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512:. Ulrichs' huge influence on the emerging fields of the sexual sciences was not his only legacy though. When he first started publishing his pamphlets, he received hundreds of letters from same sex attracted men, who began calling themselves 'urnings'. So arguably Ulrichs' greatest legacy was the dissemination of a sexual identity.
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But with your loss, o Karl
Heinrich Ulrichs, the fame of your works and your virtue will not likewise disappear... but rather, as long as intelligence, virtue, learning, insight, poetry and science are cultivated on this earth and survive the weakness of our bodies, as long as the noble prominence of
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Until my dying day I will look back with pride that I found the courage to come face to face in battle against the spectre which for time immemorial has been injecting poison into me and into men of my nature. Many have been driven to suicide because all their happiness in life was tainted. Indeed, I
275:
From 1849 to 1854, Ulrichs worked as a lawyer for the civil service in the
Kingdom of Hannover. Initially he worked as an official administrative lawyer in various locations but did not enjoy the work or thrive. He transferred to the court system in 1853 and joined the bench as an assistant judge in
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in
Bavaria. From there, he attended the Association of German Jurists in Munich where he wished to speak on the need to reform German laws against homosexuality. His motion was banned by the presiding committee, so he took the opportunity on the final day of the conference to protest his exclusion.
259:
by his mother's family of
Lutheran pastors. Ulrichs recalled that as a youngster he felt different from other boys and was attracted by the bright colors of military uniforms and women's clothing. In 1839, at the age of fourteen, he experienced his first sexual encounter with his riding instructor.
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Forgotten for many years, Ulrichs later became something of a cult figure in Europe in the late 1980s. There are streets named for him in Munich, Bremen, Hanover, and Berlin. His birthday is marked each year by a lively street party and poetry reading at Karl-Heinrich-Ulrichs-Platz in Munich. The
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From that day when you sent your writings – I believe it was in 1866 – I have turned my full attention to this phenomenon, which was just as puzzling as it was interesting to me; and it was only the knowledge of your books which motivated me to study this highly important
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On 29 August 1867, Ulrichs became the first homosexual to speak out publicly in defense of homosexuality and though he was shouted down it appears that some in the audience were stirred into support for his call. Ulrichs published his account of the events in Munich as
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Thereafter, he began publishing his urning pamphlets under his own name as an 'urning' apologist for the cause. This makes
Ulrichs quite distinct from any other writer on the subject at that time and for some time after. In 1868, the Austrian writer
389:
In the 1860s, Ulrichs moved around
Germany, always writing and publishing, and always in trouble with the law — though always for his words rather than for sexual offences. In 1864, his books were confiscated and banned by police in
470:. Shortly afterwards he died in L'Aquila. His gravestone is marked (in Latin), "Exile and Pauper." His friend and benefactor Marquis Niccolò Persichetti, gave the eulogy at his funeral. At the end of his eulogy, he said:
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Ulrichs was a patriotic
Hanoverian, and when Prussia annexed Hanover in 1866 he was briefly imprisoned for opposing Prussian rule. On release, he was forced into exile and left Hanover for good and moved to
488:, quoted Ulrichs' writings in the first psychiatric paper on 'contrary sexual feeling' and largely used Ulrichs' theoretical framework. Ulrichs also corresponded for many years with the psychiatrist,
402:. Some of these papers were later found in the Prussian state archives and published in 2004. Several of Ulrichs's more important works are back in print, both in German and in translation.
447:. Believing he had done all he could in Germany, he went into self-imposed exile in Italy shortly afterwards. For several years he travelled around the country before settling in
1393:
Matzner, Sebastian (2015). "Of That I Know Many
Examples…: On the Relationship of Greek Theory and Roman Practices in Karl Heinrich Ulrichs's Writings on the Third Sex".
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city of L'Aquila has restored his grave and hosts the annual pilgrimage to the cemetery. Later gay rights advocates were aware of their debt to
Ulrichs.
