U-boat - Knowledge (XXG)

1206: 1892: 1252: 653:, which persuaded the Germans to fully reapply prize rules. In September 1916 120 U-boats were in service, and again some were sent to the Mediterranean. Whilst around British Isles prize rules were observed, in the Mediterranean a new unrestricted campaign was started. The renewed German campaign was effective, sinking 1.4 million tons of shipping between October 1916 and January 1917. Despite this, the deadlock situation on the continent frontlines demanded even greater results, and on 1 February 1917, Germany restarted the unrestricted submarine campaign around British Isles. Germany took the gamble that the U-boat campaign would force the UK out of the war before the US could effectively enter. On 3 February the US severed diplomatic relations with Germany and on 6 April the 493: 1525:, the invasion of Norway, where various skilled U-boat commanders failed to inflict damage on British transports and warships because of faulty torpedoes. The faults were largely due to a lack of testing. The magnetic detonator was sensitive to mechanical oscillations during the torpedo run, and to fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field at high latitudes. These early magnetic detonators were eventually phased out. The depth-keeping problem remained problematic, not until January 1942 was the last fault discovered by accident: when ventilating the onboard torpedoes during maintenance, it was possible that the excess internal air-pressure in the U-boat offset the depth setting mechanism in the balance chamber of the torpedo. 1529: 1838:(ASDIC in Britain) allowed Allied warships to detect submerged U-boats, but was not effective against a surfaced vessel; thus, early in the war, a U-boat at night or in bad weather was actually safer on the surface. Advancements in radar became deadly for the U-boat crews, especially once aircraft-mounted units were developed. As a countermeasure, U-boats were fitted with radar warning receivers, to give them ample time to dive before the enemy closed in, as well as more antiaircraft guns, but by early to mid-1943, the Allies switched to 1683:, allowing the boats to cruise submerged on diesel engines and recharge their batteries. It was far from a perfect solution: problems occurred with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather; since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer, the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat's compartments, and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries. Speed was limited to 8 knots (15 km/h), lest the device snap from stress. Whilst running submerged with the 1173:. He believed firmly that in spite of the Anglo-German Naval agreement and Hitler's policy of avoiding conflict with Britain, the next war would be with Britain. Based on these views he requested that the remaining 11,500 tons be used for building twenty-three medium submarines, which were in his opinion the ideal type for the commerce war against British convoys. Raeder however did not share these beliefs and opinions and opted for a more balanced expansion of the submarine fleet: 989: 1470:. By mid 1942 an adequate defense was organized in these regions and then U-boats returned to their original and crucial hunting grounds on the North Atlantic convoy lanes. The renewed offensive against convoys reached its climax in March 1943, when two thirds of all ships sunk, were ships sailing in convoys. But the Allies put effective countermeasures into effect and only two months later on 24 May Dönitz had to stop the campaign due to heavy losses. 1312:

the torpedo maintenance and launching had their sleeping bunks in this compartment, along with the lowest ratings on board. As long as the two spare torpedoes above the floorplates were not launched, living conditions were very cramped here. Once launched, space for extra bunks became available but, anyway, there were not enough sleeping bunks for all the crew, and these were 'hot bunks' which switched occupants as they went on or off duty.

1949: 1521:, which detonated upon sensing a change in the magnetic field within a few meters. Initially, the depth-keeping equipment and magnetic and contact exploders were notoriously unreliable. During the first eight months of the war, torpedoes often ran at an improper depth, detonated prematurely, or failed to explode altogether – sometimes bouncing harmlessly off the hull of the target ship. This was most evident in 1360: 1401: 584:, off Norway. Only ten merchants were sunk in that way before policy was changed on 18 February 1915. On the continent German hopes for a quick victory were dashed and a stalemate had settled on the front. The Germans hoped to break the deadlock by starting an unrestricted submarine campaign against shipping in the waters around the British Isles. This was also cited as a retaliation for British minefields and shipping 1300: 1126:. This ended officially the limitation of the Versailles Treaty and allowed Germany to build ships in a 100:35 tonnage ratio to the British fleet. For submarines the Germans obtained a parity in tonnage, but promised a 45 percent limit unless special circumstances arose. This allowed 24,000 tons for U-boat building. Only one week after the signature of the agreement, the first of six Type II U-boats, 1549:

possible settings kicked in and made the torpedo zigzag towards either left or right and either on short (1200 m) or long (1900 m) legs. When fired, the firing U-boat sent out a warning to the other U-boats in the vicinity so these could dive to avoid being hit by the random running torpedo. The FAT torpedo became available end of 1942 and was in regular use during the convoy battles of March 1943.

1650: 47: 635:. Most of the U-boats were sent to the Mediterranean. At the beginning of 1916 54 U-boats were available, and the Kaiser allowed again operations around the British Isles, but with strict rules: no attacks on liners and outside the war zone around the British Isles attacks were only allowed on armed merchant ships. But on 24 March 25 Americans were killed in the torpedoing of the ferry 1586: 2075: 1421:

the war, but thanks to the new bases in France and Norway U-boats could reach their operation grounds far more easily. During the following months the U-boats put their 'wolfpack' tactic against convoy in practice with spectacular results. This period, before the Allied forces developed truly effective antisubmarine warfare tactics, was referred to by German submariners as "

442: 146: 305: 1271:, which were on open to the sea on the bottom in order to balance pressure, with the diesel fuel floating freely on the seawater within the saddle tank. Also, a technique was developed for economical cruising where only one of the two diesel engines would be run and would drive the two propeller shafts through a coupling with the two electro engines. 1102: 1110: 1616:

anymore. The Germans did not possess the resources and plants to produce sufficient hydrogen peroxide to operate a fleet of Walter submarines. Despite these limitations, 24 frontline Type XVIIB coastal submarines were ordered, but only three were built and none were operational before the end of the war.

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The Walter U-boats had very large hulls in order to store the fuel for submerged propulsion. Once it became clear these Walter U-boats would not be operational in time, the Walter U-boat hull design was reused with a different approach: the space for the hydrogen peroxide tanks was used to store much

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communications and could henceforth reroute convoys around U-boat concentrations. When American warships started to escort Atlantic convoys, the U-boats were restricted in their operations as Hitler wanted to avoid possible conflict with the US. The campaign against merchant shipping received further

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in April 1940 halted temporarily all U-boat operations against merchant shipping. During the invasion many technical problems with the German torpedoes were exposed and only in August 1940 could the campaign against convoys be revived. There were now fewer U-boats operational than at the beginning of

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Bow torpedo room. The torpedo tubes were loaded but torpedoes needed maintenance so there was space to unload the tubes. Below the floor plates four spare torpedoes were stored. Two more spares were stored above the floorplates where they occupied much of the available space. The crew responsible for

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Seven medium 500-ton U-boats. The type VII was designed with a single rudder and this had two drawbacks: as the rudder was not in the wash of the two propellors, the rudder response was not good. The stern torpedo tube had also to be mounted externally as the rudder obstructed the exit of an internal

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U-boats with Walter turbines were built and tested, but the Germans could not put this design in use for a big frontline U-boat. Unlike a classic U-boat that could recharge its batteries with the diesel engines, once a Walter U-boat had consumed its hydrogen peroxide propellant it could not submerge

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diesel-electric submarine was the most popular export-sales submarine in the world from the late 1960s into the first years of the 21st century. With a larger 1,000–1,500 tonne displacement, the class was very customizable and has seen service with 14 navies, with 51 examples being built as of

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Germany also developed acoustic homing torpedoes. In February 1943 the first acoustic torpedo, the T4 "Falke", was tested on a small scale with moderate success, but this torpedo could only be used against large, slow ships. The acoustic torpedo ran straight to an arming distance of 1000 m and then

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By the end of the war, almost 3,000 Allied ships (175 warships; 2,825 merchant ships) had been sunk by U-boat torpedoes. In total 1131 U-boats entered service before the German surrender, of which 863 have executed war patrols, and 785 were lost. Of the 154 U-boats surrendered, 121 were scuttled in

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and these were further developed now as the standard pistol for torpedoes. The classic contact pistol required a torpedo to detonate against the ship's hull, whilst a magnetic torpedo could detonate below a ship, resulting in a much more damaging explosion. Thus, it was hoped that one torpedo would

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class of 1912–13 had the first diesel engine installed in a German navy boat. Between 1910 and 1912 twenty-three diesel U-boats were ordered. At the start of World War I in 1914, Germany had 48 submarines of 13 classes in service or under construction. During that war, the Imperial German Navy used

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Torpedo) was an electric torpedo which ran straight out to a preset distance, then traveled in either a circular or ladder-like pattern through the convoy lanes. This increased the probability of a hit. The torpedo had one setting to regulate the length of the prerun, after which one of four other

