:
3044:
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3041:
3039:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2954:. Archived from
2944:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2876:
2875:(text and video)
2872:"The Silver Fez"
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2814:
2808:
2807:
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2788:
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2720:
2718:
2716:
2702:
2696:
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2686:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:on 13 April 2016
2650:
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2535:
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2171:
2151:
2140:
2139:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2049:(4): 1212–1249.
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1976:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1925:
1915:
1909:
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1900:
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1892:: Courier Dover.
1881:
1875:
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1491:
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1471:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1428:
1378:List of headgear
1349:Shriner's Symbol
1339:animated series
1309:Fans of English
1304:Second World War
1248:wear a blue fez.
1218:fraternal orders
1159:Abu Bakr Effendi
1108:
1107:
919:
900:
867:
855:
831:Austro-Hungarian
827:Bosnian infantry
530:Palestinian Jews
498:David Ben-Gurion
267:Turkish language
264:
248:
238:
236:
228:
218:
216:
187:fraternal orders
106:
96:
94:
78:
68:
66:
21:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5150:Fascist symbols
5110:Arabic clothing
5090:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5052:
4981:
4779:
4773:
4347:Bhadgaunle Topi
4332:Balmoral bonnet
4322:Astrakhan (hat)
4289:
4122:
4018:
3902:
3855:
3815:
3752:Christening cap
3742:Cappello romano
3688:
3674:Square academic
3481:Cavalry Stetson
3466:Cappello Alpino
3402:
3330:
3290:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3108:
3078:
3076:Further reading
3073:
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2522:Rinaldo D'Ami,
2521:
2517:
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2495:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2475:. p. 199.
2470:
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2465:
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2450:. p. 230.
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2226:
2223:Wayback Machine
2216:
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2197:
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2008:
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1993:
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1917:
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1878:
1872:The Turkish fez
1868:
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1836:
1835:. 22 March 1995
1827:
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1296:
1265:Members of the
1251:Members of the
1237:Members of the
1230:Members of the
1199:
1147:
1145:In South Africa
1127:
1101:Sri Lankan Moor
1047:successor state
1012:
977:
937:
930:
927:Stevan Knićanin
920:
911:
901:
696:colonial troops
617:
581:British Mandate
502:Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
491:
443:Hassan al-Banna
298:
211:Ottoman Turkish
199:
79:), also called
61:Ottoman Turkish
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4694:Tam o' shanter
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Montera picona
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Icelandic tail
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4285:Gediminas' Cap
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4101:green eyeshade
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4026:
4024:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3716:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3552:Military beret
3549:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3496:Feather bonnet
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3107:
3106:External links
3104:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3045:
3020:
3004:"The Fez Club"
2995:
2969:
2958:on 15 May 2015
2939:
2921:
2898:
2887:. 15 June 2009
2863:
2835:
2809:
2783:
2750:
2722:
2697:
2672:
2645:
2618:
2592:
2563:
2536:
2515:
2508:
2488:
2481:
2463:
2456:
2438:
2431:
2425:. p. 50.
2413:
2406:
2400:. p. 40.
2388:
2379:
2372:
2366:. p. 56.
2354:
2345:
2338:
2320:
2313:
2295:
2266:
2259:
2239:
2210:
2191:
2173:
2166:
2141:
2103:
2060:
2029:
2016:
1998:
1991:
1968:
1955:
1943:
1936:
1910:
1895:
1876:
1867:978-0486318301
1866:
1846:
1820:
1800:
1775:
1755:
1748:
1728:
1721:
1696:
1689:
1664:
1655:978-0486136585
1654:
1629:
1622:
1599:
1592:
1569:
1555:
1540:
1527:
1492:
1463:
1445:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1320:The pop group
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1198:
1195:
1190:The Silver Fez
1146:
1143:
1126:
1123:
1043:Ottoman Empire
1019:Zafar Ali Khan
1011:
1008:
976:
973:
936:
933:
932:
931:
921:
914:
912:
904:Otto of Greece
902:
895:
853:Hoheitszeichen
799:. The Italian
731:Force Publique
616:
613:
534:Ottoman Empire
514:Ottoman Empire
490:
487:
474:Hat Revolution
456:resulted in a
433:Czech Republic
386:sumptuary laws
330:Ottoman Empire
297:
294:
198:
195:
132:Ottoman Empire
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5162:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Military hats
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Campaign cord
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Puneri Pagadi
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:Nón quai thao
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Asian conical
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:Stormy Kromer
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Easter bonnet
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3684:Utility cover
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3556:Uniform beret
3553:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Cap comforter
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Draped turban
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2739:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2509:0-8014-9275-0
2505:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2407:0-89141-292-1
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2373:0-684-15130-8
2369:
2365:
2362:Carman, W.Y.
