Triathlon - Knowledge (XXG)

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26 °C (79 °F) or less. In non-sanctioned events or in "age group" classes where most racers are simply participating for the enjoyment of the sport instead of vying for official triathlon placing, wetsuits can often be used at other temperatures. Race directors will sometimes discourage or ban wetsuits if the water temperature is above 29 °C (84 °F) due to overheating that can occur while wearing a wetsuit. Other rules have been implemented by race organizers regarding both wetsuit thickness as well as the use of "swim skins;" which need to be considered by those participating in future triathlons. Some triathlon sanctioning bodies have placed limits on the thickness of the wetsuit material. Under World Triathlon and some national governing bodies' rules no wetsuit may have a thickness of more than 5 mm (0.20 in).

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the bicycle (e.g. while repairing a mechanical problem). Failure to comply with this rule will result in disqualification. Additionally, while on the bike course, all bicycles shall be propelled only by human force and human power. Other than pushing a bicycle, any propulsive action brought on by use of the hands is prohibited. Should a competitor's bike malfunction they can proceed with the race as long as they are doing so with their bicycle in tow. There are also strict rules regarding the 'bike mount' line. Competitors may not begin riding their bicycle out of transition until they are over a clearly marked line. Mounting the bike prior to this may incur a penalty (example: a 15-second time penalty at the

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for the second time and placing in the top ten, Johnstone desired more of this style of race and with equal emphasis on the swim. So he petitioned the chairman of the San Diego Track Club who told him he would add a race to the club calendar. But the rest of the race was up to Johnstone to organise, and at the same time he was to contact Don Shanahan so there wouldn't be too many "weird" races on the club schedule. Shanahan told Johnstone that he wanted to include a biking leg to the race; whilst hesitant Johnstone agreed to the addition. When naming the event the pair used the unofficially agreed naming system for multisport events, already used for

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up a steep dirt bank to finish. Most participants were not skilled swimmers, so Johnstone recruited his 13-year-old son to float on his surfboard and act as lifeguard. Some participants took longer than expected, and it began to get dark as they finished their swims. Shanahan recalls they pulled up a few cars and turned on the headlights so the athletes could see. Johnstone and Shanahan were surprised by the large number of entrants (46), mainly coming from local running clubs. Two notable entrants, Judy and John Collins, would four years later found the event which brought international attention to the new sport: the

1328:, is between the bicycle and running segments. Most events have one common transition area for both T1 and T2, while some point to point events have two separate transition areas. The time spent in transition is a timed segment and contributes towards the overall finishing time of the event. Races can hinge on transition skills, either by gaining or losing time in transition itself, or because of time penalties taken for faulty changeovers. As such, transition is commonly described during races as the 'fourth discipline.' 404:) which detailed the events of the Nice Triathlon. This program introduced the sport to the general public. Some fans of traditional sports strongly criticised this new practice as seven of the entrants were hospitalised due to the swim, as the temperature of the Mediterranean was only 14 °C (57 °F). Despite this criticism IMG's plan succeeded and throughout the 1980s. The Nice Triathlon was, alongside Hawaii, one of the two important long-distance races each year for both prize money and media attention. 537:(PTO), an athlete-owned body that represents non-drafting professional triathletes, was launched in 2016. The organisation focuses on promoting the athletes and their performances with high-quality international broadcasts. In 2022 The PTO launched the PTO Tour, the first series of pro-triathlon 'majors' each with a prize purse of $ 1M including the PTO Canadian Open, Collins Cup and PTO US Open. A unique aspect of the Professional Triathletes Organization (PTO) is that it is an athlete-owned entity. 1291: 244: 408:

The following year, the eleven nations that composed the ETU met in Brussels to standardise the national structures of each European country. During this time France dominated discussions, as it was the only federation recognised by its own National Olympic Committee. With the legitimacy from CONADET, forerunner of the French Triathlon Federation (FFTri), which has been organising triathlon in France since 1984 the French system became standard all over Europe.

4838: 4372: 5218: 455:, France. After further discussions on the way forward to reach the Olympics, including the refusal to follow the path of the UIPMB and how triathlon should develop both economically and as a sport, the Congress endorsed the creation of the International Triathlon Union and elected its first executive committee. McDonald was elected president. The city of Avignon was also given the honour of hosting the first World Championship. 1136: 291:, though it consisted of three distinct events, swimming a 200 m (660 ft) channel crossing, a 10 km (6 mi) bike competition around the harbour of La Rochelle and the parc Laleu, and a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) run in the stadium André-Barbeau. Throughout this growth with new events appearing no unified rules ever existed and as a whole triathlon would remain a minority event on the world stage. 1530:. A 465 km (289 mi) triathlon from Marble Arch, London to the Arc de Triomphe, Paris. Run from Marble Arch in London to Dover 140 km (87 mi), swim the English Channel 35 km (22 mi) to Calais, and then cycle 291 km (181 mi) from Calais to Paris. For this challenge, the clock starts at Marble Arch and stops at Arc de Triomphe. Only 46 people in history have completed this event. 541: 5813: 436:(UIPMB). Many within the triathlon community were unhappy with the arrangement wishing for their own federation not to be held as part of UIPMB. Unable to accept the offer, Samaranch established an Olympic working committee for triathlon in an effort to form a consensus on an Olympic route for the sport. McDonald was selected as President of the committee, while Sweden's Sture Jonasson was elected as Secretary. 1311:, which may be caused by lactate accumulation and the bizarre, sometimes painful sensation in their thighs a few hundred yards into the run, and discover that they run at a much slower pace than they are accustomed to in training. Triathletes train for this phenomenon through transition workouts known as "bricks": back-to-back workouts involving two disciplines, most commonly cycling and running. 371:, worked in partnership with the American channel CBS (direct competitor of ABC who held the exclusive rights to Hawaii), to create a new event that would take place in Europe. The initial aim was to establish a new premier competition, the European Triathlon, with the goal of being of the same size and prestige to directly compete with that of Hawaii. Originally, the event was to be hosted in 38: 1068: 1026:

both swimming and cycling, allowing many racers to have a transition that consists of only removing their wetsuit, cap, and goggles and pulling on a helmet and cycling shoes. In some cases, racers leave their cycling shoes attached to their bicycle pedals and slip their feet into them while riding. Some triathletes don't wear socks, decreasing their time spent in transition even more.

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stemmed from WTC not recognising the ITU as the sport's governing body as WTC was attempting to set up their own federation. Furthermore, ITU and USAT argued against supporting WTC because they were a profit driven organisation, that it was directly conflicting with ITU titles, such as the long and standard distance world championship, and that the WTC was not following

558:(WADA) rules. If ITU member nations did not comply with International Olympic Committee (IOC) Charter rules they risked being excluded from the Olympic program. However, in 2006, the ITU backed down on its stance allowing national federations to once again sanction WTC events. This was due to an out-of-court settlement days before a lawsuit was to be argued at the 5823: 4313: 1784: 966: 1014:

minutes. An athlete's wave is usually determined either by age group or by predicted swim time. Wave starts are more common in shorter races where a large number of amateur athletes are competing. Another option is individual time trial starts, where athletes enter the water one at a time, a few seconds apart.

267:" (The Three Sports). It was advertised as an event for "the sportsmen of the time" and consisted of a run, a bicycle and a canoe segment. By 19 June 1921, the event in Joinville-le-Pont had become more like a standard triathlon, with the canoe segment being replaced with a swim. According to the newspaper 513:

in October while the Ironman 70.3 World Championship is held in September and changes location each year. The "Ironman" and "Iron" brands are property of the WTC. Therefore, long-distance multi-sport events organized by groups other than the WTC may not officially be called "Ironman" or "Iron" races.

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All-American swim teams. Then in 1973, Johnstone learned of the Dave Pain Birthday Biathlon, a 7.2 km (4.5 mi) run followed by what was billed as a quarter-mile (0.4 km) swim (the actual distance was only between 200 and 300 yards). The following year, after competing in the event

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is a series of 5 Olympic distance races: The Lifetime Fitness in Minneapolis, the NYC Triathlon in New York City, the Chicago Triathlon, the LA Triathlon in Los Angeles, and the U.S. Open in Dallas. There is a combined $ 1.5 Million prize purse at stake for the professionals who come from around the

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In addition to the above distances, two new long-distance events have appeared, the 111 and 222 events. The 111 distance is 1 km (0.62 mi) swimming, 100 km (62 mi) bicycling and 10 km (6.2 mi) running, totalling 111 km (69 mi). The 222 distance is double that.

