102:
661:
other hand, the petalonamos are immobile, they do not seem to be a colony and could rather be closer to the proarticulated ones due to their simple and flat shape, because of their segmentation and because of the lack of a mouth, anus and tentacles, in addition, instead of a axis there is usually a middle suture that can be zigzagging if the segments are alternate. An analysis of the growth and development of
Charnia fossils through laser imaging of the holotype reveals that it cannot be related to modern cnidarians such as sea feathers, with which it has been compared for so long, because they have opposite growth polarities.
723:. However, other anatomical features of the proarticulates, mainly the absence of truly complete segmentation, articulated limbs, and any other lateral processes, do not agree with this interpretation. The body of the proarticulates consisted of two rows of identical 'semi-segments' (the isomers), right and left, located along their longitudinal axis, which does not correspond to the articulated ones. This type of symmetry is not typical in animals; instead, it has been observed in other vendobionts, protists, multicellular colonies and frequently in plants.
1501:
696:
124:
1663:
374:
1658:
665:
330:
648:
This could mean that
Ediacaran organisms, despite not having hard parts, had stiffer or firmer bodies than many modern cnidarians of comparable size. Many Ediacaran fossils have no counterpart among existing forms. The structural simplicity of the impressions of existing Ediacaran and cnidarians suggests that their mutual similarities may be due to
455:
514:) appeared 555 Ma ago and had more environmental restrictions, being found in tropical seas. The White Sea association (560–550 Ma, Russia and Australia), showed a great variety of new fossil footprints and the greatest diversity occurs in rocks that were deposited in well-lit and energetically active shallow waters.
521:), where a decrease in biodiversity is observed, as a preamble to the massive extinction of the Ediacaran biota. Before the end of the Ediacaran period, proarticulates and trilobozoans would have already become extinct; and the last vendobionts disappear with the arrival of the animals of the Cambrian explosion.
367:, inhabiting the seabed, from shallow to deep subtidal environments. Even medusoids, which were thought to be swimmers, were actually later concluded to be like polyps or benthic discs anchored to the seabed, or semi-buried endobentonics. This habitat influenced the popular name of "The garden of Ediacara".
726:
In general, Vendobionta is being defined as a group apart from animals, with no proven common origin. However, those in favor of considering them animals, see in the discovery of trails left by some proarticulates that would have locomotion, a decisive argument of the relationship with the metazoans.
682:
There are morphological differences between the jellyfish and their globose and gelatinous shape, compared to the flat, discoid medusoids, with relief that is greater on the dorsal side and firmer due to the indications that would reveal the existence of a rigid wall surrounding the body . It can be
593:
It has also been suggested that the
Ediacaran biota could be formed by colonial organisms, as an intermediate degree between protists and animals. However, the morphological complexity and the absence of layers of stromatolites or other microbial structures, in addition to indications that they were
585:
that have developed large size, reaching 20 cm. They could therefore have been unicellular organisms that developed macroscopic size thanks to the absence of predators, since all the groups have a size that ranges from a few millimeters to exceeding a meter in length, favored by the increase in
660:
There are important morphological differences. The current sea feathers are actually a colony of polyps, they grow from a polyp that after losing its tentacles becomes the axis of the colony and from which the other tentaculated polyps grow, they are also quite capable of certain movements . On the
647:
Recent sea feathers have produced fossil impressions that are more misshapen and irregular than
Proterozoic fossils. While in medusoids, concentric rings and radial grooves are more numerous in Proterozoic fossils, as strongly folded or deformed fossils are rare compared to modern jellyfish prints.
