932:
696:
857:
1463:
1017:
6943:
6936:
1696:
151:
1634:
5738:
6922:
5756:
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5750:
1535:. To resolve the questions posed by the Zachelmie trackways, several hypotheses have been suggested. One approach maintains that the first pulse of elpistostegalian and tetrapod evolution occurring in the Middle Devonian, a time when body fossils showing this trend are too rare to be preserved. This maintains the elpistostegalian–tetrapod ancestor–descendant relationship apparent in fossils, but also introduces long
619:
7107:
6929:
5745:
6915:
1287:
465:
746:, the fin skeleton is based around a straight string of midline bones, making up the metapterygial axis. The component bones of the axis are known as axials or mesomeres. The axis is flanked by one or two series of rod-like bones known as radials. Radials can be characterized as preaxial (in front of the axials) or postaxial (behind the axials). This semi-symmetrical structure is difficult to
122:
811:
721:
1070:
533:
1660:
We're making the hypothesis that this animal was specialized for living in shallow stream systems, perhaps swampy habitats, perhaps even to some of the ponds. And maybe occasionally, using its very specialized fins, for moving up overland. And that's what is particularly important here. The animal is
1507:
could have produced very similar footprints. In a later study, Shubin expressed a significantly modified opinion that some of the
Zachelmie footprints, those which lacked digits, may have been made by walking fish. However, Ahlberg insisted that those tracks could not have possibly been formed either
818:
In the early 20th century, most paleontologists considered the digits to develop symmetrically from the distal fin radials. Another school of thought, popularized in the 1940s, is that the hand was neomorphic. This means that it was an entirely new structure that spontaneously evolved once the distal
545:
After five years of digging on
Ellesmere Island, in the far north of Nunavut, they hit pay dirt: a collection of several fish so beautifully preserved that their skeletons were still intact. As Shubin's team studied the species they saw to their excitement that it was exactly the missing intermediate
1655:
flexed its proto-limbs primarily on the floor of streams and may have pulled itself onto the shore for brief periods. In 2014, the discovery of the animal's pelvic girdle was announced; it was strongly built, indicating the animal could have used them for moving in shallow water and across mudflats.
1550:
However, a reanalysis in 2015 of the
Zachelmie trackways find that it fails the criteria for it being identified as Devonian tetrapod trackways and were instead reinterpreted as fish nests or feeding traces, with the trackways at Easter Ross, Valentia Island and Genoa River being interpreted to have
943:
is elongated by the standards of most
Devonian tetrapodomorphs. Although the vertebrae are not ossified, there are about 45 pairs of ribs between the skull and the hip region. The ribs are larger than in earlier fish, imbricating (overlapping) via blade-like flanges. Imbricating ribs are also known
833:
presents a contradictory set of traits. As predicted by the digital arch model, there are multiple (at least eight) rectangular distal radials arranged in a dispersed pattern, similar to fingers. Some of the radials are even arranged sequentially, akin to finger joints. However, the metapterygial
686:
elements attached to the body armor. Moreover, there are large muscle scars on the underside of the forefin bones, and the distal joints of the wrist are highly mobile. Together, these suggest that the fin was both muscular and had the ability to flex like a wrist joint. These wrist-like features
4138:
It is possible that the close similarity between elpistostegids and tetrapods might have been the result of evolutionary convergence. The common ancestor of elpistostegids and tetrapods wouldn't have to have looked like
Tiktaalik – it could have been a more undifferentiated, tetrapodomorph fish.
826:
are responsible for moderating both the rear edge of the fin (in several modern fish) and the digits of modern tetrapods as their embryos develop. The digital arch model posits that the metapterygial axis was bent forwards at a sharp angle near the origin of tetrapods. This allowed the axials to
819:
axials and radials were reduced. A third hypothesis, emphasized by Shubin and
Alberch (1986), is that digits are homologous to postaxial radials in particular. This interpretation, better known as the digital arch model, is supported by numerous developmental studies. A consistent set of
678:), like fish. The lepidotrichia are thickest and most extensive on the front edge and upper side of the fin, leaving more room for muscle and skin on the underside of the fin. The pectoral fin was clearly weight bearing, being attached to a massive shoulder girdle with expanded
1682:
animal that lived on the bottom of shallow waters and perhaps even out of the water for short periods, with a skeleton indicating that it could support its body under the force of gravity whether in very shallow water or on land. At that period, for the first time,
1578:. The fossil discovered in 2004 did not include the rear fins and tail, which were found in other specimens. It had rows of sharp teeth indicative of a predator fish, and its neck could move independently of its body, which is not common in other fish (
1546:
Estimates published after the discovery of
Zachelmie tracks suggested that digited tetrapods may have appeared as early as 427.4 Mya and questioned attempts to read absolute timing of evolutionary events in early tetrapod evolution from stratigraphy.
590:
was gaining structures that could allow it to support itself on solid ground and breathe air, a key intermediate step in the transformation of the skull that accompanied the shift to life on land by our distant ancestors. More than 60 specimens of
834:
axis is straight and runs down the middle of the fin. Only three of the finger-like radials are postaxial, while the model predicts that most or all of the radials should be postaxial. It remains to be seen whether any of the distal radials of
1356:
has never been claimed to be a direct ancestor to tetrapods. Rather, its fossils help to illuminate evolutionary trends and approximate the hypothetical true ancestor to the tetrapod lineage, which would have been similar in form and ecology.
508:), which was centered on the equator and had a warm climate. When discovered, one of the skulls was found sticking out of a cliff. Upon further inspection, the fossil was found to be in excellent condition for a 375-million-year-old specimen.
387:(bony fish), complete with scales and gills—but it has a triangular, flattened head and unusual, cleaver-shaped fins. Its fins have thin ray bones for paddling like most fish, but they also have sturdy interior bones that would have allowed
3855:
1402:
and tetrapods. Nevertheless, they still retained the phrase "elpistostegalian fish" to refer to the grade of early elpisostegalians which had not acquired limbs, digits, or other specializations which define tetrapods. In this sense,
737:
One of the persistent questions facing paleontologists is the evolution of the tetrapod limb: specifically, how the internal bones of lobed fins evolved into the feet and toes of tetrapods. In many lobe-finned fish, including living
2491:
in the tetrapod stem group, it is surprising to discover that its pectoral fin skeleton is more limb-like than that of its supposedly more derived relative. It is difficult to say whether this character distribution implies that
1228:. While it may be that neither is ancestor to any living animal, they serve as evidence that intermediates between very different types of vertebrates did once exist. The mixture of both fish and tetrapod characteristics found in
892:). The pelvis was much larger than in other fish, nearly the same size as the shoulder girdle, like tetrapods. In terms of shape, the pelvis is a single bone, much more similar to fish. There is a broad upper
3825:
919:, appear to be almost as long as the forelimbs. This is yet another trait more similar to tetrapods than to other fish. Though not all bones are preserved in the fossil, it is clear that the hindlimbs of
3912:"You can see anatomical details consistent with a footprint, including sediments displaced by a foot coming down", "There is no way these could be formed by a natural process." – Ahlberg as quoted in
3812:
s skeleton would produce a print much like the one in the paper if it's mushed into sand, and different consistencies or angles would produce an even closer match. He adds, "There is nothing in
1543:. In this interpretation, tetrapods would originate in the Middle Devonian while elpisostegalians originate independently in the Late Devonian, before going extinct near the end of the period.
3963:
2205:
1503:
s discoverers were skeptical about the
Zachelmie trackways. Daeschler said that trace evidence was not enough for him to modify the theory of tetrapod evolution, while Shubin argued that
923:
had lepidotrichia and at least three large rod-like ankle bones. If fully preserved, the pelvic fins would probably have been internally and externally very similar to the pectoral fins.
1610:). The animal had a flat skull resembling a crocodile's; eyes on top of its head; a neck and ribs similar to those of tetrapods, with the ribs being used to support its body and aid in
3766:
912:
each side of the pelvis is fully separate. The orientation of the hip socket is halfway between the rear-facing socket of other fish and the sideways-facing socket of tetrapods.
610:
was a large fish: the largest known fossils have an estimated length of 2.75 m (9.02 feet), with the longest lower jaws reaching a length of 31 centimetres (1.0 ft).
3655:
as a "missing link": the crucial transitional animal between fish and the first tetrapods. One possibility, Ahlberg said, is that finger development took a step backward with
712:), showing an anatomy common to many lobe-finned fish. Note the midline metapterygial axis (with rectangular axials), branching radials, and very thin fin rays (lepidotrichia)
1192:, known from fossils about 365 million years old. Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers, Neil Shubin, to characterize
7286:
2179:
1687:
plants were flourishing and annually shedding leaves into the water, attracting small prey into warm oxygen-poor shallows that were difficult for larger fish to swim in.