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As convoying had been key in the defeat of German submarines during World War I, the British began organizing convoys at once in September 1939. The most common U-boat attack against convoys during the early years of the war was conducted on the surface and at night. During 1939 the Germans made a

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Eight large 750-ton U-boats. The Type I was found to be unsatisfactory: not only had it the same single rudder maneuverability problems of the type VII, but it also had a very poor diving time. The gravity center of the U-boat was too forward, so when surfaced the Type I had its propellors exposed

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Because speed and range were severely limited underwater while running on battery power, U-boats were required to spend most of their time surfaced, running on fuel engines, diving only when attacked or for torpedo strikes. The more ship-like hull design reflects the fact that these were primarily

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Unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 was very successful, sinking more than 500,000 tons a month. With the introduction of convoys in August 1917 shipping losses declined to 300,000 a month on average, which was not sufficient to force the UK out of the war. With deteriorating conditions on the

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Conning tower. This space protruded from the cylindrical hull but was still within the pressure hull. Here, the angle and depth settings for the torpedoes were calculated with an analogue data solver. During submerged attacks the captain was on station here, operating the second, smaller attack

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was launched. It called for the construction of a German Navy capable of challenging the Royal Navy. The plan included 249 U-boats for a total of 200,000 tons. But when World War II broke out only months after the plan was announced, only a handful of the planned U-boats ended up being built.

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Engine (diesel) room. The diesel engines needed air, which was supplied through a pipe outside the pressure hull from the bridge, as high as possible from sea level. There was no exhaust pipe; in order to reduce smoke the exhaust was mixed with sea water. The diesel engine could drive an air

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Twenty-one of these twenty-three U-boats were commissioned before the start of World War II. In 1937, Britain announced it would expand its submarine fleet from 52,700 to 70,000 tons. Again, Raeder decided that the extra 7,785 tons would be divided between medium and large U-boats:

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was allowed to have a small navy. Initially, two sunken Type XXIIIs and a Type XXI were raised and repaired. In the 1960s, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) re-entered the submarine business. Because West Germany was initially restricted to a 450-tonne displacement limit, the

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During 1938, Hitler changed his attitude towards Britain. Whilst he still hoped that Britain would not interfere in his foreign policy, it became clear to him that he needed a Navy that could act as a deterrent. Hitler wanted to invoke the escape clause of the naval agreement and to have

236:: a first campaign in 1915 was abandoned after strong protests from the US but in 1917 the Germans, facing deadlock on the continent, saw no other option than to resume the campaign in February 1917. The renewed campaign failed to achieve its goal mainly because of the introduction of 1396:

later wrote "The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril." Cross-Atlantic trade in war supplies and food was extensive and critical for Britain's survival. The continuous action surrounding Allied shipping became known as the Battle of the Atlantic.

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to break new German codes as they were introduced. The speedy decoding of messages allowed rerouting convoys around U-boat patrol lines. In February 1942 the naval Enigma machines were altered and this advantage was lost until the new code was broken in October 1942, when

469:, but the white exhaust of the kerosene betrayed the presence of the U-boats, robbing them of their primary asset, their stealth. Diesel engines did not have that disadvantage, but a powerful and reliable diesel engine was still under development. Finally the 1049:

The IVS was run by Krupp and made it possible to maintain a lead in submarine technology by designing and constructing submarines in Holland for other nations. The IVS made designs for small 250-ton U-boats, medium 500-ton U-boats and large 750-ton U-boats.

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Only 29 U-boats were available for the campaign, and not more than seven were active around the British Isles at any time. The U-boats failed to enforce a blockade but three sinkings of liners, with loss of American lives, outraged the US so that the

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Of the 373 German U-boats that had been built, 179 were operational or nearly operational at the end of the war. 178 were lost by enemy action. 512 officers and 4894 enlisted men were killed. Of the surviving German submarines, 14 U-boats were

1842:(unknown to Germany), which rendered the radar detectors ineffective. U-boat radar systems were also developed, but many captains chose not to use them for fear of broadcasting their position to the enemy. Against ASDIC the Germans developed 764:

continent, all U-boats were recalled on 31 October 1918. An armistice became effective on 11 November 1918. Under the terms of armistice, all U-boats were to immediately surrender. Those in home waters sailed to the British submarine base at

1267:, they had stronger hulls and could dive deeper. The diving time was decreased to thirty seconds for a medium U-boat. The power of diesel engines was increased, so U-boats had a greater surface speed. Range was increased by installing fuel 1371:

Aft torpedo room. Only bigger type IX U-boats had such a compartment. Smaller U-boats did not have aft torpedo tubes at all, or had a single torpedo tube installed in the motor room, with a spare torpedo stored below decks between the

3954: 458:, which are more hydrodynamic under water (where they spend the majority of their time), but less stable on the surface. While U-boats were faster on the surface than submerged, the opposite is generally true of modern submarines. 1290:

All U-boats were now also equipped with long- and short-wave transmitters, which enabled them to communicate with bases ashore and with fellow U-boats at sea. This allowed for better operational information and guidance.

4837: 1611:. With this Walter-turbine a U-boat could achieve underwater speeds of more than 20 knots, much more than the 4 knot cruising and 6 knot maximum speed of electrical engines powered by batteries. Four more experimental 1457:

When the US entered war, the focus of U-boat operations shifted to the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada, where no convoys were organized and anti-submarine measures were inadequate. There followed a

2107:. This system is safer than previous closed-cycle diesel engines and steam turbines, cheaper than a nuclear reactor, and quieter than either. While the Type 212 is also being purchased by Italy and Norway, the 1517:(while surfaced) were also used. Early German World War II torpedoes were fitted with one of two types of pistol triggers – impact, which detonated the warhead upon contact with a solid object, and 1205: 1338:

and trim tanks were operated here with valves and buttons. Below decks, there was space to retract the periscope and to store ammunition for the deck gun. A cylindrical tube with a ladder led to the

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tube. As a consequence, this tube could not be reloaded. Hence the type VII was upgraded to type VIIB with dual rudders to improve maneuverability and to fit an internal stern tube with a reload.

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When World War II started, Germany had 56 U-boats commissioned, of which 46 were operational and only 22 had enough range for Atlantic operations, the other 24 were limited to operations on the

1041:. The treaty also restricted the independent tonnage of ships and forbade the construction of submarines. In order to circumvent the restrictions of the treaty, a submarine design office called 784:, 18 heavy and light cruisers, and several smaller naval vessels. They further destroyed 5,708 merchant and fishing vessels for a total of 11,108,865 tons and the loss of about 15,000 sailors. 194: 4830: 1620:

larger batteries. With the much increased battery power U-boats were also able to reach much higher speeds and endurance when submerged. Based on the design of an Atlantic Walter U-boat, the

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was built in 1933 as well. In Spain a large 750-ton boat was built between 1929 and 1930. After the Spanish lost interest in the U-boat, they sold it to Turkey where it entered service as

1282:. This torpedo was slower and had less range but it left no telltale bubble wake and was, hence, ideally suited for daylight attacks. During WWI the Germans had briefly experimented with 2020:, first commissioned in 1967, was a success, so 12 were built for the German navy. To continue the U-boat tradition, the new boats received the classic "U" designation starting with the 1368:

Electrical or motor room. The electric motors were driven by the batteries. Alternatively, when driven by the diesel engines, the motors acted as generators for recharging the batteries.

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A prefabricated segment of a Type XXI U-boat. The cross-section shows clearly the '8'-shaped hull, where the lower part was used to store large batteries hence the name of 'ElektroBoot'

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In the beginning of 1941 British countermeasures began to take effect: in March 1941 the three leading U-boat aces were sunk during convoy battles. In May 1941 the British were able to

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Bauer's boat made a promising start, diving in tests in the Baltic Sea's Bay of Kiel to depths of more than 50 feet. In 1855, during one of those tests, the boat malfunctioned. The

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as a precaution against a possible Allied invasion in Norway and next he ordered a substantial force of U-boats to operate in the Mediterranean in order to support the Italians and

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During World War II, U-boat warfare was the major component of the Battle of the Atlantic, which began in 1939 and ended with Germany's surrender in 1945. British Prime Minister

1723:: small coastal submarines used mainly for training purposes. The latest subtype IID had saddle tanks which gave it a range to operate in the Atlantic, which it did until 1941 398:

and there was no role for submarines in his fleet. Only when Krupp exported its submarines to Russia, Italy, Norway and Austria-Hungary did Tirpitz order one submarine. The

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allowed the old Type VII and IX U-boats to operate in waters which were previously denied to them. Finally, Allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the

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plunged 54 vertical feet and refused to ascend from the seafloor. Bauer and his crew – leaving their craft on the bottom – barely escaped with their crewmates' lives.

