208:
283:
124:
25:
290:
66:
409:
The graves of a 16th-century king and queen were unearthed in the 1990s excavations. Archaeologists named them King Ingwe and Queen Losha, and their castle was estimated to house 1,000 people. Dwellings along the ruined walls on the hillsides beyond could regularly have housed 2,000.
613:
326:
608:
402:
for export. Both metals were traded for ivory, glass beads, and grain from merchants closer to the east coast. There were likely also trade links with
282:
322:
offering a panoramic view. Sidney Miller led excavations from
December 1993 to July 1995, and the site has also been partially reconstructed.
145:
241:
185:
167:
105:
52:
207:
603:
421:. The Makahane Cliffs can be found in the same area of Kruger National Park, northeast of the Punda Maria Gate near the
394:
testify to extensive trade links. Skilled goldsmiths, the inhabitants traded the metal as currency, and they also mined
333:
138:
132:
83:
76:
38:
149:
441:
Shilowa or Selowa — also known as
Machete, Mmopa, Mushiana, Vudogwe, Mbwashishi, Senyolo or Vhadau Vha Damani
315:
229:
563:
527:
368:
519:
337:
464:
454:
87:
44:
325:
The opening of the rebuilt
Thulamela was attended by a hundred guests, including then
597:
414:
360:
329:
319:
508:"Late iron age gold burials from Thulamela (Pafuri region, Kruger National Park)"
413:
Similar village ruins can be found in the Mateke Hills on the other side of the
403:
345:
311:
82:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
584:
469:
459:
364:
256:
243:
445:
Visitors to the park can book tours from Punda Maria Camp up to
Thulamela.
506:
Steyn, Maryna; Miller, Sidney; Nienaber, Willem C.; Loots, Marius (1998).
418:
395:
379:
531:
507:
391:
372:
438:
Maphaha
Xikumbu (Xikumbu) — son of Thonga Tshilimandila in Phalaborwa.
422:
387:
523:
588:
545:
376:
399:
383:
363:, inhabited the Thulamela stone fortress from 1250 to 1700 C.E.
117:
59:
18:
432:
Makahane — also known as
Shagala, Nephawe, Mataji (Matandze)
356:("growing") in references to the tall anthills in the area.
359:
The
Makahane, a subtribe of the Vhalembeth branch of the
235:
225:
217:
200:
327:Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
8:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
206:
197:
512:The South African Archaeological Bulletin
483:Thulamela: The Lost Gold of the Vha Venda
425:, and was also a Vhalembethu settlement.
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
501:
499:
318:. It is located on heights south of the
131:This article includes a list of general
614:Archaeological sites of Southern Africa
495:
428:The families of the Kingdom Thulamela:
7:
609:Archaeological sites in South Africa
310:is the most dramatic of around 300
16:Archaeological site in South Africa
435:Pafuri — known as Makushu (Makush)
137:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
289:
34:This article has multiple issues.
288:
281:
212:A rebuilt enclosure at Thulamela
122:
64:
23:
42:or discuss these issues on the
1:
481:Miller, Sidney Mears (2018).
630:
276:
272:
205:
550:Luonde, VhaVenda history
336:chairman, the late Dr.
152:more precise citations.
398:that they forged into
460:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
257:22.43333°S 31.19750°E
604:Kruger National Park
568:Kruger National Park
316:Kruger National Park
314:sites identified in
230:Kruger National Park
585:Site by Thulamela
262:-22.43333; 31.19750
253: /
369:Chinese porcelain
305:
304:
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
170:
116:
115:
108:
57:
621:
572:
571:
560:
554:
553:
542:
536:
535:
503:
338:Enos John Mabuza
292:
291:
285:
268:
267:
265:
264:
263:
258:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
210:
198:
191:
184:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
148:this article by
139:inline citations
126:
125:
118:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
629:
628:
624:
623:
622:
620:
619:
618:
594:
593:
581:
576:
575:
562:
561:
557:
544:
543:
539:
524:10.2307/3889182
505:
504:
497:
492:
478:
451:
301:
300:
299:
298:
295:
294:
293:
261:
259:
255:
252:
247:
244:
242:
240:
239:
213:
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
163:
157:
154:
144:Please help to
143:
127:
123:
112:
101:
95:
92:
81:
75:has an unclear
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
627:
625:
617:
616:
611:
606:
596:
595:
592:
591:
580:
579:External links
577:
574:
573:
555:
537:
518:(168): 73–85.
494:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
477:
474:
473:
472:
467:
465:Makuleke tribe
462:
457:
455:Great Zimbabwe
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
352:("mound") and
312:archaeological
303:
302:
296:
287:
286:
280:
279:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
203:
202:
194:
193:
176:
175:
130:
128:
121:
114:
113:
77:citation style
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
626:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
599:
590:
586:
583:
582:
578:
569:
565:
559:
556:
551:
547:
541:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
502:
500:
496:
489:
484:
480:
479:
475:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
440:
437:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:Limpopo River
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
344:comes from a
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
284:
275:
271:
266:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:
204:
199:
190:
187:
172:
169:
161:
158:November 2019
151:
147:
141:
140:
134:
129:
120:
119:
110:
107:
99:
96:November 2019
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
567:
558:
549:
540:
515:
511:
482:
444:
427:
412:
408:
390:, and other
361:Venda people
358:
353:
349:
341:
330:Pallo Jordan
324:
320:Levubu River
307:
306:
182:
164:
155:
136:
102:
93:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
564:"Thulamela"
546:"Thulamela"
404:West Africa
371:, imported
365:Glass beads
346:portmanteau
340:. The name
260: /
236:Coordinates
150:introducing
598:Categories
490:References
470:Shingwedzi
248:31°11′51″E
245:22°26′00″S
133:references
88:footnoting
39:improve it
380:bracelets
342:Thulamela
332:and then
308:Thulamela
297:Thulamela
201:Thulamela
45:talk page
449:See also
419:Zimbabwe
396:iron ore
373:textiles
334:SANParks
226:Location
221:Cultural
84:citation
532:3889182
476:Sources
392:jewelry
146:improve
530:
423:Levubu
388:bronze
350:thulwi
135:, but
589:SAHRA
587:, at
528:JSTOR
377:ivory
400:iron
384:gold
354:mela
218:Type
86:and
520:doi
417:in
348:of
600::
566:.
548:.
526:.
516:58
514:.
510:.
498:^
406:.
386:,
382:,
375:,
367:,
48:.
570:.
552:.
534:.
522::
485:.
189:)
183:(
171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
142:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
90:.
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
