Wannsee Conference - Knowledge (XXG)

140: 536: 1398: 713: 1355:(regional Nazi Party leaders) in Germany for the Jews to be removed from their areas to allow accommodation for Germans made homeless by Allied bombing, as well as to make space for laborers being imported from occupied countries. The "evacuated" Jews, he said, would first be sent to "transit ghettos" in the General Government, from which they would be transported eastward. Heydrich said that to avoid legal and political difficulties, it was important to define who was a Jew for the purposes of "evacuation". He outlined categories of people who would not be killed. Jews over 65 years old, and Jewish 1060: 1965: 897: 1121: 669:

disseminating information about the fate of the Jews was already well underway by the time the meeting was held, and several of the attendees were aware that changes to the Jewish policy were already underway. In addition to the invited guests, Heydrich instructed several SS officials from his RSHA component to attend. In all, 15 officials attended the conference. Half the attendees were under forty years of age and only two were over fifty. They were well educated, with ten having a university education (of whom eight held academic

49: 1390:, Heydrich recommended that each case should be evaluated individually, and the impact on any German relatives assessed. If such a marriage had produced children who were being raised as Germans, the Jewish partner would not be killed. If they were being raised as Jews, they might be killed or sent to an old-age ghetto. These exemptions applied only to German and Austrian Jews, and were not always observed even for them. In most of the occupied countries, Jews were rounded up and killed 358: 932: 851: 810: 1926: 1222: 1414:. "In Romania the government has appointed a commissioner for Jewish affairs", Heydrich said. In fact the deportation of Romanian Jews was slow and inefficient despite a high degree of popular antisemitism. "In order to settle the question in Hungary", Heydrich said, "it will soon be necessary to force an adviser for Jewish questions onto the Hungarian government". The Hungarian regime of 1377:(mixed-race persons) of the first degree (persons with two Jewish grandparents) would be treated as Jews. This would not apply if they were married to a non-Jew and had children by that marriage. It would also not apply if they had been granted written exemption by "the highest offices of the Party and State". Such persons would be sterilised or deported if they refused sterilisation. A " 1156: 1032: 1340: 1253: 1189: 772: 1902: 1093: 1948:(known by the German word for "minutes" as the "Wannsee Protocol") were sent by Eichmann to all the participants after the meeting. Most of these copies were destroyed at the end of the war as participants and other officials sought to cover their tracks. It was not until 1947 that Luther's copy (number 16 out of 30 copies prepared) was found by 2025:(House of the Wannsee Conference). The museum also hosts permanent exhibits of texts and photographs that document events of the Holocaust and its planning. The Joseph Wulf Bibliothek / Mediothek on the second floor houses a large collection of books on the Nazi era, plus other materials such as microfilms and original Nazi documents. 2001:

subordinates that had occurred earlier in the annihilation campaign. "The simplest, most decisive way that Heydrich could ensure the smooth flow of deportations", he writes, "was by asserting his total control over the fate of the Jews in the Reich and the east, and cow other interested parties into toeing the line of the RSHA".

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primary goal of the meeting was to emphasise that once the deportations had been completed, the fate of the deportees became an internal matter of the SS, totally outside the purview of any other agency. A secondary goal was to determine the scope of the deportations and arrive at definitions of who was Jewish and who was

460:(General Plan for the East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered. The minutes of the Wannsee Conference estimated the Jewish population of the Soviet Union to be five million, including nearly three million in Ukraine. 354:. Violence and economic pressure were used by the regime to force Jews to leave the country. Jewish businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of access to government contracts. Citizens were harassed and subjected to violent attacks and boycotts of their businesses. 1993:. This was indeed the crucial result of the meeting and the main reason why Heydrich had detailed minutes prepared and widely circulated", said Longerich. Their presence at the meeting also ensured that all those present were accomplices and accessories to the murders that were about to be undertaken. 1979:

at the time of the conference, and other extermination camps were in the planning stages. The decision to exterminate the Jews had already been made, and Heydrich, as Himmler's emissary, held the meeting to ensure the cooperation of the various departments in conducting the deportations. Observations