4687:
4151:
7210:
3365:
3835:
1383:
of fish incrementally closer to tetrapods. Elpistostegalian fish have few unique traits which are not retained from earlier fish or inherited by later tetrapods.
3626:
1491:
7276:
4318:
807:(i.e., the third axial). In tetrapods, the wrist is followed by the hand and finger bones. The origin of these bones has long been a topic of contention.
3991:
2923:
Davis, Marcus C.; Dahn, Randall D.; Shubin, Neil H. (2007). "An autopodial-like pattern of Hox expression in the fins of a basal actinopterygian fish".
1718:
for its evolutionary adaptations, construing them as playing a critical role in the chain of events that would eventually lead to all human suffering.
4718:
3782:
7197:
3975:
3779:"With all respect to the scientists involved in this study, there may be other explanations for these suggestive tracks." – Daeschler as quoted in
4621:
2201:
2132:
931:
391:
to prop itself up in shallow water and use its limbs for support as most four-legged animals do. Those fins and other mixed characteristics mark
4576:
1539:
required to explain the apparent delay in fossil appearances. Another approach is that elpistostegalian and tetrapod similarities are a case of
7306:
7281:
2322:
496:. Estimated ages were reported at 375 Ma, 379 Ma and 383 Ma. At the time of the species' existence, Ellesmere Island was part of the continent
3946:
3334:
2902:
2860:
2240:
2112:
1990:
1952:
1562:
generally had the characteristics of a lobe-finned fish, but with front fins featuring arm-like skeletal structures more akin to those of a
7311:
3419:
4234:
3915:
3732:
2470:
4598:
760:, which is otherwise more fish-like, seems to be more advanced towards a tetrapod-like limb. Nevertheless, the internal skeleton of the
695:
4424:
3340:
7321:
7291:
908:) making up the hip. In addition, in tetrapods the left and right pelvises often connect to each other or the spinal column, while in
1344:, acting as a transitional form between limbless fish and limbed vertebrates ("tetrapods"). Some press coverage also used the term "
864:
856:
4340:
Van
Wassenbergh, Sam; Herrel, Anthony; Adriaens, Dominique; Huysentruyt, Frank; Devaere, Stijn & Aerts, Peter (13 April 2006).
4311:"Primitive fish could nod but not shake its head: Ancient fossils reveal surprises about early vertebrate necks, abdominal muscles"
2044:
1527:
Narkiewicz, co-author of the article on the
Zachelmie trackways, claimed that the Polish "discovery has disproved the theory that
3901:
It follows that the attribution of some of the nondigited Devonian fossil trackways to limbed tetrapods may need to be revisited.
3756:
2073:
3090:"Fins into limbs: Autopod acquisition and anterior elements reduction by modifying gene networks involving 5'Hox, Gli3, and Shh"
2351:
Cloutier, Richard; Clement, Alice M.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Noël, Roxanne; Béchard, Isabelle; Roy, Vincent; Long, John A. (2020).
2267:
Downs, Jason P.; Daeschler, Edward B.; Jenkins, Farish A. & Shubin, Neil H. (16 October 2008). "The cranial endoskeleton of
2246:
2175:
1253:
Half-fish, half-tetrapod limb bones and joints, including a functional wrist joint and radiating, fish-like fins instead of toes
7296:
6942:
6935:
3729:"Trace evidence is not enough for me to change my mind about accepted theories on tetrapod evolution" – Daeschler as quoted in
3381:
904:(hip socket). This contrasts with the more complex pelvis of tetrapods, which have three separate bones (the ilium, pubis and
7271:
3709:
1345:
784:(i.e., the second axial). The radius is much larger than the ulna, and its front edge thins into a sharp blade like that of
4125:
646:
also lacked a characteristic most fishes have—bony plates in the gill area that restrict lateral head movement. This makes
7301:
7069:
4711:
2153:
764:
can still be equated to the forelimb bones of tetrapods. The first axial, at the base of the fin, has developed into the
2616:
Johanson, Zerina; Joss, Jean; Boisvert, Catherine A.; Ericsson, Rolf; Sutija, Margareta; Ahlberg, Per E. (2007-12-15).
4161:
3638:
3634:
1462:
431:
988:
among lobe-finned fish. The scales are roughly textured, slightly broader than long, and overlap from front-to-back.
7266:
7079:
4672:
1893:
Stewart, Thomas A.; Lemberg, Justin B.; Taft, Natalia K.; Yoo, Ihna; Daeschler, Edward B.; Shubin, Neil H. (2019).
1427:
1407:
is an elpistostegalian fish. Later papers also use the term "elpisostegid" for the same category of Devonian fish.
991:
Strong lungs (as supported by the plausible presence of a spiracle) may have led to the evolution of a more robust
546:
they were looking for. 'We found something that really split the difference right down the middle,' says Daeschler.
150:
4310:
3452:
Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek; Ahlberg, Per E. (7 January 2010).
6921:
1474:
The proposed origin of tetrapods among elpistostegalian fish was called into question by a discovery made in the
5744:
1656:
Neil Shubin and Daeschler, the leaders of the team, have been searching Ellesmere Island for fossils since 2000:
1630:. Spiracles would have been useful in shallow water, where higher water temperature would lower oxygen content.
7110:
6949:
4704:
3761:
3753:"I am not ready to discard the established paradigm for the fish-tetrapod transition" – Daeschler as quoted in
2673:"Part III: On the Transformation of Pectoral and Pelvic Paddles Ofeusthenopterontype into Pentadactylate Limbs"
1470:) but also a number of tetrapodomorph fish which until 2010 were unanimously considered ancestors of tetrapods.
1016:
654:
separate from the skull. This would give the creature more freedom in hunting prey on land or in the shallows.
6928:
5749:
4139:
Elpistostegids and tetrapodomorphs, each following their own paths, grew to look more and more like one other.
4001:
3851:"Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes"
1482:. In January 2010, a group of paleontologists (including Ahlberg) published on a series of trackways from the
4629:
403:
from swimming fish to four-legged vertebrates. This and similar animals might be the common ancestors of all
7316:
6914:
6884:
5755:
4657:
3684:
962:
are unknown, since that portion of the skeleton has not been preserved. Many lobe-finned fish have a single
4074:"Sequences, stratigraphy and scenarios: what can we say about the fossil record of the earliest tetrapods?"
3792:
3129:
Woltering, Joost M.; Irisarri, Iker; Ericsson, Rolf; Joss, Jean M. P.; Sordino, Paolo; Meyer, Axel (2020).
7127:
7064:
6848:
4816:
671:
639:
372:
is estimated to have had a total length of 1.25–2.75 metres (4.1–9.0 ft) based on various specimens.
2672:
7236:
5055:
2040:
529:, "It's one of those things you can point to and say, 'I told you this would exist,' and there it is."
439:
5737:
5647:
3271:
3988:"We now have to invent a common ancestor to the tetrapods and elpistostegids." – Janvier as quoted in
3651:, a fish with stubby leg-like limbs that lived about five million years later. Many scientists regard
935:
Simplified phylogeny of the fish–tetrapod transition. Note the enlargement of the ribcage and pelvis.
670:. The fin has both a robust internal skeleton, like tetrapods, surrounded by a web of simple bony fin
7184:
5402:
5180:
4905:
4691:
4584:
4530:
4471:
4355:
4268:
4188:
4027:
3864:
3693:
3581:
3520:
3465:
3283:
3210:
3142:
3036:
2932:
2786:
2731:
2684:
2629:
2501:
2438:
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2280:
1852:
1540:
1475:
1438:
522:
253:
5468:
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5065:
827:
transform into wrist bones, while the narrower postaxial radials splay out and evolve into fingers.
756:
retains a metapterygial axis with distinctly enlarged axial bones, a very fish-like condition. Even
726:
Comparisons between Devonian tetrapodomorphs during the transition from pectoral fins to forelimbs.
562:
word meaning "large freshwater fish". The "fishapod" genus received this name after a suggestion by
7084:
6264:
5616:
5454:
5085:
4995:
4945:
3969:
3956:
3830:
1457:
1207:
1171:
743:
705:
396:
330:
6005:
5667:
5314:
5229:
5187:
2839:
Shubin, Neil H.; Alberch, Pere (1986), Hecht, Max K.; Wallace, Bruce; Prance, Ghillean T. (eds.),
1944:
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would have helped support the animal's body any time it ventured outside a fully aquatic habitat.
7006:
6480:
6132:
5575:
5568:
5388:
5328:
5237:
5201:
5115:
4495:
4416:
4381:
4292:
4212:
4051:
3607:
3546:
3489:
3361:
3023:
Nakamura, Tetsuya; Gehrke, Andrew R.; Lemberg, Justin; Szymaszek, Julie; Shubin, Neil H. (2016).