420:
do. The presence of numerous streaks, folds or segments considerably increases the total surface area necessary for the osmotic absorption of nutrients. It was also proposed that they were photosynthetic organisms, however, they lived at different depths, even under 200 meters where light does
402:
grazed on a lawn of microorganisms (epifaunal grazing). This characteristic of
Proarticulata is the main argument to consider that vendobionts, if they were a clade, would be ascribed to the animal kingdom; although the development of its own nervous system would have been independent of the other
391:
Most lacked locomotion. The oldest groups did not have any capacity for movement, as evidenced by the complete lack of ash and sediment disturbance during fossilization. It is believed that there were no musculature or nervous system, given their simplicity, and many were sessile. However, it is
586:
oxygen; in such a way that the opportunity is opened to consider that they were not animals, fungi or plants, but an independent and extinct kingdom. However, structural studies of these fossils have so far revealed no traces of a shell, testa or carapace organic material (
350:
Relatively soft body, without hard parts such as armor or skeletons. In appearance, they have been compared to thin inflatable mattresses generally flat and filled with a liquid which has been called plasmodial fluid. Internally they could contain a single compartment (the
433:
They grow preserving their shape and maintain the same number of segments regardless of size, although the segments are subdivided more and more. It is believed that they did not have an embryonic stage. If so, they would be a different group from the other animals.
499:, well below the photic zone, at a depth of one kilometer, which rules out that they were algae or lichens. The Avalon biota achieve great distribution in all marine niches, worldwide: There was an abrupt appearance of macroscopic organisms in what was called the
355:) and externally they presented several types of folds or segments (parallel, radial, or concentric) in addition to, probably, some type of cell wall (such as plants or fungi) that offered resistance to contraction or compaction, thus promoting fossilization.
747:, lack of movement, indeterminate growth, osmotrophic feeding and resistance to taphonomic shrinkage (ease of fossilization given by the presence of a cell wall). However, there is no evidence of mycelial development, nor presence of sporangia or
687:; there is no mouth, no two-layered body wall enclosing a single cavity. This, and the evidence for a rigid outer wall, adds to recent doubts about the concept of an Ediacaran fauna that would have been dominated by soft-bodied coelenterates.
282:, who even doubts its relationship with the animal kingdom, or its multicellular nature — the group might have originated independently, and could be large unicellular forms. It has also been proposed that they could have been
421:
not reach for photosynthesis. Due to the absence of bite marks in the
Ediacaran fossils, it was concluded that the vendobionts were not predators nor were they exposed to them; which could then have made them easy victims of
411:
There is no definitive evidence of the presence of the mouth, anus or a digestive system, although internal structures have been identified. It is believed that the feeding could have been by osmosis, just as
1286:
Hagadorn, James W.; Bottjer, David J. (1997). "Wrinkle structures: Microbially mediated sedimentary structures common in subtidal siliciclastic settings at the
Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition".
534:, but are considered by others to be protists, fungi, terrestrial lichens, or an independent kingdom. Those who see here different unrelated groups, place the proarticulates in
639:(Ediacaran) medusoid circular impressions show general similarities in the arrangement and position of radial and concentric structures, as well as a central raised axis.
370:
The
Ediacarans' abundant preservation is surprising, despite having soft bodies; this nearly surely indicates the absence of burrowing creatures in their home sediments.
2321:
1073:
965:
342:
Within the description of this hypothetical group, characteristics have been proposed that could have been common in all the first groups of
Ediacaran organisms:
264:, with the introduction of fauna forming groups more recognizably related to modern animals. It is very likely that the whole Ediacaran biota is not a
479:
578 Ma (millions of years) ago and are considered the oldest complex life forms. The
Ediacaran biota is chronologically divided into three
1409:
Crimes, T.P.; Insole, A.; Williams, B.P.J. (June 1995). "A rigid-bodied Ediacaran biota from Upper Cambrian strata in Co. Wexford, Eire".
1591:
101:
507:. These same organisms – frondomorphs and medusoids – were the last to disappear during the extinction of all Vendobionts in the Cambrian.