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Harvests were poor in Germany in 1940 and 1941 and food supplies were short, as large numbers of forced labourers had been brought into the country to work in the armaments industry. If these workers—as well as the German people—were to be adequately fed, there must be a sharp reduction in the number

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between Jews and Germans, and the employment of German women under the age of 45 as domestic servants in Jewish households. The Citizenship Law stated that only those of German or related blood were defined as citizens; thus, Jews and other minority groups were stripped of their German citizenship. A

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Eichmann recorded that Heydrich was pleased with the course of the meeting. He had expected a lot of resistance, Eichmann recalled, but instead, he had found "an atmosphere not only of agreement on the part of the participants, but more than that, one could feel an agreement which had assumed a form

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notes that vague orders couched in terminology that had a specific meaning for members of the regime were common, especially when people were being ordered to carry out criminal activities. Leaders were given briefings about the need to be "severe" and "firm"; all Jews were to be viewed as potential

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gave written authorization to Heydrich to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in territories under German control and to coordinate the participation of all involved government organisations. At the Wannsee Conference, Heydrich emphasised that once the deportation

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The Wannsee Conference lasted only about ninety minutes. The enormous importance which has been attached to the conference by post-war writers was not evident to most of its participants at the time. Heydrich did not call the meeting to make fundamental new decisions on the Jewish question; massive

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Under proper guidance, in the course of the final solution the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. Able-bodied Jews, separated according to sex, will be taken in large work columns to these areas for work on roads, in the course of which action doubtless a large portion will

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Heydrich reported that there were approximately eleven million Jews in the whole of Europe, of whom half were in countries not under German control. He explained that since further Jewish emigration had been prohibited by Himmler, a new solution would take its place: "evacuating" Jews to the east.

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Heydrich opened the conference with an account of the anti-Jewish measures taken in Germany since the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. He said that between 1933 and October 1941, 537,000 German, Austrian, and Czech Jews had emigrated. This information was taken from a briefing paper prepared for him

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spontaneously initiated by the occupants of the conquered territories were to be quietly encouraged. On 8 July, he announced that all Jews were to be regarded as partisans, and gave the order for all male Jews between the ages of 15 and 45 to be shot. By August, the net had been widened to include

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Eichmann condensed his records into a document outlining the purpose of the meeting and the intentions of the regime. He stated at his trial that it was personally edited by Heydrich, and thus reflected the message he intended the participants to take away from the meeting. Copies of the minutes

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would be deported to occupied Poland and murdered. Conference participants included representatives from several government ministries, including state secretaries from the Foreign Office, the justice, interior, and state ministries, and representatives from the SS. In the course of the meeting,

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and document centre, but the West German government was not interested at that time. The building was in use as a school, and funding was not available. Despondent at the failure of the project, and at the West German government's failure to pursue and convict Nazi war criminals, Wulf committed

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support Longerich's position that the decision over the fate of the Jews was determined before the conference; Rees notes that the Wannsee Conference was really a meeting of "second-level functionaries", and stresses that Himmler, Goebbels, and Hitler were not present. According to Longerich, a

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Göring and his subordinates made persistent efforts to prevent skilled Jewish workers whose labour was an important part of the war effort from being killed. But by 1943, Himmler was a much more powerful figure in the regime than Göring, and all categories of skilled Jews eventually lost their

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agrees with Longerich's interpretation; he notes that Heydrich's main purpose was to impose his own authority on the various ministries and agencies involved in Jewish policy matters, and to avoid any repetition of the objections to the deportations and genocide from his military and civilian

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The attendees from the Reich civilian ministries were high level administrators. Most were either the state secretary or an undersecretary. With the cabinet not meeting regularly, meetings between the state secretaries were the chief means of policy coordination among agencies. The process of

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In preparation for the conference, Eichmann drafted a list of the total numbers of Jews in the various European countries. Countries were listed in two groups, "A" and "B". "A" countries were those under direct German control or occupation (or partially occupied and quiescent, in the case of

1940:, and the minutes were written by Eichmann in consultation with Heydrich. At the conclusion of the meeting, Heydrich gave Eichmann firm instructions about what was to appear in the minutes. They were not to be verbatim: Eichmann ensured that nothing too explicit appeared in them. He said at 972: 380:

supplementary decree issued in November defined as Jewish anyone with three Jewish grandparents, or two grandparents if the Jewish faith was followed. By the start of World War II in Europe in 1939, around 250,000 of Germany's 437,000 Jews had emigrated to the United States, British

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of the first degree, had a "racially especially undesirable appearance that marks him outwardly as a Jew", or had a "political record that shows that he feels and behaves like a Jew". Persons in these latter categories would be killed even if married to non-Jews. In the case of

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be eliminated by natural causes. The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly, because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as the seed of a new Jewish revival.

