506:
54:
31:
331:
vast assemblage. It is almost too large for the monographer, and so enormous are the number of species annually brought to light, especially since the abyssal forms have been sought after and procured with greater facility, that we fear confusion will soon be worse confounded, and the patience of malacologists tried too far, unless some benefactor of this race arises to study these forms alone as his life's work.
1385:
1111:
1227:
Grant, U. S. & H. R. Gale, 1931 , Catalogue of the marine
Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions; with notes on their morphology, classification, and nomenclature and a special treatment of the Pectinidae and the Turridae (including a few Miocene and Recent species),
330:
One cannot help feeling, indeed, the more the
Pleurotomacea (now former name for the Pleurotomidae, synonym of Turridae) are studied closely, how painfully artificial and misleading are many of the characters which are employed in differentiating the sections, so called genera, and subgenera of this
310:
worms) or in self-defense. Some turrids have lost the radula and the poison gland. The radula, when present, has two or three teeth in a row. It lacks lateral teeth and the marginal teeth are of the wishbone or duplex type. The teeth with a duplex form are not shaped from two distinct elements but
234:
The family name
Turridae was originally given to a very large group of several thousand sea snail species that were thought to be closely related. The family was described with about 700 genus-group taxa and an estimated 10,000 recent and fossil species. However, that original grouping was
335:
Although some species were relatively common, many were rare, some being known only from single specimens; this is another factor that made studying the group difficult. Turridiae was in this sense a heterogenous family that contained, more or less, all conoideans not included in the
1311:
Vera peláez, J. L., 2002 , Revision de la familia
Turridae, excepto Clavatulinae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) en el Plioceno de las cuencas de Estepona, Malaga y Velez Malaga (Malaga, S Espana) con la descripcion de 26 especies nuevas. Pliocenica, 2:
322:
The family
Turridae, in the older broadest sense of the group, was in the past perceived as one of the most difficult groups to study because of a large number of supra-specific described taxa, which were complicated by their species diversity.
1200:
Nicolas
Puillandre, Renewed taxonomy : phylogeny and species delimitation in an integrative framework; Toxines et Signalisation – Toxins and Signalling, Rencontres en Toxinologie – Meeting on Toxinology, 2009, Editions de la SFET – SFET
1096:
Sysoev, A.V. (1991) Preliminary analysis of the relationship between turrids (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa, Turridae) with different types of radular apparatus in various Recent and fossil faunas. Ruthenica, 1,
1326:
Kilburn, Richard N., Alexander E. Fedosov, and
Baldomero M. Olivera. "Revision of the genus Turris (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae) with the description of six new species." Zootaxa 3244.1 (2012): 1
1190:
Puillandre N., et al., 2008 " Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the “turrids” (Neogastropoda: Conoidea)". Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008;47:1122-1134
1127:
Taylor JD, Kantor YI, Sysoev AV (1993) Foregut anatomy, feedings mechanisms and classification of the
Conoidea (= Toxoglossa)(Gastropoda). Bull Nat Hist Mus Lond (Zoology) 59: 125-170
1149:
353:
344:. Most of this was based on radula and shell characters. Taylor et al. (1993) tried to rely more on anatomical characters and moved several subfamilies from Turridae to Conidae.
283:
are elongate to broadly spindle-shaped and conical. The shells are generally small, their length usually smaller than 150 mm (with a few exceptions, up to 250 mm). The
1308:
Vera Peláez, J. L., J. Martinell & M. C. Lozano-Francisco, 1999 , Turridae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) of the Lower
Pliocene from Malaga (Spain). Iberus, 17(1): 1–1
1531:
1059:
Kantor, Yuri I; John D.Taylor (2000). "Formation of marginal radular teeth in Conoidea (Neogastropoda) and the evolution of the hypodermic envenomation mechanism".
1570:
1228:
together with a summary of the stratigraphic relations of the formations involved. Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 1: 1036 pp., 32 pls.
1297:
McLean J. (1971). "A revised classification of the family Turridae, with the proposal of new subfamilies, genera, and subgenera from the Eastern Pacific".
402:
Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.
