1381:. They do not generate surpluses, pay no taxes, and support no standing army. Fried argued that secondary tribes develop in one of two ways. First, states could set them up as means to extend administrative and economic influence in their hinterland, where direct political control costs too much. States would encourage (or require) people on their frontiers to form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses and taxes, and would have a leadership responsive to the needs of neighboring states (the so-called tribes of the United States or British India provide good examples of this). The British favored the label "aboriginal tribe" for some communities.
200:
1251:, Fried provided numerous examples of tribes that encompassed members who spoke different languages and practiced different rituals, or who shared languages and rituals with members of other tribes. Similarly, he provided examples of tribes in which people followed different political leaders, or followed the same leaders as members of other tribes. He concluded that tribes in general are characterized by fluid boundaries, heterogeneity and dynamism, and are not parochial.
892:
1353:
1292:
98:
57:
1385:
persuasive. These communities were to have seats in the legislatures and positions in government employment 'reserved' for them. Each of the assembly members prepared a list of communities that deserved special protections. These names were listed in a "Schedule" (appendix) to the
Constitution. So these came to be called the 'Scheduled Tribes', often abbreviated to ST.
904:
1388:
Second, bands could form "secondary" tribes as a means to defend against state expansion. Members of bands would form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses that could support a standing army that could fight against states, and they would
1199:
continue to explore the development of pre-state tribes. Current research suggests that tribal structures constituted one type of adaptation to situations providing plentiful yet unpredictable resources. Such structures proved flexible enough to coordinate production and distribution of food in times
1254:
Part of the difficulty with the term is that it seeks to construct and apply a common conceptual framework across diverse cultures and peoples. Different anthropologists studying different peoples therefore draw conflicting conclusions about the nature, structure and practices of tribes. Writing on
1211:
In fact, there is no absolute necessity for a tribal stage as defined by
Sahlins and Service, no necessity, that is, for such a stage to appear in the transit from a single settlement with embedded political organization, to a complex-state structured polity. Such a developmental process could have
1384:
India adopted a republican constitution in 1950, after three years of debate in its
Constituent Assembly. During the debate, Jaipal Singh, a member of Munda tribe from Central India advocated for special provisions for the 'Adibasi' -- a translation into Hindi of 'aboriginal'. His arguments proved
1242:
The tribe, a long respected category of analysis in anthropology, has recently been the object of some scrutiny by anthropologists ... Doubts about the utility of the tribe as an analytical category have almost certainly arisen out of the rapid involvement of peoples, even in the remotest parts of
1372:
and defending territory, with these being replaced by states functions and institutions, such as taxation, law courts and the military. Most have suffered decline and loss of cultural identity. Some have adapted to the new political context and transformed their culture and practices in order to
938:. Its definition is contested, in part due to conflicting theoretical understandings of social and kinship structures, and also reflecting the problematic application of this concept to extremely diverse human societies. The concept is often contrasted by anthropologists with other social and
1243:
the globe, in political, economic and sometimes direct social relationship with industrial nations. The doubts, however, are based ultimately on the definition and meaning which different scholars give to the term 'tribe', its adjective 'tribal', and its abstract form 'tribalism'.
1376:
Fried proposed that most surviving tribes do not have their origin in pre-state tribes, but rather in pre-state bands. Such "secondary" tribes, he suggested, developed as modern products of state expansion. Bands comprise small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak
1212:
gone on within a unit that we may conceptualize as a city-state, such a unit as
Jericho might have become in its later stages ⊠tribalism can be viewed as reaction to the formation of complex political structure rather than a necessary preliminary stage in its evolution.
1176:
Tribes are therefore considered to be a political unit formed from an organisation of families (including clans and lineages) based on social or ideological solidarity. Membership of a tribe may be understood as being based on factors such as
962:. These terms are similarly disputed. In some cases tribes have legal recognition and some degree of political autonomy from national or federal government, but this legalistic usage of the term may conflict with anthropological definitions.
1255:
the
Kurdish peoples, anthropologist Martin van Bruinessen argued, "the terms of standard anthropological usage, 'tribe', 'clan' and 'lineage' appear to be a straitjacket that ill fits the social reality of Kurdistan".
1112:
Considerable debate has accompanied efforts to define and characterize tribes. In the popular imagination, tribes reflect a primordial social structure from which all subsequent civilizations and states developed.
