1204:
367:: They have cracks that are open for at least 90 cumulative days per year. Globally, this suborder is the most extensive of the vertisols order, encompassing the vertisols of the tropics and monsoonal climates in Australia, India, and Africa. In the U.S. the Usterts are common in Texas, Montana, Hawaii, and California.
361:: They have cracks that are closed for less than 60 consecutive days when the soil temperature at 50 cm is above 8 °C. These soils are not extensive in the U.S., and occur mostly in west Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and South Dakota, but are the most extensive suborder of vertisols in Australia.
212:, or that impeded drainage. Depending on the parent material and the climate, they can range from grey or red to the more familiar deep black (known as "black earths" in Australia, "black gumbo" in East Texas, "black cotton" soils in East Africa, and "turf soil" or "vlei soils" in South Africa).
304:
can be grown. Vertisols are especially suitable for rice because they are almost impermeable when saturated. Rainfed farming is very difficult because vertisols can be worked only under a very narrow range of moisture conditions: they are very hard when dry and very sticky when wet. However, in
355:: They have a thermic, mesic, or frigid soil temperature regime. They show cracks that are open at least 60 consecutive days during the summer, but are closed at least 60 consecutive days during winter. Xererts are most extensive in the eastern Mediterranean and parts of California.
320:. It is not unknown for livestock to be injured through falling into cracks in dry periods. Conversely, many wild and domestic ungulates do not like to move on this soil when inundated. However, the shrink-swell activity allows rapid recovery from compaction.
373:: They have cracks that are open less than 90 cumulative days per year and less than 60 consecutive days during the summer. In some areas, cracks open only in drought years. Uderts are of small extent globally, being most abundant in
40:
349:: They have a cryic soil temperature regime. Cryerts are most extensive in the grassland and forest-grassland transitions zones of the Canadian Prairies and at similar latitudes in Russia.
343:, ponding may occur. Under wet soil moisture conditions, iron and manganese are mobilized and reduced. The manganese may be partly responsible for the dark color of the soil profile.
339:
are grouped as
Aquerts. Because of the high clay content, the permeability is slowed and aquic conditions are likely to occur. In general, when precipitation exceeds
309:. Some, known as "crusty vertisols", have a thin, hard crust when dry that can persist for two to three years before they have crumbled enough to permit seeding.
312:
The shrinking and swelling of vertisols can damage buildings and roads, leading to extensive subsidence. Vertisols are generally used for grazing of
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511:
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53:
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Vertisols are found between 50°N and 45°S of the equator. Major areas where vertisols are dominant are eastern
Australia (especially inland
621:
899:
904:
151:. The heavy texture and unstable behaviour of the soil makes it difficult for many tree species to grow, and forest is uncommon.
909:
920:
132:
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Australia, vertisols are highly regarded, because they are among the few soils that are not acutely deficient in available
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175:, where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing some vertisols to have an extremely deep
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570:
W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 9.3.3.
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187:). This heaving of the underlying material to the surface often creates a microrelief known as
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401:. It is usually a subsoil horizon and has at least 30% clay, shrink-swell cracks and
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335:: Vertisols which are subdued aquic conditions for some time in most years and show
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in South
America. Other areas where vertisols are dominant include southern
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131:(WRB). It is also defined in many other soil classification systems. In the
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that form deep cracks in drier seasons or years. In a phenomenon known as
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204:, in climates that are seasonally humid or subject to erratic
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In the USDA soil taxonomy, vertisols are subdivided into:
474:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition"
949:
886:
813:
637:
95:
84:
74:
63:
49:
32:
479:. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna.
458:. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
615:
8:
491:"Australian Soil Classification - Vertosols"
276:, New Caledonia and parts of eastern China.
622:
608:
600:
171:, alternate shrinking and swelling causes
29:
183:. (A soil with no B horizon is called an
139:. The natural vegetation of vertisols is
163:minerals, many of them belonging to the
533:. University of Florida. Archived from
440:
129:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
916:Canadian system of soil classification
467:
465:
196:Vertisols typically form from highly
7:
594:profile photos (with classification)
588:profile photos (with classification)
453:"Keys to Soil Taxonomy 13th edition"
446:
444:
900:Unified Soil Classification System
127:and a Reference Soil Group in the
25:
905:AASHTO Soil Classification System
159:Vertisols have a high content of
27:Clay-rich soil, prone to cracking
1203:
1202:
232:of India, and parts of southern
38:
472:IUSS Working Group WRB (2022).
397:The WRB defines the diagnostic
252:), South Africa, and the lower
921:Australian Soil Classification
912:(French classification system)
133:Australian Soil Classification
1:
381:, but also found in parts of
288:is available, crops such as
941:List of vineyard soil types
514:. USDA-NRCS. Archived from
1253:
926:Polish Soil Classification
451:Soil Survey Staff (2022).