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to use a wave's energy for a bit of speed at the end of the swim stage. Also, open-water swims necessitate "sighting": raising the head to look for landmarks or buoys that mark the course. A modified stroke allows the triathlete to lift the head above water to sight without interrupting the swim or

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One rule involving the cycle leg is that the competitor's helmet must be donned before the competitor mounts (or even takes possession of, in certain jurisdictions) the bike, and it must remain on until the competitor has dismounted; the competitor may not be required to wear the helmet when not on

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The cycling stage proceeds around a marked course, typically on public roads. In many cases, especially smaller triathlons, roads are not closed to automobiles; however, traffic coordinators are often present to help control traffic. Typically, the cycling stage finishes back at the same transition

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before athletes exit the water near the transition area. Racers exit out of the water, enter the transition area, and change from their swim gear and into their cycling gear. Competition and pressure for faster times have led to the development of specialized triathlon clothing that is adequate for

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On the day of the race, before the start of competition, athletes will generally be provided with a bike rack to hold their bicycle and a small section of ground space for shoes, clothing, etc. in the transition area. In some triathlons, there are two transition areas, one for the swim/bike change,

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Since 2008, coinciding with leadership changes at both the ITU and WTC, the two organisations have been steadily working together. Efforts in 2012 and 2014 resulted in the announcement that Ironman would standardise the rule set for its 2015 races and would start the unification toward ITU rules on

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for a total of 8.0 km (5 mi). Entrants would then get off the bikes, take their shoes off and run into the water to swim to the mainland. That was followed by running in bare feet, then swimming again along the bay, then one last swim up to the entrance of Fiesta Island, and a final crawl

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While specific rules for triathlon can vary depending on the governing body (e.g. World Triathlon, USA Triathlon), as well as for an individual race venue, there are some basic universal rules. Traditionally, triathlon is an individual sport and each athlete is competing against the course and the

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The year 1985 saw the creation of the first international triathlon structure, the European Triathlon Union (ETU) with the objectives to federate the triathlon structures in each European country and to act as a counterbalance to American triathlon in the creation of a future worldwide federation.

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Triathletes will often use their legs less vigorously and more carefully than other swimmers, conserving their leg muscles for the cycle and run to follow. Many triathletes use altered swim strokes to compensate for turbulent, aerated water and to conserve energy for a long swim. In addition, the

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categories. Amateurs, who make up the large majority of triathletes, are often referred to as "age groupers" since they are typically further classified by sex and age; which offers the opportunity to compete against others of one's own gender and age group. The age groups are defined in five- or

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Two major rule making bodies, the ITU and WTC, had an overlap of rules and authority, an issue which began to create conflict in the 2000s. This culminated in 2005 when the ITU and USAT asked all national triathlon federations to refuse to continue sanctioning any WTC events. The reasons for this

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Triathletes spend many hours training for competitions, like other endurance event participants. There are three components that have been researched to improve endurance sports performance; aerobic capacity, lactate threshold, and economy. Injuries that are incurred from long hours of a single

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Other rules of triathlon vary from race to race and generally involve descriptions of allowable equipment (for example, wetsuits are allowed in USAT events in the swimming stage of some races when the water temperature is below 25.6 °C (78.1 °F)), and prohibitions against interference

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Depending on the type and size of the race, there may be any of the following methods implemented to start the race. In a mass start, all athletes enter the water and begin the competition following a single start signal. In wave start events, smaller groups of athletes begin the race every few

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The primary distinguishing feature of running in a triathlon is that it occurs after the athlete has already been exercising in two other disciplines for an extended period of time, so many muscles are already tired. The effect of switching from cycling to running can be profound; first-time

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The first attempt to create a global triathlon entity was the Triathlon Federation International (TFI), it had only 22 members most of which were national European federations. But immediately, fights of influences broke out between the European and UK-American federations over many issues,

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on the island of Hawaii. The cycling stage of the race covers more than 160 km (100 mi) over lava flats on the big island of Hawaii, where mid-day temperatures often reach over 43 °C (110 °F) and cross-winds sometimes blow at 89 km/h (55 mph). The race is often

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have been developed in a variety of styles to match the conditions of the water. For example, wetsuits that are sleeveless and cut above the knee are designed for warmer waters, while still providing buoyancy. Wetsuits are legal in sanctioned events at which the surface water temperature is

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ten-year intervals. There is typically a lower age limit; which can vary from race to race. In some triathlons, heavier amateur athletes may have the option to compete against others closer to their own weight since weight is often considered an impediment to speed. As an example, under

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as Ironman France. During the 1980s the Nice Long Distance triathlon (swim 4 km (2.5 mi), bike 120 km (75 mi), run 30 km (19 mi)) was, alongside the World Championships in Kona, one of the two important races each year with prize money and media attention.

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Once the triathletes have completed the event, there is typically another aid station for them to get water, fruit, and other post-race refreshments. Occasionally, at the end of larger or longer events, the provided amenities and post-race celebrations may be more elaborate.

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The change over from sport to sport takes place in a designated transition area. The transition provides a staging area where bicycles, running shoes, hydration and other gear is set up ready to be used during the course of the event. The first transition, known as

530:, which involves triathlon in distances longer than an iron-distance race. Additionally, each nation, generally, has a sanctioning body for triathlon events in their respective country with regard to athletes competing and qualifying for Olympic competition. 910:

The standard Olympic distance of 1.5/40/10 km (0.93/24.8/6.2 miles) was created by longtime triathlon race director Jim Curl in the mid-1980s, after he and partner Carl Thomas produced the U.S. Triathlon Series (USTS) between 1982 and 1997.

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on the Central Coast of California since 1983. Known for a particularly hilly course, it has expanded now to include three races of different lengths and is one of the largest triathlon events in the world, with over 8,000 athletes attending each

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challenging even to competitors with experience in other iron-distance events. Being a world championship race, only competitors that meet qualifying guidelines can enter, typically qualifying slots are awarded in other Ironman sanctioned events.

255:, consider events in early twentieth century France to be the beginnings of triathlon, with many three element multisport events of differing composition appearing, all called by different names. The earliest record for an event was from 1901 in 432:. Samaranch had already declared his intention to add triathlon to the Olympic games as fast as possible, and assured that triathlon could appear as a demonstration sport at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona but only under the auspices of the 937:

The World Triathlon accepts a 5% margin of error in the cycle and run course distances. Though there can be some variation in race distances, particularly among short triathlons, most triathlons conform to one of those above standards.

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Many other organisations exist beginning with local clubs that may host a single small race once per year to companies like the Challenge Family brand that produces long-distance events around the world, which includes events like

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effect that athletes achieve from training for one sport by doing a second activity applies to triathlon training. Additional activities that triathletes perform for cross-training benefits are yoga, pilates, and weight training.

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in 2000 over the Olympic Distance (swim: 1,500 m (1,650 yd) – bike: 40 km (24.9 mi) – run: 10 km (6.2 mi)). A mixed relay event was introduced, using 4 Super Sprint distance legs, in the

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area. Racers enter the transition area, rack their bicycles, and quickly change into running shoes before heading out for the final stage. The running stage usually ends at a separate finish line near the transition area.

1544:. Held in the last week of April every year, this race attracts professional and amateur triathletes from around the world. One of the largest Olympic Distance triathlon in the U.S. with over 4,000 participants each year. 950:, and, if the event is being electronically timed, a timing band. Athletes will either be provided or briefed on details of the course, rules, and any problems to look out for (road conditions, closures, traffic lights, 906:

Triathlons are not necessarily restricted to these prescribed distances. Distances can be any combination of distance set by race organizers to meet various distance constraints or to attract a certain type of athlete.

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Results are usually posted on official websites and will show for each triathlete his/her swim time; cycle time (with transitions included); run time; and total time. Some races also post transition times separately.

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clock for the best time. As such, athletes are not allowed to receive assistance from anyone else outside the race, with the exception of race-sanctioned aid volunteers who distribute food and water on the course.

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Thousands of individual triathlons are held around the world each year. A few of these races are well known because they have a long history or because they have particularly grueling courses and race conditions.

