512:, but the stem of the umbel detaches, permitting the globes to roll about in the wind. The light, open, globular structures form very effective tumbleweed diaspores, dropping their seeds usually within a few days as the follicles fail under the wear of rolling. The seeds are fleshy, short-lived, and germinate rapidly where they land. Being poisonous and distasteful, they are not attractive to candidate transport animals, so the rolling diaspore is a very effective dispersal strategy for such plants. Genera with this means of seed dispersal include
387:
250:
164:
370:
341:
147:
358:
822:
until they form piles that can no longer roll. Such piles can be a serious threat to trapped vehicles or buildings and their occupants, particularly because they are dry and flammable. Examples of enveloped buildings and vehicles have been documented mainly in the
Western regions of the US. In residential areas, an example was the town of
817:
where the outside application of additional moisture is not practicable. One study showed that a single
Russian thistle can remove up to 170 L (44 US gallons) of water from the soil in competition with a wheat crop in one year. The amount of water removed from fallow land more subject to erosion
821:
It sometimes happens that species of large tumbleweed, especially if thorny, can form aggregations that are physically hazardous and can block roads and cover buildings and vehicles. This can happen where fences and similar obstacles cause the accumulation, but the weeds can also entangle each other
890:
in films and TV shows. In shots set in a desolate and deserted place, or generally in a locale with little activity, tumbleweeds may be seen rolling across the scenery. This motif has become clichéd, with the result that it is nowadays primarily used with humoristic intent, for example when a short
847:
in
February 2016 that attracted international attention. The seed heads of the weed, known locally as "hairy panic", had piled several meters deep in some places, forcing residents to spend several hours removing it to regain access to their homes. The local council subsequently indicated it was
873:
Tumbleweeds have been observed causing problems with wastewater treatment plants. In some cases of inadequate fencing, they can get entangled in electromechanical equipment such as clarifiers and mechanical aerators leading to increased energy use and labor cost associated with operating and
793:
classified the ubiquitous tumbleweeds as a non-native and extremely invasive plant in the United States. They are considered noxious in nature and detrimental in many ways. Tumbleweeds thrive in disturbed soil and are a major contributor to native plant extinctions and
33:
914:
Once dry and uprooted, tumbleweeds form steppe cursors that, driven by the wind, use to roll on the lands of
Southern California; Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, northwestern Mexico, and most of the Mexican territory just south of the border. In the area of
855:. Approximately 100 to 150 homes required help from public services after their entryways were at least partly blocked. The local fire department participated in the cleanup as the influx of tumbleweeds presented both a safety and fire hazard.
105:
Apart from its primary vascular system and roots, the tissues of the tumbleweed structure are dead; their death is functional because it is necessary for the structure to degrade gradually and fall apart so that its
39:
37:
34:
38:
118:
after the tumbleweed has come to rest in a moist location. In the latter case, many species of tumbleweed open mechanically, releasing their seeds as they swell when they absorb water.
1223:. Biota of North America Program. Center for the Study of Digital Libraries. (with data from) Hatch, Stephan L.; Gandhi, Kancheepuram N.; Brown, Larry E. (1990). College Station, TX:
618:), produces a dry inflorescence that forms tumbleweeds. In parts of central and western North America, it has become a common weed in many locations including hayfields and pastures.
2065:
36:
684:. In these plants, the inflorescences break off and tumble in the wind instead of the whole plant, much as happens in some of the Apiaceae and Amaryllidaceae. The species of
2105:
806:. Despite over a century of cooperation between Mexican, Canadian, and US governments to combat the species, tumbleweeds are found in most regions of North America.
1812:
1988:
310:
base when it dies, and forms a tumbleweed, dispersing its seeds as the wind rolls it along. It is said to have arrived in the United States in shipments of
570:, native to America, sometimes forms tumbleweeds; it grows on sandy soils in desert areas, chaparral, and open pine forests of the western United States.