1505:
1544:
1338:
W.H. Dall (1918) Notes on the nomenclature of the mollusks of the family Turritidae; Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 54 (1918)
396:
The 2005 classification system for the group was greatly changed by the 2011 publication of an article revising the taxonomy of the superfamily
1267:
The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae, an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with list of characteristic species
1087:
Sysoev, A.V. (1993) Appendix 2 Genus-group taxa of Recent Turridae S.L. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London, Zoology, 59, 163–169
1107:
Melvill & Standen (1901) Mollusks from the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. v. 2, 1901
408:
on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008. The
1167:
242:
In recent years, the family Turridae has been much reduced in size, because a number of other families were created to contain the
1032:
P.J. Hayward and J.S. Ryland - Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe; Oxford University Press 1995; ISBN 0 19 854054 X
1619:
1381:
Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642
1549:
1233:
The New Zealand Recent and fossil Mollusca of the family Turridae with general notes on turrid nomenclature and systematics
1010:
MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at:
1557:
1023:
Bouchet, P. 1990. Turrid genera and mode of development: the use and abuse of protoconch morphology.Malacologia 32:69-77
1286:
Kilburn R. N. (1983). "Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae."
1652:
1479:
1466:
1238:
1575:
505:
311:
grow from a flat plate, by thickening at the edges of the teeth and elevation of the rear edge from the membrane.
53:
144:
363:
H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838) - synonyms: Pleurotominae Gray, 1838; Lophiotominae Morrison, 1965 (n.a.)
140:
1406:
1371:
1049:, a genus of venomous marine gastropods. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 73, 391–409.
302:
Turrids are carnivorous, predatory gastropods. Most species have a poison gland used with the toxoglossan
296:
356:, which attempted to set out a stable taxonomy, this family consisted of the following five subfamilies:
1606:
1484:
1296:
637:
1585:
1453:
284:
1624:
1211:
1141:
1061:
1042:
1011:
710:
531:
288:
204:
185:
48:
1611:
1647:
1593:
1492:
1342:
1173:
1163:
985:
699:
487:
460:
1536:
520:
1137:
1070:
510:
207:
1598:
1395:
978:
614:
482:
280:
105:
1337:
401:
1325:
30:
1444:
1281:
Guida illustrata all'identificazione delle conchiglie del Mediterraneo. Fam. Turridae I
1145:
1074:
657:
562:
450:
435:
430:
384:
372:
366:
292:
218:
1106:
1641:
1389:
1115:
730:
471:
115:
40:
1497:
1349:
1315:
1241:(1964). "The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1, The subfamily Turrinae".
846:
829:
771:
761:
573:
466:
445:
413:
409:
264:
236:
1458:
1562:
1518:
1471:
1438:
1154:
963:
929:
877:
625:
541:
440:
425:
1429:
895:
812:
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688:
667:
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455:
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378:
341:
307:
153:
95:
1177:
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677:
276:
243:
221:
214:
211:
65:
1380:
1274:
The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 2. The subfamily Turriculinae
263:
Species in the family Turridae are found worldwide; most are found in the
1423:
647:
502:
Genera in the family Turridae sensu stricto, include according to WoRMS:
405:
397:
360:
228:
125:
85:
246:
lineages that had previously been thought to belong in the same family.
863:
604:
584:
337:
224:
1523:
946:
795:
750:
303:
250:
161:
75:
1510:
1400:
1269:. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 5: 184 pp., 23 pls.
1235:. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 2: 188 pp., 14 pls.
416:
families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera)
1199:
504:
1388:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1114:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1404:
1255:
The American Malacological Union. Annual Reports, for 1965: 1–2
306:, used to prey on vertebrates and invertebrate animals (mostly
287:
is variable. The shell shows strong ribs and spiral ridges.The
267:. It is a major component of the Indo-Pacific molluscan fauna.
1012:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=152
404:
The authors presented a new classification of the superfamily
1350:"Catalog of Recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)"
255:
is still used informally to refer to the polyphyletic group.
