516:: "The first game that the SS sergeant and his men played was to tickle their victim with goose feathers, on the soles of his feet, between his legs, in the armpits, and on other parts of his naked body. At first the prisoner forced himself to keep silent, while his eyes twitched in fear and torment from one SS man to the other. Then he could not restrain himself and finally he broke out in a high-pitched laughter that very soon turned into a cry of pain, while the tears ran down his face, and his body twisted against his chains. After this tickling torture, they let the lad hang there for a little, while a flood of tears ran down his cheeks and he cried and sobbed uncontrollably."
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and anxiety associated with tickling. However, in the same study the authors found that the facial indicators of happiness and amusement do not correlate, with some people who indicated that they do not enjoy being tickled actually smiling more often during tickling than those who indicated that they do enjoy being tickled, which suggests that the facial indicators are not produced in response to the same emotions as under typical circumstances. It has also been suggested that people may enjoy tickling
34:
541:, he published his research findings regarding 150 adults who were abused by their siblings during childhood. Several reported tickling as a type of physical abuse they experienced, and based on these reports it was revealed that abusive tickling is capable of provoking extreme physiological reactions in the victim, such as vomiting, incontinence (losing control of bladder), and loss of consciousness due to inability to breathe.
454:, on the other hand, produces an odd phenomenon: when a person touches "ticklish" parts on their own body no tickling sensation is experienced. It is thought that the tickling requires a certain amount of surprise, and because tickling oneself produces no unexpected motion on the skin, the response is not activated. In 1998, Blakemore and colleagues analyzed the "self-tickle" response by using
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performs intrinsically the same operations of moving and touching, but by touching the eye, the nose, or the upper lip it excites in us an almost intolerable titillation, even though elsewhere it is scarcely felt. This titillation belongs entirely to us and not to the feather; if the live and sensitive body were removed it would remain no more than a mere word.
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self-movement, such as not paying attention to one's own vocal cords. When we try to tickle ourselves by grabbing our sides, the brain foresees this contact between body and hand and prepares itself for it. This removes the feeling of unease and panic, causing the body to not react to tickling in the same way it would if someone else supplied the stimulus.
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as they can be observed twitching the panniculus carnosus muscle in response to insects landing on their sides. Gargalesis reactions refer to a laughter-provoking feeling caused by a harsher, deeper pressure, stroked across the skin in various regions of the body. These reactions are thought to be limited to humans and other
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A third, hybrid hypothesis, has suggested that tickling encourages the development of combat skills. Most tickling is done by parents, siblings and friends and is often a type of rough-and-tumble play, during which time children often develop defensive and combat moves. Although people generally make
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One hypothesis, as mentioned above, is that tickling serves as a pleasant bonding experience between parent and child. However, this hypothesis does not adequately explain why many children and adults find tickling to be an unpleasant experience. Another view maintained is that tickling develops as a
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While many people assume that other people enjoy tickling, a recent survey of 84 college students indicated that only 32% of respondents enjoy being tickled, with 32% giving neutral responses and 36% stating that they do not enjoy being tickled. The study also found a very high level of embarrassment
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activity between parents and children. In the parent–child concept, tickling establishes at an early age the pleasure associated with being touched by a parent with a trust-bond developed so that parents may touch a child, in an unpleasant way, should circumstances develop such as the need to treat a
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Darwin explained why we laugh when we are tickled by saying, "The imagination is sometimes said to be tickled by a ludicrous idea; and this so-called tickling of the mind is curiously analogous with that of the body. Laughter from being tickled reflex action; and likewise this is shown by the minute
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is an example of knismesis. When stimulated in the saddle region, most dogs will exhibit a reflexive rhythmic twitching of their hind legs. This reflex can be brought on by actions such as scratching, brushing, stroking, or even tapping the sensitive area. Horses also exhibit a response to knismesis,
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However, some people with schizophrenia have the ability to tickle themselves. Non-pathological individuals high in schizotypical traits also have a greater self-tickling ability than people low in schizotypical traits. This is suggested to possibly correlate with a less pronounced ability of these
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and Harris presented subjects with a "mechanical tickle machine". They found that the subjects laughed just as much when they believed they were being tickled by a machine as when they thought they were being tickled by a person. Harris goes on to suggest that the tickle response is reflex, similar
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It might be tempting to speculate that areas of the skin that are the most sensitive to touch would also be the most ticklish, but this does not seem to be the case. While the palm of the hand is far more sensitive to touch, most people find that the soles of their feet are the most ticklish. Other
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While the reasons for the inhibition of the tickling sensation during self-tickling remain unknown, research shows that the human brain is trained to know what sensation to expect when the body moves or performs an action. Another reason may be the lack of awareness of many sensations arising from
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believed that humorous laughter requires a "light" frame of mind. But they differed on ticklish laughter: Darwin thought that the same light state of mind was required, whereas Bacon disagreed. When tickled, noted Bacon, "men even in a grieved state of mind, yet cannot sometimes forbear laughing."