1250:
1950:
1727:
35:
813:
that disperse as tumbleweeds are serious weeds that significantly promote wind erosion in open regions. Their effects are particularly harmful to
790:
690:
from
Southeast Asia are prominent examples of this dispersal adaptation. These grasses are often called tumble-grasses, including such species as
19:
This article is about an anatomical structure of certain plants. For the most conspicuous species colloquially called tumbleweed in the U.S., see
508:, either effectively at ground level, or breaking off once the stems are dry. When the seeds are about ripe, the fruit remain attached to the
1659:
1486:
1317:
1109:
1028:
68:
481:, which is indigenous to tropical North and South America, has become nearly cosmopolitan largely as a weed, but like many other species of
891:
but embarrassing moment of silence occurs during a scene. One of the best-known uses of tumbleweed in cinema is in the opening sequence of
2018:
1675:
1607:
177:
The tumbleweed dispersal strategies are unusual among plants; most species disperse their seeds by other mechanisms. Many tumbleweeds
2073:
1569:
1542:
1511:
1361:
1220:
1595:, CA: Department of the Agricultural/Weights and Measures Commissioner. c. 2016 – via USDA plants database (plants.usda.gov).
830:
buried many houses so deeply that mechanical equipment was necessary to remove it, release occupants and counter the fire hazard.
851:
On 18 April 2018, strong winds and neglected maintenance of neighboring private land brought a large number of tumbleweeds into
799:
1911:
1472:
718:
Wind dispersed fruits that tumble or roll on the ground, sometimes known as "tumble fruits", are rare. Some are technically
485:, it also is widely valued as animal forage and as human food, though it should be utilised with caution to avoid toxicity.
1528:
1884:
2100:
1885:
Evaluating opportunities and barriers to improving the energy efficiency of small
Nebraska wastewater treatment plants
1616:
24:
1756:
2056:
2040:
1685:
1436:
1184:
867:
866:. The tumbleweeds piled up 4.5 to 6 m (15 to 20 feet) deep in some areas, burying cars and trucks and closing
1834:
2095:
1309:
826:, where in 1989 tens of tons of large tumbleweeds ("Russian thistles") that had matured in the dry bed of nearby
411:
858:
A similar incident occurred on 31 December 2019, when high winds dislodged a large number of tumbleweeds on the
761:
686:
391:
293:
143:
dry out, break free of their attachments and are similarly tumbled by the wind, dispersing spores as they go.
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1478:
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44:
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and bouncing over or rapidly growing in land cleared of vegetation between fields or areas of forest as
1820:
1733:
1619:
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698:
614:
579:
467:
1020:
Gasteromycetes: Morphological and developmental features with keys to the orders, families, and genera
386:
2090:
1865:
863:
345:
2069:
1970:
954:
1564:. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 5. Springer. pp. 75–174, esp. p. 83.
1558:
Appel, O.; al-Shehbaz, I.A. (12 September 2002). "Cruciferae". In
Kubitzki, K.; Bayer, C. (eds.).
1935:
1592:
1453:
1201:
627:
596:
249:
102:, where frequent wind and the open environment permit rolling without prohibitive obstruction.
1930:
1892:
1655:
1565:
1538:
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1357:
1353:
1313:
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considering attaching large vacuums to street-sweepers in an attempt to control the outbreak.
711:
692:
552:
509:
322:
throughout North
America, dominating disturbed habitats such as roadsides, cultivated fields,
60:
1649:
994:
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609:
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450:
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1688:. 25 December 1989. p. 34 – via Google News archive search (news.google.com).
1585:
887:
766:
649:
493:
428:
340:
271:
203:
197:
169:
122:
2084:
1561:
Flowering plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales, and non-betalain
Caryophyllales
730:
667:
561:
497:
396:
285:
262:
208:
193:
151:
126:
84:
1989:"Curiosities What are the desert balls that appear in western movies really called?"
1861:
1784:
1699:
1411:
1381:
1285:
1136:
1078:
75:. In most such species, the tumbleweed is in effect the entire plant apart from the
1761:
904:
859:
742:
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379:
319:
315:
289:
275:
223:
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slopes, and arid regions with sparse vegetation. Though it is a troublesome weed,
306:
is the so-called "Russian thistle". It is an annual plant that breaks off at the
1161:
1045:
1018:
770:
417:
302:
182:
135:
20:
2050:
2034:
1757:"Entire town buried under bizarre 'hairy panic' weed that has baffled experts"
1534:
1166:. Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts.