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Most triathlons are individual events. Another format is relay triathlons, where a team of competitors take turns to compete at a race; each competitor must do a segment of swimming, cycling and running. The

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was held on 20 November 1982 where fifty seven competitors took the start, for an ill-defined competition that consisted of 1,500 m (0.93 mi) of swimming, 100 km (62 mi) of cycling and a

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is allowed during competition. In some competitions, like those governed by USA Triathlon and the World Triathlon Corporation, drafting is not allowed, and thus the cycling portion more closely resembles

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majority of triathlons involve open-water (outdoor) swim stages, rather than pools with lane markers. As a result, triathletes in the swim stage must jockey for position, and can gain some advantage by

482:) was founded in 1989 as the international governing body of the sport, with the chief goal, at that time, of putting triathlon on the Olympic program. The World Triathlon sanctions and organises the 3473: 1010:" athletes are women over 75 kg (165 lb). Other races and organizations can choose whether or not to offer Clydesdale- and Athena-type divisions and set their own weight standards. 914:

Sprint triathlons are the most common triathlon distance in the United States. In 2022, for example, there were 839 USAT sanctioned sprint triathlons, more than all other distances combined.

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over various distances. Triathletes compete for fastest overall completion time, racing each segment sequentially with the time transitioning between the disciplines included. The word is of

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benefits. Additionally, triathletes encounter fewer injuries than those who only use running as part of their exercise routine due to the incorporation of low impact swim and bike training.

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or a long course championship, triathletes may be required to set up and check-in their bike in the transition area a day or two before the race start, leaving it overnight and under guard.

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mountain at 1,850 m (6,070 ft) above sea level. Famous for its lower temperatures and 5,000 m (16,000 ft) total ascent, this race accepts only 200 competitors each year.

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Island to shore, followed by an 29 km (18 mi) bicycle and 13 km (8 mi) run in the extremely hilly terrain of the San Francisco Bay Area. The run includes the notorious "

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Standard Super Sprint course, also used for individual legs of the Olympic and World Mixed Relay events. It is shorter compared to the sprint race and is often based around swimming pools.

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of the sport were created and still exist. It also led to other three-stage races using the name triathlon despite not being continuous or not consisting of swim, bike, and run elements.

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In general, participation in a triathlon requires an athlete to register and sign up in advance of the actual race. After registration, racers are often provided a race number, colored

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on September 25, 1974. The race was conceived and directed by two members of the San Diego Track Club, Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan. Johnstone recalls that he was a part of the

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races each year, with annual world champions crowned each year for elite pro-triathletes, junior pro-triathletes, and age-group athletes. World Triathlon races are conducted in a

5859: 1602:. The race had the richest prize purse awarded for a single triathlon. The race was formally part of the World Triathlon Cup series from 2008 to 2010 and briefly served as the 1279: 1524:

is a Nice-Distance race except during a short period from late 2006 to early 2008, in which it was 3 km (1.9 mi) + 80 km (50 mi) + 2 km (1.2 mi).

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Also known as "middle distance", "70.3" (total miles traveled), "long" (USAT designation), or "half-ironman", this race has become more popular around the world since 2005.

3704: 3072: 3317: 336:, hence naming the event the Mission Bay Triathlon. It is worthy of note that neither founder had heard of the French events; both believed their race was a unique idea. 3414: 3679: 1017:

The swim leg can occur in any available body of water, whether a natural body of water or a swimming pool. Swim legs not occurring in a swimming pool are considered

4361: 1639:. The circuit comprises five triathlons and by the French Triathlon Federation and attracts professional international triathletes hired by French triathlon clubs. 3180: 969:

Competition and pressure for faster times have led to the development of specialized triathlon clothing that is adequate for both swimming and cycling, such as

3155: 3282:(WTC), only races licensed by the WTC may be called "Ironman" or "Iron". As a result, other races of the same distances are called "full" or "long" distance. 1261:

angle both to improve aerodynamics and to spare muscle groups needed for running. At the end of the bike segment, triathletes also often cycle with a higher

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between athletes. Additionally, the use of flippers or other swim propulsion and flotation aids are illegal in triathlon and can result in disqualification.

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is a variant of the triathlon for athletes with a physical disability. The Paralympic event originally scheduled a sprint race with athletes competing in

470:, Argentina. Then in September 1994, triathlon was added to the Olympic program as a medal earning sport at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia. 433: 364:. The Netherlands, Belgium and West Germany followed, each of them hosting an event in 1981. But media coverage of these events was almost non-existent. 926:

began with two separate classifications for men and women. In 2009, it adopted a 4×4 mixed relay format, where each team has two men and two women. The

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are legal. This places an emphasis on running performance as several athletes will enter the bike to run transition at the same time due to drafting.

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races each year. These races serve as qualifying events for their own annual World Championships. The Ironman World Championship is held annually in

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legal format for the bike leg, whereas drafting is not permitted at the amateur level. In addition, the ITU has a Long Distance Triathlon series.

4106: 275:, all staged consecutively and without a break. Throughout the 1920s other bike, run, and swim events appeared in different cities, such as the 5473: 3762: 1465: 224:

The sport originated in the late 1970s in Southern California as sports clubs and individuals developed the sport. This history has meant that

3351: 4275: 4254: 4012: 3941: 3895: 3816: 3636: 3587: 3521: 3457: 3221: 2058: 2021: 1943: 1910: 1877: 1394: 931: 534: 287:. These multisport events would continue to slowly spread and grow in popularity: by 1934 "Les Trois Sports" was being hosted in the city of 2951: 2775: 2194: 2100: 562:. This settlement had a large effect on WTC races, including WADA membership for the WTC and out-of-competition testing for elite athletes. 5845: 927: 339:

On Wednesday, September 25, 1974, the race started. It began with a run of a 4.8 km (3 mi) loop, followed by biking twice around

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particularly in view of a favourable vote system for the ETU, this caused immediate fracturing and the TFI never fully establish itself.

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and that after entering a few races he was not regaining his "mediocre fitness" despite having been a member of the 1957 Collegiate and

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The evolution of triathlon as a distinct sport is difficult to trace with precision. Many, including triathlon historian and author

1645:, established in 2006 by the 2002 Long Distance World Champion Cyrille Neveu, is one of the best known single triathlons in France. 7084: 4768: 1547: 1379: 3736: 3711: 3080: 6615: 4983: 3325: 2275: 429: 379:

in September 1982, the previous agreements fell through. IMG refused to cancel the event so it was reorganised to be hosted in

4080: 7125: 7079: 4347: 2850: 2170: 1722: 1440: 559: 4132: 3421: 3672: 2712: 2653: 2631: 2448: 2074: 1455: 448: 271:, the race consisted of a 3 km (1.9 mi) run, a 12 km (7.5 mi) bike ride and the crossing of the river 1198:

Because open water swim areas are often cold and because wearing a wetsuit provides a competitive advantage, specialized

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Also known as "international distance", "standard course", "intermediate" (USAT designation), or "short course".

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In 1991, the IOC recognized the ITU as the sole governing body for the sport of triathlon at its 97th session in

447:, where members of the working committee worked nonstop for a week on the statutes and regulations of the future 304: 4213: 3240: 7110: 7054: 6771: 6736: 6578: 5287: 4827: 3128: 569:

In 2017, the ITU and WTC signed a memorandum of understanding in which the two organisations stated they will:

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training for each of the three disciplines, as well as combination workouts and general strength conditioning.

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Half the Olympic distance. For pool-based races, a 400 or 500 m (1,300 or 1,600 ft) swim is common.

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A history and philosophy of sport and physical education: from ancient civilizations to the modern world

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on the bike in a non-drafting race, improper passing, littering on course, and unsportsmanlike conduct.

49: 4317: 3957: 3292: 1072: 3858: 2349: 1725:, an Ultra-long-distance three-day triathlon covering 510 kilometres (320 mi) in separate stages. 1290: 231:

Triathletes train to achieve endurance, strength and speed. The sport requires focused persistent and

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finally from the start of the run to the end of the run, at which time the triathlon is completed.