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2339:1-85532-412-1
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2314:0-684-16304-7
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:(3): 403–25.
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2012:
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1341:Gravity Falls
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1083:
1082:Muslim League
1079:
1075:
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1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:In South Asia
1009:
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748:
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743:Egyptian Army
740:
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315:
314:ancient Greek
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62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
35:
30:
19:
4734:Tsunokakushi
4411:
4195:Dolly Varden
4096:Sports visor
4081:Horse racing
4066:Bicycle clip
3426:Bell-boy hat
3344:Cabbage-tree
3309:Anthony Eden
3089:
3082:
3064:10 September
3062:. Retrieved
3058:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2983:The Guardian
2982:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2956:the original
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2907:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2878:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2848:
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2822:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2795:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2767:. Retrieved
2762:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2711:. H. Timmins
2707:
2700:
2689:the original
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:the original
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:the original
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2556:15 September
2554:. Retrieved
2549:
2539:
2523:
2518:
2498:
2491:
2472:
2466:
2447:
2441:
2422:
2416:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2329:
2323:
2304:
2298:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2253:. Springer.
2249:
2242:
2231:
2219:Ghostarchive
2217:Archived at
2213:
2204:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2156:
2119:
2115:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2019:
2010:
1981:
1958:
1946:
1921:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1856:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1832:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1738:
1731:
1711:
1679:
1659:
1644:
1612:
1582:
1558:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1483:. Retrieved
1478:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1426:
1345:Grunkle Stan
1334:
1319:
1308:
1300:Tommy Cooper
1297:
1284:
1215:
1188:
1186:
1175:
1148:
1128:
1094:
1072:against the
1067:
1038:
1032:
1027:British rule
1005:
994:
990:Iraqi Sidara
978:
877:British rule
870:
847:World War II
825:
782:
780:
758:
755:
729:The Belgian
728:
693:
689:World War II
653:Turkish Army
645:
615:Military use
585:
538:
511:
463:
451:
410:
359:
353:
334:
311:
287:
282:
281:"sweat" and
278:
270:
263:سر بوشش دادن
250:
200:
179:North Africa
164:
129:
119:, where the
84:
80:
48:
46:
29:
5057:Accessories
5008:Bumper brim
4912:Mysore peta
4617:Senufo bird
4527:Montenegrin
4462:Jeongjagwan
4407:Energy dome
4362:Blue bonnet
4265:Poke bonnet
4210:French hood
4076:Deerstalker
4035:baggy green
3839:kalimavkion
3789:papal tiara
3543:Maintenance
3296:Semi-formal
2856:14 February
2828:20 February
2802:20 February
2777:Grow Lovely
2769:20 February
2743:20 February
2715:20 February
2552:(in Arabic)
2532:85059 040 X
2186:Daily Sabah
1888:. Mineola,
1520:22 February
1485:22 February
1326:music video
1206:Los Angeles
1151:Cape Malays
1076:during the
1063:Moazzam Jah
964:Mahmood Ali
953:Dwight Bush
873:Indian Army
835:World War I
797:Crimean War
793:Bersaglieri
784:Garde Rouge
764:forage caps
759:tirailleurs
704:Tirailleurs
677:World War I
631:(1853–1856)
629:Crimean War
627:during the
609:royal court
592:orientalist
553:Greek cross
468:in 1925 by
175:Middle East
158:as part of
5094:Categories
4787:Apostolnik
4417:Four Winds
4392:Dhaka topi
4352:Birke topi
4342:Beonggeoji
4132:Historical
4118:Water polo
3844:koukoulion
3725:Canterbury
3657:Sou'wester
3506:karvalakki
3225:Fascinator
2988:6 November
2908:7ª Edición
2880:Al Jazeera
2585:23 January
2284:(1): 143.
2205:Sew Jewish
1419:References
1139:South Asia
1129:The name "
949:John Kerry
935:Modern use
685:Greek Army
661:sun helmet
648:arming cap
545:Montenegro
476:, part of
429:Strakonice
400:in 1873).