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Heydrich commented: "In occupied and unoccupied France, the registration of Jews for evacuation will in all probability proceed without great difficulty", but in the end, the great majority of French-born Jews survived. More difficulty was anticipated with Germany's allies

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on 11 December. Some invitees were involved in these preparations, so Heydrich postponed his meeting. Somewhere around this time, Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately, rather than after the war, which now had no end in sight. At the

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The original intention was to deport the Jews to camps in occupied areas of the Soviet Union and kill them there, but because victory over the Soviet Union was not forthcoming, the plans had to be changed. Heydrich decided that the Jews currently living in the

471:. Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. The objective of the Hunger Plan was to inflict deliberate mass starvation on the 2118:, p. 785. This date is not universally accepted, but it seems likely that a decision was made at around this time. On 18 December, Himmler met with Hitler and noted in his appointment book: "Jewish question – to be exterminated as partisans". 2122:, p. 410. On 19 December, Wilhelm Stuckert, State Secretary at the Interior Ministry, told one of his officials: "The proceedings against the evacuated Jews are based on a decision from the highest authority. You must come to terms with it." 1456:

from the Four Year Plan argued for the exemption of Jews who were working in industries vital to the war effort and for whom no replacements were available. Heydrich assured him that this was already the policy; such Jews would not be killed.

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women, children, and the elderly—the entire Jewish population. By the time planning was underway for the Wannsee Conference, hundreds of thousands of Polish, Serbian, and Russian Jews had already been killed. The initial plan was to implement

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The situation of people who were half or quarter Jews, and of Jews who were married to non-Jews, was more complex. Under the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, their status had been left deliberately ambiguous. Heydrich announced that

4095: 171: 5363: 454:(RSHA), to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in territories under German control and to coordinate the participation of all involved government organisations. The resulting 429:(Order Police; Orpo) also shot civilians during the Polish campaign. Approximately 65,000 civilians were killed by the end of 1939. In addition to leaders of Polish society, they killed Jews, prostitutes, 5390: 514:, and Jews in party and government posts. Open-ended instructions were given to execute "other radical elements (saboteurs, propagandists, snipers, assassins, agitators, etc.)". He instructed that any 1452:) pointed out the legalistic and administrative difficulties over mixed marriages, and suggested compulsory dissolution of mixed marriages or the wider use of sterilisation as a simpler alternative. 1336:

enemies that had to be dealt with ruthlessly. The wording of the Wannsee Protocol—the distributed minutes of the meeting—made it clear to participants that evacuation east was a euphemism for death.

2144: 584: 5025: 139: 611: 347: 1288:); "B" countries were allied or client states, neutral, or at war with Germany. The numbers reflect the estimated Jewish population within each country; for example, Estonia is listed as 1347:

Heydrich went on to say that in the course of the "practical execution of the final solution", Europe would be "combed through from west to east", but that Germany, Austria, and the

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Between the date the invitations to the conference went out (29 November) and the date of the cancelled first meeting (9 December), the situation changed. On 5 December 1941, the

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were assigned to follow the army into the conquered areas and round up and kill Jews. In a letter dated 2 July 1941, Heydrich communicated to his SS and police leaders that the

555:. He changed the venue on 4 December to the eventual location of the meeting. He enclosed a copy of a letter from Göring dated 31 July that authorised him to plan a so-called 1040: 572: 463:

In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis also planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the

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At a meeting of 17 ministerial representatives held at the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories on 29 January, it decided that in the eastern territories, all