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Aerothlon (or as sometimes called Alpine Triathlon) is an extreme triathlon format consisting of

1609: 463: 6716: 2504:(in French). Fédération française de triathlon. Marseille: Approche texte et image. p. 12. 2050: 2043: 2013: 2006: 1935: 4837: 3887: 3881: 2478: 6975: 6814: 6806: 6746: 6706: 6595: 6410: 6172: 6162: 5948: 5783: 5277: 5226: 5217: 5192: 5117: 4998: 4963: 4731: 4576: 4292: 4271: 4250: 4008: 3937: 3891: 3812: 3583: 3517: 3453: 3217: 2515: 2505: 2302: 2176: 2166: 2054: 2038: 2017: 2001: 1939: 1906: 1873: 1867: 1811: 1677: 1584: 1567: 1559: 1262: 1249:

Triathlon bicycles are generally optimized for aerodynamics, having special handlebars called

1113: 955: 856: 502: 313: 256: 3933: 3927: 3552: 3447: 518:(USAT) uses a combination of World Triathlon and WTC rules to sanction WTC's branded events. 6889: 6791: 6696: 6295: 6290: 6207: 6036: 5908: 5762: 5752: 5647: 5525: 5410: 5272: 5197: 5104: 5079: 5066: 5003: 4973: 4936: 4931: 4890: 4802: 4641: 4409: 4371: 1768: 1754: 1728: 1712: 1706: 1688: 1595: 1577: 1172: 1151: 1144: 1003: 182: 162: 158: 136: 82: 3607: 6894: 6854: 6849: 6640: 6453: 6340: 6335: 6119: 6056: 6026: 5991: 5986: 5953: 5918: 5889: 5788: 5687: 5384: 5318: 5182: 5094: 4794: 4754: 4596: 4591: 3279: 2880: 1902: 1758: 1736: 1698: 1694: 1308: 1299: 1283: 1139:

Triathletes competing in the swim component of race. Wetsuits are common but not universal

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from the beginning of the second transition to the end of the second transition (T2 time);

982: 900: 479: 389: 178: 54: 1225:

Triathlon cycling can differ from most professional bicycle racing depending on whether

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from the beginning of the first transition to the end of the first transition (T1 time);

451:(ITU). Then on 1 April 1989, 30 National Federations attended the first ITU Congress in 6955: 6839: 6819: 6701: 6686: 6573: 6558: 6553: 6513: 6493: 6405: 6247: 6237: 6227: 6192: 6124: 6109: 6016: 5938: 5898: 5732: 5652: 5632: 5605: 5537: 5503: 5172: 5140: 5056: 4715: 4710: 4581: 4441: 4399: 4389: 4375: 4265: 4244: 4002: 1928: 1613: 1558:. This non-standard-length race begins with a 2.4 km (1.5 mi) swim in frigid 1413: 1250: 1212: 1159: 1148: 1135: 527: 523: 361: 325: 194: 1257:, and other components. Triathlon bikes use a specialized geometry, including a steep 985:, dressed to compete in the 2008 Nautica Triathlon Malibu Individual Open for females. 21:

This article is about a type of three-sport athletic competition. For other uses, see

7099: 7036: 7031: 7016: 7001: 6950: 6945: 6711: 6676: 6630: 6590: 6585: 6345: 6217: 6177: 5923: 5903: 5722: 5627: 5389: 5374: 5323: 5132: 5089: 5041: 5031: 4921: 4900: 4864: 4854: 4700: 4601: 4502: 4495: 4480: 4162: 4084: 3556: 3510: 2952:"Professional Triathletes Organization to host 2023 US Open in Milwaukee this summer" 2806: 1789: 1740: 1716: 1702: 1551: 1421: 1385: 1258: 1117: 999: 796: 526:. International Ultra-Triathlon Association (IUTA) is the official governing body of 515: 467: 368: 272: 141: 123: 2267: 1324:, is between the swimming and bicycle segments of the race. The second transition, 855:

Also known as "long distance", "full distance", "140.6" (total miles traveled), or "

7026: 6776: 6761: 6751: 6600: 6531: 6400: 6365: 6280: 6222: 6097: 5996: 5958: 5933: 5798: 5682: 5667: 5642: 5590: 5570: 5560: 5515: 5348: 5343: 5254: 5234: 5207: 5084: 5074: 4955: 4895: 4846: 4681: 4616: 4586: 4559: 4529: 4517: 4463: 4458: 1627: 1621: 1191: 1187: 990: 540: 506: 260: 252: 2854: 2720: 2661: 1496:, only five years after the sport of triathlon was founded; it was later moved to 1217: 4136: 1895: 6935: 6859: 6563: 6526: 6473: 6197: 6182: 6157: 6031: 5778: 5727: 5694: 5677: 5672: 5617: 5595: 5565: 5498: 5358: 5264: 5177: 5167: 5159: 5026: 5013: 4926: 4470: 1831: 1762: 1750:(SUP), Trail running and Mountain biking. Designed as an entry-level triathlon. 1691:, consisting of a pool swim, stationary bike, and indoor track or treadmill run. 1497: 1254: 1158:

activity are not as common in triathlon as they are in single sport events. The

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from the start of the swim to the beginning of the first transition (swim time);

1034: 951: 376: 288: 186: 153: 37: 1715:, consists of swimming in cold water, cycling with significant height gain and 1067: 566:

long-distance racing with specific interest on the drafting and penalty rules.

7041: 6721: 6605: 6545: 6503: 6375: 6212: 6080: 6021: 6011: 5928: 5837: 5757: 5717: 5520: 5451: 5308: 5249: 5150: 5051: 4905: 4817: 4636: 4544: 4475: 4436: 4414: 2566: 1974: 1836: 1826: 1779: 1555: 1295: 1183: 1147:. With each sport being an endurance event, training for a triathlon provides 1123:

Other time penalties can be incurred during the race for, among other things,

1042: 1038: 977: 576:

Fully establish the ITU as the singular international federation for triathlon

459: 317: 4339: 3479:. Ironman – World Triathlon Corporation. 2009. p. 9. Archived from 2753: 2519: 7011: 6930: 6899: 6829: 6741: 6498: 6385: 6370: 6310: 6257: 6252: 6152: 6075: 6065: 5963: 5425: 5282: 5239: 4993: 4653: 4621: 4431: 4191: 2449:"San Diegans Remember World's First Triathlon 40 Years Ago — At Mission Bay" 2405:"triathlon | Origin and meaning of triathlon by Online Etymology Dictionary" 2404: 2180: 1661: 1527: 1511:, France. A race that existed until 2002 when the course was adopted by the 970: 440: 321: 280: 175: 2078: 1143:

Participants in triathlon often use the sport to improve or maintain their

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from the start of the cycling to the end of the cycling leg (cycling time);

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Develop a unified athlete focused rule set for specific distance categories

268: 4312: 4158: 2623: 930:

also has a 4× mixed relay since 2010, and the event was introduced at the

42:

The three typical components of triathlon: swimming, cycling, and running.

6681: 6648: 6325: 6167: 6134: 5699: 5585: 5420: 5394: 4859: 4822: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4566: 4512: 4507: 4453: 3373: 1816: 1673: 1670:, composed of alternating swimming and running stages without transition. 1655: 1563: 947: 848: 634: 393: 357: 3156:"Aligning with ITU: global standardization of IRONMAN competition rules" 2475:"The first Triathlon ever… | L.O.S.T. Swimming (Lake Ontario Swim Team)" 6991: 6940: 6468: 6463: 6445: 6425: 6330: 6267: 6202: 6139: 5657: 5637: 5622: 5580: 5555: 4941: 4785: 4611: 4524: 4421: 1667: 1541: 1274: 1243: 994: 452: 190: 965: 6786: 6658: 6483: 6478: 6430: 6420: 6390: 6315: 6070: 6001: 5973: 5872: 5747: 5045: 4869: 4777: 4705: 4626: 4448: 1617: 1599: 1489: 1417: 1007: 444: 372: 284: 216: 204: 2379: 332:(three) for the number of events, followed by the already familiar 6884: 6869: 6824: 6568: 6541: 6488: 6355: 6350: 6320: 6305: 6114: 5884: 5868: 5575: 3474:"2009 Athlete Information Guide – Ironman World Championship" 2687: 2045:

The 12-Week Triathlete: Train for a Triathlon in Just Three Months

2008:

The 12-Week Triathlete: Train for a Triathlon in Just Three Months

1289: 1278: 1216: 1134: 1066: 1022: 976: 964: 539: 242: 4159:"Paratriathlon - Triathlon.org - The Official Triathlon Resource" 1576:

is a half-iron distance race held on the first weekend of May at

6914: 6879: 6435: 6395: 6360: 4571: 4539: 2104: 1508: 1493: 1006:" athletes are those men over 100 kg (220 lb), while " 380: 5841: 5455: 4750: 4343: 1685:, a triathlon in which each leg takes approximately equal time. 582:

Align efforts to foster the growth and development of the sport

466:

approved triathlon for competition at the 1995 Pan Am Games in

6834: 6275: 4334: 3980:"USA Triathlon Adopts New Wetsuit Regulation Starting In 2013" 3272: 1021:

where the course typically proceeds around a series of marked

3271:

Because "Ironman Triathlon" is a registered trademark of the

3129:"Ironman and ITU confirm global standarization [sic]" 1766: 210: 198: 2902: 514:

For its part, the ITU does not sanction WTC races; however,

501:(WTC) is a private company that sanctions and organises the 4324: 3348:"USA Triathlon Hall of Fame Banquet Caps Memorable Weekend" 659:

Standard novice distance course in Australia (often called

392:. In December of that year the national television station 356:

The first European triathlon was held on 30 August 1980 in

3710:(in French). Triathlon Québec. 17 May 2008. Archived from 1975:"Triathlon | Nutrition, Gear & Race Prep | Britannica" 1930:

Triathlon Revolution: Training, Technique, and Inspiration

1770: 962:

then one for the bike/run change at a different location.