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theorized on the link between tickling and social relations, arguing that tickling provokes laughter through the anticipation of pleasure. If a stranger tickles a child without any preliminaries, catching the child by surprise, the likely result will be not laughter but withdrawal and displeasure.
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When touched upon the soles of the feet, for example, it feels in addition to the common sensation of touch a sensation on which we have imposed a special name, "tickling." This sensation belongs to us and not to the hand... A piece of paper or a feather drawn lightly over any part of our bodies
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describes a
European method of tickle torture in which a goat was compelled to lick the victim's feet after they had been dipped in salt water. Once the goat had licked the salt off, the victim's feet would be dipped in the salt water again and the process would repeat itself. In ancient Japan,
312:". This suggests that tickling works best when all the parties involved feel comfortable with the situation and one another. It can also serve as an outlet for sexual energy during adolescence, and a number of people have stated in a study that their private areas were ticklish.
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movements to get away from, and report disliking, being tickled, laughter encourages the tickler to continue. If the facial expressions induced by tickle were less pleasant the tickler would be less likely to continue, thus diminishing the frequency of these combat lessons.
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in which two people, or sometimes more, tickle each other to the point where one of the participants gives up. It can occur as a sudden outburst without consensus about it, or as a carefully designed challenge with clear ground rules. Tickle fighting is similar to
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of the primitive grooming response, in effect; knismesis serves as a "non-self detector" and protects the subject against foreign objects. Perhaps due to the importance of knismesis in protection, this type of light touch is not dependent on the element of
128:. Knismesis, also known as a "moving itch", is a mildly annoying sensation caused by a light movement on the skin, such as from a crawling insect. This may explain why it has evolved in many animals. For example, a dog exhibiting the
707:"Different Types of Laughter Modulate Connectivity within Distinct Parts of the Laughter Perception Network." Dirk Wildgruber, Diana P. Szameitat, Thomas Ethofer, Carolin Brück, Kai Alter, Wolfgang Grodd, Benjamin Kreifelts.
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Another tickling social relationship is that which forms between siblings of relatively the same age. Many case studies have indicated that siblings often use tickling as an alternative to outright
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Darwin also noticed that for tickling to be effective, you must not know the precise point of stimulation in advance, and reasoned that this is why most people cannot effectively tickle themselves.
231:, in the sense that they are both silly and playful activities, usually not taken too seriously. Tickle fighting is especially enjoyed by young children. Tickle fight should not be confused with
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It is unknown why certain people find areas of the body to be more ticklish than others; additionally, studies have shown that there is no significant difference in ticklishness among the
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Some evidence suggests that laughing associated with tickling is a nervous reaction that can be triggered; indeed, very ticklish people often start laughing before actually being tickled.
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it elicits laughter as well as the feeling of being tickled. Social psychologists find that mimicking expressions generally cause people to some degree experience that emotion.
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Lahuerta J, et al. (1990). "Clinical and instrumental evaluation of sensory function before and after percutaneous anterolateral cordotomy at cervical level in man".
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Although some consensual tickling can be a positive, playful experience, non-consensual tickling can be frightening, uncomfortable, and painful for the recipient.
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when attempting to either punish or intimidate one another. The sibling tickling relationship can occasionally develop into an anti-social situation, or
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Tickling results from a mild stimulation moving across the skin, and is associated with behaviors such as smiling, laughter, twitching, withdrawal and
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Newman B, O'Grady MA, Ryan CS, Hemmes NS (1993). "Pavlovian conditioning of the tickle response of human subjects: Temporal and delay conditioning".
389:. In 1924, J. C. Gregory proposed that the most ticklish places on the body were also those areas that were the most vulnerable during hand-to-hand
183:. Zotterman found that the "tickling" sensation depended, in part, on the nerves that generate pain. Further studies have discovered that when the
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described a "tickle" as two different types of phenomena. One type is caused by very light movement across the skin. This type of tickle, called a
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Carlsson K, Petrovic P, Skare S, Petersson KM, Ingvar M (2000). "Tickling expectations: neural processing in anticipation of a sensory stimulus".
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prenatal response and that the development of sensitive areas on the fetus helps to orient the fetus into favourable positions while in the womb.
