1302:
58:
33:
346:
1036:
phospholipases from these three species of yellowjackets are antigenically indistinguishable. The findings were confirmed by immunodiffusion. Lines of identity were observed when antigen 5s, or phospholipases, from the three species of yellowjackets were tested with rabbit anti-serum specific for V. maculifrons venom (results not shown)."
1035:
304, "Identical concentrations of phospholipase-specific antibodies were obtained with immunosorbents containing phospholipase from any of the three species of yellowjackets. This was also the case for antigen 5-specific antibodies. ... The above results indicate that antigen 5s as well as
1018:
307, "The venom phospholipases isolated from the three species of yellowjackets in this report were found to be immunochemically indistinguishable from each other using sera from rabbits immunized with venom from a single species of yellowjacket. Similar findings were obtained with antigen
847:
Jacobson, R. S.; Matthews, R. W.; Macdonald, J. F. (1978-05-15). "A Systematic Study of the
Vespula vulgaris Group with a Description of a New Yellowjacket Species in Eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)1".
1212:
1264:
1367:
1186:
1343:
1238:
888:"The Euro-Asian Species of the Vespula rufa group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), with Despcriptions of Two New Species and One New Subspecies"
947:
King, T.P.; Alagon, A.C.; Kuan, J.; Sobotka, A.K.; Lichtenstein, L.M. (1983). "Immunochemical studies of yellowjacket venom proteins".
264:
species have a shorter oculomalar space (shown in the figure below right) and a more pronounced tendency to nest underground than
1243:
1251:
808:"A new species of Vespula, and first record of Vespa crabro L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Guatemala, Central America"
1336:
1225:
1108:
1095:
167:
1165:
1269:
1178:
57:
1372:
1329:
1048:
516:
1002:
306, "Yellowjacket venom consists mainly of three proteins: antigen 5, hyaluronidase, and phospholipase."
1301:
1113:
526:
1279:
949:
575:
469:
337:
332:
324:
597:
561:
551:
536:
447:
372:
316:, and South America, while the former has also been introduced in North America, and the latter in
237:
146:
501:
480:
426:
404:
382:
188:
52:
688:
1362:
1217:
1134:
978:
970:
930:
865:
829:
743:
628:
567:
542:
507:
458:
437:
415:
1313:
962:
922:
857:
819:
807:
650:
618:
607:
911:"A tentative revision of the subgenus Paravespula of eastern Asia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)"
491:
393:
361:
317:
806:
Landolt, Peter J.; Sierra, José Monzón; Unruh, Thomas R.; Zack, Richard S. (2010-09-29).
1173:
1160:
710:
245:
32:
1356:
1086:
966:
744:"Checklist of the species in the subfamily Vespinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae)"
696:
692:
639:
257:
586:
253:
241:
155:
1139:
1256:
1199:
1080:
667:
309:
301:
293:
250:
109:
40:
1100:
1071:
1027:
1025:
887:
824:
345:
974:
934:
869:
833:
1147:
861:
313:
89:
69:
1230:
982:
1309:
1121:
1065:
958:
788:
230:
129:
119:
1191:
721: Rabbit serum antibodies are unable to distinguish between them.
308:), have established in other countries; both species are now found in
1204:
1126:
926:
99:
79:
1042:
1152:
910:
344:
226:
1010:
1008:
233:
1046:
909:
Yamane, Seiki; Wagner, Robert E.; Yamane, Soichi (March 1980).
277:
While most species of this genus inhabit North
America, four
1317:
1055:
742:James M. Carpenter & Jun-ichi Kojima (1997).
850:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
751:Natural History Bulletin of Ibaraki University
1337:
8:
709:A high degree of similarity occurs between
1344:
1330:
1043:
31:
20:
823:
801:
799:
646:– long yellowjacket or widow yellowjacket
881:
879:
991:
734:
784:
349:Illustration showing oculomalar space
249:, they are collectively known by the
7:
1298:
1296:
1280:43648251-b59f-4c4d-89ab-0314c5664f41
1179:fadf5d16-b305-4a9b-b976-53508ea16c72
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
283:V. austriaca, V. germanica, V. rufa
1316:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
512:– northern red-banded yellowjacket
465:– German wasp, German yellowjacket
14:
1368:Taxa named by Carl Gustaf Thomson
886:Archer, Michael (25 March 1981).
292:Two common European species, the
1300:
56:
281:species inhabit Europe, namely
341:) are native to North America.
