57:
467:
634:
31:
558:
344:
585:
openings). There is a curtain of skin between the nostrils, formed from the fusion of the anterior nasal flaps, that reaches the mouth. There are varying numbers of papillae (nipple-like structures) on the floor of the mouth and sometimes also on the outside of the lower jaw. The teeth in both jaws
731:
lasts 10–12 months and the litter size is small, no more than one or two in some cases. The small litter is likely due to the relatively large size of stingaree pups, which measure around half the maximum size at birth.
625:). Stingarees are generally shades of yellow, green, brown or gray above and pale below; some species are plain, while others are adorned with spots, rings, blotches, lines, or more complex patterns.
800:
Müller, J. & F.G.J. Henle (1837). "Gattungen der
Haifische und Rochen nach einer von ihm mit Hrn. Henle unternommenen gemeinschaftlichen Arbeit über die Naturgeschichte der Knorpelfische".
324:
stinging spines on their tail for defense, with which they can inflict a painful wound on humans. Generally, stingarees have no economic value. Some species form a substantial component of the
834:
McEachran, J.D.; K.A. Dunn & T. Miyake (1996). "Interrelationships of the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". In
Stiassny, M.L.J.; L.R. Parenti & G.D. Johnson (eds.).
577:
in shape. The snout is usually short and does not protrude much from the disc. The eyes are placed atop the disc and usually fairly large; immediately posterior are teardrop-shaped
672:. Studies have shown that stingarees that overlap in range differ in their diet composition, which likely serves to reduce competition. For example, off southwestern Australia the
784:. Stingarees caught from shallow water likely have relatively high chances of survival, but of concern is their tendency to abort any gestating young when captured and handled.
1002:
Platell, M.E.; I.C. Potter & K.R. Clarke (1998). "Resource partitioning by four species of elasmobranchs (Batoidea: Urolophidae) in coastal waters of temperate
Australia".
1452:
541:. Some are extremely common; one study in the coastal waters of southwestern Australia found that the four most abundant stingaree species constituted over 17% of the
1447:
1321:
605:
are found on males. The tail is shorter than to about equal to the disc, either flattened or thickly oval in cross-section, and ends in a leaf-shaped, symmetrical
1347:
1295:
1334:
843:
609:. One or two relatively large, serrated stinging spines are placed atop the tail about halfway along its length. Some species have a small
723:, and later by histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother and likely delivered through specialized extensions of the uterine
1088:
983:
943:
868:
1409:
884:
McEachran, J.D. & N. Aschliman (2004). "Phylogeny of
Batoidea". In Carrier, J.C.; J.A. Musick & M.R. Heithaus (eds.).
1339:
645:
Stingarees are slow swimmers that can often be found lying still on the bottom, sometimes partly or completely buried in
681:
360:
167:
1256:
1243:
375:
and also made the first reference to the urolophids as a group. The family has traditionally also included the genera
56:
974:
Last, P.R. & L.J.V. Compagno (1999). "Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae". In
Carpenter, K.E. & V.H. Niem (eds.).
740:
Though generally innocuous towards humans, when disturbed stingarees can inflict a painful wound with their stout,
689:
1352:
569:
Stingarees are modestly sized, ranging from 30 to 80 cm (12 to 31 in) long. They have greatly enlarged
1048:
White, W.T. & I.C. Potter (2005). "Reproductive biology, size and age compositions and growth of the batoid
613:
immediately before the spine, and/or lateral skin folds running along either side of the tail. All species lack
356:
163:
1183:
578:
273:. Measuring between 15 and 80 cm (5.9 and 31.5 in) long, these rays have oval to diamond-shaped
976:
FAO identification guide for fishery purposes: The living marine resources of the
Western Central Pacific
1442:
1373:
1029:
Fowler, H.W. (1941). "Contributions to the biology of the
Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions".
618:
431:
301:
1391:
1261:
1437:
1414:
1282:
1230:
515:
415:
320:
lasts around a year and litter sizes tend to be small. Stingarees have one or two relatively large,
757:
582:
38:
148:
1167:
1128:
777:
51:
1378:
1360:
1269:
1084:
979:
939:
864:
839:
749:
538:
503:
270:
269:
fish that have been recorded from shallow waters close to shore to deep waters over the upper
1401:
1326:
1221:
285:
and lateral skin folds. Most are smooth-skinned, and some have ornate dorsal color patterns.