1374:
Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
1318:
Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
735:
K. Chase, Watkins, Safavi-Hemami & B. M. Olivera, 2022
354:
taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005
326:
This led to an outcry by Melvill & Standen in 1901:
314:
Female turrids lay their eggs in lens-shaped capsules.
1276:. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 2(10): 207–415, pls. 188–324
1372:
Sealifebase: Species mentioned in Tucker, J.K. 2004
1150:
Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
1413:
1045:(2001) Origins of diverse feeding ecologies within
375:McLean, 1971 - synonym: Belinae A. Bellardi, 1875
1162:(1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397.
328:
275:The shape of the narrow shells is more or less
1396:Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Turridae
1148:; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "
8:
1401:
1069:(2). Cambridge University Press: 251–262.
29:
20:
1006:
1004:
1000:
412:family Turridae was resolved into 13
7:
1586:eb177ae4-4d2d-479d-8963-f5694fb04737
1283:. Conchiglie, 13(3–4): 2 pp., 1 pl.
1279:Sabelli, B. & G. Spada, 1977,
1214:. WoRMS, accessed 18 November 2015
1144:; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard;
1075:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00620.x
1041:Duda, T.F., Jr., Kohn, A.J. &
642:M. P. Bernasconi & Robba, 1984
14:
1383:
1109:
52:
1:
1343:(older) Turrid Classification
652:Medinskaya & Sysoev, 2001
1253:On the families of Turridae.
1260:On living Japanese Turridae
1251:Morrison, J. P. E., 1966 ,
291:is long and narrow, with a
1669:
1359:. Zootaxa. pp. 1–1295
973:Subfamily Strictispirinae
1272:Powell, A. W. B., 1969 ,
1231:Powell, A. W. B., 1942 ,
991:(raised to family level)
191:
184:
177:
172:
159:
152:
49:Scientific classification
47:
38:Five views of a shell of
37:
28:
23:
1265:Powell, A. W. B., 1966,
630:Tracey & Craig, 2019
318:History of the taxonomy
514:
333:
1607:Paleobiology Database
1243:Indo-Pacific Mollusca
508:
210:name for a number of
1376:. Zootaxa 682:1-1295
1320:. Zootaxa 682:1-1295
1262:. Venus, 25(1): 1–20
875: : synonym of
567:Habe & Ito, 1965
16:Family of gastropods
1142:Rocroi, Jean-Pierre
977: : synonym of
693:A.W.B. Powell, 1944
227:in the superfamily
1653:Gastropod families
1316:Tucker, J.K. 2004
1062:Journal of Zoology
515:
463:(= Crassispiridae)
1635:
1634:
1594:Open Tree of Life
1407:Taxon identifiers
1258:Oyama, K., 1966,
1138:Bouchet, Philippe
990:
986:Pseudomelatomidae
983:
976:
969:
960:
952:
943:
935:
926:
918:
909:
901:
892:
883:
869:
860:
852:
843:
835:
826:
818:
809:
801:
792:
777:
767:
756:
746:
736:
726:
716:
715:De Gregorio, 1890
705:
694:
683:
673:
663:
653:
643:
631:
620:
610:
600:
590:
579:
568:
558:
547:
537:
526:
525:de Gregorio, 1890
493:
488:Pseudomelatomidae
461:Pseudomelatomidae
352:According to the
271:Shell description
235:discovered to be
198:
197:
148:
1660:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1563:NHMSYS0021055815
1553:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1526:
1514:
1513:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1474:
1462:
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1449:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1402:
1387:
1386:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1288:Ann. Natal. Mus.
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1056:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1008:
988:
981:
974:
967:
958:
950:
941:
933:
924:
916:
907:
899:
890:
881:
867:
858:
850:
841:
833:
824:
816:
807:
799:
790:
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765:
754:
744:
734:
724:
714:
703:
692:
681:
671:
661:
651:
641:
638:Ingaunoturricula
629:
618:
608:
598:
588:
577:
566:
556:
545:
535:
524:
511:Polystira albida
491:
249:The common name
139:
57:
56:
33:
21:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1584:
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1574:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1548:
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1535:
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1522:
1517:
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1437:
1428:
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1384:
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1334:
1239:Powell A. W. B.