2964:
2818:
2755:
2700:
2653:
2561:
2462:
2396:
2304:
2147:
1380:
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are homologous to fingers. Finger-like distal radials are also known in other elpistostegalians:
747:
443:
342:
145:
5075:
4915:
4230:
3403:
2719:
7241:
3931:
3748:
1695:
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have been discovered, though the holotype remains the most complete and well-described fossil.
7223:
7215:
7012:
6591:
6251:
5982:
5445:
5414:
5343:
5268:
5015:
4681:
4558:
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4373:
4284:
4204:
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4103:
4043:
3892:
3599:
3538:
3481:
3373:
3330:
3299:
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3158:
3111:
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3052:
3005:
2956:
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2856:
2810:
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1986:
1926:
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1411:
518:
7228:
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3324:
7018:
6275:
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4538:
4479:
4462:
4408:
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4196:
4093:
4085:
4035:
4015:
3951:
3923:
3882:
3872:
3849:
King, Heather M.; Shubin, Neil H.; Coates, Michael I.; Hale, Melina E. (December 27, 2011).
3740:
3701:
3589:
3528:
3473:
3411:
3291:
3236:
3218:
3166:
3150:
3101:
3060:
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2848:
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2537:
2446:
2372:
2288:
1916:
1906:
1860:
1843:
1835:
1743:
1532:
1494:
quarry, appear to have been created by fully terrestrial tetrapods with a quadrupedal gait.
1084:
634:
than most fish. The rear edge of the skull was excavated by a pair of indentations known as
513:
485:
452:
419:
293:
511:
The discovery by Daeschler, Shubin and Jenkins was published in the April 6, 2006 issue of
7028:
6996:
6720:
6612:
6449:
6224:
6199:
6172:
5998:
5600:
5589:
5582:
5430:
5336:
5321:
5305:
4878:
4865:
4828:
4727:
4661:
2617:
2008:
1738:
1528:
1517:
1391:
1365:
1225:
1197:
981:
667:
651:
493:
221:
208:
7165:
4256:
642:
on the top of the head, which suggest the creature had primitive lungs as well as gills.
4534:
4475:
4359:
4272:
4192:
4031:
3868:
3697:
3585:
3524:
3469:
3287:
3214:
3146:
3040:
2936:
2790:
2735:
2688:
2633:
2525:
2442:
2368:
2284:
1856:
1143:
species. In 2000 P. Ahlberg et al. described a transitional form from fish to tetrapod,
7074:
7048:
7043:
7001:
6991:
6866:
6837:
6761:
6729:
6706:
6685:
6664:
6628:
6605:
6584:
6557:
6516:
6442:
6435:
6313:
6233:
5553:
5503:
5282:
5025:
4965:
4553:
4514:
4453:
4098:
4073:
3887:
3850:
3295:
3241:
3198:
3171:
3130:
3065:
3024:
2983:
2882:
2840:
2696:
2102:
2024:
1980:
1921:
1894:
1831:
1761:
1675:
1600:
1419:
1324:
1089:
1026:
882:
481:
447:
357:
249:
2586:
Laurin, M. (2006). "Scanty evidence and changing opinions about evolving appendages".
2069:
618:
7260:
6831:
6807:
6800:
6743:
6736:
6678:
6650:
6419:
6408:
6395:
6381:
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6240:
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6062:
5887:
5826:
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5461:
5252:
4801:
4776:
4449:
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2541:
2400:
2230:
1823:
1782:
1733:
1711:
1700:
1536:
1521:
1317:
1298:
1212:
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1151:
1098:
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675:
606:
provides insights on the features of the extinct closest relatives of the tetrapods.
501:
427:
376:
241:
195:
72:
30:
4296:
2841:"A Morphogenetic Approach to the Origin and Basic Organization of the Tetrapod Limb"
2759:
2704:
2657:
2352:
1466:
Zachełmie trackmakers predate not only ichthyostegids and elpistostegids (including
578:
honours an anonymous donor. Taking a detailed look at the internal head skeleton of
7038:
7033:
6982:
6977:
6854:
6771:
6699:
6657:
6428:
6374:
6213:
6122:
6052:
5991:
5867:
5846:
5836:
5816:
5773:
5688:
5561:
5373:
5358:
5159:
5129:
5035:
4955:
4767:
4499:
4385:
4314:
3996:
3611:
3493:
2968:
2822:
2565:
2466:
2308:
1775:
1728:
1623:
1377:
1340:
1334:
1311:
1306:
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1128:
1120:
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897:
893:
888:
876:
844:
701:
384:
347:
261:
137:
4696:
4200:
4055:
3679:
2881:
Shubin, Neil (1995), Hecht, Max K.; Macintyre, Ross J.; Clegg, Michael T. (eds.),
1286:
364:
Period, about 375 Mya (million years ago), having many features akin to those of
7159:
6671:
6495:
6351:
6337:
6291:
6082:
6042:
5538:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5351:
5275:
5261:
5215:
5208:
5173:
5138:
4985:
4925:
4785:
4445:
4133:
3565:
3509:"Follow the footprints and mind the gaps: a new look at the origin of tetrapods"
3267:
3106:
3089:
2894:
2852:
2599:
2226:
1976:
1827:
1678:, deposits of meandering stream systems near the Devonian equator, suggesting a
1606:
1571:
1422:. However, it was questioned in a 2008 paper by Boisvert et al., who noted that
1415:
995:, a key evolutionary trait of land-living creatures. The more robust ribcage of
800:
773:
769:
435:
245:
121:
47:
1441:
with tetrapods. Ahlberg, co-author of the study, considered the possibility of
958:, like other elpistostegalians as well as tetrapods. The shape of the tail and
464:
6793:
6642:
6635:
6575:
6527:
6152:
6072:
5958:
5928:
5897:
5877:
5857:
5657:
5546:
5531:
5475:
5222:
5045:
4975:
4895:
4677:
4666:
3533:
3513:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3508:
2376:
2323:""Fishapod" Reveals Origins of Head and Neck Structures of First Land Animals"
2104:
Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body
1982:
Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body
1755:
1644:
1591:
1586:
1140:
1077:
1042:
959:
955:
916:
901:
810:
792:
739:
635:
404:
92:
57:
7150:
4208:
3542:
3377:
3326:
Season of the Gar: Adventures in Pursuit of America's Most Misunderstood Fish
3232:
3162:
3056:
2952:
2806:
2751:
2622:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
2549:
2421:
Boisvert, Catherine A.; Mark-Kurik, Elga; Ahlberg, Per E. (4 December 2008).
2384:
1368:, a name previously used to refer to particularly tetrapod-like fish such as
7023:
6786:
6778:
6692:
6468:
6360:
6322:
6206:
6186:
6162:
6142:
5948:
5907:
5779:
5694:
5627:
5524:
5365:
5105:
4935:
4543:
4280:
4121:
3877:
3787:
3223:
1911:
1768:
1684:
1595:
1580:
1563:
1145:
966:
on the underside of the tail, behind the pelvic fins. While not reported in
631:
559:
505:
497:
400:
162:
97:
41:
4562:
4491:
4377:
4288:
4107:
4089:
4047:
3896:
3603:
3485:
3303:
3250:
3180:
3154:
3115:
3074:
3009:
2960:
2774:
2743:
2649:
2557:
2458:
2392:
2300:
1930:
1874:
1836:"A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan"
720:
7176:
2814:
2724:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences
7144:
6822:
6620:
6543:
6536:
6508:
6330:
6023:
5938:
5797:
5194:
5152:
5095:
4758:
4688:
A today's fish with tetrapod anatomy, able to move like an early tetrapod
4412:
3992:"Footprints show tetrapods walked on land 18m years earlier than thought"
3415:
3000:
2775:"Hox gene expression in teleost fins and the origin of vertebrate digits"
1567:
1483:
1112:
1029:
class (in both species scales are rhombic, overlapping and tuberculated);
963:
820:
761:
683:
365:
361:
182:
133:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
34:
4483:
3927:
3744:
3477:
3197:
Shubin, Neil H.; Daeschler, Edward B.; Jenkins, Farish A. (2014-01-21).
3131:"Sarcopterygian fin ontogeny elucidates the origin of hands with digits"
3048:
2944:
2641:
2450:
2292:
1865:
1661:
developing features which will eventually allow animals to exploit land.
1643:
s discoverers believe the animal ventured onto land just as present-day
1180:, known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as
532:
7202:
6890:
6598:
6550:
6112:
6092:
5517:
5005:
3821:
1679:
1520:"-grade tetrapods were the responsible trackmakers, based on available
1217:
1170:
lived approximately 375 million years ago. It is representative of the
1163:
992:
905:
765:
687:
would have helped anchor the creature to the bottom in a fast current.