1221:
The term "tribe" was in common use in the field of anthropology until the late 1950s and 1960s. The continued use of the term has attracted controversy among anthropologists and other academics active in the
519:
1278:
because tribal peoples have a special status acknowledged in international law as well as problems in addition to those faced by the wider category of indigenous peoples."
1430:
878:
1936:, Cornell University Press. Chapter 12, beginning on p. 276, explores the meaning of the word origin and social context of a tribe in ancient Greece and beyond.
536:
1364:
Few tribes today remain isolated from the development of the modern state system. Tribes have lost their legitimacy to conduct traditional functions, such as
1247:
Despite the membership boundaries for a tribe being conceptually simple, in reality they are often vague and subject to change over time. In his 1975 study,
1258:
There are further negative connotations of the term "tribe" that have reduced its use. Writing in 2013, scholar
Matthew Ortoleva noted that "like the word
806:
2456:
524:
2388:
970:
826:
1621:
567:
2914:
1817:
Robert J. McCarthy, The Bureau of Indian
Affairs and the Federal Trust Obligation to American Indians, 19 BYU J. PUB. L. 1 (December, 2004)
871:
221:
1207:
argued in 1967 that bands organized into tribes in order to resist the violence and exploitation of early kingdoms and states. He wrote:
2393:
1980:
2373:
2368:
2349:
2344:
2331:
1674:
Mitchell, Clyde J. (1970). "Tribe and Social Change in South
Central Africa: A Situational Approach" in Gutkind, Peter C. W. Editor.
1867:
1842:
1802:
1777:
1740:
1339:
800:
261:
243:
181:
84:
2442:
2398:
2981:
2437:
2357:
864:
2567:
2403:
1317:
662:
119:
2480:
2427:
2417:
501:
1038:
may also be a result of a common pattern wherein
English borrows nouns directly from Latin and drops suffixes, including
2976:
1080:
372:
2532:
2432:
2227:
2107:
1302:
214:
208:
162:
2450:
2422:
833:
1321:
1306:
134:
108:
2498:
2378:
2212:
1580:
1002:
489:
225:
2587:
969:
are legally considered to have "domestic dependent nation" status within the territorial United States, with a
790:
141:
2469:
2461:
2306:
1973:
1585:
1527:
1393:
1121:
966:
553:
38:
2707:
2607:
2383:
2050:
1313:
1267:
1083:
1049:
780:
357:
288:
279:
115:
70:
31:
2732:
2517:
2411:
2018:
1895:
1881:
1450:
1201:
1155:
1114:
854:
642:
1767:
1005:, it remains unclear if this form is the result of a borrowing from a Romance language source (such as
148:
2945:
2869:
2777:
2602:
2485:
2237:
2207:
2202:
2040:
2035:
2028:
1460:
647:
622:
377:
1400:, that have retained their sovereignty or been granted legal recognition by the federal government.
2909:
2812:
2807:
2694:
2612:
2232:
2023:
1848:
1830:
1517:
850:
130:
2971:
2792:
2752:
2747:
2652:
2592:
2537:
2222:
2117:
2070:
2045:
2013:
1966:
1495:
1470:
1357:
785:
687:
617:
406:
343:
293:
891:
2874:
2787:
2772:
2757:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2637:
2522:
2512:
2242:
1863:
1838:
1798:
1773:
1736:
1710:
1642:
1617:
1480:
1235:
1190:
1125:
612:
597:
592:
1593:
2844:
2839:
2722:
2281:
2264:
2254:
2150:
1919:
1911:
1679:
1522:
1410:
1397:
1091:
931:
757:
747:
727:
717:
1551:
2966:
2879:
2825:
2797:
2737:
2672:
2627:
2562:
2296:
2291:
2269:
2197:
1607:
1425:
1415:
1136:
1129:
908:
795:
752:
707:
692:
637:
387:
319:
314:
2904:
2894:
2864:
2802:
2782:
2727:
2316:
2286:
2145:
2112:
2065:
2060:
2055:
1500:
1465:
1435:
1223:
1186:
1143:
959:
912:
896:
742:
732:
722:
667:
460:
1389:
have a leadership that could co-ordinate economic production and military activities.