920:
908:
844:
724:
706:
674:
642:
601:
547:
532:
514:
374:
307:
213:
64:
1896:
1178:
Becker, D. A. (1978). "Stem abscission in tumbleweeds of the
Chenopodiaceae:
840:
827:
803:
462:
331:
238:
140:
130:
115:
99:
88:
543:
form tumbleweeds from their flower umbels, much as some Amaryllidaceae do.
55:
is a structural part of the above-ground anatomy of a number of species of
1251:
Wildland Fire Management Plan: Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex
1219:
Kartesz, John T.; et al. (30 October 1995) . Schneider, Erich (ed.).
722:. Highly inflated indehiscent fruits that may facilitate tumbling include
2044:
1835:"The meteorology of the tumbleweed storm. Plus, the Ukrainian connection"
1789:
1704:
916:
900:
897:(1998), where it symbolizes the "drifting" nature of the main character.
870:
for ten hours while road crews used snowplows to remove the tumbleweeds.
795:
748:
680:
633:
622:
591:
540:
526:
520:
403:
Other members of the Amaranthaceae (s.l.) that form tumbleweeds include
233:
1912:"11 Historically inaccurate tropes western movies always get wrong"
1813:"'Houses disappeared' when tumbleweeds rolled into this California city"
1256:(Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. September 2001. Archived from
2052:
Video showing a massive displacement of tumbleweed in the Mojave desert
1955:
1869:
1457:
1205:
924:
777:
719:
662:
557:
281:
243:
781:, a genus of puffball, uses essentially the same dispersal strategy.
773:). All of these curl into a ball when dry and uncurl when moistened.
472:
454:
423:
405:
334:
323:
92:
1449:
1197:
501:
489:
436:
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368:
356:
339:
266:
248:
162:
145:
111:
80:
56:
31:
1335:
The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa
1931:"10 Western tropes that most western movies actually break"
458:
350:
311:
189:. Tumbleweeds have been recorded in the following plant groups:
186:
107:
96:
76:
72:
1386:. Vol. 20. pp. 452, 454, 456 – via eFloras.org.
1290:. Vol. 4. pp. 326, 340, 358 – via eFloras.org.
1333:
Watt, John Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina (1962).
661:
Inflorescences that act as tumbling diaspores occur in some
1676:"Flood control brings avalanche of tumbleweeds, other woes"
1504:
The Nature of Plants: Habitats, challenges, and adaptations
1951:"Tumbleweeds: Enduring symbol of West is Fernley nuisance"
1785:"Big vacuums could combat 'hairy panic' in Australia city"
353:, showing the globular umbels of tumbleweed Amaryllidaceae
1430:
Becker, D.A. (1968). "Stem abscission in the tumbleweed,
1418:
1388:
1292:
1143:
125:
seeds, but the tumbleweed strategy is not limited to the
1141:. Vol. 4. pp. 399–402 – via eFloras.org.
999:
Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick
439:) that form tumbleweeds, there are several species of
2036:
The Trouble With Tumbleweed / Video about Tumbleweeds
2066:"Watch a Plague of Tumbleweeds Blow Across the West"
1793:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 February 2016
1729:'Hairy panic' tumbleweed takes over Australian homes
1708:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 18 February 2016
927:
for those born and residing in that capital city of
1841:. Cliff Mass weather and climate blog. January 2020
1615:. Drought Advisory. Vol. EM4856. Pullman, WA:
1050:. Bulletin, Ohio Biological Survey / Knull series.
759:, but practically unrelated, are the spore-bearing
280:are tumbleweeds. They are thought to be native to
432:is called the tumbling oracle or tumbling orach.
300:, they have long been symbols of frontier areas.
1609:Water Conservation, Weed Control Go Hand in Hand
945:
943:
139:—form tumbleweeds, and some fungi that resemble
2023:(PhD). Fort Collins: Colorado State University.