1365:
1162:
1123:
1061:
1011:
728:
673:
418:, John McEachran and Neil Aschliman determined in a 2004 study that the urolophids formed a
317:
214:
780:. They are generally discarded due to their small size, though some may be processed into
727:
called "trophonemata". For those species whose life histories have been investigated, the
697:
665:
637:
One of the most common stingarees off southern
Australia, the sparsely-spotted stingaree (
614:
423:
222:
128:
507:
455:
443:
108:
98:
466:
1431:
1153:
1144:
1114:
1105:
586:
are small, with rhomboid bases and blunt to pointed crowns; they are arranged with a
439:
388:
387:; John McEachran, Katherine Dunn, and Tsutomu Miyake moved them to their own family,
250:
1235:
1248:
902:
Séret, B. & P.R. Last (2003). "Description of four new stingarees of the genus
773:
657:
633:
570:
519:
479:
411:
395:
316:
and later by maternally produced histotroph ("uterine milk"). As far is known, the
293:
274:
266:
258:
254:
191:
30:
1274:
1308:
1215:
978:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 1469–1476.
565:), which has a rounded disc and no dorsal fin or lateral skin folds on its tail.
447:
184:
557:
343:
724:
708:
661:
610:
606:
598:
407:
403:
282:
278:
1206:
669:
654:
591:
530:
499:
483:
297:
289:
262:
241:
198:
68:
573:
fused to the head, forming a disc that may be nearly circular, to oval, to
1015:
1200:
781:
765:
650:
646:
587:
574:
495:
384:
246:
235:
218:
138:
118:
88:
402:
769:
602:
546:
542:
526:
523:
332:
325:
590:
pattern and number less than 50 rows in either jaw. The five pairs of
537:, to a depth of 420 m (1,380 ft) well offshore on the upper
1313:
744:
stings. Species differ in temperament; the sparse-spotted stingaree (
716:
712:
309:
305:
78:
1300:
1177:
1065:
938:(second ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 398–428.
1386:
741:
632:
556:
465:
435:
419:
399:
342:
329:
321:
906:(Batoidea: Urolophidae) from the Coral Sea, south-west Pacific".
454:
in the family
Urolophidae, and classifying the family within the
1052:, including comparisons with other species of the Urolophidae".
720:
313:
1181:
277:
discs and relatively short tails that terminate in leaf-shaped
534:
1287:
249:, which are presently recognized as forming their own family
688:) feed mostly on different types of polychaetes, while the
1143:
Trinnie, F.I.; White, W.T. & Walker, T.I. (2006).
1190:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
438:containing all other myliobatiform families except
398:analyses have confirmed the urolophids and related
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
704:) feed mostly on different types of crustaceans.
897:
895:
997:
995:
863:(fourth ed.). John Wiley. pp. 69–82.
1031:Bulletin of the United States National Museum
802:Bericht Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
707:Like other myliobatiforms, stingarees have a
8:
1168:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60102A12300571.en
1129:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60085A12236256.en
498:. A number of species are also found in the
351:), one of several newly described urolophids
821:Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen
819:Müller, J. & F.G.J. Henle (1838–1841).
768:. Some species of stingarees are regularly
369:Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen
367:in 1837; in their subsequent 1838–41
233:. This family formerly included the genera
1453:Taxa named by Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
1178:
522:rays that can be found from very shallow,
29:
20:
1166:
1127:
748:) is reportedly more aggressive, and the
594:are short and located beneath the disc.
823:. Veit und Comp. p. 173–174.
792:
764:) raises its tail over its disc like a
934:Last, P.R. & J.D. Stevens (2009).
886:Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives
474:) prefers rocky or seagrass habitats.
458:Urolophoidea within Myliobatiformes.
312:, and are sustained to term first by
7:
1392:735C87F1-8A69-FF91-9BF6-FDC15B078B1F
1104:Kyne, P.M. & Last, P.R. (2006).
1448:Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller
1154:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1115:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1081:Reef Sharks & Rays of the World
838:. Academic Press. pp. 63–84.
711:mode of reproduction in which the
561:The eastern shovelnose stingaree (
14:
756:) less so. When threatened, the
601:are small with rounded margins;
55:
1083:. Sea Challengers. p. 91.
288:Stingarees feed on or near the
1054:Marine and Freshwater Research
668:, and also occasionally small
641:) feeds mainly on crustaceans.
253:. Stingarees are found in the
16:Family of cartilaginous fishes
1:
888:. CRC Press. pp. 79–114.