4173: 1596: 1564: 1738: 4776: 1576: 535: 405:(Special Ledger of Wanted Persons–Poland)—lists of people to be located so they could be interned or killed—had been drawn up by the SS as early as May 1939. The 85: 5395: 1803: 616: 4178: 4090: 5094: 4918: 607: 350:, passed on 7 April of that year, excluded most Jews from the legal profession and the civil service. Similar legislation soon deprived other Jews of the 5055: 3982: 1449: 1164: 4278: 1351:

would have priority, "due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities". This was a reference to increasing pressure from the

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At the time of the Wannsee Conference, the killing of Jews in the Soviet Union had already been underway for some months. Right from the start of

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process was complete, the fate of the deportees would become an internal matter under the purview of the SS. A secondary goal was to arrive at a

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On 8 January 1942, Heydrich sent new invitations to a meeting to be held on 20 January. The venue for the rescheduled conference was a villa at

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Discrimination against Jews, long-standing but extra-legal throughout much of Europe at the time, was codified in Germany immediately after the

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On 20 January 1992, on the fiftieth anniversary of the conference, the site was finally opened as a Holocaust memorial and museum known as the

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killings of Jews in the conquered territories in the Soviet Union and Poland were ongoing. A new extermination camp was under construction at

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Heydrich spoke for nearly an hour. Then followed about thirty minutes of questions and comments, followed by some less formal conversation.

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he met with top party officials and made his intentions plain. On 18 December, Hitler discussed the fate of the Jews with Himmler in the

5487: 5320: 4965: 4428: 4168: 1864: 1554: 1348: 725: 483:, "4.2 million Soviet citizens (largely Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians) were starved" by the Nazis (and the Nazi-controlled 3578: 1843: 1411: 1401:

Facsimiles of the minutes of the Wannsee Conference and Eichmann's list, presented under glass at the Wannsee Conference House Memorial

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of the second degree" (a person with one Jewish grandparent) would be treated as German, unless he or she was married to a Jew or a

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of "useless mouths", of whom the millions of Jews under German rule were, in the light of Nazi ideology, the most obvious example.

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civilian populations under German occupation by directing all food supplies to the German home population and the Wehrmacht on the

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Gerhard, Gesine (February 2009). "Food and Genocide. Nazi Agrarian Politics in the Occupied Territories of the Soviet Union".

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instead of being killed. "With this expedient solution", he said, "in one fell swoop, many interventions will be prevented."

1294:(free of Jews), since the 4,500 Jews who remained in Estonia after the German occupation had been killed by the end of 1941. 417:(Germanic Self-Protection Group), a paramilitary group consisting of ethnic Germans living in Poland. Members of the SS, the 4953: 1059: 5450: 5290: 4453: 4360: 4307: 4288: 4268: 4238: 4131: 2074: 2034: 212: 207:, was to ensure the co-operation of administrative leaders of various government departments in the implementation of the 31: 523:

after the conquest of the Soviet Union. European Jews would be deported to occupied parts of Russia, where they would be

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Besprechungsprotokoll Wannseekonferenz – Minutes of the Wannsee Conference – Berlin, 20 January 1942. Click to view PDF.

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has claimed that Hitler approved the policy of extermination in a speech to senior officials in Berlin on 12 December.

1944:: "How shall I put it – certain over-plain talk and jargon expressions had to be rendered into office language by me." 547:

On 29 November 1941, Heydrich sent invitations for a ministerial conference to be held on 9 December at the offices of

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attempted to obtain this new territory by invading Poland and the Soviet Union, intending to deport or exterminate the

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Moscow ending the prospect of a rapid conquest of the Soviet Union. On 7 December 1941, the Japanese carried out an

575:. Representatives from Party and SS components with special interests in the race issue were invited, including the 5588: 5355: 5234: 5204: 5123: 5040: 4873: 4511: 4409: 4370: 4327: 4263: 4136: 4012: 3846: 2180:

were to be classed as Jews, while in western Europe, the relatively more lenient German standard would be applied.

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in September 1939, the extermination of European Jews began, and the killings continued and accelerated after the

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The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

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View of the Großer Wannsee lake from the villa at 56–58 Am Grossen Wannsee, where the conference was held

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This information was contained in the briefing paper Eichmann prepared for Heydrich before the meeting.