1651:Climate of Extremes: Landscape and imagination
1017:Miller, Orson K. Jr.; Miller, Hope H. (1988).
154:in April, after an extremely wet winter season
1527:Pound, Roscoe; Clements, Frederic E. (1977).
1155:
1153:
1151:
8:
1506:. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. p. 314.
886:genre, tumbleweeds are frequently used as a
496:produce highly optimised tumbleweeds; their
1221:"Chenopodiaceae: Standardized nomenclature"
1700:"Australia town consumed by 'hairy panic'"
641:the tumbleweed detaches from the plant by
91:tumbleweed species occur most commonly in
1654:. Black Heron Press. p. 33 ff.
2064:Howard, Brian Clark (17 December 2015).
1304:Matt Jolley Abrams, Le Roy (1944).
2106:Western (genre) staples and terminology
1306:Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States
939:
791:United States Department of Agriculture
296:in large areas. In the cinema genre of
274:), several annual species of the genus
1929:Hohenberger, Kevin (3 December 2022).
1416:. Vol. 5 – via eFloras.org.
1337:(2nd ed.). E & S Livingstone.
79:system, but in other plants, a hollow
1064:
977:
7:
1591:. Weed Abatement Division (Report).
833:There was a significant outbreak of
612:, the garden plant "baby's-breath" (
475:, but naturalized in North America.
16:Plant structure, detaches and drifts
2020:Dispersal of an Invasive Tumbleweed
1899:– via digitalcommons.unl.edu.
1047:The Miridae of Ohio (volume 4)
556:forms tumbleweeds. It is native to
179:establish themselves on broken soil
114:can escape during the tumbling, or
318:, perhaps about 1870. It now is a
14:
1755:Halkon, Ruth (18 February 2016).
1502:Dawson, John; Lucas, Rob (2005).
956:A Textbook of Botany for Colleges
769:) and earthstar mushroom family (
365:tumbleweeds caught behind a fence
270:(i.e. broadly defined to include
173:tumbleweed caught against a fence
1044:Watson, Sheppard Arthur (1928).
815:dry-land agricultural operations
129:; some species of spore-bearing
284:, but when their seeds entered
1530:The Phytogeography of Nebraska
1160:Pammel, Louis Hermann (1903).
1077:Main, Douglas (2 March 2011).
560:and is naturalized in much of
1:
1736:(newspaper). 18 February 2016
1474:Grasses and Grassland Ecology
818:would be even more damaging.
1860:@wspd3pio (1 January 2020).
995:"An outline of phytobiology"
159:Plants that form tumbleweeds
150:Young plant blooming in the
1617:Washington State University
959:. MacMillan Co. p. 359
63:that, once mature and dry,
25:Tumbleweed (disambiguation)
2122:
1686:Knight Ridder News Service
1648:Stablein, Marilyn (1995).
1437:American Journal of Botany
1185:American Journal of Botany
868:Washington State Route 240
564:. Also in the Asteraceae,
67:from its root or stem and
18:
1971:"The tumbling tumbleweed"
1959:. Reno, NV. 7 March 2019.
1471:Gibson, David J. (2009).
1310:Stanford University Press
1079:"Consider the tumbleweed"
755:Very similar in habit to
488:Several Southern African
435:Among the Amaranthaceae (
412:Cycloloma atriplicifolium
1378:"Lessingia glandulifera"
1225:Texas A&M University
762:Selaginella lepidophylla
637:produce tumbleweeds. In
392:Selaginella lepidophylla
121:The tumbleweed diaspore
71:due to the force of the
2017:Baker, Dirk V. (2007).
1606:Parker, Robert (2003).
1479:Oxford University Press
1104:. Falcon. p. 352.
853:Victorville, California
45:Lechenaultia divaricata
1889:University of Nebraska
1887:(Report). Lincon, NE:
1839:CliffMass.Blogspot.com
1413:Flora of North America
1383:Flora of North America
1348:Manning, John (2008).
1287:Flora of North America
1138:Flora of North America
1005:: 3–26, page 1 errata.
