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Radiant
Control toaster models made from the late 1940s through the 1990s, began the toasting cycle. These toasters use the mechanically multiplied thermal expansion of the resistance wire in the center element assembly to lower the bread; the inserted slice of bread trips a lever switch to activate
469:
A conveyor toaster is an appliance that caramelizes and carries bread products on a belt or chain into and through a heated chamber. Conveyor toasters are designed to make many slices of toast and are generally used in the catering industry, restaurants, cafeterias, institutional cooking facilities,
436:
that provide toasting capability plus a limited amount of baking and broiling capability. Similarly to a conventional oven, toast or other items are placed on a small wire rack, but toaster ovens can heat foods faster than regular ovens due to their small volume. They are especially useful when the
648:
and his wife Hazel Berger
Copeman applied for various toaster patents, and in that same year, the Copeman Electric Stove Company introduced a toaster with an automatic bread turner. Before this, electric toasters cooked bread on one side, meaning the bread needed to be flipped by hand to cook both
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situations where constant or high-volume toasting is required. Bread can be toasted at a rate of 250–1800+ slices an hour. The total radiant heat a conveyor toaster applies to each slice can be controlled by adjusting the conveyor speed or the output strength of the heating elements. Conveyor
308:. The length of the toasting cycle (and therefore the degree of toasting) is adjustable via a lever, knob, or series of pushbuttons, and when an internal device determines that the toasting cycle is complete, the toaster turns off and the toast pops up out of the slots.
770:
without the use of microwaves or stoves. The appliance looks similar to a regular toaster, except that there are two slots in the middle for hot dogs and two slots on the outside for toasting the buns. Or there can be a set of skewers upon which hot dog are impaled.
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position, slowly raising the finished toast. This sensing of the heat radiating off the toast means that regardless of the type of bread (white or whole grain) or its initial temperature (even frozen), the bread is always toasted to the same consistency.
609:
The first US patent application for an electric toaster was filed by George
Schneider of the American Electrical Heater Company of Detroit in collaboration with Marsh. One of the first applications that the Hoskins company considered for its
656:
in 1921. In 1925, using a redesigned version of Strite's toaster, the Waters Genter
Company introduced the Model 1-A-1 Toastmaster, the first automatic, pop-up, household toaster that could brown bread on both sides simultaneously, set the
345:
Among pop-up toasters, those toasting two slices of bread are more purchased than those that can toast four. Pop-up toasters can have a range of appearances beyond just a square box and may have an exterior finish of
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that would be able to sustain repeated heating to red-hot temperatures without breaking or becoming too brittle. A similar technical challenge had recently been surmounted with the invention of the first successful
475:
toasters are generally available with either a vertical or horizontal conveyor orientation. Conveyor toasters have been produced for home use; in 1938, for example, the Toast-O-Lator went into limited production.
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In the 1980s, some high-end U.S. toasters featured automatic toast lowering and raising without the need to operate levers – simply dropping the bread into one of these "elevator toasters", such as the
1621:
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When the toast is done, as determined by a small bimetallic sensor actuated by the heat radiating off the toast, the heaters are shut off and the pull-down mechanism returns to its
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Several projects have added advanced technology to toasters. In 1990, Simon
Hackett and John Romkey created "The Internet Toaster", a toaster that could be controlled by the
587:
The first stand-alone electric toaster, the
Eclipse, was made in 1893 by Crompton & Company of Chelmsford, Essex. Its bare wires toasted bread on one side at a time.
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385:
Provisions to allow the bread to be lifted higher than the normal raised position, so toast that has shifted during the toasting process can safely and easily be removed
362:. The marketing and price of toasters may not be an indication of quality for producing good toast. A typical modern two-slice pop-up toaster can draw from 600 to 1200
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Utensils for toasting bread over open flames appeared in
America in the early 19th century, including decorative implements made from wrought iron.
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From the 16th century onward, long-handled forks were used as toasters, "sometimes with fitment for resting on bars of grate or fender."
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703:(limited to sunny or cloudy) onto a piece of bread. The toaster dials a pre-coded phone number to get the weather forecast.
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wire was for use in toasters, but the company eventually abandoned such efforts, to focus on making just the wire itself.
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584:. However, the light bulb took advantage of the presence of a vacuum, something that could not be used for the toaster.
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In a pop-up or automatic toaster, a single vertical piece of bread is dropped into a slot on the top of the toaster. A
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The completion of toasting may be determined by a timer (sometimes manually set) or by a thermal sensor, such as a
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The primary technical problem in toaster development at the turn of the 20th century was the development of a
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724:, designed a toaster using color sensors to toast bread to the exact shade of brown specified by a user.
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Antique
Electric Waffle Irons 1900–1960: A History of the Appliance Industry in 20th Century America
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on the side of the toaster is pressed down, lowering the bread into the toaster and activating the
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in the 17th century. Another wrought-iron toaster was documented to be from 18th-century
England.