171:South Asia
5018:Cointoise
4986:Hat parts
4857:Għonnella
4739:Tubeteika
4537:Mooskappe
4447:Glengarry
4307:Arakhchin
4230:Kokoshnik
4086:Mounteere
4071:Casquette
4042:Balaclava
3930:Barretina
3898:Shtreimel
3811:Zucchetto
3796:Pilgrim's
3703:Christian
3694:Religious
3640:triglavka
3620:Rogatywka
3615:Printer's
3603:mariner's
3533:Mazepynka
3513:Fur wedge
3446:Budenovka
3398:Wideawake
3250:lampshade
3195:Cartwheel
3038:21 August
2136:145056061
1453:Hans Wehr
1433:(1680), "
1414:Footnotes
1182:madrassas
1171:Indonesia
1155:Cape Town
1097:Sri Lanka
1039:Rumi Topi
1035:Hyderabad
1001:minstrels
968:Telangana
864:Totenkopf
809:Regulares
675:. During
489:Symbolism
452:The 1908
366:Mahmud II
306:Mahmud II
240:romanized
220:romanized
201:The fez (
197:Etymology
183:Cape Town
181:, and in
136:Mahmud II
98:romanized
70:romanized
5069:Feathers
5023:Gamsbart
4998:Aigrette
4902:Khăn vấn
4832:Cornette
4827:Chaperon
4780:headwear
4769:Yanggwan
4749:Tyrolean
4704:Tanggeon
4637:Sombrero
4597:Rastacap
4577:Pashteen
4492:Keffiyeh
4382:Coonskin
4377:Coloured
4357:Blangkon
4337:Bell-boy
4215:Phrygian
4205:Fontange
4180:Cavalier
4175:Capotain
4170:Bycocket
4113:Swimming
4054:Baseball
4047:facekini
4009:Umbrella
4004:Tin foil
3987:Monmouth
3772:mantilla
3747:Capuchon
3737:Capirote
3679:Tricorne
3491:Doctoral
3456:Campaign
3421:Bearskin
3408:Uniforms
3388:Pork pie
3349:Chupalla
3336:Informal
3245:Mushroom
3205:Cocktail
3008:Saracens
2962:23 April
2891:23 March
2665:13 April
2638:13 April
2534:. p. 72.
2221:and the
2122:(1): 9.
2098:54626714
1890:New York
1538:(2010).
1355:See also
1315:Saracens
1225:Shriners
1210:Shriners
1086:Pakistan
1025:against
922:Serbian
813:exclaves
720:Eritrean
669:Albanian
665:lambskin
588:Oriental
549:Orthodox
522:Egyptian
506:Istanbul
417:Istanbul
394:Tanzimat
390:religion
341:keffiyeh
322:Moroccan
318:Tunisian
255:loanword
251:tarboosh
152:outlawed
107:), is a
85:tarboush
81:tarboosh
5074:Hat box
5064:Cockade
5043:Sarpech
4977:Yashmak
4927:Paranja
4897:Jang-ot
4847:Dumalla
4807:Boshiya
4792:Bashlyk
4778:Wrapped
4759:Ushanka
4714:Taqiyah
4709:Tantour
4669:Songkok
4627:Šibenik
4612:Salakot
4602:Šajkača
4587:Qeleshe
4582:Pungcha
4572:Papakha
4562:Pahlavi
4552:Ochipok
4542:Nambawi
4522:Malahai
4512:Labbade
4487:Kashket
4477:Karakul
4317:Aso Oke
4270:Pudding
4255:Petasos
4235:Miner's
4160:Boudoir
4155:Bergère
4140:Attifet
4059:trucker
4030:Cricket
4014:Whoopee
3960:Chilote
3878:Kashket
3821:Eastern
3732:Camauro
3720:Biretta
3712:Western
3667:faluche
3662:Student
3635:titovka
3547:Chapeau
3538:Nurse's
3476:Caubeen
3431:Bicorne
3416:Aviator
3393:Smoking
3376:newsboy
3371:coppola
3304:Homburg
3269:Pillbox
3257:Picture
3220:Eugénie
3178:culture
3176:Western
3083:Costume
3033:youtube
3013:17 July
2885:Witness
2759:"Kofia"
2734:(photo)
2611:6 March
2233:YouTube
1839:8 March
1793:21 July
1407:Taqiyah
1401:Songkok
1389:Qeleshe
1335:In the
1322:Madness
1131:songkok
1115:songkok
1049:of the
995:In the
924:voivode
910:uniform
908:Evzones
841:Muslim
839:Bosniak
821:Melilla
805:Fascist
724:askaris
700:Zouaves
681:Evzones
673:qeleshe
623:French
611:dress.