295: 3273:. The Tauber Institute Series for the Study of European Jewry. Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press. 53:

The villa Am Großen Wannsee 56–58, where the Wannsee Conference was held, is now a memorial and museum.

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officials, ranking members of the Communist Party, extremist and radical Communist Party members,

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One copy of the Protocol with circulated minutes of the meeting survived the war. It was found by

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continued to resist German interference in its Jewish policy until the spring of 1944, when the

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This would be a temporary solution, a step towards the "final solution of the Jewish question".

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were enacted, prohibiting marriages between Jews and people of Germanic extraction,

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was served, and after that the conversation became less restrained. Eichmann said:

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on 20 January 1942. The purpose of the conference, called by the director of the

5513: 5030: 4647: 4501: 3528: 2047:– 1992 alternate history novel dealing in large part with the Wannsee Conference 2010: 1833: 1793: 1356: 1092: 464: 336: 17: 2095:

Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich

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Legalized discrimination against Jews in Germany began immediately after the

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set up in occupied areas of Poland, as would Jews from the rest of Europe.

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1935 chart shows racial classifications under the Nuremberg Laws: German,

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The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

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of the House of the Wannsee Conference Educational and Memorial Site

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Heydrich outlined how European Jews would be rounded up and sent to

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The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution: A Reconsideration

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The Villa, The Lake, The Meeting: Wannsee and the Final Solution

1956:, in files that had been seized from the German Foreign Office. 325: 5260: 5081: 4712: 4202: 3872: 3862: 1081:

Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg

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were used by the Nazi regime to encourage Jews to voluntarily

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Jasch, Hans-Christian; Kreutzmüller, Christoph, eds. (2017).

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B (Allied or client states, neutral, or at war with Germany)

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Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood

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and territorial expansionism with the goal of obtaining more

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notes for the minutes were taken by Eichmann's secretary,

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veterans who had been severely wounded or who had won the

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The conference room at the Wannsee Conference House (2003)

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The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution

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The invited representatives of two agencies were absent:

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Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

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in March 1947 among files that had been seized from the

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living there, who were viewed as being inferior to the

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Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

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proposed that the Wannsee House should be made into a

282:. The Wannsee House, site of the conference, is now a 3842:

Adolf Eichmann testifies about the Wannsee Conference

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A (Areas under direct German control or occupation)

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The Participants: The Men of the Wannsee Conference