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The automatic pop-up toaster, which ejects the toast after toasting it, was first patented by
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1127:"The Howard Roth Collection of Early American Iron | Skinner Auctions 2744M, 2743T and 2757B"
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Report for the Year 1909-1917 on the
Victoria and Albert Museum and the Bethnal Green Museum
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Beyond the basic toasting function, some pop-up toasters offer additional features such as:
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The Archaeology of Martin's Hundred: Part 1, Interpretive Studies; Part 2, Artifact Catalog
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Slots of various depths, lengths, and widths to accommodate a variety of bread types
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the heating elements and their thermal expansion is harnessed to lower the bread.
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The ability to power the heat elements in only one of the toaster's several slots
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The problem of the heating element was solved in 1905 by a young engineer named
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1229:. The Toaster Museum Foundation. pp. section "1900–1920". Archived from
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sides. Copeman's toaster turned the bread around without having to touch it.
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1719:"Eat What You Tweet: Toaster Strudel Personalizes Pastries on Twitter"
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as a sales demonstration system. In 2012, Basheer Tome, a student at
711:
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The first commercially successful electric toaster was introduced by
595:
1082:
Hume, Ivor Noël; Hume, Audrey Noel; Hume, Audrey Noël (2016-07-18).
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A hot dog toaster is a variation on the toaster design; it can cook
161:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1522:"11.6. I heard someone hooked a toaster to the Internet?! Really?"
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1343:"A Toast to the Toaster... 100 Years Old and Still Going Strong"
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was toasted by placing it in a metal frame or on a long-handled
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in England created a toaster that could toast a graphic of the
247:, to generate heat and toast the bread to the desired level of
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With permanent modifications, a toaster oven can be used as a
335:
126:
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38:
1006:"Toast-O-Lator Electric Toaster by Crocker Wheeler Co., 1939"
933:"Toaster Oven: An Energy-Efficient Appliance for Any Kitchen"
27:
Domestic appliance used for toasting foods, especially bread
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373:
One-sided toasting, which some people prefer when toasting
342:
inside the toaster can contribute to its eventual failure.
1628:. BloombergBusinessweek. 26 December 2012. Archived from
1291:"The World's Most Tragic Man Is the One Who Never Starts"
636:#1,394,450. "Bread-Toaster", patented 18 October 1921 by
2296:
1315:
hotwire: The Newsletter of the Toaster Museum Foundation
1622:"Color-Sensing Toasters? A Student Reimagines the Home"
731:
was cited as an early example of an application of the
318:
Toasters may also be used to toast other foods such as
150:
1432:
United States patent 1,394,450, "Bread-Toaster", 1921
735:. Toasters have been used as advertising devices for
1693:"Toaster, Toilet Lead Appliance Invasion of Twitter"
625:
Dual-side toasting and automated pop-up technologies
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1859:
1368:F. E. Shailor (22 February 1910) "Electric heater"
1326:Schneider, George (17 July 1906) "Electric cooker"
432:Invented in 1910, toaster ovens are small electric
1526:Your Internet Consultant - The FAQs of Life Online
959:"Test Method for Performance of Conveyor Toasters"
1216:
1214:
1212:
483:Before the development of the electric toaster,
1055:Cameron, Ian; Kingsley-Rowe, Elizabeth (1973).
661:on a timer, and eject the toast when finished.
557:General Electric Model D-12 toaster, from 1910s
1575:"Bread as a display device – we have pictures"
1250:
1248:
2312:
1837:
8:
1446:. Toaster Museum Foundation. Archived from
1444:"Toastmaster Toasters: When They Were Made"
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2319:
2305:
2297:
1844:
1830:
1822:
1600:"NetBSD Toaster with the TS-7200 ARM9 SBC"
1413:. Leelanau Communications, Inc. 5 May 2006
1109:Education, Great Britain Board of (1911).
1030:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (29 November 2004).
706:In 2005, Technologic Systems, a vendor of
441:with an integral oven, such as in smaller
1717:Murphy Kelly, Samantha (26 August 2013).
710:hardware, designed a toaster running the
195:Learn how and when to remove this message
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:of all important aspects of the article.
856:
513:
504:scroll-ornamented toasters appeared in
388:
334:, though the resultant accumulation of
986:Foodservice Equipment Reports Magazine
523:Toasters before the use of electricity
106:Please consider expanding the lead to
1407:"Lloyd Groff Copeman: The Patent Man"
1034:. Taylor & Francis. p. 392.
7:
1088:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1474:National Museum of American History
1261:. Trafford Publishing. p. 20.
746:to solder electronic components to
665:Toasting technology after the 1940s
1653:"This high-tech toaster can Tweet"
882:from the original on 17 March 2014
563:Development of the heating element
25:
1691:Ganapati, Priya (5 August 2009).