1352:
2960:
2884:
2849:
2642:
2582:
2557:
2552:
2321:
2276:
2170:
2097:
2077:
1877:
Proceedings, American
Ethnological Society. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1752:
1117:
737:
672:
632:
627:
607:
495:
455:
450:
436:
426:
421:
324:
2919:
2859:
2742:
2684:
2677:
2632:
2572:
2503:
2311:
2301:
2249:
2187:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2140:
2092:
2008:
1510:
1485:
1475:
1420:
1231:
1227:
1204:
1182:
1169:
1159:
1139:
935:
927:
712:
702:
697:
657:
652:
602:
401:
382:
155:
1611:
2854:
2662:
2647:
2622:
2547:
2217:
2192:
2182:
2160:
2087:
1490:
1445:
1291:
1196:
1149:
682:
677:
97:
1707:
Agha, shaikh, and state : the social and political structures of Kurdistan
2929:
2924:
2899:
2834:
2767:
2657:
2102:
1378:
1200:
of scarcity, without limiting or constraining people during times of surplus.
1006:
574:
367:
362:
76:
1714:
1646:
2889:
2762:
2667:
2259:
2132:
1989:
1732:
1505:
951:
762:
431:
334:
1915:
1172:, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments
2577:
2542:
1234:
research challenging the utility of the concept. In 1970, anthropologist
1163:
1098:
947:
416:
45:
1941:
Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature
1574:
1185:("race"), language, dwelling place, political group, religious beliefs,
903:
2597:
2527:
1900:"Relating Global Tensions: Modern Tribalism and Postmodern Nationalism"
1369:
1365:
1178:
939:
338:
17:
1924:
1662:
The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology
2082:
1727:
Ortoleva, Matthew (2013). "We Face East" in Goggin, Peter N. Editor.
1440:
955:
1899:
1885:
2617:
1943:. Clearwater, NY: Tribe. pp. 101â02, 180â82, 186â87, 191â93.
1772:(paperback ed.). New York: Harper Collins. pp. 126â128.
1455:
1373:
survive, whilst others have secured legal rights and protections.
1017:
924:
890:
329:
2003:
1769:
India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
1639:
Primitive social organization : an evolutionary perspective
1022:
987:
943:
1962:
1613:
Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages
1124:
for societies in all human cultures, based on the evolution of
1010:
1285:
193:
91:
50:
44:"Tribals" redirects here. For the ancient Thracian tribe, see
923:
is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of
1958:
1837:, translated by Elizabeth Palmer. London: Faber and Faber.
1887:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In
1132:. This system of classification contains four categories:
1090:('rendered in three, tripartite division'; compare with
1016:) or if the form is a result of borrowing directly from
1797:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 720â724.
1270:
says "It is important to make the distinction between
942:
groups, being hierarchically larger than a lineage or
1028:
1250 may be a direct representation of Latin plural
2938:
2821:
2693:
2496:
2330:
2131:
1996:
122:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1853:Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen
1573:
1266:is a word that has connotations of colonialism."
930:. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in
1431:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1148:Tribal societies with some limited instances of
1209:
1795:The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution
1974:
1729:Environmental Rhetoric and Ecologies of Place
915:at Bzheta in Shkreli territory, Albania, 1908
872:
37:"Tribal" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1546:
1544:
1948:Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice
1320:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1073:
1052:to be a compound formed from two elements:
1043:
1029:
995:
85:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1981:
1967:
1959:
1946:Renfrew, Colin & Paul G. Bahn (2008).
1664:. New York: Random House. pp. 169â70.
973:relationship with the federal government.
879:
865:
807:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
273:
1923:
1340:Learn how and when to remove this message
262:Learn how and when to remove this message
244:Learn how and when to remove this message
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
1396:of North America, tribes are considered
1351:
902:
207:This article includes a list of general
1540:
827:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
287:
1753:"Terminology - Survival International"
1360:, around the start of the 21st century
993:, which ultimately derives from Latin
483:Societies without hierarchical leaders
7:
1594:participating institution membership
1318:adding citations to reliable sources
120:adding citations to reliable sources
1676:The Passing of Tribal Man in Africa
1835:Indo-European Language and Society
213:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1217:Controversy and usage deprecation
1068:, a verbal root meaning 'to be'.
801:Political economy in anthropology
66:This article has multiple issues.
1616:. Leiden · Boston. p. 629.
1290:
198:
96:
55:
1875:Essays on the Problem of Tribe,
1862:. Cummings Publishing Company.