4746: 4329: 3737:"Alistair Brownlee storms to Olympic gold at London 2012" 3293:"Appendix A | Category Rules | Downloads | Triathlon.org" 3181:"IRONMAN Partners with the International Triathlon Union" 3606:. HRMS Naperville Sprint Triathlon. 2010. Archived from 2502:

20 ans de passion! 20 ans de triathlon! : 1989-2009

1676:, composed of only cycling and running stages including 2970:"Ironman Triathlon to take ITU to court to retain name" 1428:

according to the nature of their physical impairments.

439:

Then in February 1989, an informal meeting was held in

1719:

on mountains. Such races includes the XTRI World Tour.

1598:, started in 2007 by the mid-west grocery store chain 1520:

won here 10 consecutive times. The World Triathlon's

434:

International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon

4030:"Advice for Handling the Fourth Discipline of a Tri" 3020:

Union, International Triathlon (14 September 2005).

899:

Triathlons longer than full distance are classed as

6984: 6923: 6805: 6667: 6639: 6540: 6512: 6444: 6266: 6133: 6050: 5972: 5883: 5771: 5708: 5546: 5489: 5403: 5367: 5336: 5301: 5263: 5225: 5158: 5149: 5131: 5103: 5065: 5012: 4954: 4914: 4878: 4845: 4793: 4784: 4674: 4382: 2926:"That Collins Cup money... where did it come from?" 2251:Howard, John (March 1993). "The First Triathlon?". 1866:Garrett, William E.; Kirkendall, Donald T. (2000). 1635:, the French club championship series sponsored by 1570:", a 400-step staircase climb up a beachside cliff. 882:So-called triple Olympic Distance, distance of the 732:Standard novice/fitness distance course in Europe. 152: 135: 122: 114: 109: 99: 91: 81: 73: 68: 60: 47: 3678:. International Triathlon Union. 23 January 2010. 3509: 2831:. International Triathlon Union. 14 September 2005 2594:"The 31 Most Important Races in Triathlon History" 2042: 2005: 1927: 1894: 1872:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 919. 1182:, following a competitor closely to swim in their 1079:Triathlons are timed in five sequential sections: 299:The first modern swim/bike/run event was held at 3350:. USA Triathlon. 14 January 2010. Archived from 2746:"History of Triathlon | Content | USA Triathlon" 1286:during world record-breaking 26,000 km triathlon 1190:" and diving to make headway against waves, and 686:Standard novice distance course in New Zealand. 478:The International Triathlon Union (now known as 3102:Union, International Triathlon (23 June 2014). 2994:Union, International Triathlon (13 June 2005). 2853:. Slowtwitch.com. 27 March 2006. Archived from 1664:, composed of only swimming and running stages. 1658:, composed of only swimming and cycling stages. 989:Racers are generally categorized into separate 3022:"Congress votes to no longer sanction Ironman" 2829:"Congress votes to no longer sanction Ironman" 1221:Triathlete in the cycling portion of the event 5853: 5467: 4762: 4355: 4055:"Transition, the 4th Discipline in Triathlon" 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3449:First Triathlon: Your Perfect Plan to Success 3216:. Axis Publishing Limited. 2010. p. 12. 3046:Union, International Triathlon (5 May 2006). 2851:"Ironman and USAT are again brothers in arms" 2431:Triathlon' A Personal History by Scott Tinley 2322:Union, International Triathlon (9 May 2012). 1234:racing. In other races, such as those in the 87:Yes, separate competitions & mixed relays 8: 3852: 3850: 3739:. International Triathlon Union. August 2012 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3452:. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. pp. 13–16. 1521: 30: 16:Swimming, cycling, and distance running race 3582:(3 ed.). Human Kinetics. p. 272. 2905:. International Ultra Triathlon Association 2903:"International Ultra-Triathlon Association" 1358:World Triathlon Long Distance Championships 884:World Triathlon Long Distance Championships 828:World Triathlon Long Distance Championships 225: 5860: 5846: 5838: 5474: 5460: 5452: 5155: 4790: 4769: 4755: 4747: 4362: 4348: 4340: 4214:"A rookie's guide to #SUPBIKERUN – Part 1" 3048:"ITU and WTC Agree to Settle Out of Court" 1731:, typically includes two events of either 1307:triathletes are often astonished at their 29: 4109:. Rio 2016. 6 August 1989. Archived from 4028:Triathlon, Grand Rapids (17 April 2014). 3214:The Complete Triathlete's Training Manual 3104:"ITU & IRONMAN hold historic meeting" 2324:"San Diego - the birthplace of triathlon" 2075:"Tri Sports History Timeline (1902–2008)" 1861: 1859: 1857: 1363:World Triathlon Mixed Relay Championships 924:World Triathlon Mixed Relay Championships 633:Distances vary with age of athlete. See: 3705:"Triathlon Québec Règles de compétition" 3503: 3501: 3235: 3233: 826:Double Olympic Distance distance of the 590: 544:The symbol for triathlon in the Olympics 6459:International scale of river difficulty 2240:from the original on 24 September 2007. 1853: 1406:Paratriathlon at the Summer Paralympics 1298:amongst runners at Ironman 70.3 on the 3958:"At what temps can you use a wetsuit?" 3413:International Triathlon Union (2003). 3390:. Star Production SARL. Archived from 3253:from the original on 27 September 2011 2681: 2679: 2618: 2616: 2614: 1901:(2 ed.). Human Kinetics. p. 1466:Triathlon at the Southeast Asian Games 1242:racing, drafting and the formation of 890: 3982:. Competitor Group, Inc. 21 June 2010 3635:. USA Triathlon. 2010. Archived from 3208: 3206: 2740: 2738: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2447:Trageser, Claire (11 December 2014). 2442: 2440: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2218: 2216: 2156: 2154: 2152: 1746:SUPBIKERUN triathlon, consisting of 535:Professional Triathletes Organisation 283:and "La Course des Débrouillards" in 7: 5822: 3786:"20 Great Reasons to do a Triathlon" 2950:Meyer, Maredithe (27 January 2023). 1120:, for mounting his bike too early.) 981:Reality TV's "Survivor" contestant, 928:triathlon at the Youth Olympic Games 3685:from the original on 21 August 2010 3630:"2010 Most Common Rules Violations" 3446:Watson, Lance; Motz, Jason (2010). 3073:"ITU and WTC Look to Work Together" 2809:. Street & Smith's Sports Group 2634:from the original on 6 January 2016 2195:"La journée sportive d'aujourd'hui" 1461:Triathlon at the Pan American Games 1451:Triathlon at the Commonwealth Games 2807:"Iron Man calls this fight a draw" 2278:from the original on 17 March 2015 2266:Tinley, Scott (12 December 2014). 2165:. Malaurent, Max. Paris: Laffont. 1963:. USA Triathlon Life. p. 101. 1934:. The Mountaineers Books. p. 1606:'s 5150 Series U.S. Championships. 367:Then in 1982, the event organiser 301:Mission Bay, San Diego, California 14: 3759:"Rules Education: Time Penalties" 3604:"Age Group Time Trial Swim Start" 3553:"USA Triathlon Competitive Rules" 2924:Levison, John (21 January 2020). 2752:. 25 January 2009. Archived from 2548:. 19 October 2014. Archived from 2135:Казахстанская Федерация Триатлона 1592:world to take part in the series. 1482:Hawaii Ironman World Championship 1369:World Triathlon sanctioned events 1045:, fruit, cookies, soup, and ice. 161:(invitational) – 5821: 5812: 5811: 5216: 4836: 4370: 4311: 4135:. Paralympic.org. Archived from 2996:"USAT Breaks with Ironman Races" 2956:BizTimes Milwaukee Business News 2686:Union, International Triathlon. 1796: 1782: 1384:The sport made its debut on the 1380:Triathlon at the Summer Olympics 1337:World Triathlon organised events 954:). At a major event, such as an 36: 6616:Flooded grasslands and savannas 4059:Asian Triathlon Online Magazine 4004:The Triathlete's Training Bible 3811:. Human Kinetics. p. 286. 3809:Championship Triathlon Training 3761:. USA Triathlon. Archived from 3374:"USA Triathlon Events Calendar" 2879:. TEAMChallenge. Archived from 2805:Williams, Pete (8 April 2008). 2039:"Chapter 9: Triathlon Training" 2002:"Chapter 9: Triathlon Training" 1628:Ironman 70.3 World Championship 430:International Olympic Committee 420:Around the same time, Canadian 402:Journey to the End of Suffering 398:Voyage au bout de la souffrance 2713:"Historique de Triathlon 1989" 2654:"Historique de Triathlon 1994" 2592:Babbitt, Bob (15 March 2023). 2380:"Story of the First Triathlon" 1441:Triathlon at the African Games 1186:. Triathletes will often use " 1071:Transition area (bicycles) of 560:Court of Arbitration for Sport 1: 3512:Triathlon: going the distance 2101:"ESPN – Triathlon milestones" 1456:Triathlon at the Island Games 573:Harmonise anti-doping efforts 449:International Triathlon Union 6782:Universal Soil Loss Equation 6732:Hydrological transport model 6626:Storm Water Management Model 3926:Gandolfo, Christina (2005). 