1509:from the original on 28 Nov 2021.
982:"Crash Course: Conveyor Toasters"
54:This article has multiple issues.
2837:
2836:
2417:
1743:Kraft, Caleb (22 October 2008).
1573:Orlowski, Andrew (4 June 2001).
1499:"US2667828A - Automatic toaster"
1317:, vol. 3, no. 3, online edition.
1058:Collins Encyclopedia of Antiques
931:Cooper, Emily (5 January 2019).
795:
781:
695:. In 2001, Robin Southgate from
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131:
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1480:from the original on 2022-11-23
1157:. Reader's Digest. p. 47.
1032:Encyclopedia of Kitchen History
621:in 1909 for the GE model D-12.
98:may be too short to adequately
62:or discuss these issues on the
1651:Costanzo, Sam (25 July 2013).
1154:The Origins of Everyday Things
980:Sherer, Michael (2018-06-01).
961:(Report). ASTM International.
315:, located close to the toast.
108:provide an accessible overview
1:
1341:Dana Gloger (31 March 2009).
540:
402:of a modern two-slice toaster
285:The same slice of bread, now
1470:"Kenmore "Elevator" Toaster"
1183:Museum of Design in Plastics
602:, which came to be known as
2888:Products introduced in 1909
2107:Instant hot water dispenser
1289:Clark, Neil M. (May 1927).
1255:George, William F. (2003).
594:, who designed an alloy of
157:the claims made and adding
2904:
1745:"Reflowing with a toaster"
1223:"The Cyber Toaster Museum"
831:List of cooking appliances
235:the color caused from the
29:
2834:
2588:Chorleywood bread process
2415:
1548:"A small slice of design"
902:"Automatic Toaster Guide"
495:or over a kitchen grill.
437:users do not also have a
1809:Electric heater, GE D-12
221:small electric appliance
32:Toaster (disambiguation)
2863:19th-century inventions
2127:Laundry-folding machine
1221:Norcross, Eric (2006).
836:List of home appliances
574:incandescent lightbulbs
870:"Toaster Buying Guide"
763:
641:
491:and holding it near a
466:
429:
212:
1995:Electric water boiler
1602:. Technologic Systems
1385:"Lloyd Groff Copeman"
1151:Binney, Ruth (1999).
761:
632:
470:and other commercial
464:
447:recreational vehicles
427:
210:
1632:on December 29, 2012
1450:on 29 September 2016
937:Food & Nutrition
811:Alan MacMasters hoax
727:A toaster that used
634:United States patent
537:Edison screw fitting
30:For other uses, see
2286:Appliance recycling
2010:Electric toothbrush
1806:U.S. patent 950,058
1798:U.S. patent 825,938
1774:DesignStellaris2006
1770:"Honorable Mention"
1371:U.S. patent 950,058
1329:U.S. patent 825,938
1204:U.S. patent 811,859
967:10.1520/f2380-18r23
646:Lloyd Groff Copeman
270:Untoasted slice of
211:A toaster from 2008
2868:Cooking appliances
2444:Calcium propanoate
2142:Robotic lawn mower
2025:Evaporative cooler
1387:. LloydCopeman.com
764:
754:Similar inventions
733:Internet of Things
701:weather prediction
642:
467:
465:A conveyor toaster
430:
213:
142:possibly contains
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2766:Brand name breads
2603:Maillard reaction
2449:Dough conditioner
2294:
2293:
1914:Coffee percolator
1897:Immersion blender
1411:Absolute Michigan
1383:Copeman, Kent L.
1313:; republished in
1303:on 25 August 2006
1233:on 15 August 2008
1164:978-0-7621-0141-2
1095:978-1-5128-1971-7
1068:978-0-00-435022-6
1041:978-1-57958-380-4
878:. November 2012.