1705:Bruinessen, Martin van (1992).
107:needs additional citations for
74:or discuss these issues on the
1950:. New York: Thames and Hudson
1695:. Cummings Publishing Company
1637:Service, Elman Rogers (1962).
663:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
834:Journal of Legal Anthropology
502:The Art of Not Being Governed
1890:. London: Sage Publications.
1552:"FAQ About Native Americans"
1934:Greek Mythology and Poetics
1079:is held to derive from the
1020:(the Middle English plural
2998:
2350:Countries by ethnic groups
2345:Contemporary ethnic groups
1766:Guha, Ramachandra (2008).
985:stems from Middle English
840:Journal of Law and Society
560:Colonialism and resistance
43:
36:
29:
1873:Helm, June, ed., (1968).
1858:Fried, Morton H. (1975).
1660:Fried, Morton H. (1967).
1581:Oxford English Dictionary
1003:Oxford English Dictionary
514:Non-western state systems
490:African Political Systems
1793:Choudhry, Sujit (2016).
1691:Morton H. Fried (1972).
1158:tribal societies led by
1122:system of classification
981:The modern English word
971:government-to-government
934:is in the discipline of
2462:Torres Strait Islanders
2307:Ethnopsychopharmacology
2051:In-group and out-groups
1586:Oxford University Press
1528:Twelve Tribes of Israel
1249:The Notion of the Tribe
1023:
1011:
988:
539:and the State in Africa
228:more precise citations.
39:Tribal (disambiguation)
2982:Political anthropology
2708:Cultural appropriation
2608:Lineage-bonded society
1932:Nagy, Gregory (1990).
1916:10.1080/13207870124780
1394:Native American tribes
1361:
1268:Survival International
1214:
1074:
1044:
1030:
996:
967:Native American tribes
965:In the United States,
916:
900:
781:Circumscription theory
568:Europe and the People
537:Technology, Tradition,
32:Tribe (disambiguation)
2733:Ethnic interest group
2568:Ethnicity in censuses
2518:Cultural assimilation
2019:Ethnolinguistic group
1939:Sutton, Imre (1975).
1451:New Tribal Revolution
1355:
1097:'trinity, district',
1048:is generally held by
946:, but smaller than a
906:
894:
855:cultural anthropology
643:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
496:Papuan Big man system
2946:Minzu (anthropology)
2915:Separatist movements
2778:Ethnographic village
2603:Legendary progenitor
2238:Transidioethnography
2041:Hyphenated ethnicity
2036:Ethnographic realism
2029:Ethnoreligious group
1461:Pantribal sodalities
1314:improve this section
1128:and the role of the
648:Wolfgang Fikentscher
623:Henri J. M. Claessen
378:Pantribal sodalities
116:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2977:Self-sustainability
2813:Multinational state
2808:Model minority myth
2695:Multiethnic society
2613:Linguistic homeland
2024:Ethnonational group
1860:The Notion of Tribe
1693:The Notion of Tribe
1584:(Online ed.).
1518:Anarcho-primitivism
1142:that are generally
1081:Proto-Indo-European
1001:. According to the
791:Leftâright paradigm
2793:Middleman minority
2753:Ethnic pornography
2748:Ethnic nationalism
2653:Pantribal sodality
2593:Imagined community
2118:Symbolic ethnicity
2046:Indigenous peoples
2014:Ethnographic group
1496:Tribal sovereignty
1471:Segmentary society
1362:
1358:uncontacted tribes
1191:cultural practices
1034:). Modern English
917:
901:
786:Legal anthropology
688:Thomas Blom Hansen
618:Robert L. Carneiro
407:Segmentary lineage
344:Leveling mechanism
294:legal anthropology
27:Human social group
2954:
2953:
2875:Ethnic stereotype
2788:Indigenous rights
2773:Ethnographic film
2758:Ethnic theme park
2718:Dominant minority
2713:Diaspora politics
2703:Consociationalism
2638:National language
2523:Cultural identity
2513:Cross-race effect
2457:Aboriginal groups
1849:Benveniste, Ămile
1831:Benveniste, Ămile
1623:978-90-04-16797-1
1592:(Subscription or
1481:Stateless society
1398:sovereign nations
1350:
1349:
1342:
1236:J. Clyde Mitchell
1226:with scholars of
1126:social inequality
889:
888:
613:Jeremy Boissevain
598:Georges Balandier
593:E. Adamson Hoebel
272:
271:
264:
254:
253:
246:
192:
191:
184:
166:
89:
16:(Redirected from
2989:
2845:Ethnic cleansing
2840:Ethnic bioweapon
2723:Ethnic democracy
2332:Groups by region
2282:Ethnomethodology
2265:Ethnomathematics
2255:Ethnolinguistics
2151:Ethnoarchaeology
1983:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1929:
1927:
1891:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1641:. Random House.