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280:. He resigned on 30 November 1854 rather than face dismissal should a possible blackmail attempt be made and his sexuality become common knowledge.
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Brooks, R. (2012). "Transforming
Sexuality: The Medical Sources of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-95) and the Origins of the Theory of Bisexuality".
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During his stay in Italy, he devoted himself, between 1889 and 1895, to the international use of Latin with the publishing of the Latin newspaper
440:, where he cultivated silkworms for an income but convened a weekly discussion at a restaurant on Gymnasiumstrasse with other urning activists.
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Singy, Patrick (2021). "Sexual Identity at the Limits of German Liberalism: Law and Science in the Work of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825–1895)".
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321:(a female psyche confined in a male body). In these essays, Ulrichs coined various terms to describe different sexual orientations, including
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genius and knowledge are rewarded, we and those who come after us will shed tears and scatter flowers on your venerated grave.
1374:
Matzner, Sebastian (2015). "Literary Criticism and/as Gender Reassignment: Reading the Classics with Karl Heinrich Ulrichs".
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He continued to write prolifically and publish his works (in German and Latin) at his own expense, notably a latin newspaper
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Ulrichs distributed his pamphlets widely in a pamphleteering strategy to lawyers and the medical authorities of his day.
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605:(Buchbesprechung: Volkmar Sigusch, Geschichte der Sexualwissenschaft, Campus, 2008), Frankfurter Rundschau Online.
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In 1862, Ulrichs took the momentous step of telling his family and friends that he was, in his own words, an
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255:. His father was an architect who died when Ulrichs was only ten years old. After that he was brought up in
231:. Ulrichs has been described as the "first gay man in world history", despite the fact that homosexuality
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Janssen, Diederik F. (2017). "Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Erotic Age Orientation".
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Hertz, Gal (2020). "The Nature of Guilt: Myth, Politics and Gay Love in Karl Heinrich Ulrichs".
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M. Hirschler, "De Carolo Henrico Ulrichs qui magis fecit quam ut revivisceret lingua Latina",
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said "I think it is reasonable to describe as the first gay person to publicly out himself."
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In 1879, Ulrichs published the twelfth and final pamphlet in his series on man-manly love,
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am proud that I found the courage to deal the initial blow to the hydra of public contempt.
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Ulrichs The Life and Works of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Pioneer of the Modern Gay Movement
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Alaudæ. Eine lateinische Zeitschrift 1889–1895 herausgegeben von Karl Heinrich Ulrichs.
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coined the word "homosexual" in a letter to Ulrichs, and from the 1870s the subject of
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Gay Awareness: Discovering the Heart of the Father and the Mind of Christ On Sexuality
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835:"Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: Congress of German Jurists, first gay rights protest - 1867"
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382:(January 1870), intended by Ulrichs as a regular periodical, bears its own title:
317:), explained such love as natural and biological, summed up with the Latin phrase
466:, which had a wide readership. In 1895, he received an honorary diploma from the
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1015:. Genders and Sexualities in History. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
972:. Genders and Sexualities in History. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
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A Special Illumination: Authority, Inspiration and Heresy in Gay Spirituality
861:"150 Years Ago, the Word "Homosexual" was Coined in a Secret Correspondence"
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344:
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224:
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Heede, Dag (2017). "Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: En sexologisk kulturpioner".
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for one who desires women. These terms are in reference to a section of
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Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, engraving based on an undated portrait photograph
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for distinguished contributions to the advancement of sexual equality.
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17:
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659:
Earliest Italy: An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic
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1134:"Overlooked No More: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Pioneering Gay Activist"
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373:
334:
287:
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Ancient Rome and the Construction of Modern Homosexual Identities
771:"Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality"
1205:
Trans. Michael Lombardi-Nash. 1864-1879; Prometheus Books, 1994.
969:
Queer Voices in the Works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing, 1883-1901
223:, journalist, and writer. He is today regarded as a pioneer of
38:
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Vita Sexualis: Karl Ulrichs and the Origins of Sexual Science
30:"Ulrichs" redirects here. For the periodical directory, see
683:
Schott, Landon (2016). "In the Beginning: Sexual History".
