627:
635:
906:, and Chinese overseas communities. Membership is overwhelmingly ethnically Chinese but there are also Japanese members and a few white American members. The Hongmen are divided into branches, of which there are believed to be approximately 180. The largest of the branches, Wu Sheng Shan, consists of perhaps 180,000 members. Membership is said to be primarily working class, and is also said to include a considerable membership in the armed forces of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
27:
972:
Because of the
Hongmen's revolutionary character and mysterious quality, their future was unclear after the Republic of China central government moved to Taiwan. For a long time, the Republic of China on Taiwan did not openly allow the Hongmen to operate. After martial law ended in 1989, Ge Shan
889:
Following the overthrow of the Qing
Dynasty of China in 1911, the Hongmen suddenly found themselves without purpose. From then on, the Hongmen diverged into various groups. When some Hongmen groups based within China could no longer rely on donations from sympathetic locals; being unable to resume
1048:
The
Hongmen continues to exist within numerous overseas Chinese communities, albeit with rapidly aging memberships; its main purposes today are to act as fraternities among overseas Chinese, and to participate in charitable activities. On 28 July 1992 the Hongmen held their 3rd Worldwide Hongmen
784:
made membership in such societies illegal, driving them into the arms of the anti-Qing resistance, for whom they now served as an organizational model. The 18th century saw a proliferation of such societies, some of which were devoted to overthrowing the Qing, such as the
Tiandihui, which had
1049:
Conference in the United States. Over 100 worldwide representatives attended for two days of discussion and adopted organizational rules, proclaimed the founding of a worldwide
Hongmen association. First session President Li Zhipeng announced the construction of the Hongmen headquarters in
750:) in Beijing. He concluded that the Tiandihui was founded in 1761 and its roots lay in mutual aid rather than national politics. His interpretation was further developed by his student Qin Baoqi and confirmed by independent research by the Taiwanese scholar Zhuang Jifa.
716:, although the Hongmen might be said to have differed in its nature from others. The name of the "Three Harmonies Society" (the "Sanhehui" grouping of the Tiandihui) is in fact the source of the term "Triad" that has become synonymous with Chinese
885:
During the late 19th century, branches of the
Hongmen were formed by Chinese communities overseas, notably the United States, Canada, and Australia, where they are nowadays known as "Chinese Freemasons."
1221:
673:, the Tiandihui's ancestral organization. As the Tiandihui spread through different counties and provinces, it branched off into many groups and became known by many names, including the
1537:
1015:
1274:
Rites of
Belonging: Memory, Modernity, and Identity in a Malaysian Chinese Community By Jean DeBernardi, Jean Elizabeth DeBernardi Published by Stanford University Press, 2004;
1040:) was incorporated under the Canadian Corporations Act on 31 May 1971, and registered on 22 July 1971. The Barkerville headquarter was donated to British Columbia government.
976:
Under the influence of Chiang Kai-shek, the
Hongmen attempted to remain somewhat secretive, but in recent years the organization's activities have been more transparent.
917:
historic
Chinese figure who embodies righteousness, patriotism, and loyalty; and they all share certain rituals and traditions such as the concept of brotherhood and a
1530:
1222:"WingChunPedia - the One and Only Wing Chun Encyclopedia! | WCP / Wing Chun Kuen and the Secret Societies-Collected Information by Rene Ritchie browse"
1225:
1996:
1523:
789:
counties of
Zhangzhou in 1766. By 1767, Lu Mao had organized within the Tiandihui a campaign of robberies to fund their revolutionary activities.
2006:
773:, where they joined a local cult and left disenchanted. Of the four, Ti Xi soon left for Guangdong, where he organized a group of followers in
1449:
1428:
1407:
1287:
1991:
1366:
1034:
The Canadian branch was established in 1863 in Barkerville, British Columbia. In 1971, Chinese Freemasons National Headquarters of Canada (
1299:
The Straits Settlements, 1826–67: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony By Constance Mary Turnbull Published by Athlone Press, 1972; p. 9, 420
1981:
747:
1938:
720:. Because of that heritage, the Tiandihui (more commonly known there as "Triads') is both controversial and prohibited in Hong Kong.