1634:
1628:
1627:
1608:de Vaan, Michiel
1604:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1548:
1523:Tribe (Internet)
1411:Tribes of Arabia
1345:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1294:
1286:
1077:
1047:
1033:
1026:
1014:
999:
991:
911:at the feast of
881:
874:
867:
775:Related articles
758:Douglas R. White
748:Jonathan Spencer
728:Marshall Sahlins
718:Sally Falk Moore
274:
267:
260:
249:
242:
238:
235:
229:
224:this article by
215:inline citations
202:
201:
194:
187:
180:
176:
173:
167:
165:
124:
100:
92:
81:
59:
58:
51:
21:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2934:
2880:Ethnic violence
2828:
2826:ethnic conflict
2824:
2817:
2798:Minority rights
2738:Ethnic majority
2689:
2673:Detribalization
2628:Nation-building
2563:Ethnic religion
2506:
2502:
2492:
2399:Central America
2326:
2297:Ethnophilosophy
2292:Ethnomusicology
2270:Ethnostatistics
2228:Person-centered
2198:Autoethnography
2127:
1992:
1987:
1957:
1904:Communal/Plural
1894:
1880:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1726:
1722:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1426:Ethnic religion
1416:Tribes of Yemen
1406:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1311:
1295:
1284:
1232:ethnohistorical
1228:anthropological
1224:social sciences
1219:
1137:Hunter-gatherer
1110:
979:
885:
845:
844:
821:
813:
812:
796:State formation
776:
768:
767:
753:Bjorn Thomassen
708:Elizabeth Mertz
693:Ted C. Lewellen
638:Pierre Clastres
588:
587:Major theorists
580:
579:
570:Without History
569:
538:
474:
466:
465:
388:Paramount chief
320:Achieved status
315:Ascribed status
307:Status and rank
303:
292:
268:
257:
256:
255:
250:
239:
233:
230:
220:Please help to
219:
203:
199:
188:
177:
171:
168:
125:
123:
113:
101:
60:
56:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2995:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:Indigenization
2902:
2897:
2895:Ethnosymbolism
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Ethnic penalty
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Model minority
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:Ethnopluralism
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2728:Ethnic enclave
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2438:Southeast Asia
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2317:Ethnosemiotics
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Ethnomuseology
2284:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2146:Ethnic studies
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Supraethnicity
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2066:Minority group
2063:
2061:Metroethnicity
2058:
2056:Meta-ethnicity
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1955:External links
1953:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1892:
1878:
1871:
1856:
1846:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1785:
1778:
1758:
1744:
1720:
1697:
1684:
1667:
1652:
1629:
1622:
1599:
1565:
1554:. 16 June 2014
1539:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1501:Tribal warfare
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:Patrilineality
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1436:Matrilineality
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1348:
1347:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1245:
1244:
1218:
1215:
1202:Anthropologist
1197:Archaeologists
1187:oral tradition
1174:
1173:
1167:
1153:
1146:
1115:Anthropologist
1109:
1108:Classification
1106:
1104:'threefold').
978:
975:
913:Saint Nicholas
897:Madhya Pradesh
887:
886:
884:
883:
876:
869:
861:
858:
857:
847:
846:
843:
842:
837:
830:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
743:Aidan Southall
740:
735:
733:James C. Scott
730:
725:
723:Rodney Needham
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
668:Ernest Gellner
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
572:
564:
563:
561:
557:
556:
550:
549:
547:
543:
542:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
516:
515:
512:
510:
506:
505:
498:
493:
485:
484:
481:
479:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
461:Ritual warfare
458:
453:
447:
446:
444:
443:Law and custom
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
398:
397:
395:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
353:
351:
347:
346:
341:
332:
327:
322:
317:
311:
310:
308:
304:
302:Basic concepts
301:
300:
297:
296:
285:
284:
270:
269:
252:
251:
206:
204:
197:
190:
189:
104:
102:
95:
90:
64:
63:
61:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2994:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Ethnocentrism
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Ethnic hatred
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:National myth
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Folk religion
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Ethnic origin
2556:
2554:
2553:Ethnic option
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Northern Asia
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:South America
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:United States
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2322:Ethnotaxonomy
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Ethnomedicine
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Institutional
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Ethnomycology
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Polyethnicity
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Monoethnicity
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:0-8465-1548-2
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:0-87024-250-4
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1804:9780198704898
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1779:9780060958589
1775:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:9781135922658
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1709:. Zed Books.