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Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. Der erste Schwule der Weltgeschichte
343:
in which two kinds of love are discussed, symbolised by an
355:). Ulrichs also coined words for the female counterparts (
27:
German jurist, writer and gay rights activist (1825–1895)
888:"The Correspondence of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, 1846-1894"
795:
Licata, Salvatore; Petersen, Robert P (27 August 2013).
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Urning: Queer Identity in the German Nineteenth Century
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Urning: Queer Identity in the German Nineteenth Century
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Urning: Queer Identity in the German Nineteenth Century
633:
Urning: Queer Identity in the German Nineteenth Century
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Geschichte der Sexualität – Vom Widerspruch her gedacht
295:, the goddess from whose name Ulrichs derived the term
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The Correspondence of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, 1846-1894
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Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
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The Correspondence of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, 1846-1894
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The Correspondence of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, 1846-1894
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published twice monthly by the architect and engineer
528:
called Ulrichs the "first gay man in world history."
492:, who later acknowledged in a letter to Ulrichs that:
219:(28 August 1825 – 14 July 1895) was a German lawyer,
1197:
Forschungen über das Rätsel der mannmännlichen Liebe
560:
Vox Urbis: de litteris et bonis artibus commentarius
311:
Forschungen über das Rätsel der mannmännlichen Liebe
203:
184:
162:
143:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
264:in 1846. From 1846 to 1848, he studied history at
247:village of Westerfeld, incorporated today within
1412:Quinn, Carol V. A. (2015). "What Ulrichs Knew".
1111:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 171.
433:(in modern words) began to be widely discussed.
798:The Gay Past: A Collection of Historical Essays
472:
351:), and an Aphrodite who is born from a female (
1168:Reprint with an introduction by Wilfried Stroh
1080:"Berlin names street after gay rights pioneer"
712:
710:
708:
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533:International Lesbian and Gay Law Association
8:
1170:, Hamburg, MännerschwarmSkript Verlag, 2004.
1108:Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook
1414:International Journal of Applied Philosophy
1289:. Velbrück Wissenschaft. pp. 178–199.
1181:Vox Urbis (1898–1913) quid sibi proposuerit
1376:Sex, Knowledge, and Receptions of the Past
1199:(Max Spohr, 1898; repr. Rosa Winkel, 1994)
635:. University of Toronto Press. p. 1.
179:, Kingdom of Hanover, German Confederation
151:
140:
1183:, in : Melissa, 139 (2007) pp. 8–11.
613:
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268:, writing a dissertation in Latin on the
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1349:Melissa. Folia perenni Latinitati dicata
1058:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1601:19th-century German non-fiction writers
1532:Works by or about Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
592:
398:, and his works were banned throughout
315:Studies on the Riddle of Male-Male Love
1209:Pretsell, Douglas Ogilvy, ed. (2020).
319:anima muliebris virili corpore inclusa
266:Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin
260:He graduated in law and theology from
662:. Kluwer Academic. pp. 343–344.
656:Mussi, Margherita (31 October 2001).
520:thoroughly referenced Ulrichs in his
7:
689:. Austin, Texas: Famous Publishing.
325:for a man who desires men (English "
67:adding citations to reliable sources
1435:Journal of the History of Sexuality
394:. Later the same thing happened in
1082:. 17 December 2013. Archived from
892:Genders and Sexualities in History
815:from the original on 17 March 2017
522:The Homosexuality of Men and Women
508:arguably the foundational text in
25:
1009:Pretsell, Douglas Ogilvy (2020).
886:Pretsell, Douglas Ogilvy (2020).
742:McCleary, Rollan (28 July 2017).
1576:19th-century German male writers
1359:. University of Illinois Press.
1146:from the original on 4 July 2020
501:Krafft-Ebing went on to publish
43:
1596:German male non-fiction writers
1586:19th-century German LGBT people
1566:19th-century German journalists
1493:. University of Toronto Press.