1986:
1279:
110:
626:
1976:
909:
Hongmen members worldwide continue to observe certain common traditions: they all stress their patriotic origin; they all revere
950:
1902:
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A biography based on the Canadian Chinese Freemasons documents titled 'History of Hongmen and Chinese Freemasons in Canada' (
1007:
835:
662:
492:
346:
167:
48:
685:
concept, although the title "Hongmen" is also claimed by some criminal groups. Branches of the Hongmen were also formed by
1816:
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506:
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181:
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The organization also has numerous business interests, and is reportedly trying to open a martial arts school in Taiwan.
1808:
1639:
1631:
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63:
2011:
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normal civilian lives after years of hiding, they turned to illegal activities – thus giving birth to the modern
70:
1608:
1023:
834:("Vast or Red Flower Pavilion"), where they swore to devote themselves to the mission of "Fan Qing Fu Ming" (
1561:
1441:"Secret Societies" Reconsidered: Perspectives on the Social History of Modern South China and Southeast Asia
1353:
Lecture by Dr. David Chuenyan Lai: History of Hongmen and Chinese Freemasons in Canada 黎全恩博士講座：【洪門及加拿大洪門史論】
1330:
1123:
1069:
930:
914:
713:
77:
1703:
945:, by contrast, the Hongmen is not only legal, but politically influential; this is not surprising, since
902:
The Hongmen is believed to consist of about 300,000 members worldwide, members found in mainland China,
777:. In 1761, he returned to Fujian and organized his followers from both provinces to form the Tiandihui.
728:
Republican-era scholars generally thought that the Tiandihui was founded by Ming loyalists in the early
929:
Today, the Hongmen is an illegal society in Hong Kong because of its traditional association with the
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On 1 January 2004, Nan Hua Shan Tang was registered with Taiwan's Ministry of the Interior.
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Chinese fraternal organization, currently secular but historically religious and secretive
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The founders of the Tiandihui—Ti Xi, Li Amin, Zhu Dingyuan, and Tao Yuan—were all from
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were collectively seen as criminal threats and were bundled together and defined as
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In 1768 anti-Qing Tiandihui rebel Zhao Liangming claimed to be a descendant of the
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The Tiandihui began to claim that their society was born of an alliance between
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Ownby, David (1995). "The Heaven and Earth Society as Popular Religion".
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The Origins of the Tiandihui: The Chinese Triads in Legend and History
1171:, p131, 1897 Shanghai, reprinted in USA by Nabu Public Domain Reprints
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Tiandihui (Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, Republic of China)
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1399:
Popular Movements and Secret Societies in China, 1840–1950
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Tang formed and started exchange with the outside world.
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to resist the Manchu invasion of China. In 1964, scholar
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grouping is today more or less synonymous with the whole
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1016:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
1167:Alexander Wylie: Secret Societies in China, in
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848:'Oppose Qing and restore Ming').
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1160:
1396:Jean Chesneaux; Lucien Bianco (1972).
785:established itself in the Zhangpu and
479:
333:
149:
125:
1438:Ownby, David; Heidhues, Mary (1993).
1180:
7:
1417:Murray, Dian H.; Qin, Baoqi (1994).
1026:minister in the Chinese government.
638:Hongmen seal, 19th century Guangdong
49:adding citations to reliable sources
693:. Its current iteration is purely
14:
1997:Organizations established in 1761
969:, groups not unlike the Hongmen.
689:, some of which became known as
654:(the Vast Family), is a Chinese
25:
738:On the Origins of the Tiandihui
630:Hongmen seal, 19th century Amoy
609:
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377:Hong Gate, Vast Gate, Floodgate
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36:needs additional citations for
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994:, the Hongmen is known as the
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2007:1760s establishments in China
1817:Secret societies in Singapore
1423:. Stanford University Press.
1402:. Stanford University Press.