679:
571:
489:
423:
354:
102:
77:
4668:
Lecture (presentation) by Neil Shubin about the discovery of Tiktaalik
3705:
1069:
874:(hip) was intermediate in form between earlier lobe-finned fish (like
5968:
5166:
4752:
2984:"The Deep Homology of the Autopod: Insights from Hox Gene Regulation"
2798:
1611:
1479:
1448:
s fin having been "an evolutionary return to a more primitive form."
1430:
1352:
filled an evolutionary gap between fish and tetrapods. Nevertheless,
871:
804:
567:
172:
7121:
4368:
4341:
4039:
3594:
3569:
3454:"Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian Period of Poland"
666:
have helped to contextualize the origin of weight-bearing limbs and
3666:
s fins represented an evolutionary return to a more primitive form.
3966:[Oldest tetrapod fossil footprints discovered in Poland].
3826:"Fossil tracks push back the invasion of land by 18 million years"
3453:
1750:
Other lobe-finned fish found in fossils from the Devonian Period:
1694:
1632:
1575:
1461:
1387:
1386:
In response, Daescler et al. (2006) redefined Elpisostegalia as a
1376:. Daeschler et al. (2006) recognized that this term referred to a
1285:
1068:
1015:
855:
809:
617:
563:
531:
463:
408:
350:
4654:
2524:
Coates, Michael I.; Jeffery, Jonathan E.; Ruta, Marcello (2002).
2006:
Gorner, Peter (2006-04-05). "Fossil could be fish-to-land link".
7189:
4177:"Thinopus and a Critical Review of Devonian Tetrapod Footprints"
3678:
Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Narkiewicz, Marek; Szrek, Piotr (2014).
2029:
internal anatomy explains evolutionary shift from water to land"
1619:
1615:
1486:
stage of the Middle Devonian, about 12 million years older than
1149:. This creature dates 374–391 million years ago, a successor to
781:
7125:
6965:
5771:
4863:
4745:
4700:
3819:
s described anatomy that suggests it didn't have a stride." in
2883:"The Evolution of Paired Fins and the Origin of Tetrapod Limbs"
1531:
were the ancestors of tetrapods", a notion partially shared by
3680:"The age of the oldest tetrapod tracks from Zachełmie, Poland"
2773:
Sordino, Paolo; van der Hoeven, Frank; Duboule, Denis (1995).
1627:
1618:; well developed jaws suitable for catching prey; and a small
1006:
311:
4257:"Fossil Musculature of the Most Primitive Jawed Vertebrates"
4018:; Clément, Gaël (7 January 2010). "Muddy tetrapod origins".
2618:"Fish fingers: digit homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins"
3964:"W Polsce odkryto ślady najstarszych kopalnych czworonogów"
1945:"What has the head of a crocodile and the gills of a fish?"
1139:
Descendants also included pelagic lobe-finned fish such as
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3025:"Digits and fin rays share common developmental histories"
1516:. Instead, the authors of the publication suggested that "
948:
though in that taxon the ribs are more diverse in shape.
791:
Further down, the internal skeleton transitions into the
317:
299:
4655:
University of Chicago website dedicated to the discovery
4513:
Shubin, N. H.; Daeschler, E. B.; Jenkins, F. A. (2014).
4067:
4065:
3916:"Discovery pushes back date of first four-legged animal"
3733:"Discovery pushes back date of first four-legged animal"
2202:"First fossil of fish that crawled onto land discovered"
1508:
by natural processes or by transitional species such as
1414:
was initially adopted by other experts, most notably by
4342:"Evolution: A catfish that can strike its prey on land"
536:
Neil Shubin, one of the paleontologists who discovered
480:
skeletons were discovered in the Late Devonian fluvial
4072:
Friedman, Matt; Brazeau, Martin D. (7 February 2011).
1433:
forelimb structure, might be closer to tetrapods than
795:, which in tetrapods contains the bones of the wrist.
772:(upper arm). This is followed by the two bones of the
4622:"Started Out as a Fish. How Did It End Up Like This?"
3262:
3260:
630:
was low and flat, more similar in shape to that of a
574:, where the fossil was discovered. The specific name
320:
302:
6754:
6717:
6572:
6492:
6464:
6392:
6348:
6310:
6183:
6168:
6158:
6148:
6138:
6128:
6118:
6108:
6098:
6088:
6078:
6068:
6058:
6048:
6038:
5979:
5964:
5954:
5944:
5934:
5924:
5913:
5903:
5893:
5883:
5873:
5863:
5853:
5842:
5832:
5822:
5812:
5673:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5633:
5623:
5612:
5442:
5426:
5302:
5249:
5126:
5111:
5101:
5091:
5081:
5071:
5061:
5051:
5041:
5031:
5021:
5011:
5001:
4991:
4981:
4971:
4961:
4951:
4941:
4931:
4921:
4911:
4901:
4891:
3974:(in Polish). Warsaw. January 7, 2010. Archived from
3783:"Four-legged finding muddies paleontological waters"
2353:"Elpistostege and the origin of the vertebrate hand"
2135:. Seed. Archived from the original on April 11, 2006
1013:), with whom it shares a number of characteristics:
314:
308:
296:
268:
7134:
7057:
6976:
6865:
6830:
6817:
6753:
6716:
6571:
6526:
6491:
6463:
6418:
6391:
6347:
6309:
6274:
6250:
6223:
6182:
6019:
5978:
5796:
5687:
5599:
5441:
5413:
5301:
5248:
5125:
4876:
4827:
4800:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
305:
4577:"Fossil Discovery May Link Life on Land and Water"
1699:This image by Zina Deretsky has been used in many
1267:Tetrapod mobile neck with separate pectoral girdle
803:(i.e., the second preaxial radial) and the blocky
2483:Given that recent phylogenies consistently place
1108:with limb-like fins that could take it onto land;
650:the earliest-known fish to have a neck, with the
4231:"Fossil Suggests Missing Link From Fish to Land"
3366:"Scientists Call Fish Fossil the 'Missing Link'"
3329:. University of Arkansas Press. pp. 65–66.
1895:"Fin ray patterns at the fin-to-limb transition"
1174:between non-tetrapod vertebrates (fish) such as
750:with the more splayed lower limbs of tetrapods.
4523:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3203:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1899:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1658:
1390:, including all vertebrates descended from the
1282:2006–2010: Elpistostegids as tetrapod ancestors
896:blade continuous with a low semi-cartilaginous
543:
517:and quickly recognized as a transitional form.
456:and quickly recognized as a transitional form.
334:
4255:Trinajstic, Kate; et al. (12 July 2013).
450:, was published in the April 6, 2006 issue of
4712:
4678:Finding Tiktaalik: Interview with Neil Shubin
4603:The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
4152:"Ancient Four-Legged Beasts Leave Their Mark"
2847:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 319–387,
2671:Gregory, William K.; Raven, Henry C. (1941).
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1651:The discoverers said that in all likelihood,
980:was covered by rhombic (diamond-shaped) bony
8:
1971:
1969:
1025:Diamond-shaped scale patterns common to the
814:Forelimb from shoulder (bottom) to fin (top)
3199:"Pelvic girdle and fin of Tiktaalik roseae"
2889:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 39–86,
2720:"The origin of the primitive tetrapod limb"
2176:"Meet Your ancestor, the Fish that crawled"
2070:"Fossil fills gap in move from sea to land"
1452:2010–present: Doubts over tetrapod ancestry
411:: amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
7122:
6973:
6962:
6827:
6500:
6400:
6256:
6191:
6031:
5805:
5793:
5768:
5605:
5419:
4884:
4873:
4860:
4806:
4797:
4742:
4719:
4705:
4697:
3627:"Ancient Fish Had Primitive Fingers, Toes"
2677:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2126:
2124:
120:
20:
7287:Devonian sarcopterygians of North America
4552:
4542:
4367:
4097:
3886:
3876:
3593:
3532:
3240:
3222:
3170:
3105:
3064:
2999:
1985:. New York: University of Chicago Press.
1920:
1910:
1864:
622:Skull showing otic notches above the eyes
4401:"The fish that crawled out of the water"
3404:"The fish that crawled out of the water"
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1710:has been used as the subject of various
930:
1796:
1048:Broad, dorsoventrally compressed skull;
870:As with other regions of the body, the
4460:and the origin of the tetrapod limb".