1310:in the east, and the General Government where many 124: 116: 74: 62: 41: 3394: 3371: 2139:, State Secretary of the Propaganda Ministry, and 981:; Deputy Commander of the SiPo and the SD for the 176:) was a meeting of senior government officials of 2788: 2159: 2157: 1308:territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 1004:Commander of the SiPo and the SD for the RKO, SS- 397:Polish leadership and intelligentsia be destroyed 591:of occupied Poland were also added to the list. 5036:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 2075:Bibliography of the Holocaust § Primary sources 2055:– 1994 film adaptation of the homonymous novel. 1470: 1324: 3592:(2). London: The Holocaust Educational Trust. 1235:Minister and head of the Reich Chancellery SS- 1078:Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 1045:Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories 5396:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 3884: 3803:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 3637:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 3618:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 1041:Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 617:Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941 573:Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 8: 3751:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin 2995: 2380: 1954:International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg 487:) in 1941–1944 as a result of Backe's plan. 5095:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 3663:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 3586:Holocaust Educational Trust Research Papers 2093:Robert Michael and Karen Doerr, authors of 302:brought together elements of antisemitism, 5280: 5257: 5100: 5078: 4731: 4722: 4709: 4574: 4216: 4199: 3907: 3891: 3877: 3869: 3682:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 3088: 675: 3235: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3148: 2894: 2815: 2713: 2686: 2609: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2428: 2404: 2392: 2368: 2341: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2233: 563:, the Foreign Office, Interior, Justice, 3535:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 3211: 3136: 3112: 3076: 3049: 3034: 3019: 3007: 2966: 2851: 2827: 2749: 2725: 2698: 2674: 2650: 2440: 2181: 2164: 2123: 2119: 1668: 1489: 684: 320:(living space) for the Germanic people. 3801:Wannsee: The Road to the Final Solution 3124: 3100: 3061: 2983: 2951: 2936: 2921: 2906: 2882: 2863: 2839: 2803: 2776: 2764: 2737: 2662: 2638: 2621: 2527: 2467: 2329: 2305: 2223: 2148: 2115: 2086: 3678:Michael, Robert; Doerr, Karin (2002). 3484:Gryglewski, Marcus (17 January 2020). 3250: 3223: 2515: 2491: 2455: 1269:, State Secretary to Foreign Minister 1207:Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan 693: 690: 687: 681: 384:, Great Britain, and other countries. 38: 2551: 2539: 2503: 2479: 2416: 2353: 2317: 2245: 2195: 977:Commander of the SiPo and the SD for 557:Final Solution to the Jewish Question 209:Final Solution to the Jewish Question 163: 30:For the German made for TV film, see 7: 4683:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 3855:, archived by the Progressive Review 3160: 1304:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany 1298:was not on the list because by 1939 650:. The villa had been purchased from 5488:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 3853:Minutes from the Wannsee conference 3849:(in German with Japanese subtitles) 1555:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1349:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 352:right to practise their professions 3738:Published in the United States as 1442:SS Race and Settlement Main Office 779:SS Race and Settlement Main Office 587:(RKFDV). Representatives from the 581:SS Race and Settlement Main Office 498:—the invasion of the Soviet Union— 25: 1365:Theresienstadt concentration camp 440:gave written authorization to SS- 298:in January 1933. The ideology of 278:. It was used as evidence in the 5051:Polish leaders and intellectuals 4541:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 3777:. London; New York: Allen Lane. 1251: 1220: 1187: 1154: 1119: 1091: 1058: 1030: 970: 930: 895: 849: 808: 770: 711: 612:Germany declared war on the U.S. 47: 3556:Wannsee House and the Holocaust 3333:"Creation of the Memorial Site" 2005:House of the Wannsee Conference 1464:Towards the end of the meeting 1318:the previous week by Eichmann. 