371:, the pair created the genus
936:Sharks and Rays of Australia
836:Interrelationships of Fishes
682:western shovelnose stingaree
308:emerge from eggs inside the
719:and are nourished first by
1469:
690:sparsely-spotted stingaree
450:. They proposed including
281:, and may also have small
257:region, with the greatest
430:), and that the two were
180:
175:
52:Scientific classification
50:
37:
28:
23:
1147:Urolophus paucimaculatus
1050:Urolophus paucimaculatus
462:Distribution and habitat
416:morphological characters
470:The striped stingaree (
1079:Michael, S.W. (1993).
642:
566:
475:
355:The German biologists
352:
347:The Kapala stingaree (
339:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1374:Paleobiology Database
1161:: e.T60102A12300571.
1122:: e.T60085A12236256.
1108:Trygonoptera testacea
1016:10.1007/s002270050363
859:Nelson, J.S. (2006).
653:of small benthic and
636:
619:New Ireland stingaree
560:
469:
346:
302:aplacental viviparous
265:. They are sluggish,
778:commercial fisheries
516:northwestern Pacific
225:, commonly known as
861:Fishes of the World
770:caught incidentally
758:crossback stingaree
629:Biology and ecology
428:Plesiobatis daviesi
43:Urolophus cruciatus
39:Crossback stingaree
736:Human interactions
643:
567:
482:for stingarees is
476:
363:created the genus
353:
292:, consuming small
1425:
1424:
1361:Open Tree of Life
1184:Taxon identifiers
845:978-0-12-670950-6
750:spotted stingaree
746:U. paucimaculatus
715:hatch within the
694:U. paucimaculatus
639:U. paucimaculatus
539:continental shelf
518:. Stingarees are
504:Malay Archipelago
490:and 15 of the 22
296:and occasionally
271:continental slope
207:
206:
171:
1460:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1329:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1264:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1019:
999:
990:
989:
971:
950:
949:
931:
916:
915:
899:
890:
889:
881:
875:
874:
856:
850:
849:
831:
825:
824:
816:
810:
809:
797:
729:gestation period
674:masked stingaree
666:polychaete worms
617:(except for the
615:dermal denticles
318:gestation period
304:, meaning their
162:
60:
59:
33:
21:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1186:
1176:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1066:10.1071/mf04225
1047:
1046:
1042:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
973:
972:
953:
946:
933:
932:
919:
901:
900:
893:
883:
882:
878:
871:
858:
857:
853:
846:
833:
832:
828:
818:
817:
813:
799:
798:
794:
790:
738:
698:lobed stingaree
631:
555:
520:bottom-dwelling
506:, and one (the
502:, a few in the
464:
424:giant stingaree
357:Johannes Müller
341:
267:bottom-dwelling
231:round stingrays
223:Myliobatiformes
161:
129:Myliobatiformes
54:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1406:
1396:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1344:
1331:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1279:
1266:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1212:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1135:
1096:
1089:
1071:
1060:(1): 101–110.
1040:
1021:
1004:Marine Biology
991:
984:
951:
944:
917:
891:
876:
869:
851:
844:
826:
811:
791:
789:
786:
737:
734:
630:
627:
554:
551:
512:U. aurantiacus
508:sepia stingray
486:, where all 6
478:The center of
463:
460:
444:Hexatrygonidae
340:
337:
328:of commercial
205:
204:
203:
202:
195:
188:
178:
177:
173:
172:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
109:Elasmobranchii
106:
102:
101:
99:Chondrichthyes
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1465:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1090:0-930118-18-9
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
992:
987:
985:92-5-104302-7
981:
977:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
947:
945:0-674-03411-2
941:
937:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:(4): 307–320.
913:
909:
905:
898:
896:
892:
887:
880:
877:
872:
870:0-471-25031-7
866:
862:
855:
852:
847:
841:
837:
830:
827:
822:
815:
812:
807:
803:
796:
793:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
774:bottom trawls
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:invertebrates
656:
652:
648:
640:
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:pectoral fins
564:
559:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
468:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:Platyrhinidae
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
389:Urotrygonidae
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
349:U. kapalensis
345:
338:
336:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:invertebrates
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Urotrygonidae
248:
244:
243:
238:
237:
232:
228:
224:
221:in the order
220:
216:
212:
201:
200:
196:
194:
193:
189:
187:
186:
182:
181:
179:
174:
169:
165:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
145:Superfamily:
144:
143:
140:
139:Myliobatoidei
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
46:
44:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1443:Ray families
1191:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1080:
1074:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1037:(13): 1–879.