4321:from the original on December 15, 2013
2526:"Fins to limbs: what the fossils say1"
2145:
1093:—exhibited a sequence of adaptations:
799:has two large wrist bones: the narrow
780:(i.e., the first preaxial radial) and
768:, the single large bone making up the
525:expert on tetrapod evolution, said of
4456:(6 April 2006). "The pectoral fin of
3968:Science & Scholarship in Poland (
3192:
3190:
2834:
2832:
2611:
2609:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2063:
2061:
1622:slit called a spiracle that, in more
1490:. These trackways, discovered at the
341:
278:Daeschler, Shubin & Jenkins, 2006
7:
3422:from the original on 24 January 2015
1035:Both internal and external nostrils;
582:, in the October 16, 2008, issue of
7277:Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
3647:are more finger-like than those of
2988:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2473:from the original on 4 January 2014
1256:Half-fish, half-tetrapod ear region
4078:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3769:from the original on March 4, 2016
3296:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100
2697:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1942.tb57060.x
2076:from the original on April 6, 2006
1301:of Daeschler et al. (2006) placed
14:
4620:Imbler, Sabrina (29 April 2022).
3990:Karen McVeigh (January 6, 2010).
2208:from the original on 6 April 2006
2131:Peterson, Britt (April 5, 2006).
2072:. The Christian Science Monitor.
1124:which had feet with eight digits,
970:, an anal fin can be observed in
865:Harvard Museum of Natural History
426:, Canada. The discovery, made by
360:(lobe-finned fish) from the Late
7106:
7105:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6913:
5754:
5748:
5743:
5736:
4175:Lucas, Spencer G. (2015-10-02).
4160:. 6 January 2010. Archived from
3625:Than, Ker (September 24, 2008).
3570:"A firm step from water to land"
2542:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2002.02026.x
1598:being some exceptions; see also
1115:in weed-filled swamps, such as:
719:
694:
638:. These notches may have housed
292:
149:
16:Extinct genus of tetrapodomorphs
4583:. April 6, 2006. Archived from
4427:from the original on 2006-04-11
4237:from the original on 2006-10-13
4233:. NPR (National Public Radio).
3781:Dan Vergano (January 6, 2010).
3712:from the original on 2015-05-11
3643:Curiously, the radial bones of
3343:from the original on 2014-01-07
2249:from the original on 2019-10-07
2182:from the original on 2016-04-13
2068:Spotts, Peter (April 6, 2006).
2047:from the original on 2012-04-07
2033:University of Chicago Chronicle
1955:from the original on 2018-06-12
4605:. 3 April 2006. Archived from
3914:Rex Dalton (January 6, 2010).
3731:Rex Dalton (January 6, 2010).
1647:do, propping up on their fins.
842:(which has at least four) and
418:fossils were found in 2004 on
335:
1:
7307:Fossil taxa described in 2006
7282:Late Devonian sarcopterygians
7070:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
4201:10.1080/10420940.2015.1063491
3947:"A Creature That Time Forgot"
3757:"Tetrapods' old age revealed"
1524:morphology of those animals.
1364:was described as a member of
1360:In its original description,
1038:Tubular and streamlined body;
1032:Teeth structured in two rows;
915:The hindlimbs, also known as
540:, holding a cast of its skull
3755:Jef Akst (January 6, 2010).
3402:Dalton, Rex (5 April 2006).
2508:is closer to tetrapods than
2200:Holmes, Bob (5 April 2006).
1551:been produced by tetrapods.
1166:classified under the genus.
1065:Classification and evolution
383:is a non-tetrapod member of
7312:Taxa named by Ted Daeschler
3635:National Geographic Society
3107:10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.007
2895:10.1007/978-1-4615-1847-1_2
2853:10.1007/978-1-4615-6983-1_6
2600:10.1111/zsc.2006.35.issue-6
2023:Easton, John (2008-10-23).
1102:, suited to muddy shallows;
1080:speciation, descendants of
432:Academy of Natural Sciences
7338:
4515:"Pelvic girdle and fin of
3272:"Getting a Leg Up on Land"
1455:
1210:; it is to tetrapods what
652:pectoral (shoulder) girdle
476:In 2004, three fossilized
7322:Taxa named by Neil Shubin
7292:Paleozoic life of Nunavut
7101:
6972:
6961:
6911:
6503:
6403:
6259:
6194:
6034:
5808:
5792:
5767:
5733:
5608:
5422:
4887:
4872:
4859:
4809:
4796:
4741:
3945:W.Ż. (February 4, 2010).
3534:10.1017/S1755691018000695
2982:Davis, Marcus C. (2013).
2530:Evolution and Development
2427:and the origin of digits"
2377:10.1038/s41586-020-2100-8
2152:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2133:"An Evolutionary Finding"
1005:is sometimes compared to
267:
260:
146:Scientific classification
144:
128:
119:
23:
4000:. London. Archived from
3955:. Warsaw. Archived from
3631:National Geographic News
3507:Ahlberg, Per E. (2018).
1332:was thus inserted below
900:process in front of the
4544:10.1073/pnas.1322559111
4281:10.1126/science.1237275
3878:10.1073/pnas.1118669109
3685:Bulletin of Geosciences
3641:on September 27, 2008.
3224:10.1073/pnas.1322559111
3088:Tanaka, Mikiko (2016).
2496:is autapomorphic, that
1912:10.1073/pnas.1915983117
1714:. The images criticize
586:, researchers show how
368:(four-legged animals).
7297:Evolution of tetrapods
7065:Evolution of tetrapods
4454:Jenkins, Farish A. Jr.
4164:on September 30, 2013.
4136:on December 22, 2014.
4090:10.1098/rspb.2010.1321
3323:Spitzer, Mark (2010).
3155:10.1126/sciadv.abc3510
2744:10.1098/rspb.1943.0013
2718:Westoll, T.S. (1943).
2204:. New Scientist News.
1949:evolution.berkeley.edu
1832:Jenkins, Farish A. Jr.
1704:
1663:
1648:
1471:
1322:which was preceded by
1294:
1277:Classification history
1232:include these traits:
1156:
1021:
936:
886:) and tetrapods (like
867:
815:
623:
553:
541:
473:
7272:Monotypic fish genera
7237:Paleobiology Database
3978:on December 22, 2014.
3959:on December 22, 2014.
3805:says that a model of
3795:on December 24, 2014.
3094:Developmental Biology
2423:"The pectoral fin of
2232:Why Evolution is True
2101:Shubin, Neil (2008).
2041:University of Chicago
1698:
1691:Cultural significance
1636:
1465:
1299:phylogenetic analysis
1289:
1072:
1051:Paired frontal bones;
1019:
934:
859:
813:
621:
535:
467:
448:Farish A. Jenkins Jr.
440:University of Chicago
7302:Transitional fossils
4692:Cryptotora thamicola
4684:video, February 2013
4450:Daeschler, Edward B.
4413:10.1038/news060403-7
4399:Dalton, Rex (2006).
3416:10.1038/news060403-7
2887:Evolutionary Biology
2845:Evolutionary Biology
2174:Holmes, Bob (2007).
1824:Daeschler, Edward B.
1541:convergent evolution
1476:Holy Cross Mountains
1437:or even that it was
1290:Life restoration of
1041:Absence of anterior
974:, a close relative.
710:Neoceratodus fosteri
523:Cambridge University
7085:Zachelmie trackways
6265:Pseudophlegethontia
4535:2014PNAS..111..893S
4484:10.1038/nature04637
4476:2006Natur.440..764S
4360:2006Natur.440..881V
4273:2013Sci...341..160T
4193:2015Ichno..22..136L
4124:(January 6, 2010).
4032:2010Natur.463...40J
3970:Polish Press Agency
3928:10.1038/news.2010.1
3869:2011PNAS..10821146K
3863:(52): 21146–21151.
3824:(January 6, 2010).
3745:10.1038/news.2010.1
3698:2015Letha..48...10N
3586:2006Natur.440..747A
3564:Ahlberg, Per Erik;
3525:2018EESTR.109..115A
3478:10.1038/nature08623
3470:2010Natur.463...43N
3362:Wilford, John Noble
3288:2005SciAm.293f.100C
3276:Scientific American
3215:2014PNAS..111..893S
3147:2020SciA....6.3510W
3049:10.1038/nature19322
3041:2016Natur.537..225N
2945:10.1038/nature05838
2937:2007Natur.447..473D
2791:1995Natur.375..678S
2736:1943RSPSB.131..373W
2689:1941NYASA..42..313G
2642:10.1002/jez.b.21197
2634:2007JEZB..308..757J
2451:10.1038/nature07339
2443:2008Natur.456..636B
2369:2020Natur.579..549C
2293:10.1038/nature07189
2285:2008Natur.455..925D
1866:10.1038/nature04639
1857:2006Natur.440..757D
1626:animals, became an
1458:Zachelmie trackways
1315:and directly above
1208:transitional fossil
954:most likely lacked
744:Australian lungfish
706:Australian lungfish
428:Edward B. Daeschler
343:[tiktaːlik]
7007:Megalichthyiformes
5569:Platycephalichthys
4660:2011-11-12 at the
4626:The New York Times
3566:Clack, Jennifer A.
3370:The New York Times
3268:Clack, Jennifer A.