910:Chief of the Party Chancellery 423:(German Armed Forces), and the 258:in June 1941. On 31 July 1941, 228:(the occupied part of Poland), 27:1942 Holocaust planning meeting 4979:Attack on the twentieth convoy 4792:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 2071:– 2022 German-language TV film 2039:– 1984 German-language TV film 1477:which had not been expected". 1103:(Polish Occupation Authority) 1017:(Brigadier General of Police) 244:Violence and economic pressure 130: 1: 3418:Contemporary European History 3315:Eichmann: His Life and Crimes 2789:Jasch & Kreutzmüller 2017 946:Gestapo, RSHA, Schutzstaffel 600:counter-offensive in front of 479:. According to the historian 377:extramarital sexual relations 165:[ˈvanzeːkɔnfeˌʁɛnt͡s] 32:The Wannsee Conference (film) 5316:Jewish war conspiracy theory 4507:Extermination through labour 3702:The Holocaust: A New History 3559:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 3513:. New York: Berghahn Books. 3335:. Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz 2482:, pp. 476–486, 538–549. 2063:– 2001 English-language film 1314:had already been resettled. 1216:Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger 608:U.S. to declare war on Japan 265:definition of who was Jewish 256:invasion of the Soviet Union 238:began immediately after the 5498:Righteous Among the Nations 4184:Righteous Among the Nations 3704:. New York: PublicAffairs. 2101:to "Special Tracing Book". 1952:, a U.S. prosecutor in the 1312:Polish and Jewish expellees 1302:was split three ways among 673:), and eight were lawyers. 527:in road-building projects. 414:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 280:subsequent Nuremberg trials 236:Discrimination against Jews 5615: 5235:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 5205:Lithuanian Security Police 5124:Reich Security Main Office 4091:Evidence and documentation 3742:. New York: Picador, 2002. 3393:Evans, Richard J. (2008). 3350:Heydrich: The Face of Evil 3348:Dederichs, Mario (2009) . 2023:Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz 984:Reichskommissariat Ostland 720:Reich Security Main Office 452:Reich Security Main Office 230:where they would be killed 196:Reich Security Main Office 186:(SS) leaders, held in the 29: 5451:Books and other resources 5279: 5256: 5090: 5077: 4721: 4708: 4215: 4198: 3983:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 3906: 3799:Longerich, Peter (2022). 3753:. New York: Basic Books. 3661:Vichy France and the Jews 3633:Longerich, Peter (2012). 3614:Longerich, Peter (2010). 3457:Journal of Modern History 3430:10.1017/S0960777308004827 1677: 1674: 1498: 1495: 1245: 1214: 1176: 1169:Minister of the Interior 1141: 1113: 1085: 1052: 1024: 957: 917: 884: 836: 797: 757: 698: 402:Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen 58: 46: 5599:World War II conferences 5574:Holocaust historiography 5041:People with disabilities 4974:Aid and Rescue Committee 3680:Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German 3635:Heinrich Himmler: A Life 3374:The Third Reich in Power 3289:Browning, Christopher R. 2996:Marrus & Paxton 1981 2494:, pp. 162–163, 416. 2381:Michael & Doerr 2002 2143:, chief of staff of the 1448:(State Secretary of the 1010:(Brigadier General) and 845:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 583:, and the Office of the 539:Letter from Heydrich to 433:, and the mentally ill. 346:on 30 January 1933. The 5569:Holocaust commemoration 5182:Order Police battalions 3352:. Casemate Publishers. 2207:The minutes are headed 1070:(Regional Party Leader) 1019:Franz Walter Stahlecker 643:Am Großen Wannsee 56–58 531:Planning the conference 371:In September 1935, the 310:and combined them with 5584:Planning the Holocaust 5564:Berlin in World War II 5031:Soviet urban residents 4122:International response 4096:Contemporary knowledge 3831:The Wannsee Conference 3726:. London: Allen Lane. 3397:The Third Reich at War 2036:The Wannsee Conference 1996:Eichmann's biographer 1971: 1930: 1909: 1878:(excluding Białystok) 1834:Turkey (European part) 1474: 1402: 1344: 1329: 1271:Joachim von Ribbentrop 906:Nazi Party Chancellery 730:Deputy Reichsführer-SS 604:attack on Pearl Harbor 544: 446:(Senior Group Leader) 368: 217:German-occupied Europe 156: 144: 5478:Memorials and museums 5416:Reparations Agreement 5411:Holocaust restitution 4989:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 4512:Human experimentation 4351:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 3863:Traces of War website 3490:Die Tageszeitung: Taz 3401:. New York: Penguin. 