1126:
901:
495:(578–560 Ma), and shows a postglacial, deep-water habitat. The Avalonian organisms are completely benthic, with a predominance of
1055:
1044:
781:
558:. Finally, given their antiquity, others consider it speculative to develop a phylogeny or to directly relate these organisms to
1253:
960:
831:
Martínez Chacón, María Luisa. Invertebrate paleontology (Report). Spain: Paleontology, Geological, and Mining Institute.
274:
This biological group is not widely recognized; credibility is limited by the expansive speculation needed to establish
123:
1662:
1584:
941:
275:
1307:
735:
It has been hypothesized that Ediacaran organisms such as frondomorphs or medusoids, could be related to fungi (
309:; or a group divergent from all current animals. The only current consensus is that they could not have been
1364:
1207:
1657:
1267:
Bergström, J. (1991). "Metazoan evolution around the Precambrian-Cambrian transition". In Simonetta, A.M.;
2264:
1135:
744:
287:
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1373:
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1030:
974:
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443:
2068:
1140:
1506:
1268:
1250:
Three-dimensional anatomy and microstructure of some simple "medusoids" from the Vendian of Siberia
620:
by some on the basis of morphological similarities, although differences have also been described.
1558:
1521:
1478:
1411:
1391:
868:
806:
504:
261:
202:
118:
776:
695:
530:
The classification is very controversial. As a unified group they have been placed primarily in
2117:
1172:
1622:
1550:
1450:
1321:
Norri, Richard D. (October 1989). "Cnidarian taphonomy and affinities of the Ediacara biota".
1153:
1102:
1051:
1040:
1002:
918:
748:
318:
295:
2302:
1171:
Dornbos, Stephen Q.; Clapham, Matthew E.; Fraiser, Margaret L.; la Flamme, Marc (2012).
2096:
1827:
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1303:
1230:
1145:
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992:
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910:
858:
798:
500:
488:
278:
between such ancient extinct groups. The hypothesis was formulated by the German geologist
2326:
2249:
961:"An ecological theory for the sudden origin of multicellular life in the Late Precambrian"
842:
772:
480:
373:
279:
245:
213:
163:
110:
683:
suggested that there is no evidence that medusoids share biological characteristics with
652:; however, possible phylogenetic affinities between them cannot be completely ruled out.
1466:
1424:
1377:
1336:
1299:
978:
937:
794:
1979:
1888:
1545:
1516:
1344:
1121:
1097:
1068:
896:
578:
310:
997:
590:), agglutinated or mineralized, the presence of which is implicit in this hypothesis.
2343:
2236:
2061:
1947:
1938:
1927:
1847:
1740:
1671:
1482:
1386:
1359:
1234:
810:
712:
684:
595:
546:
or as ctenophores, and the trilobozoa and medusoids are considered jellyfish without
538:
basally (this opinion is the most upheld among these alternative theories) or as pre-
511:
393:
378:
186:
59:
1395:
872:
317:, they are considered evolutionary enigmas, and probably an independent and extinct
2089:
2040:
2027:
1961:
1865:
1759:
1562:
664:
632:
582:
555:
492:
329:
265:
487:
The Avalon association is the oldest fossil bed. It is found in the cliffs of the
396:
and would have been slow and sliding; presumably, mobile representatives such as
248:. It is a hypothetical group and at the same time, it would be the oldest of the
2296:
2222:
2158:
2082:
2075:
2054:
2016:
2009:
1968:
1954:
1914:
1813:
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34:
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2002:
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1775:
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1201:
716:
705:
547:
539:
283:
244:
organisms that made up of the majority of the organisms that were part of the
192:
79:
44:
802:
777:"Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: Lost constructions of Precambrian evolution"
2215:
2207:
2193:
2137:
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1838:
1768:
1615:
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135:
84:
1554:
1157:
1149:
1106:
1006:
987:
922:
914:
2313:
1432:
847:"Ediacaran biota: The dawn of animal life in the shadow of giant protists"
2281:
2229:
1988:
1874:
1820:
1691:
1645:
1173:"Chapter 5: Lessons from the fossil record: The Ediacaran radiation"
895:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Waggoner, Ben; Hagadorn, James W. (1 February 2003).