3001:10.1093/icb/ict029
2500:and tetrapods are
1705:
1674:were found in the
1649:
1472:
1426:, due to its more
1410:This order of the
1295:
1264:Tetrapod rib bones
1157:
1057:Subterminal mouth;
1022:
984:, most similar to
937:
868:
816:
624:
542:
474:
468:Discovery site of
444:Harvard University
7267:Elpistostegalians
7252:
7251:
7224:Open Tree of Life
7128:Taxon identifiers
7119:
7118:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7013:Tristichopteridae
6957:
6956:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6567:
6566:
6459:
6458:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6252:Phlegethontioidea
6015:
6014:
5983:Elginerpetontidae
5763:
5762:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5648:Parapanderichthys
5446:Tristichopteridae
5415:Eotetrapodiformes
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4682:Royal Institution
4470:(7085): 764–771.
4317:. June 13, 2013.
4267:(6142): 160–164.
4084:(1704): 432–439.
4016:Janvier, Philippe
4004:on March 2, 2014.
3934:on March 8, 2014.
3751:on March 8, 2014.
3706:10.1111/let.12083
3580:(7085): 747–749.
3336:978-1-55728-929-2
3035:(7619): 225–228.
2931:(7143): 473–476.
2904:978-1-4613-5749-0
2862:978-1-4615-6985-5
2785:(6533): 678–681.
2588:Zoologica Scripta
2437:(7222): 636–638.
2363:(7800): 549–554.
2279:(7215): 925–929.
2242:978-0-670-02053-9
2178:. New Scientist.
2114:978-0-375-42447-2
1992:978-0-375-42447-2
1851:(7085): 757–763.
1607:Channallabes apus
1412:phylogenetic tree
1348:", implying that
852:Hip and hindlimbs
730:is at the middle.
572:Nunavut Territory
519:Jennifer A. Clack
397:transition fossil
333:
283:
282:
256:
7329:
7245:
7244:
7232:
7231:
7219:
7218:
7206:
7205:
7193:
7192:
7180:
7179:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7123:
7109:
7108:
7019:Labyrinthodontia
6974:
6963:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6917:
6874:
6870:
6836:
6828:
6820:
6759:
6756:
6719:
6574:
6501:
6494:
6466:
6401:
6394:
6350:
6312:
6276:Phlegethontiidae
6257:
6192:
6185:
6170:
6160:
6150:
6140:
6130:
6120:
6110:
6100:
6090:
6080:
6070:
6060:
6050:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6022:
5981:
5966:
5956:
5946:
5936:
5926:
5915:
5905:
5895:
5885:
5875:
5865:
5855:
5844:
5834:
5824:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5794:
5787:
5778:
5769:
5758:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5702:
5693:
5675:
5665:
5655:
5645:
5635:
5625:
5614:
5606:
5444:
5428:
5420:
5304:
5251:
5128:
5113:
5103:
5093:
5083:
5073:
5063:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5023:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4963:
4953:
4943:
4933:
4923:
4913:
4903:
4893:
4885:
4874:
4861:
4807:
4798:
4791:
4790:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4728:Tetrapodomorpha
4721:
4714:
4707:
4698:
4669:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4632:on 22 March 2023
4628:. Archived from
4617:
4611:
4610:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4546:
4517:Tiktaalik roseae
4510:
4504:
4503:
4458:Tiktaalik roseae
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4407:: news060403–7.
4396:
4390:
4389:
4371:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4187:(3–4): 136–154.
4172:
4166:
4165:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4132:. Archived from
4118:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3960:
3952:The Warsaw Voice
3942:
3936:
3935:
3930:. Archived from
3910:
3904:
3903:
3890:
3880:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3838:on May 16, 2010.
3834:. Archived from
3818:
3811:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3791:. Archived from
3778:
3776:
3774:
3752:
3747:. Archived from
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3637:. Archived from
3622:
3616:
3615:
3597:
3568:(6 April 2006).
3561:
3555:
3554:
3536:
3519:(1–2): 115–137.
3504:
3498:
3497:
3449:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3380:. Archived from
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3226:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3141:(34): eabc3510.
3135:Science Advances
3126:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2799:10.1038/375678a0
2770:
2764:
2763:
2730:(865): 373–393.
2715:
2709:
2708:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2480:
2478:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2269:Tiktaalik roseae
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1905:(3): 1612–1620.
1890:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1840:
1834:(6 April 2006).
1820:
1744:Spotted handfish
1642:
1533:Philippe Janvier
1518:ichthyostegalian
1502:
1447:
1160:Tiktaalik roseae
1085:lobe-finned fish
1060:Lung-like organ.
1009:(especially the
861:Tiktaalik roseae
848:(which has 19).
723:
698:
580:Tiktaalik roseae
551:
500:(modern eastern
486:Ellesmere Island
420:Ellesmere Island
345:
340:
339:
329:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
273:Tiktaalik roseae
270:
240:
233:
154:
153:
124:
114:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7248:
7240:
7235:
7227:
7222:
7214:
7209:
7201:
7196:
7188:
7183:
7175:
7173:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7130:
7120:
7115:
7089:
7053:
7029:Ichthyostegalia
6997:Osteolepiformes
6981:
6968:
6953:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6897:
6872:
6868:
6867:Reptiliomorpha
6861:
6834:
6821:
6818:
6813:
6757:
6749:
6721:Gephyrostegidae
6712:
6613:Carbonoherpeton
6563:
6522:
6487:
6455:
6450:Palaeomolgophis
6414:
6387:
6343:
6297:
6270:
6246:
6225:Oestocephalidae
6219:
6200:Andersonerpeton
6178:
6173:Tantallognathus
6026:
6020:
6011:
5999:Obruchevichthys
5974:
5800:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5759:
5735:
5715:
5697:
5691:
5683:
5601:Elpistostegalia
5595:
5590:Tristichopterus
5437:
5431:Palaeospondylus
5409:
5403:Sterropterygion
5337:Ectosteorhachis
5322:Cladarosymblema
5306:Megalichthyidae
5297:
5244:
5181:Propycnoctenion
5121:
4881:
4879:Tetrapodomorpha
4868:
4866:Tetrapodomorpha
4843:
4829:Tetrapodomorpha
4823:
4792:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4667:
4662:Wayback Machine
4651:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4599:"Press release"
4597:
4596:
4592:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4446:Shubin, Neil H.
4444:
4443:
4439:
4430:
4428:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4369:10.1038/440881a
4339:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4126:"First Footing"
4120:
4119:
4115:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4040:10.1038/463040a
4026:(7277): 40–41.
4014:
4013:
4009:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3962:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3922:: news.2010.1.
3913:
3911:
3907:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3780:
3772:
3770:
3754:
3739:: news.2010.1.
3730:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3595:10.1038/440747a
3563:
3562:
3558:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3464:(7277): 43–48.
3451:
3450:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3337:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3022:
3021:
3017:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2585:
2584:
2573:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2476:
2474:
2420:
2419:
2408:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2243:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2009:Chicago Tribune
2005:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1838:
1828:Shubin, Neil H.
1822:
1821:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1748:
1739:Amphibious fish
1724:
1693:
1670:The fossils of
1668:
1640:
1557:
1500:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1392:common ancestor
1366:Elpistostegalia
1284:
1279:
1138:
1135:
1067:
1054:Marginal nares;
929:
854:
776:(forearm): the
735:
734:
733:
732:
731:
724:
715:
714:
713:
699:
660:
616:
601:
552:
550:
494:northern Canada
462:
295:
291:
279:
276:
239:
231:
222:Elpistostegalia
209:Tetrapodomorpha
148:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7335:
7333:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7317:Internet memes
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7259:
7258:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7233:
7220:
7207:
7194:
7181:
7171:
7156:
7140:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7049:Anthracosauria
7046:
7044:Phyllospondyli
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7004:
7002:Osteolepididae
6999:
6994:
6992:Stem tetrapoda
6988:
6986:
6970:
6969:
6967:Related topics
6966:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6887:
6885:Reptiliomorpha
6878:
6876:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6851:
6842:
6840:
6838:Batrachomorpha
6825:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6775:
6767:
6765:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6730:Bruktererpeton
6725:
6723:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6707:Spondylerpeton
6703:
6696:
6689:
6686:Proterogyrinus
6682:
6675:
6668:
6665:Palaeoherpeton
6661:
6654:
6647:
6639:
6632:
6629:Diplovertebron
6625:
6616:
6609:
6606:Calligenethlon
6602:
6595:
6588:
6585:Anthracosaurus
6580:
6578:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6558:Megalocephalus
6554:
6547:
6540:
6532:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6517:Spathicephalus
6513:
6504:
6498:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6474:
6472:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6446:
6443:Dolichopareias
6439:
6436:Adelospondylus
6432:
6424:
6422:
6420:Adelogyrinidae
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6404:
6398:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6356:
6354:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6318:
6316:
6314:Whatcheeriidae
6307:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6288:
6280:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6237:
6234:Coloraderpeton
6229:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6195:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6166:
6156:
6146:
6136:
6126:
6116:
6106:
6096:
6086:
6076:
6066:
6056:
6046:
6035:
6029:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5962:
5952:
5942:
5932:
5922:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5881:
5871:
5861:
5851:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5809:
5803:
5790:
5789:
5772:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5661:
5651:
5641:
5631:
5621:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5554:Marsdenichthys
5550:
5543:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5504:Eusthenopteron
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5469:Callistipterus
5465:
5458:
5450:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5399:
5396:Sengoerichthys
5392:
5385:
5382:Palatinichthys
5378:
5370:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5333:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5287:
5283:Marsdenichthys
5279:
5272:
5265:
5257:
5255:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5134:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5099:
5089:
5079:
5069:
5066:Platyethmoidia
5059:
5049:
5039:
5029:
5026:Megadonichthys
5019:
5009:
4999:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4966:Harajicadectes
4959:
4949:
4939:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4899:
4888:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4810:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4761:
4755:
4746:
4739:
4738:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4685:
4675:
4664:
4650:
4649:External links
4647:
4644:
4643:
4612:
4609:on 2006-08-24.