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continued the policy of secretly breaching the Versailles treaty. On 15 November 1932 a plan was approved for an expansion of the German navy which included U-boats.

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and the enormous US shipbuilding capacity, all turned the tide against the U-boats. At the same time, the Allies targeted the U-boat shipyards and their bases with

5805: 492: 1557:", was designed to combat small and fast warships, and entered service in September 1943. The Allies countered acoustic torpedoes with noisemaker decoys such as 3845: 461:

Between 1908 and 1910 fourteen big boats with four torpedo tubes and two reload torpedoes were ordered. These boats used a kerosene engine which was safer than

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government's purchase of two Type 205 boats, the West German government realized the potential for the submarine as an export, developing a customized version

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sold to Norway, considered the most silent and maneuverable submarines in the world. This demonstrated its capacity and put its export seal on the world.

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when pitching. Whilst submerged there were problems with depth keeping and stability as air bubbles in the fuel tanks wobbled back and forth. Hence a new

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experimental submarine featuring a new type of propulsion: on the surface it used the classic Diesel engines but submerged it used a revolutionary

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In order to give U-boats better opportunities against well-defended convoys, several types of "pattern-running" torpedoes were developed. The FAT (

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Compared to their World War I equivalents, the German U-boat designs of World War II were greatly improved. By using a new steel alloy and by

5815: 4862: 3944: 3770: 3734: 3656: 3636: 3572: 3531: 2961: 1323:, with a battery compartment below decks. The captain had a curtained bunk which faced 2 small rooms: the radio room and the hydrophone room. 1042: 5433: 4867: 4549: 3722:. Harper & Row. Connects submarine and antisubmarine operations between World War I and World War II, and suggests a continuous war. 796: 791:, the highest decoration for gallantry for officers, was awarded to 29 U-boat commanders. Twelve U-boat crewmen were decorated with the 1278:

propelled by compressed air had a much larger warhead than its WWI equivalent, but more important was the introduction of the electric

3326: 1664: 795:, the highest bravery award for noncommissioned officers and enlisted men. The most successful U-boat commanders of World War I were 5772: 3982: 3754: 3712: 3684: 3670: 3591: 3550: 3512: 3490: 3462: 3443: 3424: 3396: 3377: 3305: 3286: 3267: 3248: 3202: 130: 1763:

Type XVII: small experimental coastal submarines powered by experimental hydrogen peroxide propulsion systems, not put into service

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which meant they had to stop and inspect the ship, and take the crew off the ship before they could sink it. On 20 October 1914,

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impediments when Hitler interfered on two occasions: first he insisted that a small force of U-boats be kept on station in the

3693:. The US Naval Institute Author of the Year feature describes the building and operation of the German U-boat bases in France. 5800: 4944: 4733: 3899: 2171: 895: 792: 277: 266: 217: 68: 1528: 1122:

In 1935, Britain sought to control the increasingly apparent breaches of the Versailles Treaty and it concluded in 1935 the

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Shadow Divers: The True Adventure of Two Americans Who Risked Everything to Solve One of the Last Mysteries of World War II

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were mass-produced, with prefabricated segments constructed at different sites and then assembled at the bigger shipyards.

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70,000 tons of submarines. Between May 1938 and January 1939, Raeder ordered 52 more U-boats to be completed by 1942:

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Ehrenbuch des Orden vom Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz e.V. und die Geschichte der Ordens-Gemeinschaft, Die Ordens-Sammlung

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2006. Germany continued to reap successes with derivations or on the basis of the successful type 209, as are the

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suffice to break the back of a ship, and a U-boat could sink many more ships with its supply of torpedoes.

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surface vessels that could submerge when necessary. This contrasts with the cylindrical profile of modern

281: 240:. Instead the campaign ensured final defeat as the campaign was a contributing factor to the entry of the 237: 149: 5505: 5454: 5350: 5254: 5249: 4969: 4518: 4502: 1861: 1839: 1594: 1146:(War Navy). Within the year, the Germans commissioned a total of 36 U-boats for a total of 12,500 tons: 1079:. German sailors assisted in the trials for these submarines. These secret programs were exposed in the 515: 210: 97: 4815: 4293: 292:

began to take a toll on the German U-boat force. This ultimately came to a head in May 1943, known as

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few attempts to attack convoys with their new 'wolfpack' tactic, but these were not successful. The

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The IVS constructed three 500-ton medium submarines in Finland between 1927 and 1931, known as the

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had to withdraw to safer waters in Northern Ireland. Against merchant ships, U-boats observed the

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A type XB submarine sinking in the Atlantic. On the foredeck the vertical mineshafts are visible.

1058: 807:(144 ships with 299,482 tons). Their records have not been surpassed in any subsequent conflict. 542: 383: 376: 4015: 3361:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

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Another vast improvement was the introduction of new torpedo types for the U-boats: the classic

1781:: smaller version of the XXI used for coastal operations. operated on a small scale during 1945 5736: 5686: 5628: 5618: 5385: 5239: 5117: 5057: 4904: 4728: 4712: 4702: 4667: 4183: 4120: 4106: 4057: 3766: 3750: 3730: 3708: 3680: 3666: 3652: 3632: 3622: 3587: 3568: 3546: 3527: 3508: 3486: 3458: 3439: 3420: 3392: 3373: 3322: 3301: 3282: 3263: 3244: 3198: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2286: 2216: 1986: 1885: 1865: 1788: 1720: 1717:: first design for a large 750-ton U-boat. Only 2 built as the design was not very successful. 1668: 1604: 1598: 1459: 1393: 1076: 1068: 788: 769: 597: 571: 549: 522: 470: 455: 289: 1353:, with another battery compartment below decks. The galley and toilet were also located here. 5795: 5721: 5655: 5608: 5590: 5540: 5370: 5234: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5075: 4931: 4889: 4884: 4616: 4235: 4141: 4071: 4029: 3871: 3560: 2278: 2270: 1997:. The Germans sought to use advanced technologies to offset the small displacement, such as 1784: 1486: 1428: 1346:

periscope, which generated less wake at the surface. Above the conning tower was the bridge.

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Anti-Submarine Warfare in World War I: British Naval Aviation and the Defeat of the U-Boats

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commissioned it on 14 December 1906, it was the last major navy to adopt submarines. The

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During 1914, the U-boats operated against the British fleet: on 5 September 1914, the

5789: 5751: 5746: 5711: 5696: 5650: 5560: 5545: 5403: 5345: 5340: 5244: 5122: 5107: 5095: 5085: 4974: 4954: 4748: 4738: 4647: 4298: 4197: 4190: 4078: 3473: 2086: 1736: 1467: 1408: 1404: 1350: 1339: 1331: 629: 528:, the first ship to have been sunk by a submarine using a self-propelled torpedo. On 512: 334: 241: 177: 104: 5706: 5691: 5530: 5525: 5464: 5408: 5375: 5208: 5203: 5009: 4692: 4677: 4652: 4478: 4230: 4220: 4036: 3959: 3761: 2211: 2040: 1990: 1973: 1869: 1857: 1844: 1554: 1478: 1451: 1448: 1335: 1141: 1095: 1086: 1038: 318: 258: 248: 1735:: these long-range U-boats operated as far as the Indian Ocean with the Japanese ( 1679:

was a retractable pipe that supplied air to the diesel engines while submerged at

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U-boats operated also off the southern African coasts and even as far east as the

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Black May. The epic story of the Allies' defeat of the German U-boats in May 1943

3316: 768:, after which the vessels were studied, then scrapped or given to Allied navies. 5741: 5580: 5479: 5355: 5310: 5198: 5047: 5032: 4672: 4657: 4215: 3218: 2116: 2082: 1964: 1922: 1877: 1873: 1649: 1474: 1299: 1279: 1275: 1091: 1046: 563: 431:

engine for charging the batteries and propulsion on the surface. The 50%-larger

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U-Boat War: Doenitz and the evolution of the German Submarine Service 1935–1945

2074: 1585: 5726: 5535: 5469: 5019: 4919: 4846: 2002: 1994: 1026: 395: 391: 365:

dockyard in Kiel completed the first fully functional German-built submarine,

35: 3762:

Iron Coffins: A Personal Account of the German U-Boat Battles of World War II

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Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two

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was useless because of interference with the noisy diesel engines. But the

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compressor in order to feed air tanks needed for venting the ballast tanks.