601:Morocco
561:Croatia
541:Balkans
508:c. 1914
472:in the
458:boycott
382:turbans
345:Muslims
326:Turkish
296:History
259:Persian
242::
222::
203:Turkish
189:in the
144:Maghreb
125:crimson
100::
72::
53:Turkish
18:Tarbush
5079:Hatpin
5033:Lappet
5028:Hackle
4967:Turban
4962:Tudong
4957:Tichel
4907:Litham
4887:Hogeon
4852:Emamah
4842:Do-rag
4837:Dastar
4822:Chador
4802:Bonnet
4797:Birrus
4719:Tembel
4684:Šubara
4632:Sindhi
4622:Shyade
4607:Salako
4472:Kalpak
4467:Jobawi
4437:Gandhi
4427:Fulani
4372:Chullo
4367:Chapan
4260:Pileus
4250:Pamela
4245:Modius
4225:Kausia
4220:Hennin
4150:Beaver
4023:Sports
3999:Shower
3965:Cowboy
3955:Bucket
3950:Breton
3945:Bobble
3935:Beanie
3920:Animal
3912:Casual
3893:Spodik
3888:Kolpik
3883:Kippah
3873:Jewish
3865:Jewish
3851:Skufia
3829:Klobuk
3806:Shovel
3777:wimple
3757:Galero
3652:Slouch
3608:sailor
3598:Peaked
3593:Patrol
3576:maroon
3518:Hardee
3501:Forage
3486:Czapka
3441:Boonie
3383:Panama
3359:trilby
3354:Fedora
3326:Buntal
3321:Bowler
3316:Boater
3240:Juliet
3200:Cloche
3187:Formal
3118:Fezzes
2530:
2506:
2479:
2454:
2429:
2404:
2370:
2336:
2311:
2257:
2164:
2134:
2096:
2090:164587
2088:
1989:
1934:
1864:
1746:
1719:
1687:
1652:
1620:
1590:
1515:edSeed
1437:", in
1395:Sidara
1367:Kopiah
1361:Kalpak
1337:Disney
997:Levant
988:, the
947:meets
929:, 1849
906:in an
885:sowars
881:sepoys
801:Arditi
777:(1943)
716:Somali
708:Spahis
706:, and
625:Zouave
526:Syrian
518:Arabic
466:Turkey
425:cornel
337:bonnet
275:Levant
271:terpos
246:ṭarbūš
231:Arabic
173:, the
156:Turkey
148:turban
113:tassel
104:ṭarbūš
89:Arabic
5048:Visor
5038:Plume
4952:Sudra
4947:Snood
4942:Roach
4932:Pheta
4922:Pagri
4917:Niqāb
4882:Hijab
4872:Gulle
4867:Gugel
4812:Burqa
4764:Welsh
4744:Tuque
4729:Topor
4724:Tokin
4679:Straw
4567:Pakol
4497:Kofia
4457:Jaapi
4432:Futou
4422:Fujin
4402:Dutch
4397:Doppa
4280:Witch
4275:Toque
4200:Dunce
4165:Boyar
4091:Rally
3994:Party
3977:Fruit
3940:Beret
3925:Ascot
3784:Mitre
3625:Shako
3571:green
3561:black
3451:Busby
3436:Black
3284:opera
3262:peach
2912:(PDF)
2692:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2132:S2CID
2094:S2CID
2086:JSTOR
1313:team
1311:rugby
1216:Many
1178:kofia
943:King
817:Ceuta
789:Spahi
657:khaki
413:Tunis
378:Tunis
361:sarık
349:Salah
324:, or
257:from
235:طربوش
93:طربوش
43:A fez
5100:Hats
5003:Brim
4993:Agal
4972:Veil
4892:Hood
4862:Gook
4817:Caul
4699:Tang
4664:Song
4592:Qing
4557:Paag
4517:Lika
4507:Kuma
4502:Kufi
4482:Kasa
4387:Cork
4327:Ayam
4299:Folk
4190:Coif
4145:Apex
3982:Knit
3630:Side
3566:blue
3528:Kepi
3523:Jeep
3366:Flat
3235:Halo
3230:Half
3210:Doll
3159:caps
3157:and
3155:Hats
3066:2024
3040:2024
3015:2024
2990:2020
2964:2015
2893:2012
2858:2023
2830:2023
2804:2023
2771:2023
2745:2023
2717:2023
2667:2016
2640:2016
2613:2022
2587:2023
2558:2023
2504:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2402:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2162:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1841:2019
1795:2022
1744:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1522:2023
1487:2023
1372:Kufi
1272:The
1258:The
1244:The
1111:Sufi
986:Iraq
981:Arab
951:and
883:and
819:and
718:and
597:Arab
528:and
500:and
421:Eyüp
398:Iran
283:pošu
109:felt
47:The
4754:Upe
4689:Sun
4442:Gat
4412:Fez
4240:Mob
3647:Ski
3586:tan
3581:red
3279:Top
3274:Tam
3059:CBR
2823:IOL
2796:IOL
2528:SBN
2286:doi
2124:doi
2078:doi
2051:doi
1928:466
1153:in
1095:In
1033:In
979:In
815:of
762:or
583:.
290:Fez
279:ter
226:fes
207:fes
154:in
121:dye
117:Fez
76:fes
57:fes
49:fez
5096::
3057:.
3031:.
3006:.
2981:.
2950:.
2932:.
2883:.
2877:.
2847:.
2821:.
2794:.
2773:.
2761:.
2736:.
2604:.
2578:.
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