720:
617:
599:
587:
574:
571:
551:
543:
531:
476:
422:
417:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
751:. For other Ediacaran fossils, a fungal model is clearly inappropriate.
2200:
2151:
1995:
1323:
1273:
The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa
863:
846:
518:
459:
364:
298:
241:
89:
64:
1535:
1221:
Zhuravlev, A.Y. (1993). "Were Ediacaran Vendobionta multicellulars?".
2103:
1854:
1806:
1782:
1451:"Trace fossils of precambrian metazoans "Vendobionta" and "Mollusks""
306:
291:
249:
145:
2258:
1178:. In Solan, Martin; Aspden, Rebecca J.; Paterson, David M. (eds.).
454:
736:
694:
663:
631:
shares basic structural characteristics with sea pens cnidarians (
453:
413:
302:
268:
252:
that populated the Earth about 580 million years ago, in the
237:
517:
The last Ediacaran association is that of Nama (550–541 Ma,
616:
All vendobionts, except proarticulates, have been classified in
16:
Group of extinct creatures that were part of the Ediacaran biota
2262:
1573:
1569:
1203:
The Ediacara biota and first mass extinction of metazoan life
1275:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–34.
1358:
Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Brasier, Martin D. (January 2008).
1308:
10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1047:WSMMSS>2.3.CO;2
1360:"Charnia at 50: Developmental models for Ediacaran fronds"
1036:
The Garden of Ediacara: Discovering the first complex life
1067:
Laflamme, Marc; Shuhai, Xiao; Kowalewski, Michał (2009).
715:
have been compared to modern articulated animals such as
271:
and not every genus placed in its subtaxa is an animal.
635:). Similarly, the extant jellyfish impressions and the
897:"A fungal analog for Newfoundland Ediacaran fossils?"
570:
It has been suggested that vendobionts may come from
392:
considered that the movement would have appeared in
2271:
2183:
2127:
2026:
1978:
1937:
1913:
1864:
1837:
1792:
1758:
1715:
1670:
1607:
260:). They became extinct shortly after the so-called
442:Vendozoan reproduction would apparently have been
446:. No sex organs or gonads have been recognized.
1074:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
966:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
767:
765:
763:
1515:Dunn, F.S.; Liu, A.G.; Donoghue, P.C. (2017).
789:(4). London, UK: Geological Society: 607–613.
608:; would indicate that they were not colonial.
1585:
1223:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
1206:(video). National Museum of Natural History.
1180:Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
577:or protists, and be, for example, similar to
8:
1444:
1442:
1025:
1023:
2259:
2032:
1919:
1798:
1676:
1592:
1578:
1570:
1069:"Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms"
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
743:), due to certain characteristics such as
236:) are a proposed very high-level, extinct
100:
20:
1544:
1534:
1385:
1139:
1096:
1086:
996:
986:
862:
542:, the petalonams with cnidarians such as
1122:"The Ediacaran biotas in space and time"
372:
328:
1182:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press
845:; Grazhdankin, D.; Legouta, A. (2003).
759:
471:The first to appear were frondomorphs (
7:
739:) or to some other fungal organism (
1127:Integrative and Comparative Biology
902:Integrative and Comparative Biology
503:, 37 million years before the
1345:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01439.x
363:All were marine and probably also
14:
1517:"Ediacaran developmental biology"
1120:Waggoner, Ben (1 February 2003).
782:Journal of the Geological Society
1661:
1656:
1499:
1387:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00738.x
122:
704:, a proarticulate of the group
1:
1254:Geological Society of America
1039:. Columbia University Press.
612:Comparison with coelenterates
1256:(abstract). Prog. 3034.
1210:. 2016 – via YouTube.