441: 349:; she was later raised and put on historical display in Germany. The boats 145: 496:

Sea mines are loaded in a UC coastal submarine in the harbour of Zeebrugge

304: 232:, Germany intermittently waged unrestricted submarine warfare against the 5716: 5449: 5320: 4959: 4914: 3618: 2247: 2128: 2101: 1930: 1514: 1510: 643: 585: 462: 428: 342: 331: 327: 1067:

was built. This submarine was nearly identical to the subsequent German

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Germany has brought the U-boat name into the 21st century with the new

2028: 1807: 1506: 1316: 1260: 1101: 1030: 799:(189 merchant vessels and two gunboats with 446,708 tons), followed by 765: 696: 611: 3649:

German Submarine Warfare 1914–1918 in the Eyes of British Intelligence

1940:

was boarded as she was sinking, and crucial code books were salvaged.

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has been designed as the follow-on export model and has been sold to

1444: 1307:

From bow to stern, A typical U-boat design comprised these sections:

1232: 593: 533: 296:, in which U-boat losses began to outpace their effect on shipping. 1729:: the "workhorse" of the U-boats with 709 completed in World War II 1667:

in 1940 the Germans captured some Dutch submarines equipped with a

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At the beginning of the century, the German commander of the Navy

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Germany continued to succeed as an exporter of submarines as the

1748:: long-range minelayers but mainly used to resupply other U-boats 3223: 2090: 1754:: unarmed U-boat, used to resupply other U-boats; nicknamed the 323: 272:, was convinced the UK and its convoys could be defeated by new 4819: 3792: 3689:

O'Connor, Jerome M. (June 2000) "Inside the Grey Wolves' Den".

1109: 2039:. Three of the improved Type 206 boats were later sold to the 40: 2100:; it 212 features an air-independent propulsion system using 1553:

turned toward the loudest noise detected. Its successor, the

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was commissioned in the German Navy, which changed name from

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for training. Retired in 1919, she remains on display at the

3741:

To the Last Salute: Memories of an Austrian U-Boat Commander

3474:"A North Sea diary, 1914–1918 / Commander Stephen King-Hall" 1462:

when U-boats could extend their successful operation to the

1057:. These ships were the prototypes for the subsequent German 3300:(in German) (2nd ed.). München: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag. 2624: 2622: 1118:, a type IX U-boat at Birkenhead Docks, Merseyside, England 3788: 3457:(in Dutch) (2nd ed.). Antwerp: Standaard Uitgeverij. 2134:

In recent years Germany introduced new models such as the

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A torpedo is loaded into a U-Boat through a torpedo hatch.

596:

had to stop the campaign in September 1915: on 7 May 1915

3526:(in German) (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. 1921:

which could be boarded before she sank. A team including

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with which he intended to challenge the supremacy of the

3298:

Die Wende im U-Boot Krieg. Ursachen und Folgen 1939–1943

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had a double hull and a single torpedo tube. It used an

3584:

The U-boat Century: German Submarine Warfare, 1906–2006

2200:

List of Knight's Cross recipients of the U-boat service

2016:

was a failure because of hull cracking; the subsequent

1630:" was designed to boost submerged performance. Smaller 205:(under-sea boat), though the German term refers to any 1167:

was appointed as head of the submarine section of the

772:

wrote a detailed eyewitness account of the surrender.

3677:

The Encyclopedia of U-Boats: From 1904 to the Present

2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2651: 2649: 1160:

U-boats, based on the design of the Spanish submarine

280:. Though U-boat tactics initially saw success in the 3318:

The H. L. Hunley: The Secret Hope of the Confederacy

1673:(snorkel), but saw no need for them until 1943. The 424:

316:

The first submarine built in Germany, the three-man

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Shadows on the Horizon. The battle of Convoy HX-233

2765: 2763: 1593:In 1940 the Germans made successful tests with the 1201:

Five large 750-ton of the improved type IXB U-boats

228:towards the UK and force the UK out of the war. In 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 27:

German submarine of the First and Second World Wars

2945: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2705: 2703: 2678: 2676: 2609: 2607: 1071:U-boat. A fifth very small 100-ton submarine, the 1021:in 1919 limited the surface navy of Germany's new 3739:Georg von Trapp and Elizabeth M. Campbell (2007) 3352:The Second World War, Volume 2: Their Finest Hour 3197:(in German). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. 3144: 3120: 3072: 2847: 2835: 2586: 2538: 2149:In 2016, Germany commissioned its newest U-boat, 1872:", the intermittent cracking of the German Naval 1834:evolved between the Allies and the Kriegsmarine. 1330:, for general use, was located here. The rudder, 2387: 2385: 1493:, Scotland, in late 1945 and early 1946 during 1061:U-boat. In 1933 a small 250-ton submarine, the 3476:. London: Newnes – via Internet Archive. 438:(commissioned in 1908) had two torpedo tubes. 326:Harbor on 1 February 1851 during a test dive. 4831: 3804: 3483:Duikbootoorlog. Onderzeeboten tegen konvooien 154:, a typical VIIC/41 U-boat on display at the 8: 1980: 1971: 1856:, referred to as "Huff-Duff", radar, sonar, 1770: 1755: 1700: 1694: 1684: 1674: 1654: 1641: 1635: 1625: 1422: 1177:Eight small 250-ton improved type II U-boats 1168: 1139: 1133: 1084: 264: 256: 200: 181: 3485:(in Dutch). Antwerp: Standaard Uitgeverij. 3212:Berg Bentzrød, Sveinung (3 February 2017). 1944:Post–World War II and Cold War (after 1945) 1224:Three very large type XB minelaying U-Boats 1218:Twenty-one medium 500-ton type VIIB U-boats 4838: 4824: 4816: 4753: 4484: 4258: 3811: 3797: 3789: 3241:Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 3214:"Forsvaret kjøper nye ubåter fra Tyskland" 659: 3675:Möller, Eberhard and Werner Brack (2006) 3260:Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945 3177: 3048: 3036: 1150:Twenty-four small 250-ton Type II U-boats 168:operated by Germany, particularly in the 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 3705:Battle Beneath the Waves: U-boats at war 2628: 1915:and its settings were captured from the 814: 642:, which was mistaken for a troopship by 3831:Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I 3567:. Annapolis: US Naval Institute Press. 3024: 2988: 2309: 2081:with air-independent propulsion of the 1640:were also taken into production. These 361:design, followed in 1890. In 1903, the 213:submarines were also known as U-boats. 5806:Submarines of the Imperial German Navy 3707:. Arms and Armor/Sterling Publishing. 3524:U-564 auf Feindfahrt – 70 Tage an Bord 3368:Costello, John; Hughes, Terry (1977). 3158:"Naval Technology on the Todaro class" 3108: 3084: 3060: 2502: 1198:Seven medium 500-ton type VIIB U-boats 337:had designed this vessel in 1850, and 3836:Battle of the Atlantic (World War II) 3727:U122: The Diary of a U-boat Commander 2798: 2475: 2231:contains an example of a U-boat radio 1221:Eleven large 750-ton type IXB U-boats 186: 7: 2754: 1532:The pattern running of a FAT torpedo 449:, showing the kerosene vapour trail. 69:adding citations to reliable sources 3783:U-112 and U-53 Submarine Collection 3281:(in German). Podzun-Pallas-Verlag. 2976: 2514: 2427: 2403: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 1153:Ten medium 500-ton Type VII U-boats 803:(149 ships with 391,607 tons), and 308:The first German submarine, the SM 3472:King-Hall, Stephen (19 May 2021). 3389:Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days 3132: 3096: 3000: 2931: 2769: 2721: 2694: 2526: 1665:German invasion of the Netherlands 1303:Cross-section of a Type VII U-boat 1189:design for a large U-boat was made 1105:The Spanish submarine E-1 in Cadiz 1043:Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw 780:and 122 surrendered. They sank 10 25: 3983:List of wolfpacks of World War II 3279:Wunderwaffe Elektro-Uboot Typ XXI 3012: 2952:. New York: Crown Forum. p. 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2786: 2742: 2709: 2682: 2667: 2655: 2640: 2613: 2598: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2487: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2415: 2391: 2328: 2316: 1505:The U-boats' main weapon was the 1017:ending World War I signed at the 216:U-boats are most known for their 2123:, and based on it would get the 1854:high-frequency direction finding 1849:a chemical bubble-making decoy. 1083:and as a result the Head of the 924:UB coastal torpedo attack boats 902:U-Cruisers and Merchant U-boats 797:Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière 793:Goldenes Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz 345:operations in 1887 rediscovered 286:high-frequency direction finding 45: 3698:The World's Greatest Submarines 996:in 1930 on the slipways at the 818:Körting kerosene-powered boats 56:needs additional citations for 5811:Submarines of the Kriegsmarine 4945:Anti-submarine warfare carrier 4734:Unrestricted submarine warfare 3582:Showell, Jak Mallmann (2006). 2172:List of U-boats never deployed 1880:, long range patrol aircraft, 661:German U-boat losses by cause 577:sank the first merchant ship, 290:Hedgehog anti-submarine system 267:Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote 218:unrestricted submarine warfare 1: 4863:Naval ship classes in service 3438:. London: Chatham Publishin. 3434:Haskell, Winthrop A. (1998). 2816:www.militaryhistoryonline.com 1903:U-boats outside their pen in 1326:Control room. The main large 1094:had to resign. His successor 649:. The US threatened to sever 363:Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft 5816:German Empire in World War I 5331:Harbour defence motor launch 3846:Mediterranean (World War II) 3785:at Dartmouth College Library 3647:Hans Joachim Koerver (2010) 3359:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 1852:Advances in convoy tactics, 1227:Four huge type XI U-cruisers 1124:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 405:was a completely redesigned 5614:Ballistic missile submarine 5460:Mine countermeasures vessel 3841:Mediterranean (World War I) 3665:. Random House Publishing. 3541:Paterson, Lawrence (2003). 3522:Paterson, Lawrence (2005). 3350:Churchill, Winston (1948). 2944:Crocker III, H. W. (2006). 2142:, the latter being sold to 1970:From 1955, the West German 1911:In May 1941 code books, an 1814:Uncompleted U-boat projects 782:pre-dreadnought battleships 562:. As a result, the British 255:, supreme commander of the 180:version of the German word 5852: 5661:Submarine aircraft carrier 5043:Pre-dreadnought battleship 4853:in 19th and 20th centuries 4226:Battle of the St. Lawrence 3613:Buchheim, Lothar-Günther. 3370:The Battle of the Atlantic 3363:(4th ed.). McFarland. 3296:Brennecke, Jochen (1984). 3277:Breyer, Siegfried (1996). 2182:List of U-boats of Germany 2177:List of successful U-boats 2166:Further U-boat information 2007:magnetic anomaly detectors 1876:, the introduction of the 1823: 1385: 984:Interwar years (1919–1939) 856:Mittel-U MAN diesel boats 655:US declared war on Germany 504: 394:. He focused on expensive 375:sold to Russia during the 29: 5556:General stores issue ship 5225:Amphibious transport dock 5000:Merchant aircraft carrier 4990:Interdiction Assault Ship 4858: 3955:Knight's Cross recipients 3826: 3643:The U-Boat War, 1914–1918 3631:. Naval Institute Press. 3586:. Naval Institute Press. 3391:. Naval Institute Press. 2812:"Military History Online" 2251:, 1981 German U-boat film 2235:Möltenort U-Boat Memorial 2001:steel to protect against 1438:into German secret naval 300:Early U-boats (1850–1914) 32:British U-class submarine 5634:Deep-submergence vehicle 5624:Cruise missile submarine 5551:Fast combat support ship 5194:Guided-missile destroyer 5052:Standard-type battleship 4550:Italian battleship 4534:Russian battleship 3718:van der Vat, Dan (1988) 3703:Stern, Robert C. (1999) 3607:Abbatiello, John (2005) 3453:Humble, Richard (1974). 3415:Gannon, Michael (1998). 3262:. Vol. 2. Cassell. 3243:. Vol. 1. Cassell. 2274:, 1994 U-boat simulator 2259:, 2018 television series 1705:mast could be detected. 1377:World War II (1939–1945) 1295:U-Boat design and layout 1045:(IVS) was set up in the 341:constructed it in Kiel. 322:, sank to the bottom of 276:, and tried to focus on 244:in the First World War. 226:disrupt merchant traffic 30:Not to be confused with 5836:World War II submarines 5821:Germany in World War II 5230:Amphibious warfare ship 4940:Amphibious assault ship 4566:French battleship 4511:French battleship 3950:World War II commanders 3745:Westwood, David (2005) 3696:Preston, Antony (2005) 3627:Gannon, Michael (1990) 3406:Fischer, Bruno (1960). 2300:, 2024 U-boat simulator 2056:sold to Israel and the 1989:to protect against the 1830:Throughout the war, an 1489:, Northern Ireland, or 1231:In 1939, the ambitious 488:World War I (1914–1918) 465:and more powerful than 5831:World War I submarines 5306:Armed boarding steamer 5270:Landing Ship Logistics 5265:Landing ship, infantry 5091:Guided missile cruiser 4995:Light aircraft carrier 3945:World War I commanders 3661:Kurson, Robert (2004) 3641:Gray, Edwyn A. (1994) 3543:Second U-Boat Flottila 3455:De Duitse Kriegsmarine 3193:Bekker, Cajus (1971). 