299:Thian-tē-hōe or Thian-tōe-hōe
1461:The Journal of Asian Studies
1386:Resources in other libraries
830:)—by the Qing forged at the
687:Chinese communities overseas
1992:1761 establishments in Asia
1555:China, Hong Kong, and Macau
1259:Ownby & Heidhues (1993)
1193:Ownby & Heidhues (1993)
2028:
1072:of University of Victoria.
874:, to eventually settle in
133:天地會 (Chinese Traditional)
1982:Economic history of China
1381:Resources in your library
1342:5月23日黎全恩博士讲座:【洪门及加拿大洪门史论】
1129:Ngee Heng Kongsi of Johor
949:, founding father of the
826:
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748:First Historical Archives
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1987:Chinese secret societies
769:. They left Zhangpu for
648:Heaven and Earth Society
493:Traditional Chinese
347:Traditional Chinese
198:Heaven and Earth Society
168:Traditional Chinese
135:天地会 (Chinese Simplified)
1977:Triad (organized crime)
1247:Murray & Qin (1994)
1209:Murray & Qin (1994)
1124:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
780:A century earlier, the
523:Three Harmonies Society
507:Simplified Chinese
361:Simplified Chinese
182:Simplified Chinese
1704:Hai San Secret Society
1070:Dr. David Chuenyan Lai
882:before dying in 1826.
736:published the article
656:fraternal organization
639:
631:
321:
1934:Đồng Xuân Labor Union
765:, on the border with
637:
629:
123:Criminal organization
1094:China Zhi Gong Party
45:improve this article
1139:Tong (organization)
1008:traditional Chinese
665:in the vein of the
663:folk religious sect
658:and historically a
128:
1770:Post-Soviet states
1320:百年历史的华人社团 加拿大洪门达权社
1309:Chinese Freemasons
1099:Da Cheng Rebellion
1000:simplified Chinese
824:), and Li Shikai (
691:Chinese Freemasons
640:
632:
2012:History of Fujian
1964:
1963:
1782:Azerbaijani mafia
1761:Waray-Waray gangs
1617:Mumbai underworld
1451:978-0-7656-4116-8
1430:978-0-8047-6610-4
1409:978-0-8047-0790-9
1367:Library resources
1331:「唐人街之父」新書 揭早期洪門秘史
1288:978-0-8047-4486-7
1228:on 2 October 2011
1068:) was written by
951:Republic of China
898:The Hongmen today
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798:Shaolin Monastery
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392:Standard Mandarin
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1467:(4): 1023–1046.
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1169:China Researches
1165:
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957:. Moreover, the
919:secret handshake
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841:
829:
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823:
822:
817:
816:
812:), Ma Chaoxing (
811:
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671:White Lotus Sect
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1740:Pakistani mafia
1728:
1709:Ghee Hin Kongsi
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1676:
1660:
1644:
1626:
1603:
1587:Big Circle Gang
1550:
1547:Organized crime
1544:
1510:
1508:Hongmen website
1499:
1473:10.2307/2059958
1458:
1452:
1444:. M.E. Sharpe.
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1024:Communist Party
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955:Chiang Kai-shek
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586:Saam1 Hap6 Wui2
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1856:Four Seas Gang
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1787:Georgian mafia
1784:
1779:
1777:Armenian mafia
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1756:Bahala Na Gang
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1797:Chechen mafia
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1792:Russian mafia
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1656:Israeli mafia
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880:Kapitan China
878:as its first
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1851:Bamboo Union
1511:(in Chinese)
1464:
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1371:
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1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1216:
1204:
1188:
1181:Ownby (1995)
1176:
1168:
1163:
1089:Bamboo Union
1047:
1033:
1020:Jiang Zuojun
989:
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978:
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963:Xingzhonghui
940:
928:
908:
901:
888:
884:
872:Malay States
864:Koh Lay Huan
861:
857:Song dynasty
850:
832:Honghua Ting
818:), Hu Dedi (
794:Ming dynasty
791:
782:Qing dynasty
779:
752:
737:
734:Cai Shaoqing
730:Qing dynasty
727:
702:British rule
699:
690:
682:
678:
674:
651:
647:
643:
641:
610:Saⁿ-ha̍p-hōe
594:Southern Min
545:Hanyu Pinyin
448:Southern Min
399:Hanyu Pinyin
283:Southern Min
254:T'ien-ti-hui
240:ㄊㄧㄢ ㄉㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ
220:Hanyu Pinyin
162:Chinese name
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1826:South Korea
1795:(including
1749:Philippines
1719:Sio Sam Ong
1577:Wo Shing Wo
1149:Xiantiandao
1144:Tongmenghui
1104:Five Elders
1057:Biographies
947:Sun Yat-sen
226:Tiān Dì Huì
60:"Tiandihui"
1971:Categories
1916:Đại Cathay
1911:Bình Xuyên
1714:Mamak Gang
1572:Sun Yee On
1261:, p.