3241:"ITU Competition Rules 2008" 2776:"Olympic History: Triathlon" 2567:"Histoire du triathlon:1982" 2539:"30 years of nice triathlon" 2301:. McGraw-Hill. p. 279. 1959:Matlow, Jeff (Winter 2011). 1446:Triathlon at the Asian Games 305:70s jogging craze in America 247:1922 Course des trois sports 217: 205: 5483:Water sports and activities 5314:Radio-controlled car racing 4133:"Para-Triathlon | IPC" 3960:. TriathlonWetsuitStore.com 3932:. Human Kinetics. pp. 3273:World Triathlon Corporation 2719:(in French). Archived from 2660:(in French). Archived from 1604:World Triathlon Corporation 886:most years including 2016. 499:World Triathlon Corporation 7154: 7136:Cycle racing by discipline 6286:Antecedent drainage stream 4969:Mountain bike orienteering 4288:Your First Triathlon Guide 3886:. Human Kinetics. p. 3807:Dallam, George M. (2008). 3784:Harr, Eric (6 July 2005). 3578:Hanlon, Thomas W. (2009). 3388:"TriStar Triathlon Events" 2974:runningnetworkarchives.com 2350:"History of the Triathlon" 2297:Mechikoff, Robert (2009). 1869:Exercise and sport science 1743:and finishes with running. 1705:. Such races includes the 1610:Norseman Extreme Triathlon 1377: 1272: 1210: 1170: 1056: 211: 199: 148: – present 131: – present 23:Triathlon (disambiguation) 20: 7050: 7022:River valley civilization 6905:Riparian-zone restoration 5807: 5436: 5293:Offshore powerboat racing 5245:Motorcycle chariot racing 5214: 4834: 4724: 4267:Triathlon Training Basics 4184:"Arch 2 Arc Solo Results" 3154:Gary (13 February 2015). 3133:Triathlon Magazine Canada 1926:Schneider, Terri (2008). 1804:Sport of athletics portal 1643:Triathlon EDF Alpe d'Huez 1294:An athlete competes in a 277:"Course des Trois Sports" 35: 7085:Countries without rivers 7060:Rivers by discharge rate 6772:Runoff model (reservoir) 6737:Infiltration (hydrology) 5288:Inshore powerboat racing 4264:Bernhardt, Gale (2004). 3318:"Race Distances Defined" 2877:"About Challenge Family" 1697:, consists of swimming, 1492:. First held in 1978 on 1435:Other multi-sport events 556:World Anti-Doping Agency 428:, then President of the 375:, but with the death of 6757:River Continuum Concept 6522:Agricultural wastewater 5441:List of forms of racing 4808:Middle-distance running 3880:Finch, Michael (2004). 3833:"Cardio Exercise Ideas" 3673:"ITU Competition Rules" 3415:"ITU Competition Rules" 2624:"Histoire du triathlon" 2500:Gasquet, Frank (2009). 2268:"The French Connection" 2161:Yves., Cordier (1991). 2049:. Fair Winds. pp. 2012:. Fair Winds. pp. 1633:Grand Prix de Triathlon 1410:2016 Summer Paralympics 7080:River name etymologies 7007:Hydraulic civilization 6865:Floodplain restoration 6641:Point source pollution 6416:Sedimentary structures 5733:Outrigger canoe racing 5283:Jet sprint boat racing 4034:Grand Rapids Triathlon 3516:. Contemporary Books. 2546:ligue-ca-triathlon.com 2354:beginnertriathlete.com 2224:"History of Triathlon" 2131:"History of triathlon" 1748:Standup paddleboarding 1650:Nonstandard variations 1348:World Triathlon Series 1303: 1287: 1236:World Triathlon Series 1222: 1140: 1076: 986: 974: 545: 484:World Triathlon Series 426:Juan Antonio Samaranch 248: 115:Country or region 7126:Summer Olympic sports 6692:Discharge (hydrology) 6654:Industrial wastewater 6135:Sedimentary processes 5743:Synchronized swimming 4886:Cross country running 4813:Long-distance running 4736:Winter Olympic sports 4664:Greco-Roman wrestling 4376:Summer Olympic sports 4320:at Wikimedia Commons 4285:Collins, Von (2013). 3580:The sports rules book 3160:endurancebusiness.com 2037:Holland, Tom (2005). 2000:Holland, Tom (2005). 1683:Equilateral triathlon 1528:Enduroman Arch to Arc 1378:Further information: 1293: 1282: 1251:aero-bars or tri-bars 1232:individual time trial 1220: 1138: 1131:Triathlon and fitness 1070: 980: 968: 543: 396:broadcast a program, 246: 6797:Volumetric flow rate 6381:Riffle-pool sequence 5380:Cross-country skiing 5354:Slalom skateboarding 5037:Mountain bike racing 4675:Discretionary sports 4246:Your First Triathlon 3929:The Woman Triathlete 3859:"Triathlon Training" 3765:on 22 September 2014 3508:Plant, Mike (1987). 2384:triathlonhistory.com 2231:multisportaustria.at 1733:cross-country skiing 1589:Life Time Tri Series 1548:Escape from Alcatraz 1116:, a competitor from 1110:London 2012 Olympics 932:2020 Summer Olympics 383:, France. The first 263:: it called itself " 7131:Open water swimming 6971:Whitewater kayaking 6966:Whitewater canoeing 6767:Runoff curve number 6611:Flood pulse concept 5738:Synchronized diving 5548:Activities on water 5491:Activities in water 5188:Pickup truck racing 5123:Paralympic swimming 5113:Open water swimming 5022:Road bicycle racing 4659:Freestyle wrestling 4555:Rhythmic gymnastics 4550:Artistic gymnastics 4243:Friel, Joe (2006). 4001:Friel, Joe (2004). 3913:Your Best Triathlon 3911:Friel, Joe (2010). 3328:on 22 December 2015 3083:on 28 February 2019 2555:on 22 October 2015. 2253:Triathlete Magazine 1893:Mora, John (2009). 1842:Triathlon equipment 1822:List of triathletes 1353:World Triathlon Cup 1240:World Triathlon Cup 1059:Triathlon equipment 1019:open water swimming 668:3–9–3 (New Zealand) 630:(0.62–3.11 mi) 511:Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 488:World Triathlon Cup 462:, UK. In 1993, the 412:A global federation 324:. So they used the 104:Triathlon equipment 50:governing body 32: 6997:Aquatic toxicology 6910:Stream restoration 6875:Infiltration basin 6727:Hydrological model 6243:Sediment transport 6066:Estavelle/Inversac 5944:Subterranean river 5728:Dragon boat racing 5404:Multi-sport racing 5203:Touring car racing 4989:Canoe orienteering 4984:Radio orienteering 4979:Trail orienteering 4113:on 6 December 2013 4087:. 11 December 2010 3883:Triathlon Training 3717:on 7 February 2019 3278:2011-03-05 at the 3135:. 13 February 2015 2756:on 25 January 2009 2481:on 29 January 2020 2137:. 19 February 2017 1979:www.britannica.com 1723:Ultraman triathlon 1637:Lyonnaise des Eaux 1587:Triathlon Series. 1342:World competitions 1304: 1288: 1255:aerodynamic wheels 1223: 1200:triathlon wetsuits 1141: 1077: 1053:Rules of triathlon 987: 975: 864:Long Distance (O3) 808:Long Distance (O2) 641:Novice (Australia) 546: 464:Pan American Games 352:European migration 249: 221:), 'competition'. 7116:Individual sports 7093: 7092: 7070:Whitewater rivers 6976:Whitewater slalom 6807:River engineering 6707:Groundwater model 6668:River measurement 6596:Flood forecasting 6411:Sedimentary basin 6268:Fluvial landforms 6173:Bed material load 5949:River bifurcation 5835: 5834: 5784:Modern pentathlon 5449: 5448: 5332: 5331: 5278:Hydroplane racing 5227:Motorcycle racing 5193:Sports car racing 5118:Marathon swimming 4999:Mountain marathon 4964:Foot orienteering 4950: 4949: 4744: 4743: 4732:Paralympic sports 4577:Modern pentathlon 4405:Marathon Swimming 4316:Media related to 4277:978-1-931382-25-0 4270:. na: VeloPress. 4256:978-1-931382-85-4 4249:. na: VeloPress. 4014:978-1-931382-42-7 3943:978-0-7360-5430-0 3897:978-0-7360-5444-7 3818:978-0-7360-8154-2 3610:on 10 August 2009 3589:978-0-7360-7632-6 3523:978-0-8092-4774-5 3486:on 7 October 2009 3459:978-1-84126-116-4 3354:on 7 January 2011 3297:www.triathlon.org 3223:978-0-7641-4384-7 2883:on 6 January 2014 2723:on 6 January 2016 2664:on 6 January 2016 2453:KPBS Public Media 2255:. pp. 42–43. 2163:Triathlon : 2111:on 12 August 2008 2060:978-1-59233-126-0 2023:978-1-59233-126-0 1981:. 