1224:
1222:Further reading
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1146:Ponder, Winston
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1057:
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1040:
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1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1002:
997:
979:Strictispiridae
868:Weinkauff, 1875
844:1: synonym of
615:Gemmuloborsonia
609:Weinkauff, 1875
500:
483:Strictispiridae
320:
273:
261:
168:
165:
138:
106:Caenogastropoda
51:
17:
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989:Morrison, 1966
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953:
944:: synonym of
936:
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917:Woodring, 1928
910:: synonym of
902:
893:: synonym of
885:
882:Woodring, 1928
870:
861:: synonym of
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827:: synonym of
819:
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747:
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727:
725:Woodring, 1928
717:
706:
704:Cossmann, 1889
695:
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664:
658:Kuroshioturris
654:
644:
633:
621:
611:
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591:
589:Cossmann, 1889
580:
578:Cossmann, 1889
569:
563:Decollidrillia
559:
557:Cossmann, 1896
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498:Current genera
496:
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492:Morrison, 1966
480:
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451:Cochlespiridae
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436:Mitromorphidae
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431:Clathurellidae
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385:Zonulispirinae
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373:Crassispirinae
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293:siphonal canal
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1014:on 2018-07-22
1013:
1007:
1005:
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994:
992:
987:
984:, synonym of
980:
966:
965:
961:: synonym of
957:
954:
949:
948:
942:Lamarck, 1799
940:
937:
932:
931:
927:: synonym of
923:
922:Pinguigemmula
920:
915:
914:
908:Glibert, 1955
906:
903:
898:
897:
889:
886:
884:(misspelling)
880:
879:
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871:
866:
865:
859:Iredale, 1931
857:
854:
851:Iredale, 1929
849:
848:
840:
837:
832:
831:
823:
822:Bathybermudia
820:
817:Iredale, 1913
815:
814:
810:: synonym of
808:Laseron, 1954
806:
805:Austrogemmula
803:
798:
797:
793:: synonym of
789:
786:
785:
781:
780:
776:Iredale, 1929
774:
773:
769:
766:MacNeil, 1961
764:
763:
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752:
748:
743:
742:
738:
733:
732:
731:Purpuraturris
728:
723:
722:
718:
713:
712:
707:
702:
701:
696:
691:
690:
685:
682:Iredale, 1936
680:
679:
675:
670:
669:
665:
660:
659:
655:
650:
649:
645:
640:
639:
634:
628:
627:
622:
617:
616:
612:
607:
606:
602:
599:Iredale, 1913
597:
596:
592:
587:
586:
581:
576:
575:
570:
565:
564:
560:
555:
554:
549:
544:
543:
539:
536:MacNeil, 1984
534:
533:
528:
523:
522:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
503:
497:
490:
489:
485:- synonym of
484:
481:
479:
475:
473:
472:Horaiclavidae
470:
468:
465:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:2011 taxonomy
391:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
358:
357:
355:
348:2005 taxonomy
347:
346:
345:
343:
339:
332:
327:
324:
317:
315:
312:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
258:
256:
254:
253:
247:
245:
240:
238:
232:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
171:
164:
163:
158:
155:
151:
147:, 1853 (1838)
146:
142:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