2229:Orkney Wireless Museum 2093: 1981: 1972: 1967: 1925:used special-purpose " 1908: 1826:Anti-submarine warfare 1771: 1756: 1701: 1695: 1685: 1675: 1660: 1655: 1642: 1636: 1626: 1590: 1538:Flächen-Absuch-Torpedo 1533: 1423: 1412: 1388:Battle of the Atlantic 1364: 1349:Aft crew quarters for 1304: 1256: 1210: 1169: 1140: 1134: 1119: 1106: 1085: 1019:Paris Peace Conference 1005: 992:The Finnish submarine 950:UC coastal minelayers 497: 450: 313: 282:Battle of the Atlantic 265: 257: 201: 182: 158: 5801:Submarines of Germany 5506:Auxiliary repair dock 5455:Destroyer minesweeper 5351:Ocean boarding vessel 5255:Landing Craft Support 5250:Landing craft carrier 4970:Fighter catapult ship 3720:The Atlantic Campaign 3621:in 1981, directed by 3481:Mason, David (1994). 3387:Dönitz, Karl (1990). 3315:Chaffin, Tom (2010). 3145:Costello & Hughes 3121:Costello & Hughes 3073:Costello & Hughes 2848:Costello & Hughes 2836:Costello & Hughes 2587:Costello & Hughes 2539:Costello & Hughes 2223:Sites of significance 2189:, Japanese equivalent 2077: 1951: 1907:, Norway, 19 May 1945 1894: 1652: 1588: 1531: 1403: 1362: 1302: 1254: 1208: 1112: 1104: 991: 624:; and on 9 September 495: 445:The German submarine 444: 339:Schweffel and Howaldt 307: 211:Austro-Hungarian Navy 148: 5732:Littoral combat ship 5285:Landing Ship Vehicle 5028:Coastal defence ship 4683:Metox radar detector 3905:Uncompleted projects 3258:Blair, Clay (1998). 3239:Blair, Clay (1998). 2282:, second of a series 1542:Federapparat-Torpedo 1523:Operation Weserübung 1501:Torpedo developments 1321:chief petty officers 1015:Treaty of Versailles 968:UE ocean minelayers 414:Imperial German Navy 156:Laboe Naval Memorial 65:improve this article 5586:Replenishment oiler 5489:Command and support 5275:Landing Ship Medium 5138:Unprotected cruiser 4980:Flight deck cruiser 3501:Middlebrook, Martin 3372:. London: Collins. 3354:. Houghton Mifflin. 3123:, pp. 285–287. 3111:, pp. 312–313. 3075:, pp. 284–285. 3051:, pp. 391–394. 3039:, pp. 389–391. 3027:, pp. 170–171. 2862:, pp. 357–358. 2838:, pp. 154–155. 2478:, pp. 229–242. 2290:, third of a series 2241:Film and television 1961:Type 206 submarines 1607:system designed by 1581:U-boat developments 1495:Operation Deadlight 1424:die glückliche Zeit 1363:The electrical room 662: 5826:Submarines by type 5702:Breastwork monitor 5566:Joint support ship 5521:Combat stores ship 5316:Coastal motor boat 5280:Landing Ship, Tank 5260:Landing Ship Heavy 5159:Convoy rescue ship 4985:Helicopter carrier 4663:FuG 200 Hohentwiel 3725:Von Scheck, Karl. 3629:Operation Drumbeat 2094: 2079:Type 212 submarine 1987:coastal submarines 1968: 1909: 1661: 1659:mast and air flows 1591: 1534: 1418:invasion of Norway 1413: 1365: 1315:Crew quarters for 1305: 1257: 1211: 1156:Two large 750-ton 1120: 1107: 1006: 660: 498: 456:nuclear submarines 451: 384:Alfred von Tirpitz 377:Russo-Japanese War 314: 199:, a shortening of 159: 5783: 5782: 5687:Armed merchantman 5629:Cruiser submarine 5619:Coastal submarine 5386:Fast attack craft 5240:Dock landing ship 5118:Protected cruiser 5101:Pocket battleship 5058:Treaty battleship 5048:Super-dreadnought 4932:Aircraft carriers 4880:Operational zones 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4729:Submarine warfare 4703:Sieglinde (decoy) 4636: 4635: 4552:Regina Margherita 4473: 4472: 4209:Major engagements 3771:978-0-304-35330-9 3759:Werner, Herbert. 3735:978-1-84685-049-3 3729:. Diggory Press, 3657:978-3-902433-79-4 3637:978-1-59114-302-4 3623:Wolfgang Petersen 3574:978-1-59114-119-8 3533:978-3-548-26664-0 3507:. Penguin Books. 3063:, pp. 10–11. 2963:978-1-4000-5363-6 2948:Don't Tread on Me 2898:, pp. 72–73. 2757:, pp. 55–56. 2745:, pp. 57–59. 2658:, pp. 46–47. 2601:, pp. 34–35. 2577:, pp. 31–32. 2466:, pp. 13–19. 2454:, pp. 10–13. 2430:, pp. 36–37. 2379:, pp. 22–29. 2331:, pp. 38–39. 2319:, pp. 10–19. 2287:Silent Hunter III 2217:Sieglinde (decoy) 1985:focused on small 1886:strategic bombing 1864:weapons such as " 1840:centimetric radar 1785:Midget submarines 1691:Gruppenhorchgerät 1599:hydrogen peroxide 1460:Second Happy Time 1394:Winston Churchill 981: 980: 770:Stephen King-Hall 761: 760: 666:Surface warships 540:armoured cruisers 386:was building the 188:[ˈuːboːt] 176:. The term is an 174:Second World Wars 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 5843: 5722:Floating battery 5656:Midget submarine 5609:Attack submarine 5591:Submarine tender 5541:Destroyer tender 5371:Submarine chaser 5235:Attack transport 5179:Escort destroyer 5174:Destroyer leader 5169:Destroyer escort 5076:Aircraft cruiser 4890:Green-water navy 4885:Brown-water navy 4840: 4833: 4826: 4817: 4754: 4485: 4259: 4254:U-boat flotillas 3912:Austro-Hungarian 3895:Foreign captured 3813: 3806: 3799: 3790: 3651:, LIS Reinisch, 3619:Movie adaptation 3597: 3578: 3556: 3537: 3518: 3496: 3477: 3468: 3449: 3430: 3411: 3402: 3383: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3335: 3311: 3292: 3273: 3254: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3226:: Aftenposten AS 3222:(in Norwegian). 3208: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3099:, pp. 7–13. 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2951: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2617: 2611: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2442:, pp. 9–11. 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2279:Silent Hunter II 2271:Aces of the Deep 1984: 1977: 1774: 1759: 1704: 1698: 1688: 1678: 1658: 1645: 1639: 1629: 1546:LageUnabhängiger 1429:First Happy Time 1426: 1284:magnetic pistols 1172: 1145: 1138:(State Navy) to 1137: 1090: 815: 801:Walter Forstmann 663: 482:Deutsches Museum 410:-class submarine 271: 262: 204: 198: 197: 196: 190: 185: 166:naval submarines 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5773:Sailing vessels 5756: 5675: 5646:Fleet submarine 5595: 5576:Net laying ship 5501:Ammunition ship 5484: 5438: 5380: 5294: 5213: 5142: 5133:Torpedo cruiser 5113:Merchant raider 5081:Armored cruiser 5062: 5038:Fast battleship 5014: 5005:Seaplane tender 4950:Balloon carrier 4926: 4910:Central battery 4895:Blue-water navy 4854: 4844: 4814: 4805: 4743: 4717: 4632: 4581: 4469: 4308: 4248: 4204: 3969: 3923: 3890:Most successful 3866: 3822: 3817: 3779: 3604: 3602:Further reading 3594: 3581: 3575: 3559: 3553: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3515: 3499: 3493: 3480: 3471: 3465: 3452: 3446: 3433: 3427: 3419:. Aurum Press. 3414: 3405: 3399: 3386: 3380: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3295: 3289: 3276: 3270: 3257: 3251: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3211: 3205: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2776: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631:, p. x-xi. 2627: 2620: 2612: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2266: 2243: 2225: 2208: 2196: 2168: 2163: 2043:, becoming the 1946: 1882:escort carriers 1828: 1822: 1820:Countermeasures 1769:: known as the 1711: 1681:periscope depth 1609:Hellmuth Walter 1602:air-independent 1583: 1503: 1485:deep water off 1390: 1384: 1379: 1297: 1249: 1055:Vetehinen-class 1023:Weimar Republic 1011: 998:Crichton-Vulcan 986: 813: 757: 743: 733: 723: 713: 708:Merchant ships 703: 691: 681: 671: 651:diplomatic ties 610:; on 19 August 509: 507:U-boat campaign 503: 490: 388:High Seas Fleet 379:in April 1904. 302: 263:'s U-boat arm ( 193: 192: 191: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5849: 5847: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5511:Auxiliary ship 5508: 5503: 5498: 5496:Amenities ship 5492: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5366:Steam gun boat 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5128:Strike cruiser 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4965:Escort carrier 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4901:Gun placement 4899: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4760: 4758: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4508: 4500: 4491: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4304:Constantinople 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3900:Never deployed 3897: 3892: 3887: 3876: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3777:External links 3775: 3774: 3773: 3757: 3743: 3737: 3723: 3716: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3673: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3625: 3611: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3579: 3573: 3561:Rohwer, Jürgen 3557: 3551: 3545:. Leo Cooper. 3538: 3532: 3519: 3513: 3497: 3491: 3478: 3469: 3463: 3450: 3444: 3431: 3425: 3412: 3403: 3397: 3384: 3378: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3328:978-1429990356 3327: 3312: 3306: 3293: 3287: 3274: 3268: 3255: 3249: 3236: 3209: 3203: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3170: 3149: 3147:, p. 284. 3137: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3087:, p. 312. 3077: 3065: 3053: 3049:Brennecke 1984 3041: 3037:Brennecke 1984 3029: 3017: 3015:, p. 485. 3005: 3003:, p. 482. 2993: 2991:, p. 327. 2981: 2969: 2962: 2936: 2934:, p. 252. 2924: 2922:, p. 108. 2912: 2910:, p. 654. 