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can also be tickled in this way. A German study also indicates that the gargalesis type of tickle triggers a defense mechanism for humans in the
195:, some aspects of the tickle response do remain. Tickle may also depend on nerve fibres associated with the sense of touch. When circulation is
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painful injury or prevent them from harm or danger. This tickling relationship continues throughout childhood and often into the early to mid
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to control a "tickling robot", they could not make themselves laugh. This suggests that when a person tries to tickle themselves, the
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Excessive tickling has been described as a primary sexual obsession and, under these circumstances, is sometimes considered a form of
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Weinstein, S. 1968. "Intensive and extensive aspects of tactile sensitivity as a function of body part, sex, and laterality." In
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authority figures could administer punishments to those convicted of crimes that were beyond the criminal code. This was called
289:, where one sibling will tickle the other without mercy. The motivation behind tickle torture is often to portray the sense of
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precise information on the position of the tickling target and therefore what sensation to expect. Apparently an unknown
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To understand how much of the tickle response is dependent on the interpersonal relationship of the parties involved,
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distinguishes between sensations we create for ourselves and sensations others create for us. When subjects used a
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psychiatrist Donald W. Black observed that most ticklish spots are found in the same places as the protective
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pain, the tickle response is also diminished. However, in some patients that have lost pain sensation due to
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As with parents and siblings, tickling serves as a bonding mechanism between friends, and is classified by
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Relations
Between Tickling and Humorous Laughter: Preliminary Support for the Darwin-Hecker Hypothesis
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Hall, G. Stanley; Allin, Arthur (October 1897). "The psychology of tickling, laughing and the comic".
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Blakemore SJ, Wolpert DM, Frith CD (1998). "Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation".
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Some of history's greatest thinkers have pondered the mysteries of the tickle response, including
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prison guards perform tickle torture on a fellow inmate. He describes this incident in his book
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The question as to why a person could not tickle themselves was raised by the Greek philosopher
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894:"Touch, pain and tickling: An electrophysiological investigation on cutaneous sensory nerves"
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101:, generally does not produce laughter and is sometimes accompanied by an itching sensation.
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1680:"People with schizophrenia-like traits can tickle themselves (Whereas most people can't)"
1465:"Facial expressions, smile types and self-reporting during humour, tickle and pain" (pdf)
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advantage by enticing the individual to protect these areas. Consistent with this idea,
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The Future of Play Theory: A Multidisciplinary
Inquiry into the Contributions of
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Studies in the psychology of sex. Vol iii. Philadelphia: FA Davis Co.; 1926.
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986:"Touch and surgical division of the anterior quadrant of the spinal cord"
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unstriped muscles, which serve to erect the separate hairs on the body".
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a part of a body in a way that causes involuntary twitching movements or
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Fry WF (1992). "The physiologic effects of humor, mirth, and laughter".
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and it is possible for one to induce self-knismesis, by light touching.
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The tickle can be divided into two separate categories of sensation,
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commonly ticklish areas, in decreasing order of effect, include the
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1537:. Obstetric Memoirs, vol ii. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1855–1856.
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Harris, Christine R. (1999). "The mystery of ticklish laughter".
530:, which translates as 'private punishment'. One such torture was
826:""Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy?"
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people to track and attribute the results of their own actions.
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studied the knismesis type of tickle in cats, by measuring the
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1550:, ed. D. R. Kenshalo. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas. pp. 195–222.
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mechanism then decreases or inhibits the tickling sensation.
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Article 'Is it possible for someone to be tickled to death?'
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Sibling Abuse: Hidden
Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Trauma
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It appears that the tickle sensation involves signals from
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A participant in a tickle fight can be called a tickler.
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Boston Globe Online – Why are some people not ticklish?
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nerves are severed by surgeons, in an effort to reduce
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fibres while lightly stroking the skin with a piece of
875:"The Psychology of Tickling And Why It Makes Us Laugh"
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Telegraph (UK) Article on "robot tickling experiment"
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The Dark Side: Infamous
Japanese Crimes and Criminals
1096:"The Psychology of Tickling, Laughing, and the Comic"
1199:"6 reasons why you should roughhouse with your kids"
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782:
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Fried I, Wilson CL, MacDonald KA, Behnke EJ (1998).
235:, which is an abusive and serious torturing method.
421:, that is contingent upon the element of surprise.
1522:The Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals
1404:"The surprising reasons why we tickle one another"
1299:The Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals
145:conveying submissiveness or fleeing from danger.
16:Action of making one laugh through physical touch
1389:"Three contributions to the theory of sex." In:
393:. He posited that ticklishness might confer an
1660:. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 2000–2001.