4590:
4587:on 2014-01-22.
4568:
4529:(3): 893–899.
4505:
4437:
4391:
4332:
4302:
4247:
4222:
4167:
4143:
4113:
4061:
4007:
3981:
3937:
3905:
3841:
3798:
3722:
3692:(3): 593–606.
3670:
3617:
3556:
3499:
3433:
3394:
3364:(2006-04-05).
3353:
3335:
3315:
3282:(6): 100–107.
3270:(2005-12-01).
3256:
3209:(3): 893–899.
3186:
3121:
3080:
3015:
2994:(2): 224–232.
2974:
2915:
2903:
2873:
2861:
2828:
2765:
2710:
2683:(3): 313–327.
2663:
2628:(6): 757–768.
2605:
2594:(6): 667–668.
2571:
2536:(5): 390–401.
2516:
2406:
2338:
2314:
2259:
2241:
2218:
2192:
2159:
2120:
2113:
2086:
2057:
2015:
1998:
1991:
1965:
1936:
1880:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1762:Eusthenopteron
1758:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1712:Internet memes
1692:
1689:
1676:Fram Formation
1667:
1664:
1601:Lepidogalaxias
1566:, including a
1556:
1553:
1537:ghost lineages
1529:elpistostegids
1456:Main article:
1453:
1450:
1420:Jennifer Clack
1325:Eusthenopteron
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:Tetrapod lungs
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1226:dromaeosaurids
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1090:Eusthenopteron
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:Crossopterygii
928:
925:
883:Eusthenopteron
853:
850:
725:
718:
717:
716:
700:
693:
692:
691:
690:
689:
662:The "fins" of
659:
656:
615:
614:Skull and neck
612:
600:
597:
548:
482:Fram Formation
461:
458:
436:Neil H. Shubin
358:sarcopterygian
281:
280:
277:
265:
264:
258:
257:
229:
225:
224:
219:
212:
211:
206:
199:
198:
193:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7334:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7255:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7172:
7167:
7161:
7157:
7152:
7146:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7112:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6960:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6892:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6864:
6856:
6852:
6850:
6849:Temnospondyli
6846:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6833:
6832:Temnospondyli
6829:
6826:
6824:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6808:Termonerpeton
6805:
6803:
6802:
6801:Silvanerpeton
6798:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6762:anthracosaurs
6752:
6746:
6745:
6744:Gephyrostegus
6741:
6739:
6738:
6737:Eusauropleura
6734:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6679:Pholiderpeton
6676:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6651:Leptophractus
6648:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6570:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6409:Acherontiscus
6406:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6396:Adelospondyli
6390:
6384:
6383:
6382:Pholidogaster
6379:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6368:Deltaherpeton
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6308:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6285:Phlegethontia
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6241:Oestocephalus
6238:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6103:Ichthyerpeton
6097:
6095:
6094:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6063:Crassigyrinus
6057:
6055:
6054:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6025:
6018:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5888:Metaxygnathus
5882:
5880:
5879:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5827:Brittagnathus
5821:
5819:
5818:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5746:
5739:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5638:Panderichthys
5632:
5630:
5629:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:Howittichthys
5611:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5511:Heddleichthys
5508:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5462:Cabonnichthys
5459:
5457:
5456:
5455:Bruehnopteron
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5253:Canowindridae
5247:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5086:Thaumatolepis
5080:
5078:
5077:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4996:Lamprotolepis
4990:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4946:Greiserolepis
4940:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4817:Gnathostomata
4814:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Gnathostomata
4799:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Sarcopterygii
4774:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:Pan-Tetrapoda
4722:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4354:(7086): 881.
4353:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4333:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3762:The Scientist
3758:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3726:
3723:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:Panderichthys
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3395:
3384:on 2024-01-02
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3316:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:Panderichthys
2503:
2499:
2498:Panderichthys
2495:
2490:
2486:
2485:Panderichthys
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2425:Panderichthys
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:Panderichthys
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Alligator gar
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:Panderichthys
1511:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:Panderichthys
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1396:Panderichthys
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:Panderichthys
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1318:Panderichthys
1314:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1213:Archaeopteryx
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:Panderichthys
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1152:Panderichthys
1148:
1147:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:Panderichthys
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:Late Devonian
1071:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:alligator gar
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
987:
986:Panderichthys
983:
979:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
947:
946:Ichthyostega,
942:
939:The torso of
933:
926:
924:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
878:
873:
866:
863:model at the
862:
858:
851:
849:
847:
846:
841:
840:Panderichthys
837:
832:
828:
825:
823:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
786:Panderichthys
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Panderichthys
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
729:
722:
711:
707:
703:
697:
688:
685:
681:
677:
676:lepidotrichia
673:
669:
665:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:The skull of
620:
613:
611:
609:
605:
598:
596:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
547:
539:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
509:
507:
503:
502:North America
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
471:
466:
459:
457:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:as a crucial
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:Arctic Canada
375:Unearthed in
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
349:
344:
338:
332:
325:
289:
288:
275:
274:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
237:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:Sarcopterygii
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
127:
123:
118:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
32:
31:Late Devonian
26:
22:
19:
7254:
7135:
7058:Other topics
7039:Holospondyli
7034:Lepospondyli
6983:Polyphyletic
6978:Paraphyletic
6918:
6855:Lissamphibia
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6772:Caerorhachis
6770:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6705:
6700:Seroherpeton
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6658:Neopteroplax
6656:
6649:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6619:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6515:
6507:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6429:Adelogyrinus
6427:
6407:
6380:
6375:Greererpeton
6373:
6366:
6359:
6336:
6329:
6321:
6290:
6283:
6263:
6239:
6232:
6214:Ophiderpeton
6212:
6205:
6198:
6171:
6161:
6151:
6141:
6131:
6123:Mesanerpeton
6121:
6111:
6101:
6091:
6081:
6071:
6061:
6053:Aytonerpeton
6051:
6041:
6006:Webererpeton
6004:
5997:
5992:Elginerpeton
5990:
5967:
5957:
5947:
5937:
5927:
5917:
5916:
5906:
5896:
5886:
5876:
5868:Ichthyostega
5866:
5856:
5847:Elpistostege
5845:
5837:Densignathus
5835:
5825:
5817:Acanthostega
5815:
5783:
5774:Stegocephali
5742:
5698:
5689:Stegocephali
5677:
5676:
5668:Rubrognathus
5666:
5656:
5646:
5636:
5626:
5615:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5562:Notorhizodon
5560:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5429:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5374:Megistolepis
5372:
5364:
5359:Megalichthys
5357:
5350:
5342:
5335:
5327:
5320:
5315:Askerichthys
5313:
5289:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5236:
5230:Thysanolepis
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5188:Pycnoctenion
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5160:Gooloogongia
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:Rhizodontida
5114:
5104:
5094:
5084:
5074:
5064:
5054:
5044:
5036:Muranjilepis
5034:
5024:
5014:
5004:
4994:
4984:
4974:
4964:
4956:Gyroptychius
4954:
4944:
4934:
4924:
4914:
4904:
4894:
4781:
4772:
4768:Osteichthyes
4763:
4634:. Retrieved
4630:the original
4625:
4615:
4607:the original
4602:
4593:
4585:the original
4580:
4571:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4508:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4440:
4429:. Retrieved
4404:
4394:
4351:
4345:
4335:
4325:December 14,
4323:. Retrieved
4315:Science News
4305:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4239:. Retrieved
4225:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4162:the original
4155:
4146:
4137:
4134:the original
4129:
4116:
4081:
4077:
4023:
4019:
4010:
4002:the original
3997:The Guardian
3995:
3984:
3976:the original
3967:
3957:the original
3950:
3940:
3932:the original
3919:
3908:
3900:
3860:
3854:
3844:
3836:the original
3829:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3793:the original
3786:
3773:November 10,
3771:. Retrieved
3760:
3749:the original
3736:
3725:
3714:. Retrieved
3689:
3683:
3673:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3639:the original
3630:
3620:
3577:
3573:
3559:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3461:
3457:
3424:. Retrieved
3407:
3397:
3386:. Retrieved
3382:the original
3369:
3356:
3345:. Retrieved
3325:
3318:
3307:. Retrieved
3279:
3275:
3206:
3202:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3032:
3028:
3018:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2908:, retrieved
2886:
2876:
2866:, retrieved
2844:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2625:
2621:
2591:
2587:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2475:. Retrieved
2434:
2430:
2424:
2360:
2356:
2330:. Retrieved
2327:newswise.com
2326:
2317:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2231:
2227:Coyne, Jerry
2221:
2210:. Retrieved
2195:
2184:. Retrieved
2137:. Retrieved
2107:. Pantheon.