691:Comparison with articulates
656:Difference with Petalonamae
2366:
1235:10.1127/njgpa/190/1993/299
678:Differences with medusoids
276:phylogenetic relationships
2246:
2035:
1922:
1801:
1679:
1654:
1475:10.1134/S0869593813030039
942:UC Museum of Paleontology
208:
201:
176:
171:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
30:Ediacaran–Middle Cambrian
23:
1449:Ivantsov, A.Yu. (2013).
851:Paleontological Research
803:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0607
581:, which are unicellular
566:Comparison with protists
313:. In any case, like the
1248:Waggoner, B.M. (1998).
1208:Smithsonian Institution
1088:10.1073/pnas.0904836106
1455:Stratigr. Geol. Correl
988:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1486
959:Stanley, S.M. (1973).
709:
674:
510:The bilateralomorphs (
468:
383:
339:
109:Interpretation of the
1433:10.1002/gj.3350300202
731:Comparison with fungi
698:
667:
457:
376:
332:
1150:10.1093/icb/43.1.104
936:Smith, Dave (1999).
915:10.1093/icb/43.1.127
450:Age and distribution
1507:paleontology portal
1467:2013SGC....21..252I
1425:1995GeolJ..30...89C
1378:2008Palgy..51...11A
1337:1989Letha..22..381N
1300:1997Geo....25.1047H
1081:(34): 14438–14443.
979:1973PNAS...70.1486S
795:1992JGSoc.149..607S
1522:Biological Reviews
1412:Geological Journal
864:10.2517/prpsj.7.43
710:
675:
550:and classified in
505:Cambrian explosion
469:
384:
340:
338:, a proarticulate.
262:Cambrian explosion
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2265:Taxon identifiers
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2179:
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2175:
2174:
1909:
1908:
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1904:
1536:10.1111/brv.12379
1269:Conway Morris, S.
1031:McMenamin, M.A.S.
256:period (formerly
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2097:Primocandelabrum
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1229:(2–3): 299–314.
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973:(5): 1486–1489.
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745:multicellularity
501:Avalon explosion
489:Avalon Peninsula
382:, a trilobozoan.
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27:Temporal range:
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857:(1): S. 43–54.
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1948:Charniodiscus
1945:
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1925:
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2248:Part of the
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2199:
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2090:Pectinifrons
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2041:Avalofractus
2039:
2028:Rangeomorpha
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1967:
1962:Thaumaptilon
1960:
1953:
1946:
1926:
1894:
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1866:Sprigginidae
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1760:Vendiamorpha
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1629:
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1614:
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1520:
1458:
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1416:
1410:
1404:
1372:(1): 11–26.
1369:
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1328:
1322:
1316:
1294:(11): 1047.
1291:
1287:
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1226:
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1202:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1179:
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1125:
1115:
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1062:
1035:
1010:. Retrieved
970:
964:
954:
931:
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854:
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837:
826:
814:. Retrieved
786:
785:(abstract).
780:
734:
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711:
699:
681:
668:
659:
646:
633:Pennatulacea
627:
624:Similarities
615:
603:
592:
583:foraminifera
569:
556:Coelenterata
529:
497:rangeomorphs
493:Newfoundland
481:associations
470:
458:
441:
438:Reproduction
432:
410:
397:
390:
377:
369:
362:
349:
341:
333:
290:; perhaps a
273:
266:monophyletic
257:
233:
229:
225:
224:
158:
18:
2350:Vendobionta
2303:Vendobionta
2297:Wikispecies
2273:Vendobionta
2223:Rugoconites
2159:Paracharnia
2083:Pambikalbae
2076:Khatyspytia
2055:Fractofusus
2017:Swartpuntia
2010:Pteridinium
1969:Vaizitsinia
1955:Khatyspytia
1915:Petalonamae
1814:Cephalonega
1748:Windermeria
1734:Dickinsonia
1726:Chondroplon
1717:Dipleurozoa
1706:Podolimirus
1699:Ovatoscutum
1685:Armillifera
1631:Cyclomedusa
1601:Vendobionta
1186:18 December
946:UC Berkeley
940:. Vendian.