1195:, p.
1156:References
1114:Green Gang
1065:洪門及加拿大洪門史論
967:Guangfuhui
959:Kuomintang
743:關於天地會的起源問題
565:San-ho-hui
559:Wade–Giles
551:Sān Hé Huì
440:Hung4 Mun4
413:Wade–Giles
316:Vietnamese
248:Wade–Giles
71:newspapers
2002:Zhangzhou
1809:Singapore
1632:Indonesia
1599:Snakehead
1592:Shui Fong
1582:Wo Hop To
1489:162946271
1372:Tiandihui
1232:23 August
1084:14K Triad
925:Hong Kong
911:Lord Guan
767:Guangdong
759:Zhangzhou
706:Hong Kong
683:Tiandihui
669:loyalist
660:secretive
644:Tiandihui
464:Hông-mn̂g
153:Tiandihui
127:Tiandihui
1872:Chao pho
1865:Thailand
1833:Kkangpae
1733:Pakistan
1697:Malaysia
1077:See also
1051:Honolulu
1037:加拿大洪門民治黨
870:and the
714:"Triads"
675:Sanhehui
580:Jyutping
483:Sanhehui
434:Jyutping
419:Hung-men
405:Hóng Mén
269:Jyutping
234:Bopomofo
101:May 2009
1930:'s gang
1928:Dung Hà
1924:'s gang
1922:Năm Cam
1918:'s gang
1903:Vietnam
1724:Wah Kee
1681:Lebanon
1622:Dacoity
1481:2059958
1290:; p. 26
1119:Hai San
915:deified
855:of the
836:Chinese
775:Huizhou
771:Sichuan
755:Zhangpu
724:History
695:secular
679:Hongmen
652:Hongmen
601:Hokkien
455:Hokkien
337:Hongmen
290:Hokkien
141:Founded
85:scholar
1881:Turkey
1843:Taiwan
1672:Yakuza
1649:Israel
1640:Preman
1562:Triads
1487:
1479:
1448:
1427:
1406:
1369:about
1286:
1278:
1030:Canada
1010::
1002::
943:Taiwan
937:Taiwan
931:triads
904:Taiwan
892:Triads
876:Penang
838::
787:Pinghe
763:Fujian
700:Under
677:. The
646:, the
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1949:Yemen
1665:Japan
1609:India
1485:S2CID
1477:JSTOR
1044:Other
92:JSTOR
78:books
1446:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1234:2011
965:and
913:, a
868:Siam
845:lit.
840:反淸復明
667:Ming
642:The
144:1761
64:news
1567:14K
1469:doi
1263:185
1012:致公黨
1004:致公党
990:In
941:In
827:李式開
821:胡德帝
815:馬超興
809:方大洪
803:蔡德忠
704:in
604:POJ
513:三合会
499:三合會
458:POJ
293:POJ
188:天地会
174:天地會
47:by
1973::
1483:.
1475:.
1465:54
1463:.
1282:,
1197:10
1053:.
1018:.
1006:;
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921:.
894:.
859:.
842:;
761:,
757:,
697:.
367:洪门
353:洪門
1799:)
1539:e
1532:t
1525:v
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1471::
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1236:.
1199:.
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998:(
740:(
114:)
108:(
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99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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