2103:
2078:. Retrieved
2049:. Retrieved
2036:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2007:
2001:
1981:
1977:Shubin, Neil
1957:. Retrieved
1951:. May 2006.
1948:
1939:
1902:
1898:
1848:
1842:
1781:
1776:Ichthyostega
1774:
1767:
1760:
1749:
1729:Walking fish
1715:
1707:
1706:
1671:
1669:
1666:Paleoecology
1659:
1652:
1650:
1637:
1605:
1599:
1585:
1579:
1559:
1558:
1555:Paleobiology
1549:
1545:
1526:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1442:
1434:
1423:
1409:
1404:
1400:Elpistostege
1399:
1395:
1385:
1378:paraphyletic
1373:
1370:Elpistostege
1369:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1346:missing link
1341:Ichthyostega
1339:
1335:Acanthostega
1333:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1312:Elpistostege
1310:
1307:sister taxon
1302:
1296:
1291:
1229:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1193:
1189:Ichthyostega
1187:
1183:Acanthostega
1181:
1175:
1167:
1162:is the only
1159:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1129:Ichthyostega
1127:
1121:Acanthostega
1119:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1002:
1001:
996:
990:
985:
977:
976:
972:Elpistostege
971:
967:
951:
950:
945:
940:
938:
920:
914:
909:
889:Acanthostega
887:
881:
877:Gooloogongia
875:
869:
860:
845:Elpistostege
843:
839:
835:
830:
829:
821:
817:
796:
790:
785:
762:pectoral fin
757:
753:
752:
736:
727:
709:
702:Pectoral fin
663:
661:
647:
643:
636:otic notches
627:
625:
607:
603:
602:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
555:
554:
544:
537:
526:
512:
510:
477:
475:
469:
451:
415:
413:
407:terrestrial
399:, a link in
392:
388:
385:Osteichthyes
380:
374:
369:
348:monospecific
336:
286:
285:
284:
272:
271:
262:Type species
235:
234:
215:
202:
189:
138:Field Museum
130:
129:Cast of the
24:
18:
7160:Wikispecies
7075:Romer's gap
6871:Pan-Amniota
6819:Crown group
6672:Papposaurus
6496:Baphetoidea
6352:Colosteidae
6338:Whatcheeria
6292:Sillerpeton
6083:Doragnathus
6043:Antlerpeton
5576:Spodichthys
5539:Litoptychus
5497:Eusthenodon
5490:Edenopteron
5483:Devonosteus
5389:Rhizodopsis
5352:Mahalalepis
5329:Cryptolepis
5276:Koharalepis
5262:Beelarongia
5238:Vorobjevaia
5216:Screbinodus
5209:Sauripterus
5202:Rossichthys
5174:Letognathus
5139:Archichthys
5116:Viluichthys
4986:Litoptychus
4926:Glyptopomus
4906:Chrysolepis
4786:Rhipidistia
3659:, and that
2027:Tiktaalik's
1645:mudskippers
1594:and extant
1416:Per Ahlberg
1250:"Fishapod"
1242:Fish scales
1132:with limbs.
1020:Restoration
956:dorsal fins
917:pelvic fins
801:intermedium
774:zeugopodium
770:stylopodium
740:coelacanths
599:Description
7261:Categories
6794:Eoherpeton
6643:Eoherpeton
6636:Eobaphetes
6576:Embolomeri
6528:Baphetidae
6153:Perittodus
6073:Diploradus
5959:Ventastega
5929:Tulerpeton
5898:Parmastega
5878:Jakubsonia
5858:Hynerpeton
5784:sensu lato
5710:see below↓
5699:sensu lato
5658:Qikiqtania
5547:Mandageria
5532:Langlieria
5476:Canningius
5269:Canowindra
5223:Strepsodus
5076:Shirolepis
5046:Osteolepis
4976:Kenichthys
4916:Geptolepis
4896:Bogdanovia
4838:see below↓
4431:2006-04-06
4241:2006-11-27
4122:Gee, Henry
3716:2015-01-24
3426:24 January
3388:2024-01-02
3347:2016-10-29
3309:2024-01-02
3100:(1): 1–7.
2910:2023-03-29
2868:2023-03-29
2504:, or that
2502:convergent
2477:24 January
2332:2024-01-02
2253:2019-09-03
2235:. Viking.
2212:2006-04-07
2186:2007-02-07
2139:2006-04-05
2080:2006-04-05
2051:2009-07-19
1959:2018-06-06
1791:References
1756:Coelacanth
1592:placoderms
1587:Mandageria
1439:convergent
1239:Fish gills
1172:transition
1141:coelacanth
1078:vertebrate
1043:dorsal fin
960:caudal fin
902:acetabulum
793:mesopodium
748:homologize
566:elders of
446:Professor
414:The first
405:vertebrate
140:, Chicago
7166:Tiktaalik
7136:Tiktaalik
7024:Rachitomi
6889:includes
6853:includes
6823:Tetrapoda
6787:Eldeceeon
6779:Casineria
6693:Pteroplax
6481:Nectridea
6469:Nectridea
6361:Colosteus
6323:Ossinodus
6207:Lethiscus
6187:Aistopoda
6163:Sigournea
6143:Ossirarus
5949:Umzantsia
5918:Tiktaalik
5908:Sinostega
5780:Tetrapoda
5695:Tetrapoda
5678:Tiktaalik
5628:Livoniana
5525:Jarvikina
5366:Megapomus
5106:Tungsenia
5056:Peregrina
4936:Gogonasus
4751:Kingdom:
4421:129031187
4217:130053031
4209:1042-0940
3814:Tiktaalik
3807:Tiktaalik
3788:USA Today
3661:Tiktaalik
3657:Tiktaalik
3653:Tiktaalik
3649:Tiktaalik
3551:134035406
3543:1755-6910
3378:0362-4331
3233:0027-8424
3163:2375-2548
3057:1476-4687
2953:0028-0836
2807:1476-4687
2752:2053-9193
2550:1520-541X
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2494:Tiktaalik
2489:Tiktaalik
2401:213171029
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1708:Tiktaalik
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1435:Tiktaalik
1405:Tiktaalik
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1354:Tiktaalik
1350:Tiktaalik
1330:Tiktaalik
1303:Tiktaalik
1292:Tiktaalik
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1245:Fish fins
1230:Tiktaalik
1222:troodonts
1204:Tiktaalik
1194:Tiktaalik
1168:Tiktaalik
1146:Livoniana
1106:Tiktaalik
1003:Tiktaalik
997:Tiktaalik
978:Tiktaalik
968:Tiktaalik
952:Tiktaalik
941:Tiktaalik
921:Tiktaalik
910:Tiktaalik
836:Tiktaalik
831:Tiktaalik
797:Tiktaalik
754:Tiktaalik
728:Tiktaalik
664:Tiktaalik
658:Forelimbs
648:Tiktaalik
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640:spiracles
632:crocodile
628:Tiktaalik
608:Tiktaalik
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593:Tiktaalik
588:Tiktaalik
560:Inuktitut
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538:Tiktaalik
527:Tiktaalik
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6133:Occidens
6024:Devonian
5939:Tutusius
5798:Devonian
5344:Lohsania
5195:Rhizodus
5153:Barameda
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5016:Medoevia
4759:Chordata
4757:Phylum:
4753:Animalia
4658:Archived
4636:29 April
4581:NewsHour
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2180:Archived
2074:Archived
2045:Archived
1979:(2008).
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1931:31888998
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6891:Amniota
6599:Aversor
6551:Loxomma
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