240:. Along with members of their
1:
967:10.1016/0161-5890(83)90069-x
236:, widely distributed in the
1389:
1295:
825:10.11646/zootaxa.2629.1.4
635:– California yellowjacket
194:
187:
180:
175:
161:
154:
53:Scientific classification
51:
39:
30:
23:
713:fractions of different
614:– southern yellowjacket
602:Ish., Yam., Wagn., 1980
256:(or yellow jackets) in
1312:-related article is a
687:is mostly composed of
582:– western yellowjacket
547:– eastern yellowjacket
476:– volcano yellowjacket
411:– prairie yellowjacket
350:
862:10.1093/aesa/71.3.299
487:– cuckoo yellowjacket
400:– Taiwan yellowjacket
389:– common yellowjacket
368:– forest yellowjacket
348:
16:Genus of social wasps
1174:Fauna Europaea (new)
950:Molecular Immunology
576:Vespula pensylvanica
517:Vespula kingdonwardi
470:Vespula inexspectata
454:– downy yellowjacket
333:western yellowjacket
325:eastern yellowjacket
915:Insecta Matsumurana
537:Vespula maculifrons
448:Vespula flavopilosa
238:Northern Hemisphere
200:Schmiedeknecht 1881
502:Vespula intermedia
481:Vespula infernalis
427:Vespula consobrina
405:Vespula atropilosa
383:Vespula alascensis
351:
1325:
1324:
1290:
1289:
1049:Taxon identifiers
656:
645:
634:
629:Vespula sulphurea
624:
613:
603:
592:
581:
571:
557:
546:
532:
527:Vespula koreensis
522:
511:
497:
486:
475:
464:
463:(Fabricius, 1793)
459:Vespula germanica
453:
443:
438:Vespula flaviceps
432:
422:– red cuckoo wasp
421:
416:Vespula austriaca
410:
399:
388:
378:
367:
218:
217:
150:
45:Vespula germanica
1380:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1304:
1297:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1257:NHMSYS0000876773
1247:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1182:
1181:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1003:
1001:
996:
986:
939:
938:
906:
900:
899:
883:
874:
873:
844:
838:
837:
827:
803:
794:
786:
759:
758:
748:
739:
724:
722:
720:
718:
700:
671:, a subgenus of
655:(Linnaeus, 1758)
654:
651:Vespula vulgaris
644:(Saussure, 1854)
643:
633:(Saussure, 1854)
632:
622:
619:Vespula structor
611:
608:Vespula squamosa
601:
591:(Linnaeus, 1758)
590:
580:(Saussure, 1857)
579:
565:
555:
540:
530:
520:
505:
495:
485:(Saussure, 1854)
484:
473:
462:
451:
441:
431:(Saussure, 1854)
430:
419:
408:
397:
386:
376:
365:
145:
61:
60:
35:
21:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1051:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1006:
999:
997:
993:
946:
943:
942:
908:
907:
903:
885:
884:
877:
846:
845:
841:
805:
804:
797:
787:
762:
746:
741:
740:
736:
731:
707:
681:
660:
492:Vespula ingrica
394:Vespula arisana
362:Vespula acadica
356:
338:V. pensylvanica
318:Southern Africa
274:
272:Notable species
171:
165:
163:Vespa austriaca
144:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1373:Vespidae stubs
1370:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1305:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1161:Fauna Europaea
1157:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1077:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1021:
1004:
990:
989:
988:
987:
941:
940:
917:. New series.
901:
875:
856:(3): 299–312.
839:
795:
760:
733:
732:
730:
727:
706:
703:
680:
677:
676:
675:
659:
658:
647:
636:
625:
615:
604:
598:Vespula shidai
594:
583:
572:
562:Vespula orbata
558:
552:Vespula nursei
548:
533:
523:
513:
498:
488:
477:
466:
455:
452:Jacobson, 1978
444:
434:
423:
420:(Panzer, 1799)
412:
409:(Sladen, 1918)
401:
390:
379:
369:
366:(Sladen, 1918)
357:
355:
352:
343:
342:
329:V. maculifrons
321:
290:
273:
270:
266:Dolichovespula
246:Dolichovespula
216:
215:
214:
213:
207:
206:Blüthgen, 1943
201:
192:
191:
185:
184:
178:
177:
173:
172:
166:
159:
158:
152:
151:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1385:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1011:
1009:
1005:
995:
992:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:BV: 297–308.