1708:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1368:, delivering
1367:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1341:
1333:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1299:This section
1297:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1170:Civilizations
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Elman Service
1116:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
992:
990:
984:
976:
974:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:
922:
914:
910:
909:Shkreli tribe
905:
898:
893:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
862:
860:
859:
856:
852:
849:
848:
841:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
823:
817:
816:
809:
808:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
772:
771:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Elman Service
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:David Graeber
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:John Comaroff
631:
629:
628:Jean Comaroff
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Fredrik Barth
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
583:
576:
573:
571:
566:
565:
562:
559:
558:
555:
552:
551:
548:
546:Legal systems
545:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:
487:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
470:
469:
462:
459:
457:
456:Legal culture
454:
452:
451:Customary law
449:
448:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:Theatre state
435:
433:
430:
428:
427:House society
425:
423:
422:Petty kingdom
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
396:
393:
392:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
340:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:Social status
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
309:
306:
305:
299:
298:
295:
290:
286:
283:
281:
276:
275:
266:
263:
248:
245:
237:
227:
223:
217:
216:
210:
205:
196:
195:
186:
183:
175:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133: â
132:
128:
127:Find sources:
121:
117:
111:
110:
105:This article
103:
99:
94:
93:
88:
86:
79:
78:
73:
72:
67:
62:
53:
52:
47:
40:
33:
19:
2920:Xenocentrism
2870:Ethnic slurs
2860:Ethnic party
2823:Ideology and
2743:Ethnic media
2685:White ethnic
2678:Neotribalism
2633:Nation state
2573:Ethnofiction
2504:ethnogenesis
2475:
2468:
2449:
2418:Central Asia
2410:
2363:
2356:
2339:
2312:Ethnoscience
2302:Ethnopoetics
2250:Ethnohistory
2188:Ethnogeology
2176:Ethnozoology
2166:Ethnoecology
2156:Ethnobiology
2141:Anthropology
2122:
2093:Panethnicity
2009:Ethnic group
1947:
1940:
1933:
1910:(1): 11â31.
1907:
1903:
1886:
1874:
1859:
1852:
1834:
1813:
1794:
1788:
1768:
1761:
1747:
1728:
1723:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1675:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1638:
1632:
1612:
1602:
1579:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1511:Neotribalism
1486:Tribal chief
1476:Social group
1421:Band society
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1363:
1336:
1330:October 2021
1327:
1312:Please help
1300:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1220:
1210:
1205:Morton Fried
1195:
1175:
1152:and prestige
1120:presented a
1111:
1101:
1094:
1088:tri-dÊ°hâu/o-
1087:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:'three' and
1053:
1039:
1035:
1021:
1009:
994:
986:
982:
980:
964:
936:anthropology
928:social group
920:
918:
839:
832:
825:
805:
713:Sidney Mintz
703:Ralph Linton
698:Edmund Leach
658:Morton Fried
653:Meyer Fortes
603:F. G. Bailey
535:
500:
488:
473:Case studies
432:Ethnic group
411:
402:Band society
277:
258:
240:
231:
212:
178:
169:
159:
152:
145:
138:
126:
114:Please help
109:verification
106:
82:
75:
69:
68:Please help
65:
2855:Ethnic joke
2663:Tribal name
2648:Origin myth
2623:Mythomoteur
2548:Ethnic flag
2533:Development
2218:Netnography
2193:Ethnography
2183:Ethnocinema
2161:Ethnobotany
2088:Nationality
1896:James, Paul
1882:James, Paul
1491:Tribal name
1446:Micronation
1282:Present-day
1150:social rank
1144:egalitarian
907:Men of the
683:Ulf Hannerz
678:Lesley Gill
226:introducing
2961:Categories
2930:Xenophobia
2925:Xenophilia
2900:Indigenism
2835:Allophilia
2768:Ethnocracy
2658:Statistext
2588:Historical
2481:Indigenous
2433:South Asia
2369:Indigenous
2103:Population
1925:1885/41671
1825:References
1596:required.)