741:slime molds
670:Cyclomedusa
650:convergence
643:Differences
637:Proterozoic
629:Petalonamae
602:forms like
598:as seen in
588:sclerotized
548:cnidoblasts
473:Petalonamae
465:frondomorph
425:predators.
335:Dickinsonia
288:articulates
234:Vendobionta
226:Vendobionts
181:Petalonamae
159:Vendobionta
24:Vendobionta
2185:Trilobozoa
2166:Culmofrons
2145:Bomakellia
2129:Charniidae
2003:Phyllozoon
1794:Cephalozoa
1776:Paravendia
1639:Mawsonites
1461:(3): 252.
755:References
717:arthropods
706:Cephalozoa
540:arthropods
526:Systematic
315:acritarchs
284:cnidarians
230:Vendozoans
193:Trilobozoa
2216:Hallidaya
2208:Gehlingia
2194:Albumares
2138:Beothukis
2118:Vinlandia
2111:Trepassia
2048:Bradgatia
1896:Spriggina
1882:Marywadea
1839:Yorgiidae
1769:Karakhtia
1616:Aspidella
1608:Holdfasts
1483:128638405
1136:CiteSeerX
1033:(1998) .
811:128681462
701:Spriggina
605:Aspidella
536:Bilateria
477:medusoids
403:animals.
399:Spriggina
353:syncytium
346:Structure
254:Ediacaran
214:Seilacher
211:Vendozoa
164:Seilacher
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
2344:Category
2311:BioLib:
2288:Q2512784
2282:Wikidata
2230:Skinnera
1989:Ernietta
1875:Cyanorus
1821:Ivovicia
1692:Lossinia
1646:Medusina
1623:Brachina
1555:29105292
1396:83486435
1271:(eds.).
1158:21680415
1107:19706530
1007:16592084
923:21680417
873:85146476
775:(1992).
721:annelids
618:Cnidaria
575:protozoa
572:amoeboid
552:Cnidaria
544:sea pens
532:Animalia
423:Cambrian
418:bacteria
387:Mobility
325:Features
296:colonial
203:Synonyms
172:Subtaxa
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
2201:Anfesta
2152:Charnia
1996:Nasepia
1563:4706526
1546:5947158
1463:Bibcode
1421:Bibcode
1374:Bibcode
1333:Bibcode
1324:Lethaia
1296:Bibcode
1288:Geology
1098:2732876
1012:21 June
975:Bibcode
816:21 June
791:Bibcode
600:discoid
519:Namibia
460:Charnia
444:asexual
365:benthic
359:Habitat
319:kingdom
299:protist
258:Vendian
250:animals
242:benthic
216:(1989)
2314:427626
2104:Rangea
1855:Yorgia
1807:Andiva
1783:Vendia
1561:
1553:
1543:
1481:
1394:
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1105:
1095:
1054:
1043:
1005:
998:433525
995:
921:
871:
809:
429:Growth
307:lichen
292:fungus
166:(1992)
2322:IRMNG
1828:Tamga
1559:S2CID
1479:S2CID
1392:S2CID
1176:(PDF)
869:S2CID
807:S2CID
737:Fungi
414:fungi
305:, or
303:algae
286:, or
269:clade
238:clade
1551:PMID
1188:2022
1154:PMID
1103:PMID
1052:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1014:2007
1003:PMID
919:PMID
818:2007
463:, a
407:Diet
35:PreꞒ
2327:231
1541:PMC
1531:doi
1471:doi
1429:doi
1382:doi
1341:doi
1304:doi
1231:doi
1227:190
1146:doi
1093:PMC
1083:doi
1079:106
993:PMC
983:doi
911:doi
859:doi
799:doi
787:149
719:or
554:or
416:or
240:of
228:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