1200:
950:Non-systematic soil types
37:
936:List of U.S. state soils
385:and the "Black Belt" of
931:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
910:Référentiel pédologique
894:FAO soil classification
403:wedge-shaped aggregates
123:is a Soil Order in the
337:redoximorphic features
552:. University of Idaho
424:Pedology (soil study)
1062:Calcareous grassland
639:World Reference Base
169:argillipedoturbation
631:Soil classification
596:IUSS World of Soils
429:Soil classification
815:USDA soil taxonomy
641:for Soil Resources
341:evapotranspiration
125:USDA soil taxonomy
58:USDA soil taxonomy
44:A vertisol profile
1237:Patterned grounds
1214:
1213:
576:978-3-540-30460-9
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108:humid subtropical
16:(Redirected from
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1102:Hydrophobic soil
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165:montmorillonites
100:tropical savanna
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1167:Subaqueous soil
1152:Serpentine soil
1012:Parent material
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565:Further reading
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200:rocks, such as
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582:External links
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399:vertic horizon
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324:Classification
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230:Deccan Plateau
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173:self-ploughing
161:expansive clay
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1208:Types of soil
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1187:Tropical peat
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1072:Dry quicksand
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537:on 2007-12-27
536:
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518:on 2003-08-28
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260:and adjacent
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135:it is called
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112:Mediterranean
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90:pedoturbation
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62:
59:
55:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1117:Martian soil
877:
804:
590:WRB homepage
554:. Retrieved
539:. Retrieved
535:the original
520:. Retrieved
516:the original
495:. Retrieved
485:
407:slickensides
398:
396:
377:and eastern
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
332:
327:
311:
283:
268:, northeast
254:Paraná River
249:
219:
195:
188:
184:
172:
158:
147:, or grassy
136:
120:
118:
1182:Terra rossa
1177:Terra preta
1157:Spodic soil
1077:Duplex soil
1057:Brown earth
1037:Alkali soil
1027:Rhizosphere
1022:Laimosphere
896:(1974–1998)
853:Inceptisols
760:Plinthosols
725:Kastanozems
550:"Vertisols"
531:"Vertisols"
512:"Vertisols"
419:Pedogenesis
387:Mississippi
280:Utilization
155:Composition
85:Key process
1221:Categories
1162:Stagnogley
1112:Lunar soil
1067:Dark earth
1052:Brickearth
1017:Pedosphere
987:Soil crust
795:Technosols
780:Solonchaks
700:Ferralsols
665:Anthrosols
556:2006-05-14
541:2006-05-14
522:2006-05-14
497:8 February
435:References
383:Queensland
307:phosphorus
286:irrigation
264:, central
222:Queensland
216:Occurrence
1147:Quicksand
1092:Fill dirt
1032:Bulk soil
878:Vertisols
868:Spodosols
858:Mollisols
848:Histosols
833:Aridisols
805:Vertisols
800:Umbrisols
790:Stagnosol
755:Planosols
750:Phaeozems
730:Leptosols
715:Gypsisols
705:Fluvisols
685:Chernozem
680:Cambisols
675:Calcisols
670:Arenosols
379:Argentina
181:B horizon
177:A horizon
141:grassland
104:semi-arid
18:Vertisols
1227:Pedology
1132:Paleosol
1047:Blue goo
1002:Gypcrust
873:Ultisols
843:Gelisols
838:Entisols
828:Andisols
823:Alfisols
785:Solonetz
775:Retisols
770:Regosols
745:Nitisols
740:Luvisols
735:Lixisols
720:Histosol
710:Gleysols
695:Durisols
690:Cryosols
660:Andosols
650:Acrisols
413:See also
359:Torrerts
238:Ethiopia
206:droughts
185:A/C soil
149:woodland
137:vertosol
121:vertisol
33:Vertisol
1082:Eluvium
1042:Bay mud
1007:Caliche
997:Hardpan
992:Claypan
982:Subsoil
977:Topsoil
863:Oxisols
765:Podzols
655:Alisols
643:(1998–)
493:. CSIRO
405:and/or
391:Alabama
375:Uruguay
365:Usterts
353:Xererts
347:Cryerts
333:Aquerts
298:sorghum
270:Nigeria
228:), the
179:and no
145:savanna
96:Climate
76:Profile
50:Used in
1192:Yedoma
1127:Muskeg
574:
371:Uderts
314:cattle
290:cotton
274:Thrace
262:Mexico
250:Gezira
210:floods
202:basalt
190:gilgai
1172:Takir
1107:Loess
477:(PDF)
456:(PDF)
318:sheep
294:wheat
284:When
266:India
258:Texas
248:(the
242:Kenya
234:Sudan
198:basic
88:clay
1137:Peat
972:Loam
967:Clay
962:Silt
957:Sand
572:ISBN
499:2016
389:and
302:rice
300:and
246:Chad
224:and
208:and
67:code
1122:Mud
316:or
80:OAC
65:WRB
54:WRB
1223::
464:^
443:^
409:.
296:,
292:,
272:,
244:,
240:,
236:,
193:.
143:,
119:A
110:,
106:,
102:,
70:VR
56:,
623:e
616:t
609:v
559:.
544:.
525:.
501:.
393:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