960:
956:
952:
951:
945:
944:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
889:
882:
880:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
840:
835:
831:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
800:
796:
792:
791:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
761:
756:
752:
745:
738:
735:
728:
726:
716:
712:
704:
702:
698:
697:phospholipase
694:
693:hyaluronidase
690:
686:
683:The venom of
678:
674:
670:
669:
665:
664:
663:
657:– common wasp
653:
652:
648:
642:
641:
640:Vespula vidua
637:
631:
630:
626:
623:(Smith, 1870)
621:
620:
616:
612:(Drury, 1770)
610:
609:
605:
600:
599:
595:
589:
588:
584:
578:
577:
573:
569:
564:
563:
559:
554:
553:
549:
544:
539:
538:
534:
529:
528:
524:
519:
518:
514:
509:
504:
503:
499:
494:
493:
489:
483:
482:
478:
472:
471:
467:
461:
460:
456:
450:
449:
445:
442:(Smith, 1870)
440:
439:
435:
433:– blackjacket
429:
428:
424:
418:
417:
413:
407:
406:
402:
398:(Sonan, 1929)
396:
395:
391:
387:Packard, 1870
385:
384:
380:
377:Landolt, 2010
375:
374:
373:Vespula akrei
370:
364:
363:
359:
358:
353:
347:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
258:North America
255:
254:yellowjackets
252:
248:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
223:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
174:
169:
164:
160:
157:
153:
148:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1318:expanding it
1307:
1292:
1056:
994:
954:
948:
918:
914:
904:
895:
891:
853:
849:
842:
815:
811:
789:
754:
750:
737:
714:
708:
684:
682:
672:
666:
661:
649:
638:
627:
617:
606:
596:
587:Vespula rufa
585:
574:
560:
556:Archer, 1981
550:
535:
531:(Rad., 1887)
525:
521:Archer, 1981
515:
500:
496:Birula, 1931
490:
479:
468:
457:
446:
436:
425:
414:
403:
392:
381:
371:
360:
336:
328:
305:
298:V. germanica
297:
286:
282:
278:
265:
261:
244:
242:sister genus
221:
220:
219:
212:Archer, 1982
209:
203:
197:
181:
162:
156:Type species
140:
139:
44:
24:
18:
1200:iNaturalist
1081:Wikispecies
898:(1): 54–64.
711:immunogenic
668:Paravespula
310:New Zealand
306:V. vulgaris
302:common wasp
294:German wasp
287:V. vulgaris
251:common name
225:is a small
210:Rugovespula
204:Allovespula
198:Pseudovespa
182:23 species
126:Subfamily:
110:Hymenoptera
41:German wasp
1357:Categories
793:, BugGuide
729:References
705:Immunology
662:See also:
593:– red wasp
510:, 1904–05)
300:) and the
90:Arthropoda
975:0161-5890
935:0020-1804
927:2115/9800
921:: 44–46.
870:0013-8746
834:1175-5334
818:(1): 61.
689:antigen 5
474:Eck, 1991
314:Australia
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
1363:Vespidae
1310:Vespidae
1122:BugGuide
1072:Q1065202
1066:Wikidata
959:Elsevier
757:: 51–92.
725:
717:species.
701:
189:Synonyms
176:Species
130:Vespinae
120:Vespidae
116:Family:
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
1218:1427867
1192:1311631
1101:Vespula
1087:Vespula
1057:Vespula
983:6865952
812:Zootaxa
790:Vespula
723:
719:
715:Vespula
685:Vespula
673:Vespula
568:Buysson
545:, 1905)
543:Buysson
508:Buysson
354:Species
279:Vespula
262:Vespula
222:Vespula
147:Thomson
141:Vespula
136:Genus:
106:Order:
100:Insecta
96:Class:
25:Vespula
1277:NZOR:
1244:154274
1166:167801
1153:1VESUG
1033:
1016:
1000:
981:
973:
933:
892:Kontyû
868:
832:
695:, and
331:) and
285:, and
231:social
170:, 1799
168:Panzer
149:, 1869
1308:This
1231:56663
1213:IRMNG
1205:61356
1114:33169
957:(3).
747:(PDF)
679:Venom
570:1902)
234:wasps
227:genus
1314:stub
1270:7451
1265:NCBI
1239:ITIS
1187:GBIF
1148:EPPO
1140:86KD
1109:BOLD
979:PMID
971:ISSN
931:ISSN
866:ISSN
830:ISSN
816:2629
323:The
1252:NBN
1226:ISC
1135:CoL
1127:554
1096:AFD
1019:5."
963:doi
923:hdl
858:doi
820:doi
229:of
1359::
1267::
1254::
1241::
1228::
1215::
1202::
1189::
1176::
1163::
1150::
1137::
1124::
1111::
1098::
1083::
1068::
1031:p.
1024:^
1014:p.
1007:^
998:p.
977:.
969:.
955:20
953:.
929:.
919:19
913:.
896:49
894:.
890:.
878:^
864:.
854:71
852:.
828:.
814:.
810:.
798:^
763:^
753:.
749:.
691:,
312:,
268:.
260:.
47:)
1345:e
1338:t
1331:v
1320:.
985:.
965::
937:.
925::
872:.
860::
836:.
822::
755:1
699:.
566:(
541:(
506:(
335:(
327:(
320:.
304:(
296:(
289:.
43:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