2900: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2850:, p. 165. 2840: 2828: 2803: 2801:, p. 529. 2791: 2774: 2759: 2747: 2726: 2724:, p. 120. 2714: 2699: 2697:, p. 129. 2687: 2672: 2660: 2645: 2633: 2618: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2505:, p. 428. 2492: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2381: 2369: 2367:, p. 201. 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2283: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 1993:threat in the 1945: 1942: 1913:Enigma machine 1862:anti-submarine 1824:Main article: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1782: 1776: 1764: 1761: 1749: 1743: 1741:South Atlantic 1730: 1724: 1718: 1710: 1707: 1582: 1579: 1502: 1499: 1464:Gulf of Mexico 1386:Main article: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1354: 1351:petty officers 1347: 1343: 1324: 1313: 1296: 1293: 1248: 1245: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1151: 1081:Lohmann Affair 1010: 1007: 985: 982: 979: 978: 969: 965: 964: 951: 947: 946: 925: 921: 920: 903: 899: 898: 857: 853: 852: 819: 812: 809: 805:Max Valentiner 789:Pour le Mérite 759: 758: 753: 751: 745: 744: 741: 739: 735: 734: 731: 729: 725: 724: 721: 719: 715: 714: 711: 709: 705: 704: 701: 699: 693: 692: 689: 687: 683: 682: 679: 677: 673: 672: 669: 667: 505:Main article: 502: 499: 489: 486: 422:electric motor 301: 298: 278:convoy battles 139: 138: 121:September 2022 53: 51: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5848: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5752:Training ship 5750: 5748: 5747:River monitor 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5712:Drone carrier 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Barracks ship 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680:Miscellaneous 5678: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5651:Human torpedo 5649: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:Naval tugboat 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5561:Hospital ship 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5546:Dispatch boat 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346:Naval trawler 5344: 5342: 5341:Naval drifter 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5245:Landing craft 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123:Scout cruiser 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108:Light cruiser 5106: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5096:Heavy cruiser 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086:Battlecruiser 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4975:Fleet carrier 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955:Battlecarrier 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772:Saint-Nazaire 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4739:Rocket U-boat 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4648:Anechoic tile 4646: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4479:Capital ships 4476: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3755:1-932033-43-2 3752: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3713:1-85409-200-6 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3691:Naval History 3688: 3686: 3685:1-85367-623-3 3682: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3671:0-375-50858-9 3668: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3593:1-59114-892-8 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3552:0-85052-917-4 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3514:0-14-016695-5 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3492:90-02-18166-3 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3464:90-02-12787-1 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3445:1-86176-081-7 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3426:1-85410-588-4 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3398:0-87021-780-1 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3379:0-00-635325-8 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3330: 3324: 3321:. Macmillan. 3320: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3307:3-453-03667-0 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3288:3-7909-0587-9 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3269:0-304-35261-6 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3250:0-304-35260-8 3246: 3242: 3237: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3204:3-548-03057-2 3200: 3196: 3195:Verdammte See 3191: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3178:Berg Bentzrød 3174: 3171: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2979:, p. 14. 2978: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2886:, p. 54. 2885: 2880: 2877: 2874:, p. 68. 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2789:, p. 62. 2788: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2772:, p. 34. 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2712:, p. 38. 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2685:, p. 37. 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2670:, p. 23. 2669: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2643:, p. 45. 2642: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2629:Paterson 2003 2625: 2623: 2619: 2616:, p. 40. 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2589:, p. 28. 2588: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2565:, p. 31. 2564: 2559: 2556: 2553:, p. 24. 2552: 2547: 2544: 2541:, p. 26. 2540: 2535: 2532: 2529:, p. 25. 2528: 2523: 2520: 2517:, p. 16. 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2490:, p. 18. 2489: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2406:, p. 30. 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2355:, p. 53. 2354: 2349: 2346: 2343:, p. 23. 2342: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2047:. The German 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:depth charges 1855: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1737:Monsun Gruppe 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1555:T5 "Zaunkönig 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1468:Caribbean Sea 1465: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1419: 1410: 1409:Saint-Nazaire 1406: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1340:conning tower 1337: 1333: 1332:diving planes 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1207: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:torpedo boats 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 983: 977: 973: 970: 967: 966: 963: 959: 955: 952: 949: 948: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926: 923: 922: 919: 915: 911: 907: 904: 901: 900: 897: 896:Type Mittel U 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 858: 855: 854: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 820: 817: 816: 810: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 773: 771: 767: 756: 752: 750: 747: 746: 740: 737: 736: 730: 727: 726: 720: 717: 716: 710: 707: 706: 700: 698: 695: 694: 688: 685: 684: 678: 675: 674: 668: 665: 664: 658: 656: 652: 648: 647: 641: 640: 634: 633: 627: 623: 622: 616: 615: 609: 608: 602: 601: 595: 589: 587: 583: 582: 576: 575: 569: 568:"prize rules" 565: 561: 560: 554: 553: 547: 546: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 526: 520: 519: 514: 513:light cruiser 508: 500: 494: 487: 485: 483: 479: 474: 473: 468: 464: 459: 457: 448: 443: 439: 437: 436: 430: 427: 423: 419: 415: 412:and when the 411: 409: 404: 403: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 369: 364: 360: 357:, built to a 356: 355:Nordenfelt II 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 335:Wilhelm Bauer 333: 329: 325: 321: 320: 311: 306: 299: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 261: 260: 254: 250: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 203: 195: 189: 184: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 135: 132: 124: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: – 81: 77: 76:Find sources: 70: 66: 60: 59: 54:This article 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 5707:Capital ship 5692:Arsenal ship 5665: 5531:Crane vessel 5526:Command ship 5465:Mine planter 5443:Mine warfare 5409:Missile boat 5376:Torpedo boat 5336:Motor launch 5299:Patrol craft 5204:Radar picket 5010:Supercarrier 4757:World War II 4693:Pillenwerfer 4678:Mark 24 mine 4653:Depth charge 4626: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4594: 4586:World War II 4575: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4504: 4496: 4313:World War II 4241: 4231:Convoy ONS 5 4221:Convoy PQ 17 4198: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3960:Erich Raeder 3872:U-boat lists 3860: 3852: 3819: 3760: 3746: 3740: 3726: 3719: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3676: 3662: 3648: 3642: 3628: 3614: 3608: 3583: 3564: 3542: 3523: 3504: 3482: 3454: 3435: 3416: 3410:(in German). 3407: 3388: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342:Brandtaucher 3341: 3339: 3332:. Retrieved 3317: 3297: 3278: 3259: 3240: 3228:. Retrieved 3217: 3194: 3173: 3161:. Retrieved 3152: 3140: 3135:, p. 8. 