1351:, vol. 192, 2016, pp. 8–9.
801:. Routledge. pp. 106–107.
251:, which at the time was in the
54:needs additional citations for
1523:Works by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
32:Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
1:
1631:19th-century writers in Latin
1318:10.1080/00918369.2016.1273715
1203:The Riddle of Man-Manly Love.
1616:German LGBT rights activists
576:List of civil rights leaders
378:The first and only issue of
284:Campaigner for sexual reform
1571:19th-century German lawyers
1397:. Oxford University Press.
1378:. Oxford University Press.
1132:Stack, Liam (1 July 2020).
537:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs Award
1652:
1489:Pretsell, Douglas (2024).
1462:Pretsell, Douglas (2020).
1052:Pretsell, Douglas (2024).
966:Pretsell, Douglas (2023).
939:Pretsell, Douglas (2024).
631:Pretsell, Douglas (2024).
29:
1636:First homosexual movement
1606:Jurists from Lower Saxony
1472:10.1007/978-3-030-39763-0
1105:Newton, David E. (2009).
1021:10.1007/978-3-030-39763-0
978:10.1007/978-3-031-17331-8
900:10.1007/978-3-030-39763-0
458:Grave of Ulrichs in Italy
347:who is born from a male (
150:
1306:Journal of Homosexuality
718:"Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich"
531:In Ulrichs' memory, the
490:Richard von Krafft-Ebing
243:Ulrichs was born in the
1581:German male journalists
1355:Leck, Ralph M. (2016).
1164:Wielfried Stroh (ed.),
566:between 1898 and 1913.
78:"Karl Heinrich Ulrichs"
1621:People from Hildesheim
1466:. Palgrave MacMillan.
499:
477:
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276:the district court of
1541:Who were the urnings?
1499:10.3138/9781487555634
769:LeVay, Simon (1996).
621:, Männerschwarm 2000.
599:Hans-Martin Lohmann:
504:Psychopathia Sexualis
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457:
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217:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
145:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
1426:10.5840/ijap20156437
1266:Bibliotek for Laeger
1249:10.1093/jhmas/jrq064
468:University of Naples
262:Göttingen University
235:since c. 9,600 BCE.
63:improve this article
775:The Washington Post
427:Karl-Maria Kertbeny
270:Peace of Westphalia
229:gay rights movement
1626:German sexologists
1611:People from Aurich
1591:German gay writers
1139:The New York Times
460:
436:Later he moved to
431:sexual orientation
387:
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253:Kingdom of Hanover
198:, Kingdom of Italy
1527:Project Gutenberg
1481:978-3-030-39762-3
1404:978-0-19-968972-9
1385:978-0-19-966051-3
1366:978-0-252-09818-5
1312:(13): 1850–1871.
1296:978-3-95832-233-2
1220:978-3-030-39763-0
1118:978-1-59884-306-4
1030:978-3-030-39762-3
987:978-3-030-39762-3
952:978-1-487-55561-0
909:978-3-030-39762-3
841:. 10 October 2019
669:978-0-306-46463-8
642:978-1-4875-5561-0
617:Volkmar Sigusch,
542:In an interview,
518:Magnus Hirschfeld
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56:verification
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1561:1895 deaths
1556:1825 births
1420:(1): 1–17.
535:presents a
363:), and for
1550:Categories
845:12 October
587:References
384:Prometheus
278:Hildesheim
239:Early life
209:gay rights
169:1825-08-28
119:April 2024
89:newspapers
1455:245191814
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865:GVGK Tang
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371:persons.
365:bisexuals
361:Dioningin
345:Aphrodite
340:Symposium
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1257:21081540
1144:Archived
839:Speakola
813:Archived
570:See also
524:(1914).
510:sexology
449:L'Aquila
408:WĂĽrzburg
369:intersex
357:Urningin
329:"), and
257:Burgdorf
225:sexology
196:L'Aquila
1534:at the
871:6 March
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249:Aurich
221:jurist
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497:area.
353:Dione
335:Plato
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