846:Thermal radiation
803:Technology portal
762:A hot dog toaster
697:Brunel University
358:, or any colored
237:Maillard reaction
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144:original research
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16:(Redirected from
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2811:Sourdough breads
2801:Pakistani breads
2745:History of bread
2730:Baker percentage
2628:Sponge and dough
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2102:Induction cooker
2072:Garbage disposer
2020:Espresso machine
1975:Electric blanket
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619:General Electric
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2005:Electric shaver
2000:Electric heater
1985:Electric kettle
1867:Air conditioner
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167:November 2020
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116:November 2020
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2826:Toast dishes
2821:Swiss breads
2816:Sweet breads
2806:Quick breads
2771:Bread dishes
2684:French toast
2669:Bread pakora
2659:Bread crumbs
2549:
2227:
2191:Refrigerator
2137:Riding mower
2117:Kitchen hood
1941:Dehumidifier
1931:Clothes iron
1882:Air purifier
1777:. Retrieved
1773:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1723:mashable.com
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
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1674:. Retrieved
1656:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:the original
1625:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1579:The Register
1578:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1528:. Kay Savetz
1525:
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1502:
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1473:
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1452:. Retrieved
1448:the original
1438:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1378:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1346:
1336:
1322:
1314:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1296:The American
1294:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1257:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1226:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
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1134:. Retrieved
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1013:. Retrieved
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940:. Retrieved
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910:the original
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884:. Retrieved
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722:Georgia Tech
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592:Albert Marsh
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502:Wrought-iron
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485:sliced bread
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472:food service
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431:
420:Toaster oven
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229:sliced bread
225:radiant heat
216:
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95:lead section
70:
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57:
56:Please help
53:
36:
2776:Bread rolls
2725:Breadmaking
2623:Pre-slicing
2618:Pre-ferment
2540:Stand mixer
2525:Farinograph
2427:Ingredients
2409:Whole wheat
2404:White bread
2374:Salt-rising
2344:Brown bread
2255:Waffle iron
2218:Slow cooker
2208:Rice cooker
2149:Leaf blower
1936:Coffeemaker
1877:Air ioniser
1636:28 December
1532:25 November
1307:24 February
1227:Toaster.org
1188:23 November
1061:. Collins.
1015:26 November
789:Food portal
744:reflow oven
578:Joseph Swan
544: 1909
272:white bread
2857:Categories
2699:Sandwiches
2664:Bread bowl
2566:techniques
2399:Unleavened
2384:Soda bread
2359:Multigrain
2132:Lawn mower
2087:Humidifier
2077:Hair dryer
2055:Fan heater
1970:Deep fryer
1963:comparison
1946:Dishwasher
1909:Bug zapper
1779:19 October
1754:19 October
1749:Hack a Day
1661:. Boston:
1606:19 October
1584:19 October
1484:2022-11-23
1454:19 October
1417:18 October
1391:18 October
991:2023-12-27
916:29 January
852:References
443:apartments
249:crispiness
223:that uses
151:improve it
59:improve it
2598:Leavening
2573:Autolysis
2515:Bread pan
2498:Equipment
2389:Sourdough
2369:Rye bread
2354:Flatbread
2082:Hair iron
2045:bladeless
1872:Air fryer
1671:0743-1791
1274:16 August
1237:16 August
715:Unix-like
644:In 1913,
400:filaments
227:to brown
155:verifying
100:summarize
65:talk page
2843:Category
2694:Stuffing
2679:Croutons
2633:Steaming
2613:Proofing
2593:Kneading
2394:Sprouted
2274:See also
2181:Pie iron
2092:Icemaker
2015:Epilator
1728:17 March
1702:17 March
1676:17 March
1552:BBC News
1507:Archived
1478:Archived
1354:31 March
886:17 March
880:Archived
841:Pie iron
775:See also
768:hot dogs
693:Internet
687:Research
604:nichrome
600:chromium
506:Scotland
449:such as
398:Glowing
332:crumpets
320:teacakes
18:Toasters
2878:Kitchen
2550:Toaster
2248:robotic
2238:central
2228:Toaster
2154:Lighter
2067:Freezer
2050:ceiling
1892:Blender
1813:Toaster
1179:"Toast"
1136:18 July
942:23 July
729:Twitter
672:Sunbeam
612:Chromel
479:History
360:plastic
287:toasted
217:toaster
149:Please
2720:Bakery
2578:Baking
2545:Warmer
2243:manual
2112:Juicer
2060:window
1669:
1558:25 May
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821:Dualit
712:NetBSD
596:nickel
375:bagels
352:copper
348:chrome
2883:Ovens
2713:Other
2704:Toast
2689:Rusks
2489:Water
2484:Sugar
2464:Flour
2364:Quick
2336:Types
2328:Bread
2201:smart
2159:Mixer
2040:attic
1924:combo
1860:Types
1697:Wired
1131:issuu
434:ovens
364:watts
340:sugar
302:lever
255:Types
233:toast
231:into
219:is a
2786:Buns
2652:Uses
2583:Biga
2535:Peel
2530:Lame
2505:Oven
2479:Salt
2474:Milk
2454:Eggs
2439:Barm
2164:Oven
1781:2011
1756:2011
1730:2014
1704:2014
1678:2014
1667:ISSN
1663:NYTC
1638:2012
1608:2011
1586:2011
1560:2010
1534:2008
1456:2011
1419:2011
1393:2011
1356:2009
1309:2007
1276:2008
1263:ISBN
1239:2008
1190:2022
1159:ISBN
1138:2017
1090:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1036:ISBN
1017:2018
944:2024
918:2017
888:2014
598:and
580:and
493:fire
445:and
338:and
330:and
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963:doi
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