6 December 2023 1945:978-1-59485-096-7 1912:978-0-7360-7944-0 1879:978-0-683-03421-9 1812:Ironman Triathlon 1678:Powerman Duathlon 1585:Life Time Fitness 1560:San Francisco Bay 1114:Jonathan Brownlee 1073:Hamburg Triathlon 942:Race organization 897: 896: 893: 857:Ironman Triathlon 624:(3.1–9.3 mi) 617:(110–820 yd) 295:Modern beginnings 257:Joinville-le-Pont 168: 167: 7143: 7055:Rivers by length 6890:River morphology 6792:Wetted perimeter 6697:Drainage density 6208:Headward erosion 6037:Perennial stream 5909:Blackwater river 5862: 5855: 5848: 5839: 5825: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5763:Water volleyball 5753:Water basketball 5476: 5469: 5462: 5453: 5411:Adventure racing 5273:Drag boat racing 5265:Motorboat racing 5220: 5198:Stock car racing 5156: 5080:Greyhound racing 5004:Car orienteering 4974:Ski orienteering 4937:Snowshoe running 4932:Backward running 4891:Mountain running 4879:Off-road running 4840: 4791: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4748: 4642:Beach volleyball 4383:Mandatory sports 4374: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4335:Xterra Triathlon 4315: 4302: 4281: 4260: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4190:. Archived from 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4025: 4019: 4018: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3835:. Livestrong.com 3829: 3823: 3822: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3549: 3528: 3527: 3515: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3420:. Archived from 3419: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3394:on 14 March 2012 3384: 3378: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3324:. Archived from 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3289: 3283: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3187:. Archived from 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3079:. Archived from 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2786:on 10 March 2012 2782:. Archived from 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2683: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2620: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2543: 2535: 2524: 2523: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2477:. Archived from 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2376: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2228: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2199:Le Petit Journal 2191: 2185: 2184: 2158: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2107:. Archived from 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2081:on 31 March 2010 2077:. Archived from 2071: 2065: 2064: 2048: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2011: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1933: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1900: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1863: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1755:Mountain Running 1729:Winter triathlon 1713:Xtreme Triathlon 1707:XTERRA Triathlon 1689:Indoor triathlon 1596:Hy-Vee Triathlon 1578:Lake San Antonio 1195:wasting energy. 1173:Swimming (sport) 1145:physical fitness 1033:In most races, " 901:ultra-triathlons 891: 625: 618: 591: 424:held talks with 265:Les Trois Sports 220: 214: 213: 209:), 'three', and 208: 202: 201: 40: 33: 7153: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7111:Endurance games 7096: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7065:Drainage basins 7046: 6980: 6919: 6895:Retention basin 6855:Erosion control 6850:Detention basin 6801: 6717:Hjulström curve 6669: 6663: 6635: 6579:Non-water flood 6536: 6508: 6454:Helicoidal flow 6440: 6341:Fluvial terrace 6336:Floating island 6262: 6137: 6129: 6120:Rhythmic spring 6054: 6046: 6027:Stream gradient 5968: 5954:River ecosystem 5919:Channel pattern 5887: 5879: 5866: 5836: 5831: 5803: 5767: 5704: 5542: 5485: 5480: 5450: 5445: 5432: 5399: 5385:Snowboard cross 5363: 5328: 5319:Slot car racing 5297: 5259: 5221: 5212: 5183:Off-road racing 5145: 5127: 5099: 5095:Sled dog racing 5061: 5008: 4946: 4910: 4874: 4841: 4832: 4780: 4775: 4745: 4740: 4720: 4670: 4486:Mountain biking 4378: 4368: 4325:World Triathlon 4309: 4299: 4284: 4278: 4263: 4257: 4242: 4239: 4237:Further reading 4234: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4220:. 24 March 2015 4218:Supboardmag.com 4212: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4194:on 6 March 2021 4182: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4107:"Paratriathlon" 4105: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4061:. 7 August 2021 4053: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3531: 3524: 3507: 3506: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3427:on 14 June 2006 3424: 3417: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3280:Wayback Machine 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3014: 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2129: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2024: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1865: 1864: 1855: 1850: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1759:Mountain Biking 1739:or outdoor-ice 1737:mountain biking 1699:mountain biking 1695:Cross triathlon 1652: 1474: 1431: 1408:debuted at the 1403: 1388:program at the 1382: 1376: 1371: 1339: 1334: 1317: 1309:muscle weakness 1300:Boise Greenbelt 1284:Jonas Deichmann 1277: 1271: 1215: 1209: 1188:dolphin kicking 1175: 1169: 1133: 1112:was imposed on 1061: 1055: 983:Parvati Shallow 944: 878: 873: 868: 850: 844: 839: 835:Triathlon 140.6 822: 817: 812: 798: 792: 787: 774: 769: 764: 751: 746: 741: 728: 723: 718: 714:Novice (Europe) 705: 700: 695: 682: 677: 672: 655: 650: 645: 629: 623: 621: 616: 614: 589: 551: 480:World Triathlon 476: 414: 354: 297: 241: 179:multisport race 95:Endurance sport 69:Characteristics 55:World Triathlon 43: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7098: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6956:Stone skipping 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6840:Drop structure 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6820:Balancing lake 6817: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Playfair's law 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6702:Exner equation 6699: 6694: 6689: 6687:Bradshaw model 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6574:Urban flooding 6566: 6561: 6559:Crevasse splay 6556: 6554:100-year flood 6550: 6548: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6514:Surface runoff 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6494:Stream capture 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6406:Rock-cut basin 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6248:Suspended load 6245: 6240: 6238:Secondary flow 6235: 6230: 6228:Retrogradation 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6193:Dissolved load 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6125:Spring horizon 6122: 6117: 6112: 6110:Mineral spring 6107: 6106: 6105: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6091:list in the US 6088: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6017:Stream channel 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5939:Drainage basin 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5899:Alluvial river 5895: 5893: 5881: 5880: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5653:Stone skipping 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5606:Paddleboarding 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5538:Water aerobics 5535: 5534: 5533: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5173:Formula racing 5170: 5164: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5141:Speed climbing 5137: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5057:Cycle speedway 5054: 5049: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5014:Bicycle racing 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4607:Sport climbing 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4308: 4307:External links 4305: 4304: 4303: 4298:978-1521804834 4297: 4291:. na: Amazon. 4282: 4276: 4261: 4255: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4205: 4175: 4150: 4139:on 7 July 2012 4124: 4098: 4072: 4046: 4020: 4013: 3993: 3971: 3949: 3942: 3918: 3903: 3896: 3872: 3861:. Military.com 3846: 3824: 3817: 3799: 3788:. Men's Health 3776: 3750: 3728: 3696: 3653: 3642:on 1 June 2010 3621: 3595: 3588: 3570: 3559:. January 2013 3529: 3522: 3497: 3465: 3458: 3438: 3405: 3379: 3365: 3339: 3309: 3284: 3264: 3246:. p. 52. 3229: 3222: 3202: 3191:on 3 July 2019 3172: 3146: 3120: 3094: 3064: 3038: 3012: 2986: 2961: 2942: 2916: 2894: 2868: 2842: 2820: 2797: 2767: 2734: 2704: 2675: 2645: 2610: 2584: 2558: 2525: 2511:978-2907590594 2510: 2492: 2465: 2436: 2421: 2409:etymonline.com 2396: 2366: 2340: 2314: 2307: 2289: 2258: 2243: 2212: 2201:. 