1594:Harris, C. R., and N. Christenfeld. In press.
791:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1785:. Japan: Kodansha International, 2001. p. 71.
19:"Tickle" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1699:"Can't Tickle Yourself? That's a Good Thing"
137:, although some research has indicated that
1503:. New York: Doubleday & Co. p. 275
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1226:"Rough and Tumble – Learning Through Play"
300:as part of the fifth and highest grade of
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1349:. Albany NY: SUNY Press; 1995. pp. 22–24.
1311:Loftis, Fridlund; Jennifer (April 1990).
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250:François Boucher – Le sommeil interrompu
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1463:Harris C.R. and Nancy Alvarado. 2005.
1197:Randazza, Janelle (28 February 2021).
630:"Electric current stimulates laughter"
1728:. Boston: Alyson Publications, 1980.
1535:On the attitude of the fetus in utero
1501:"Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo"
7:
1697:Lametti, Daniel (21 December 2010).
1652:"Tickling, on season 11, episode 5"
1301:. London: John Murray. (pp. 201-202)
1798:. New York: Lexington Books, 1990.
1100:The American Journal of Psychology
752:The American Journal of Psychology
458:technology to investigate how the
14:
1393:. New York: Modern Library; 1938.
1285:"It's the tickle not the tickler"
583:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
327:. Tickling can also be a form of
293:the tickler has over the victim.
1668:from the original on 2006-01-01.
1598:Psychonomic Bulletin and Review.
990:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
789:Selden, S. T. (2004). "Tickle".
570:"Why can't you tickle yourself?"
568:Robson, David (9 January 2015).
1265:Palmer, Brian (12 March 2010).
1224:Grigg, Tessa; Cummings, Bindy.
824:Panksepp J, Burgdorf J (2003).
508:during World War II, witnessed
1726:The Men With the Pink Triangle
910:10.1113/jphysiol.1939.sp003707
604:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-391D-A
514:The Men with the Pink Triangle
506:Flossenbürg concentration camp
1:
1657:Scientific American Frontiers
1560:Black DW (1984). "Laughter".
1440:10.1016/S0190-9622(03)02737-3
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1426:Selden ST (2004). "Tickle".
955:10.1016/0304-3959(90)91087-Y
265:Tickling is defined by many
222:A tickle fight is a playful
1391:The Basic Writings of Freud
1142:Perceptual and Motor Skills
1860:
1184:"Can You Tickle Yourself?"
504:, a man imprisoned in the
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18:
1319:. Biological Psychology.
1154:10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.779
1759:10.1136/bmj.323.7308.346
1574:10.1001/jama.252.21.2995
1499:Drake, Stillman (1957).
693:10.1001/jama.267.13.1857
534:: "merciless tickling."
126:knismesis and gargalesis
1820:(subscription required)
1747:British Medical Journal
595:10.1162/089892900562318
537:In Vernon Wiehe's book
522:British Medical Journal
304:which involves special
89:In 1897, psychologists
44:, 19th century painting
21:Tickle (disambiguation)
1524:. London: John Murray.
1520:Darwin, C. 1872/1965.
1297:Darwin, C. 1872/1965.
1002:10.1136/jnnp.53.11.935
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1596:Can a machine tickle?
1475:Cognition and Emotion
1428:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
898:Journal of Physiology
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310:cognitive interaction
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152:associated with both
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36:
892:Zotterman Y (1939).
472:somatosensory cortex
166:Karolinska Institute
86:, to touch lightly.
1704:Scientific American
1408:The Washington Post
1267:"Why do we tickle?"
1232:. GymbaROO KindyROO
1148:(3 Pt 1): 779–785.
1062:1999AmSci..87..344H
646:1998Natur.391..650F
267:child psychologists
1470:2006-09-23 at the
1410:. 6 February 2016.
1346:Brian Sutton-Smith
1070:10.1511/1999.4.344
1050:American Scientist
984:Nathan PW (1990).
556:Tickling fetishism
519:An article in the
399:University of Iowa
252:
193:spinal cord injury
115:
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42:Fritz Zuber-Buhler
26:For the bird, see
1829:The Straight Dope
1781:Schreiber, Mark.
1568:(21): 2995–2998.
687:(13): 1857–1858.
490:As physical abuse
329:sexual harassment
172:generated in the
170:action potentials
71:evolved from the
38:Tickling The Baby
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358:The Assayer
302:social play
189:intractable
160:. In 1939,
119:goose bumps
59:. The word
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1507:2008-11-10
1056:(4): 344.
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729:"Tickling"
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468:cerebellum
452:Gargalesis
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291:domination
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283:violence
135:primates
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