122:Superfamily:
121:
120:
117:
116:Neogastropoda
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
43:
42:
41:Turris crispa
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1414:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1356:
1317:
1301:
1298:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1232:
1207:
1195:
1186:
1159:
1153:
1132:
1123:
1102:
1092:
1083:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
982:McLean, 1971
975:McLean, 1971
972:
962:
959:Thiele, 1925
956:Ptychosyrinx
955:
951:Batsch, 1789
945:
938:
928:
925:McNeil, 1961
921:
911:
904:
894:
891:Powell, 1964
888:Lophioturris
887:
876:
872:
862:
855:
847:Xenuroturris
845:
842:Iredale, 193
838:
834:Thiele, 1925
830:Ptychosyrinx
828:
821:
811:
804:
800:Batsch, 1789
794:
791:Powell, 1966
788:Annulaturris
787:
772:Xenuroturris
770:
762:Unedogemmula
760:
757:- type genus
755:Röding, 1798
749:
745:Hedley, 1922
739:
729:
719:
709:
698:
687:
676:
666:
656:
646:
636:
624:
613:
603:
593:
583:
574:Eopleurotoma
572:
561:
551:
540:
530:
519:
509:
501:
486:
477:
467:Clavatulidae
446:Raphitomidae
414:monophyletic
410:polyphyletic
395:
387:McLean, 1971
381:Sysoev, 2003
369:Powell, 1942
351:
334:
329:
325:
321:
313:
301:
274:
265:neritic zone
262:
259:Distribution
251:
248:
244:monophyletic
241:
237:polyphyletic
233:
200:
199:
192:
178:
160:
135:
39:
18:
1519:iNaturalist
1439:Wikispecies
1357:Mapress.com
1155:Malacologia
964:Cryptogemma
930:Cryptogemma
900:Casey, 1904
878:Euryentmema
873:Euryentmena
711:Pleuroliria
672:Casey, 1904
662:Shuto, 1961
626:Gemmulopsis
619:Shuto, 1989
542:Cryptogemma
532:Coroniopsis
441:Mangeliidae
426:Borsoniidae
167:Batch, 1789
1642:Categories
1293:: 549–585.
1248:: 227–345.
995:References
968:Dall, 1918
939:Pleurotoma
934:Dall, 1918
896:Lophiotoma
839:Clamturris
825:Haas, 1949
813:Epidirella
741:Turridrupa
689:Optoturris
668:Lophiotoma
595:Epidirella
553:Daphnobela
546:Dall, 1918
456:Drilliidae
421:Conorbidae
379:Zemaciinae
342:Terebridae
308:polychaete
297:anal sinus
215:sea snails
154:Type genus
102:Subclass:
96:Gastropoda
1304:: 114–130
1178:0076-2997
913:Polystira
856:Eugemmula
721:Polystira
678:Lucerapex
476:Turridae
285:sculpture
222:gastropod
212:predatory
205:taxonomic
179:See text
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
24:Turridae
1648:Turridae
1472:Turridae
1459:Turridae
1445:Turridae
1430:Q1064171
1424:Wikidata
1415:Turridae
1363:June 24,
1212:Turridae
1201:Editions
905:Oxytropa
782:Synonymy
700:Oxyacrum
648:Iotyrris
406:Conoidea
398:Conoidea
361:Turrinae
289:aperture
277:fusiform
229:Conoidea
225:mollusks
201:Turridae
186:Synonyms
145:A. Adams
141:H. Adams
136:Turridae
132:Family:
126:Conoidea
86:Mollusca
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
1312:176–262
1299:Veliger
864:Gemmula
605:Gemmula
585:Epalxis
521:Coronia
338:Conidae
295:and an
252:turrids
173:Genera
112:Order:
92:Class:
1583:NZOR:
1576:128512
1537:113068
1176:
1166:
1097:53–66.
947:Turris
796:Turris
751:Turris
304:radula
281:whorls
279:. The
219:marine
208:family
162:Turris
143:&
1620:WoRMS
1612:62680
1599:94049
1550:74555
1532:IRMNG
1524:86125
1498:7NLGH
1485:79041
1353:(PDF)
1047:Conus
203:is a
1571:NCBI
1545:ITIS
1511:6768
1506:GBIF
1480:BOLD
1365:2024
1174:ISSN
1164:ISBN
478:s.s.
340:and
1625:152
1558:NBN
1493:CoL
1467:AFD
1454:ADW
1152:".
1071:doi
1067:252
1644::
1622::
1609::
1596::
1573::
1560::
1547::
1534::
1521::
1508::
1495::
1482::
1469::
1456::
1441::
1426::
1355:.
1302:14
1291:25
1172:.
1160:47
1158:.
1140:;
1065:.
1003:^
708:†
697:†
686:†
635:†
623:†
582:†
571:†
550:†
529:†
518:†
400:,
299:.
239:.
231:.
217:,
1392:.
1367:.
1322:*
1246:1
1180:.
1118:.
1077:.
1073::
632:†
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