911:based on tumbleweeds.
824:Mobridge, South Dakota
702:in the United States.
621:In the legume family (
567:Lessingia glandulifera
504:with long, spoke-like
478:Amaranthus retroflexus
400:
383:
366:
354:
258:
174:
155:
87:might detach instead.
48:
23:. For other uses, see
1977:(blog). 7 April 2015.
1883:Thompson, M. (2018).
1821:National Public Radio
1734:The Belfast Telegraph
1620:Cooperative Extension
1403:Gypsophila paniculata
1350:Field Guide to Fynbos
1052:Ohio State University
785:Environmental effects
699:Eragrostis pectinacea
615:Gypsophila paniculata
580:Sisymbrium altissimum
468:Amaranthus graecizans
389:
372:
360:
343:
330:also provides useful
252:
166:
149:
42:
2076:on 20 December 2015.
1975:eng282.wordpress.com
1910:Carlton, Genevieve.
1100:Epple, Anne (1997).
864:Richland, Washington
672:and some species of
631:and some species of
539:Some species of the
346:Brunsvigia bosmaniae
337:on arid rangelands.
2070:National Geographic
1023:. Mad River Press.
882:Originating in the
878:Society and culture
860:Hanford Reservation
715:forms tumbleweeds.
658:forms tumbleweeds.
422:, which are called
292:seeds, they became
2101:Plant reproduction
1629:on 16 January 2009
1593:Los Angeles County
1586:Tumbleweed Program
1163:Some Weeds of Iowa
923:, which is also a
628:Baptisia tinctoria
605:form tumbleweeds.
597:resurrection plant
401:
384:
367:
355:
259:
175:
156:
49:
1661:978-0-930773-39-7
1488:978-0-19-852919-4
1354:Struik Publishers
1352:. Cape Town, ZA:
1319:978-0-8047-0004-7
1263:on 9 August 2020.
1111:978-1-56044-563-0
1102:Plants of Arizona
1081:. scienceline.org
1054:(published 1930).
1030:978-0-916422-74-5
712:Solanum rostratum
693:Panicum capillare
553:Centaurea diffusa
399:desert tumbleweed
382:desert tumbleweed
349:in flower in the
40:
2113:
2096:Plant morphology
2077:
2072:. Archived from
2053:
2037:
2024:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
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1690:
1689:
1681:The Toledo Blade
1678:. Mobridge, SD.
1672:
1666:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1622:. Archived from
1614:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1533:. New York, NY:
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1227:. Archived from
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1034:
1014:
1008:
1006:
987:
981:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
947:
919:they are called
894:The Big Lebowski
655:Plantago cretica
453:but invasive in
446:Amaranthus albus
288:in shipments of
255:Amaranthus albus
41:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2081:
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1882:
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1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1815:. The two-way.
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1778:
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1754:
1753:
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1605:
1604:
1600:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1572:
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1556:
1552:
1545:
1537:. p. 156.
1526:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1501:
1500:
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1489:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1450:10.2307/2440962
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1371:
1364:
1347:
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1320:
1312:. p. 644.
1308:. Vol. 2.
1303:
1302:
1298:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1231:on 16 July 2011
1218:
1217:
1213:
1198:10.2307/2442692
1177:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1130:
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1011:
989:
988:
984:
976:
972:
962:
960:
949:
948:
941:
937:
929:Baja California
880:
836:Panicum effusum
811:ruderal species
798:, being highly
787:
610:Caryophyllaceae
586:Crambe maritima
550:, the knapweed
451:Central America
229:Caryophyllaceae
161:
32:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2030:
2029:External links
2027:
2026:
2025:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1980:
1962:
1942:
1921:
1902:
1891:. p. 83.
1875:
1868:) – via
1862:"Tumblegeddon"
1852:
1826:
1804:
1776:
1747:
1732:(news video).
1719:
1691:
1684:. Toledo, OH.
1667:
1660:
1640:
1598:
1577:
1570:
1550:
1543:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1487:
1481:. p. 52.
1477:. Oxford, UK:
1463:
1444:(7): 753–756.