1034:
1030:
1024:
1007:
1003:
975:
935:
911:
907:
903:
885:
879:
860:
854:
835:
829:
820:
814:
805:
801:
795:
762:U. cruciatus
761:
753:
745:
739:
706:
701:
693:
685:
678:T. personata
677:
644:
638:
622:
596:
568:
562:
511:
494:species are
491:
488:Trygonoptera
487:
480:biodiversity
477:
471:
451:
427:
408:guitarfishes
396:phylogenetic
393:
380:
376:
373:Trygonoptera
372:
368:
364:
354:
348:
287:
275:pectoral fin
255:Indo-Pacific
240:
234:
230:
226:
210:
208:
197:
192:Trygonoptera
190:
183:
164:J. P. Müller
158:
149:Urolophoidea
115:Superorder:
42:
24:Urolophidae
18:
1438:Urolophidae
1309:iNaturalist
1249:Urolophidae
1236:Urolophidae
1222:Urolophidae
1216:Wikispecies
1192:Urolophidae
1010:: 719–734.
670:bony fishes
662:crustaceans
649:. They are
599:pelvic fins
583:respiratory
581:(auxiliary
553:Description
456:superfamily
452:Plesiobatis
448:Zanobatidae
414:. Based on
391:, in 1996.
361:Jakob Henle
300:. They are
298:bony fishes
283:dorsal fins
279:caudal fins
211:Urolophidae
185:Spinilophus
159:Urolophidae
1432:Categories
808:: 111–118.
788:References
725:epithelium
709:viviparous
702:U. lobatus
623:U. armatus
611:dorsal fin
607:caudal fin
592:gill slits
563:T. imitata
404:Rajiformes
227:stingarees
135:Suborder:
105:Subclass:
904:Urolophus
686:T. mucosa
655:burrowing
651:predators
579:spiracles
531:estuaries
514:) in the
500:Coral Sea
492:Urolophus
484:Australia
472:T. ovalis
422:with the
406:with the
381:Urotrygon
365:Urolophus
333:fisheries
290:sea floor
263:Australia
259:diversity
242:Urotrygon
199:Urolophus
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1201:Wikidata
782:fishmeal
766:scorpion
754:U. gigas
742:venomous
660:such as
647:sediment
603:claspers
588:quincunx
575:rhomboid
549:fishes.
529:such as
527:habitats
385:Americas
377:Urobatis
322:venomous
247:Americas
236:Urobatis
155:Family:
119:Batoidea
89:Chordata
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
1402:4780388
1207:Q180258
713:embryos
547:benthic
543:biomass
524:inshore
496:endemic
394:Recent
383:of the
326:bycatch
306:embryos
245:of the
176:Genera
125:Order:
95:Class:
1415:148830
1399:uBio:
1379:154023
1366:819007
1340:161002
1327:114918
1087:
982:
942:
908:Cybium
867:
842:
717:uterus
696:) and
680:) and
446:, and
412:skates
310:uterus
215:family
213:are a
170:, 1841
166:&
1410:WoRMS
1387:Plazi
1353:40662
1322:IRMNG
1314:49200
436:clade
434:to a
432:basal
420:clade
330:trawl
168:Henle
1348:NCBI
1335:ITIS
1301:2190
1296:GBIF
1288:8887
1257:BOLD
1159:2006
1120:2006
1085:ISBN
980:ISBN
940:ISBN
865:ISBN
840:ISBN
806:1837
721:yolk
664:and
597:The
535:bays
533:and
410:and
400:taxa
379:and
359:and
314:yolk
261:off
239:and
219:rays
209:The
1283:EoL
1275:HQ9
1270:CoL
1262:945
1244:AFD
1231:ADW
1163:doi
1124:doi
1062:doi
1035:100
1012:doi
1008:131
776:by
772:in
545:of
229:or
217:of
1434::
1412::
1389::
1376::
1363::
1350::
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1246::
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1218::
1203::
1157:.
1151:.
1118:.
1112:.
1058:56
1056:.
1033:.
1006:.
994:^
954:^
920:^
912:27
910:.
894:^
804:.
621:,
510:,
442:,
335:.
1171:.
1165::
1149:"
1145:"
1132:.
1126::
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1106:"
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1014::
988:.
948:.
873:.
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760:(
752:(
700:(
692:(
684:(
676:(
426:(
45:)
41:(
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