1558:August 21,
1379:leadership
1276:indigenous
1181:("clan"),
1160:chieftains
1156:Stratified
1007:Old French
895:Tribes of
575:Cargo cult
478:Acephelous
368:Matriarchy
363:Patriarchy
350:Leadership
234:April 2020
209:references
142:newspapers
71:improve it
2972:Ethnology
2890:Ethnocide
2763:Ethnoburb
2668:Tribalism
2451:Australia
2443:West Asia
2423:East Asia
2394:Caribbean
2379:Greenland
2260:Ethnology
2133:Ethnology
2071:Influence
1990:Ethnicity
1733:Routledge
1731:, p. 95.
1715:555395702
1678:, p. 83.
1647:318447878
1506:Tribalism
1356:A map of
1301:does not
1183:ethnicity
1050:linguists
977:Etymology
952:ethnicity
919:The term
763:Eric Wolf
335:Age grade
289:Political
172:July 2018
77:talk page
2910:Nativism
2578:Ethnonym
2543:Ethnarch
2499:Identity
2486:European
2364:Americas
2208:Critical
2203:Clinical
1997:Concepts
1898:(2001).
1884:(2006).
1851:(1935).
1833:(1973).
1610:(2008).
1404:See also
1164:Chiefdom
1099:Sanskrit
1084:compound
1042:. Latin
948:chiefdom
820:Journals
417:Chiefdom
394:Polities
280:a series
278:Part of
46:Triballi
2939:Related
2598:Kinship
2538:Endonym
2528:Demonym
2476:Oceania
2233:Salvage
1575:"tribe"
1392:In the
1370:justice
1366:tithing
1322:removed
1307:sources
1238:wrote:
1189:and/or
1179:kinship
1092:Umbrian
940:kinship
932:English
899:, India
525:Mandala
358:Big man
339:Age set
222:improve
156:scholar
131:"Tribe"
18:Tribals
2967:Tribes
2470:Europe
2384:Mexico
2374:Canada
2358:Africa
2223:Online
2083:Nation
1866:
1841:
1801:
1776:
1739:
1713:
1645:
1620:
1441:Meenas
1272:tribal
1260:Indian
1102:trĂdha
1075:tribus
1071:Latin
1045:tribus
1031:tribƫs
1024:tribuz
997:tribus
956:nation
851:Social
520:Negara
211:, but
158:
151:
144:
137:
129:
2618:Mores
2340:World
2243:Video
2123:Tribe
1680:Brill
1590:
1535:Notes
1456:Nomad
1162:(see
1140:bands
1130:state
1095:trifu
1036:tribe
1018:Latin
1012:tribu
989:tribu
983:tribe
960:state
925:human
921:tribe
509:State
412:Tribe
383:Chief
373:Elder
330:Caste
163:JSTOR
149:books
2412:Asia
2108:Race
2004:Clan
1864:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1711:OCLC
1643:OCLC
1618:ISBN
1560:2022
1305:any
1303:cite
1274:and
1264:ribe
1230:and
1054:tri-
944:clan
853:and
554:Kapu
135:news
2501:and
1920:hdl
1912:doi
1316:by
1058:bhu
1040:-us
958:or
291:and
118:by
2963::
1918:.
1906:.
1902:.
1735:.
1578:.
1543:^
1262:,
1193:.
1066:fu
1064:,
1062:bu
1060:,
954:,
950:,
282:on
80:.
1982:e
1975:t
1968:v
1928:.
1922::
1914::
1908:9
1870:.
1855:.
1845:.
1807:.
1782:.
1755:.
1717:.
1682:.
1649:.
1626:.
1588:.
1562:.
1343:)
1337:(
1332:)
1328:(
1324:.
1310:.
1166:)
1086:*
880:e
873:t
866:v
337:/
265:)
259:(
247:)
241:(
236:)
232:(
218:.
185:)
179:(
174:)
170:(
160:·
153:·
146:·
139:·
112:.
87:)
83:(
48:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