1422:
1392:
1369:
1362:
1340:
1325:
1318:
1296:
1277:Atriplex rosea
1266:
1242:
1211:
1192:(4): 375–383.
1170:
1147:
1128:Salsola tragus
1117:
1110:
1092:
1069:
1057:
1036:
1029:
1009:
982:
970:
938:
936:
933:
879:
876:
786:
783:
650:Plantaginaceae
498:inflorescences
494:Amaryllidaceae
492:in the family
429:Atriplex rosea
397:North American
272:Chenopodiaceae
261:In the family
247:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
204:Amaryllidaceae
201:
198:Chenopodiaceae
170:Salsola tragus
160:
157:
15:
13:
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9:
6:
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3:
2:
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986:
983:
980:, p. 90.
979:
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862:northwest of
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764:
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731:Coluteocarpus
727:
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708:
703:
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695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
682:
677:
676:
671:
669:
668:Schedonnardus
664:
659:
657:
656:
651:
646:
645:of the stem.
644:
640:
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635:
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629:
624:
619:
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611:
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604:
603:
598:
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582:
581:
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569:
568:
563:
562:North America
559:
555:
554:
549:
544:
542:
537:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
500:are globular
499:
495:
491:
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469:
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460:
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448:
447:
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438:
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430:
425:
421:
420:hyssopifolium
419:
414:
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408:
407:
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394:
393:
388:
381:
380:North African
377:
376:
371:
364:
359:
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336:
333:
329:
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317:
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309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:North America
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:
264:
263:Amaranthaceae
257:
256:
251:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Asphodelaceae
207:
205:
202:
199:
195:
194:Amaranthaceae
192:
191:
190:
188:
185:agricultural
184:
183:opportunistic
180:
172:
171:
165:
158:
153:
148:
144:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
103:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:inflorescence
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
46:
30:
26:
22:
2074:the original
2019:
2011:Bibliography
1997:. Retrieved
1995:. 4 May 2023
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1954:
1945:
1934:
1924:
1915:
1905:
1878:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1838:
1829:
1816:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1765:. London, UK
1760:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1728:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1703:
1694:
1679:
1670:
1650:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1608:
1601:
1580:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1529:
1522:
1503:
1497:
1473:
1466:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1412:
1402:
1395:
1382:
1372:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1305:
1299:
1286:
1276:
1269:
1258:the original
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1214:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1162:
1137:
1127:
1120:
1101:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1072:
1067:, p. 3.
1060:
1046:
1039:
1019:
1012:
1002:
998:
991:Ganong, W.F.
985:
973:
961:. Retrieved
955:
951:Ganong, W.F.
913:
905:Brambleghast
899:
892:
881:
872:
857:
850:
834:
832:
820:
808:
788:
776:
775:
760:
756:
754:
747:
743:Sutherlandia
741:
737:Physoptychis
735:
729:
723:
717:
710:
704:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
666:
665:, including
660:
653:
647:
638:
632:
626:
620:
613:
607:
600:
590:
584:
578:
575:Brassicaceae
572:
565:
551:
545:
538:
531:
525:
519:
513:
487:
482:
476:
471:, native to
466:
449:, native to
444:
440:
434:
427:
426:tumbleweed.
416:
410:
404:
402:
390:
373:
362:
344:
327:
320:noxious weed
316:South Dakota
301:
290:agricultural
276:
265:
260:
253:
224:Boraginaceae
219:Brassicaceae
176:
168:
134:
120:
104:
52:
50:
43:
29:
2091:Tumbleweeds
1419:eFloras.org
1389:eFloras.org
1293:eFloras.org
1235:25 November
1144:eFloras.org
921:cachanillas
771:Geastraceae
670:paniculatus
418:Corispermum
328:Kali tragus
303:Kali tragus
294:naturalized
196:(including
136:Selaginella
127:seed plants
21:Kali tragus
2085:Categories
1999:26 January
1993:Daily News
1916:ranker.com
1762:The Mirror
1535:Arno Press
1406:(Linnaeus)
1280:(Linnaeus)
1131:(Linnaeus)
1065:Baker 2007
978:Baker 2007
935:References
874:cleaning.