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2947: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819:. Retrieved 2815: 2806: 2794: 2750: 2717: 2690: 2663: 2636: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2418:, p. 7. 2411: 2399: 2394:, p. 6. 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2296: 2285: 2277: 2269: 2255: 2246: 2212:Bold (decoy) 2155:, a Type 212 2152: 2148: 2133: 2125:Type U 209PN 2095: 2066: 2041:Israeli Navy 2026: 2021: 2012:The initial 2011: 1982:Bundesmarine 1974:Bundesmarine 1969: 1956: 1952: 1936: 1929:" and early 1917: 1910: 1851: 1843: 1829: 1806: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1787:, including 1760:("Milk Cow") 1669: 1662: 1643:Elektroboote 1637:Elektroboote 1618: 1592: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1504: 1483: 1479:Indian Ocean 1472: 1456: 1452:Afrika Korps 1433: 1414: 1391: 1306: 1289: 1273: 1269:saddle tanks 1258: 1247:Developments 1238: 1230: 1212: 1192: 1170:Kriegsmarine 1163: 1142:Kriegsmarine 1135:Reichsmarine 1128: 1121: 1114: 1096:Erich Raeder 1087:Reichsmarine 1063: 1052: 1025:to only six 1012: 1009:Construction 1000:shipyard in 993: 786: 774: 762: 754: 748: 645: 638: 631: 625: 620: 613: 606: 599: 590: 580: 573: 558: 551: 544: 534: 530:22 September 524: 521:was sunk by 517: 510: 477: 471: 460: 452: 446: 434: 417: 407: 401: 381: 366: 354: 351:Nordenfelt I 350: 347:Brandtaucher 346: 319:Brandtaucher 317: 315: 309: 259:Kriegsmarine 249:World War II 246: 224:, trying to 215: 202:Unterseeboot 161: 160: 150: 142: 127: 118: 108: 101: 94: 87: 75: 63:Please help 58:verification 55: 18:Unterseeboot 5742:Mother ship 5581:Repair ship 5480:Minesweeper 5356:Patrol boat 5311:Armed yacht 5033:Dreadnought 5020:Battleships 4847:Naval ships 4673:Leigh light 4658:Elektroboot 4488:World War I 4262:World War I 4216:Convoy SC 7 4150:Steinbrinck 3965:Karl Dönitz 3219:Aftenposten 3025:Middlebrook 2989:Middlebrook 2264:Video games 2117:South Korea 2085:in dock at 2083:German Navy 2003:naval mines 1965:German Navy 1923:Alan Turing 1878:Leigh Light 1874:Enigma code 1772:Elektroboot 1739:), and the 1627:Elektroboot 1544:) and LUT ( 1475:Arabian Sea 1405:U-boat pens 1280:G7e torpedo 1276:G7a torpedo 1263:instead of 1165:Karl Dönitz 1092:Hans Zenker 1047:Netherlands 1037:and twelve 1027:battleships 962:Type UC III 936:Type UB III 686:Submarines 564:Grand Fleet 484:in Munich. 396:battleships 253:Karl Dönitz 230:World War I 5790:Categories 5768:Ship types 5727:Guard ship 5601:Submarines 5536:Depot ship 5470:Minehunter 4641:Technology 4611:Courageous 4521:Formidable 4505:Cornwallis 4136:Schlieffen 4087:Pfadfinder 4066:Kreuzotter 4003:Delphin II 3928:Commanders 3859:Operation 3853:Regenbogen 3851:Operation 3187:References 3109:Blair Vol2 3085:Blair Vol2 3061:Blair Vol2 2821:4 February 2503:Clodfelter 2206:Technology 2105:fuel cells 2069:Klasse 210 1995:Baltic Sea 1779:Type XXIII 1702:Schnorchel 1696:Schnorchel 1686:Schnorchel 1676:Schnorchel 1670:Schnorchel 1663:After the 1632:Type XXIII 1613:Type XVIIA 1605:propellant 1382:Operations 1035:destroyers 976:Type UE II 958:Type UC II 932:Type UB II 914:Type U 151 910:Type U 142 906:Type U 139 728:Accidents 518:Pathfinder 501:Operations 392:Royal Navy 359:Nordenfelt 222:world wars 178:anglicized 91:newspapers 36:Das U-Boot 5475:Minelayer 5290:Troopship 5218:Transport 5184:Escorteur 5164:Destroyer 4905:Broadside 4873:auxiliary 4868:submarine 4688:Mousetrap 4627:Royal Oak 4625:HMS 4617:HMS 4609:HMS 4601:HMS 4595:Ark Royal 4593:HMS 4574:HMS 4558:HMS 4542:HMS 4519:HMS 4503:HMS 4497:Britannia 4495:HMS 4236:Black May 4164:Streitaxt 4157:Siegfried 4024:Eisteufel 3975:Wolfpacks 3861:Deadlight 2799:Churchill 2476:King-Hall 2305:Citations 2144:Singapore 2062:Argentina 2027:With the 1999:amagnetic 1963:, of the 1931:computers 1905:Trondheim 1895:Captured 1832:arms race 1656:Schnorkel 1515:deck guns 1509:, though 1491:Loch Ryan 1487:Lisahally 1427:" or the 1328:periscope 1241:North Sea 1033:, twelve 1004:, Finland 994:Vetehinen 972:Type UE I 954:Type UC I 928:Type UB I 918:Type UD 1 892:Type U 66 888:Type U 63 884:Type U 57 880:Type U 51 876:Type U 43 872:Type U 31 868:Type U 27 864:Type U 23 860:Type U 19 850:Type U 17 846:Type U 16 842:Type U 13 718:Aircraft 632:Hesperian 607:Lusitania 586:blockades 557:HMS 550:HMS 543:HMS 538:sank the 516:HMS 294:Black May 207:submarine 5717:Flagship 5450:Danlayer 5321:Corvette 5199:Kaibōkan 5068:Cruisers 4960:CAM ship 4915:Casemate 4851:warships 4782:Valentin 4778:Germany 4722:Concepts 4668:Hedgehog 4544:Majestic 4536:Peresvet 4289:Flanders 4242:Bismarck 4185:Weddigen 4178:Vorwärts 4122:Rossbach 4108:Raubgraf 4045:Hartmann 3615:Das Boot 3563:(2005). 3503:(1976). 2755:Paterson 2256:Das Boot 2248:Das Boot 2161:See also 2140:Type 218 2138:and the 2136:Type 216 2129:Portugal 2127:sold to 2109:Type 214 2102:hydrogen 2098:Type 212 2060:sold to 2054:Type 800 2049:Type 209 2045:Type 540 2037:Type 206 2033:Type 207 2018:Type 205 2014:Type 201 1897:Type VII 1866:Hedgehog 1767:Type XXI 1757:Milchkuh 1752:Type XIV 1727:Type VII 1634:coastal 1622:Type XXI 1519:magnetic 1466:and the 1449:Rommel's 1411:, France 1372:engines. 1317:officers 1265:riveting 1059:Type VII 1031:cruisers 838:Type U 9 834:Type U 5 830:Type U 3 826:Type U 2 822:Type U 1 778:scuttled 738:Unknown 644:SM 637:SS 619:SS 612:SM 598:SM 579:SS 572:SM 523:SM 463:gasoline 433:SM 429:kerosene 400:SM 371:, which 343:Dredging 332:engineer 328:Inventor 288:and the 220:in both 80:"U-boat" 5796:U-boats 5761:Related 5737:Monitor 5671:Wet sub 5516:Collier 5434:Shin'yō 5429:PT boat 5326:Gunboat 5189:Frigate 4920:Turrets 4799:Dora II 4767:Lorient 4763:France 4713:Snorkel 4576:Triumph 4568:Suffren 4560:Russell 4528:Gaulois 4320:Regions 4294:Kurland 4171:Tümmler 4143:Seewolf 4073:Leuthen 4059:Kiebitz 4031:Endrass 4010:Dränger 3989:Blücher 3917:Classes 3820:U-boats 3334:14 July 3230:9 March 3163:9 March 2977:Haskell 2515:Fischer 2428:Showell 2404:Showell 2377:Showell 2365:Showell 2353:Chaffin 2341:Showell 2058:TR-1700 1901:Type IX 1868:" and " 1808:Seehund 1733:Type IX 1721:Type II 1709:Classes 1574:Fanfare 1507:torpedo 1336:ballast 1261:welding 1187:Type IX 1069:Type II 1064:Vesikko 944:Type UG 940:Type UF 811:Classes 766:Harwich 697:Q-ships 626:SM U-20 545:Aboukir 426:Körting 368:Forelle 274:tactics 238:convoys 162:U-boats 105:scholar 5666:U-boat 5394:E-boat 5361:Q-ship 5147:Escort 4794:Dora I 4789:Norway 4698:Q-ship 4603:Barham 4513:Danton 4129:Schill 4115:Rösing 4017:Eisbär 3996:Borkum 3880:German 3769: 3753: 3733: 3711: 3683: 3669: 3655: 3635: 3590: 3571: 3549: 3530: 3511: 3505:Convoy 3489: 3461: 3442: 3423: 3395: 3376: 3325: 3304: 3285: 3266: 3247: 3201: 3133:Breyer 3097:Breyer 3001:Dönitz 2960: 2932:Rohwer 2770:Gannon 2722:Bekker 2695:Bekker 2527:Humble 2194:People 2187:I-boat 2121:Turkey 2119:, and 2113:Greece 2029:Danish 1991:Soviet 1927:Bombes 1805:, and 1746:Type X 1715:Type I 1689:, the 1571:, and 1445:Arctic 1440:Enigma 1233:Plan Z 1158:Type I 1073:Saukko 1029:, six 676:Mines 639:Sussex 621:Arabic 594:Kaiser 581:Glitra 555:, and 552:Cressy 183:U-Boot 107: 100: 93: 86: 78: 5209:Sloop 5154:Aviso 4749:Bases 4708:Sonar 4619:Eagle 4244:chase 4101:Prien 4094:Pfeil 4052:Hecht 3885:Types 3013:Blair 2920:Mason 2908:Blair 2896:Mason 2884:Mason 2872:Mason 2860:Blair 2787:Blair 2743:Blair 2710:Blair 2683:Blair 2668:Mason 2656:Blair 2641:Blair 2614:Blair 2599:Blair 2575:Blair 2563:Blair 2551:Blair 2488:Blair 2464:Blair 2452:Blair 2440:Blair 2416:Blair 2392:Blair 2329:Blair 2317:Blair 2297:Uboat 1937:U-559 1918:U-110 1836:Sonar 1802:Molch 1790:Biber 1560:Foxer 1511:mines 1436:break 1115:U-534 1002:Turku 749:Total 646:UB-29 628:sank 617:sank 603:sank 559:Hogue 467:steam 373:Krupp 170:First 164:were 151:U-995 112:JSTOR 98:books 5639:DSRV 5424:MTSM 4849:and 4481:sunk 4299:Pola 4199:Wolf 4192:West 4080:Lohs 3767:ISBN 3751:ISBN 3731:ISBN 3709:ISBN 3681:ISBN 3667:ISBN 3653:ISBN 3633:ISBN 3588:ISBN 3569:ISBN 3547:ISBN 3528:ISBN 3509:ISBN 3487:ISBN 3459:ISBN 3440:ISBN 3421:ISBN 3393:ISBN 3374:ISBN 3336:2016 3323:ISBN 3302:ISBN 3283:ISBN 3264:ISBN 3245:ISBN 3232:2019 3224:Oslo 3199:ISBN 3165:2019 2958:ISBN 2823:2019 2153:U-36 2151:the 2091:Kiel 2005:and 1957:U-17 1955:and 1953:U-15 1899:and 1870:FIDO 1845:Bold 1653:The 1595:V-80 1513:and 1477:and 1319:and 1013:The 787:The 630:RMS 614:U-24 605:RMS 600:U-20 574:U-17 525:U-21 472:U-19 447:U-14 408:Karp 353:and 330:and 324:Kiel 172:and 84:news 5419:MTM 5414:MTB 5404:MGB 5399:MAS 4465:33. 4460:32. 4455:31. 4450:30. 4445:29. 4440:27. 4435:26. 4430:25. 4425:24. 4420:23. 4415:22. 4410:21. 4405:20. 4400:19. 4395:18. 4390:14. 4385:13. 4380:12. 4375:11. 4370:10. 4279:III 4038:Hai 3940:FdU 3935:BdU 2954:310 2087:HDW 2022:U-1 1796:Hai 1569:CAT 1565:FXR 1540:or 1407:in 1129:U-1 1077:Gür 755:178 535:U-9 478:U-1 476:SM 435:U-2 418:U-1 402:U-1 310:U-1 247:In 67:by 34:or 5792:: 4365:9. 4360:8. 4355:7. 4350:6. 4345:5. 4340:4. 4335:3. 4330:2. 4325:1. 4284:IV 4274:II 3765:, 3749:, 3679:, 3338:. 2956:. 2814:. 2777:^ 2762:^ 2729:^ 2702:^ 2675:^ 2648:^ 2621:^ 2606:^ 2495:^ 2384:^ 2157:. 2146:. 2131:. 2115:, 2064:. 2024:. 2009:. 1959:, 1860:, 1799:, 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