19 June 1921 2186: 2171: 2148: 2122: 2092: 2066: 2059: 2029: 2022: 1992: 1966: 1951: 1944: 1918: 1911: 1885: 1878: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1793: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1751: 1744: 1726: 1720: 1710: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1630: 1625: 1614:Hardangerfjord 1607: 1593: 1582: 1571: 1545: 1538:St. Petersburg 1531: 1525: 1505:Nice Triathlon 1502: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1426:six categories 1414:Rio de Janeiro 1402: 1399: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1332:Notable events 1330: 1316: 1313: 1270: 1267: 1213:Bicycle racing 1208: 1205: 1168: 1165: 1160:cross-training 1149:cardiovascular 1132: 1129: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1054: 1051: 943: 940: 895: 894: 888: 887: 880: 875: 870: 865: 861: 860: 853: 851:(26.2 mi) 846: 841: 836: 832: 831: 824: 819: 814: 809: 805: 804: 801: 799:(13.1 mi) 794: 789: 784: 783:Triathlon 70.3 780: 779: 776: 771: 766: 765:(0.93 mi) 761: 757: 756: 753: 748: 743: 742:(0.47 mi) 738: 734: 733: 730: 725: 720: 719:(0.25 mi) 715: 711: 710: 707: 702: 697: 696:(0.25 mi) 692: 688: 687: 684: 679: 674: 669: 665: 664: 657: 652: 647: 642: 638: 637: 631: 626: 619: 615:100–750 m 612: 608: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 588: 585: 584: 583: 580: 577: 574: 550: 547: 528:Ultratriathlon 524:Challenge Roth 475: 472: 413: 410: 385:Nice Triathlon 377:Princess Grace 362:Czechoslovakia 353: 350: 346:Hawaii Ironman 296: 293: 240: 237: 181:consisting of 166: 165: 156: 150: 149: 139: 133: 132: 126: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 52: 45: 44: 41: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7149: 7148: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7037:Surface water 7035: 7033: 7032:Sacred waters 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017:Riparian zone 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7002:Body of water 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6951:Riverboarding 6949: 6947: 6946:River surfing 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670:and modelling 6666: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6631:Return period 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591:Flood control 6589: 6587: 6586:Flood barrier 6584: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6218:Palaeochannel 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6178:Granular flow 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5924:Channel types 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904:Braided river 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5851: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5828: 5820: 5818: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5789:Sailing races 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723:Dinghy racing 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5628:Riverboarding 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5390:Speed skating 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375:Alpine skiing 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368:Winter racing 5366: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5324:Street racing 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090:Pigeon racing 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5067:Animal racing 5064: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5042:Track cycling 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032:Gravel racing 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922:Tower running 4920: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4901:Trail running 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:Ultramarathon 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4855:Half marathon 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4795:Track running 4792: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4701:Flag football 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4649:Weightlifting 4647: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4602:Skateboarding 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4496:Track cycling 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4481:Freestyle BMX 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4193: 4189: 4188:Enduroman.com 4185: 4179: 4176: 4164: 4163:Triathlon.org 4160: 4154: 4151: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4086: 4085:Triathlon.org 4082: 4076: 4073: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4007:. VeloPress. 4006: 4005: 3997: 3994: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3919: 3915:. p. 15. 3914: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3873: 3860: 3857:Smith, Stew. 3853: 3851: 3847: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3800: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3558: 3557:USA Triathlon 3554: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3439: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3249: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3109: 3108:Triathlon.org 3105: 3098: 3095: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3053: 3052:Triathlon.org 3049: 3042: 3039: 3027: 3026:Triathlon.org 3023: 3016: 3013: 3001: 3000:Triathlon.org 2997: 2990: 2987: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2943: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2693: 2692:Triathlon.org 2689: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2329: 2328:Triathlon.org 2325: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2308:9780073376493 2304: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1897:Triathlon 101 1889: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1794: 1791: 1790:Sports portal 1780: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1741:speed skating 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1717:trail running 1714: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1703:trail running 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552:San Francisco 1549: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534:St. Anthony's 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522:Long Distance 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1422:Paratriathlon 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1219: 1214: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1174: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1137: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1118:Great Britain 1115: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000:USA Triathlon 996: 992: 984: 979: 972: 967: 963: 959: 957: 953: 949: 941: 939: 935: 933: 929: 925: 919: 915: 912: 908: 904: 902: 889: 885: 881: 876: 871: 869:(2.5 mi) 866: 863: 862: 858: 854: 852: 847: 845:(112 mi) 842: 840:(2.4 mi) 837: 834: 833: 829: 825: 820: 815: 813:(1.9 mi) 810: 807: 806: 802: 800: 795: 790: 788:(1.2 mi) 785: 782: 781: 777: 775:(6.2 mi) 772: 767: 762: 759: 758: 754: 752:(3.1 mi) 749: 747:(12 mi) 744: 739: 736: 735: 731: 729:(3.1 mi) 726: 724:(12 mi) 721: 716: 713: 712: 708: 706:(1.6 mi) 703: 701:(6.2 mi) 698: 693: 690: 689: 685: 683:(1.9 mi) 680: 678:(5.6 mi) 675: 673:(330 yd) 670: 667: 666: 663:triathlons). 662: 658: 656:(1.2 mi) 653: 651:(5.0 mi) 648: 646:(330 yd) 643: 640: 639: 636: 632: 627: 620: 613: 611:Kids of Steel 610: 609: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 592: 586: 581: 578: 575: 572: 571: 570: 567: 563: 561: 557: 548: 542: 538: 536: 531: 529: 525: 519: 517: 516:USA Triathlon 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 474:Organisations 473: 471: 469: 468:Mar del Plata 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 411: 409: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 351: 349: 347: 342: 341:Fiesta Island 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 306: 302: 294: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 245: 238: 236: 234: 229: 227: 222: 219: 207: 197:origin, from 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 164: 160: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 142:Paratriathlon 140: 138: 134: 130: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 67: 63: 59: 56: 53: 51: 46: 39: 34: 28: 24: 19: 7075:Flash floods 7027:River cruise 6960: 6924:River sports 6777:Stream gauge 6762:Rouse number 6752:Relief ratio 6601:Flood-meadow 6532:Urban runoff 6446:Fluvial flow 6431:River valley 6401:River island 6366:Meander scar 6281:Alluvial fan 6223:Progradation 6098:Karst spring 6042:Winterbourne 5997:Chalk stream 5959:River source 5934:Distributary 5799:Yacht racing 5793: 5772:Competitions 5683:Water skiing 5668:Wakeboarding 5643:Skimboarding 5601:Kneeboarding 5591:Kiteboarding 5571:Cable skiing 5561:Bodyboarding 5531:synchronized 5516:Scuba diving 5509:synchronized 5415: 5349:Sandboarding 5344:Longboarding 5337:Board racing 5255:Track racing 5235:Beach racing 5208:Truck racing 5151:Motor racing 5085:Horse racing 5075:Camel racing 4956:Orienteering 4896:Fell running 4847:Road running 4828:Steeplechase 4728: 4631: 4617:Table tennis 4587:Rugby sevens 4560:Trampolining 4530:Field hockey 4518:Show jumping 4491:Road cycling 4464:Canoe sprint 4459:Canoe slalom 4310: 4287: 4266: 4245: 4224:23 September 4222:. 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