845:Wangaratta
841:Australian
804:firebreaks
757:Anastatica
725:Alyssopsis
707:Solanaceae
675:Eragrostis
643:abscission
602:Anastatica
548:Asteraceae
533:Brunsvigia
515:Ammocharis
483:Amaranthus
443:, such as
441:Amaranthus
375:Anastatica
214:Asteraceae
131:cryptogams
100:ecosystems
59:. It is a
53:tumbleweed
1897:2766-1415
1845:3 January
828:Lake Oahe
800:flammable
796:wildfires
510:peduncles
463:Australia
409:species,
332:livestock
314:seeds to
239:Lamiaceae
141:puffballs
133:—such as
123:disperses
116:germinate
89:Xerophyte
2045:CGP Grey
1936:Collider
1819:. U.S.:
1790:BBC News
1705:BBC News
1432:Psoralea
1168:page 477
1085:4 August
993:(1896).
953:(1927).
917:Mexicali
901:Bramblin
843:town of
749:Physaria
687:Spinifex
681:Aristida
639:Psoralea
634:Psoralea
623:Fabaceae
595:, and a
592:Lepidium
541:Apiaceae
527:Crossyne
521:Boophone
506:pedicels
361:Mass of
298:Westerns
234:Fabaceae
65:detaches
61:diaspore
2057:YouTube
2041:YouTube
1956:KOLO-TV
1870:Twitter
1817:npr.org
1633:2 April
1458:2440962
1206:2442692
1007:page 16
963:5 March
925:demonym
909:Pokémon
884:Western
839:in the
778:Bovista
767:lycopod
720:achenes
705:In the
663:grasses
648:In the
608:In the
573:In the
558:Eurasia
546:In the
363:Salsola
282:Eurasia
244:Poaceae
1895:
1823:(NPR).
1797:12 May
1769:12 May
1740:12 May
1712:12 May
1658:
1568:
1541:
1510:
1485:
1456:
1360:
1316:
1204:
1180:Kochia
1108:
1027:
746:, and
502:umbels
490:genera
473:Africa
465:; and
461:, and
455:Europe
424:plains
415:, and
406:Kochia
335:forage
324:eroded
152:Mojave
112:spores
93:steppe
57:plants
1866:Tweet
1627:(PDF)
1613:(PDF)
1589:(PDF)
1454:JSTOR
1261:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1202:JSTOR
888:trope
809:Some
187:weeds
108:seeds
81:fruit
69:rolls
2001:2024
1893:ISSN
1847:2020
1799:2016
1771:2016
1742:2016
1714:2016
1656:ISBN
1635:2009
1566:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1237:2023
1106:ISBN
1087:2011
1025:ISBN
965:2024
907:are
903:and
789:The
696:and
678:and
530:and
459:Asia
437:s.s.
395:, a
378:, a
351:veld
312:flax
308:stem
277:Kali
267:s.l.
97:arid
95:and
77:root
73:wind
2055:on
2043:by
2039:on
1446:doi
1434:".
1194:doi
1182:".
765:(a
625:),
181:as
110:or
83:or
2087::
2068:.
2047:.
1991:.
1973:.
1953:.
1933:.
1914:.
1837:.
1787:.
1759:.
1702:.
1452:.
1442:55
1440:.
1410:.
1380:.
1356:.
1284:.
1200:.
1190:65
1188:.
1150:^
1135:.
1003:13
1001:.
997:.
942:^
931:.
752:.
740:,
734:,
728:,
709:,
652:,
599:,
589:,
583:,
577:,
536:.
524:,
518:,
457:,
167:A
51:A
2003:.
1939:.
1918:.
1872:.
1864:(
1849:.
1801:.
1773:.
1744:.
1716:.
1664:.
1637:.
1574:.
1547:.
1516:.
1491:.
1460:.
1448::
1408:"
1401:"
1366:.
1322:.
1282:"
1275:"
1239:.
1208:.
1196::
1133:"
1126:"
1114:.
1089:.
1033:.
967:.
200:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