3378:. New York: Penguin. 2211:(discussion minutes). 2209:Besprechungsprotokoll 2097:, translate the term 1967: 1928: 1904: 1400: 1342: 924:(Lieutenant Colonel) 876:Chief of the RSHA SS- 828:Chief of the RSHA SS- 793:-SS Heinrich Himmler 705:(Lieutenant General) 553:Am Kleinen Wannsee 16 538: 360: 344:Nazi seizure of power 296:Nazi seizure of power 276:German Foreign Office 240:Nazi seizure of power 161:German pronunciation: 142: 101:52.43306°N 13.16556°E 4678:Jewish Ghetto Police 4547:Politische Abteilung 4442:Risiera di San Sabba 4303:Natzweiler-Struthof 3190:, pp. 306, 310. 2818:, pp. 237, 239. 2068:Die Wannseekonferenz 1480: 1267:Ernst von Weizsäcker 1227:Permanent Secretary 1148:(Brigadier General) 1136:Franz Schlegelberger 1134:Minister of Justice 1075:and Deputy Minister 943:Recording secretary 902:Permanent Secretary 724:Deputy Protector of 496:Operation Barbarossa 242:on 30 January 1933. 5594:Steglitz-Zehlendorf 5579:January 1942 events 5456:Days of remembrance 5369:Holocaust survivors 5364:Depopulated shtetls 5215:Rollkommando Hamann 5061:Jehovah's Witnesses 4879:Kamianets-Podilskyi 3941:Bohemia and Moravia 3533:Hitler: A Biography 3317:. London: Vintage. 3214:, pp. 110–111. 3163:, pp. 251–252. 3139:, pp. 229–233. 3115:, pp. 117–118. 3022:, pp. 159–195. 3010:, pp. 151–155. 2998:, pp. 343–344. 2939:, pp. 115–116. 2897:, pp. 189–190. 2866:, pp. 110–111. 2806:, pp. 111–112. 2752:, pp. 410–411. 2701:, pp. 407–408. 2554:, pp. 538–549. 2431:, pp. 430–432. 2395:, pp. 144–145. 2236:, pp. 309–310. 2198:, pp. 522–529. 2099:Sonderfahndungsbuch 2009:In 1965, historian 1671: 1492: 1427:extermination camps 1363:, might be sent to 1130:Ministry of Justice 998:SiPo and SD, RSHA, 949:Chief of Amt IV SS- 921:Obersturmbannführer 870:SiPo and SD, RSHA, 726:Bohemia and Moravia 678: 635:extermination camps 512:people's commissars 391:in September 1939, 382:Mandatory Palestine 222:extermination camps 97: / 5439:History and memory 5343:Forced euthanasia 5291:Nazi racial policy 4994:Danish underground 4841:Operation Reinhard 4836:Wannsee Conference 3859:Wannsee Conference 3653:Marrus, Michael R. 3446:Gerlach, Christian 3226:, p. 134–135. 2791:, pp. 3, 180. 2015:Holocaust memorial 1972: 1938:Ingeburg Werlemann 1931: 1910: 1858:5,000,000 (total) 1669: 1535:General Government 1490: 1403: 1345: 1101:General Government 880:Reinhard Heydrich 866:General Government 832:Reinhard Heydrich 677:List of attendees 676: 646:, overlooking the 631:General Government 589:General Government 545: 389:invasion of Poland 369: 252:invasion of Poland 226:General Government 211:, whereby most of 149:Wannsee Conference 145: 106:52.43306; 13.16556 42:Wannsee Conference 5589:Reinhard Heydrich 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5374:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 5321:Jewish emigration 5311:Hitler's prophecy 5306:Haavara Agreement 5252: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5240:Ypatingasis būrys 5137:Sicherheitsdienst 5073: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5012: 5011: 4932:Bielski partisans 4704: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4535:Totenkopfverbände 4194: 4193: 3784:978-0-713-99566-4 3760:978-0-465-00239-9 3733:978-0-71-399570-1 3711:978-1-61039-844-2 3670:978-0-8047-2499-9 3657:Paxton, Robert O. 3644:978-0-19-959232-6 3625:978-0-19-280436-5 3599:978-0-9516166-5-9 3566:978-0-7864-0792-7 3542:978-0-393-06757-6 3520:978-1-785-33671-3 3448:(December 1998). 3408:978-0-14-311671-4 3385:978-0-14-303790-3 3368:Evans, Richard J. 3324:978-0-099-44844-0 3302:978-0-8032-0392-1 3280:978-0-87451-596-1 3267:Breitman, Richard 2665:, pp. 58–59. 2284:, pp. 67–69. 2272:, pp. 38–39. 2112:Christian Gerlach 2110:German historian 2018:suicide in 1974. 1969:Reinhard Heydrich 1917: 1916: 1897: 1896: 1665: 1664: 1627:Unoccupied France 1450:Interior Ministry 1331:German historian 1306:in the west, the 1276: 1275: 1237:Obergruppenführer 1231:Reich Chancellery 1181:(Senior Colonel) 1165:Interior Ministry 1106:Governor-General 889:(Senior Colonel) 878:Obergruppenführer 856:Commander of the 843:(Senior Colonel) 830:Obergruppenführer 815:Chief of Amt IV ( 707:Reinhard Heydrich 702:Obergruppenführer 657:Sicherheitsdienst 577:Party Chancellery 561:Reich Chancellery 448:Reinhard Heydrich 443:Obergruppenführer 436:On 31 July 1941, 395:ordered that the 248:leave the country 205:Reinhard Heydrich 201:Obergruppenführer 137: 136: 131:List of attendees 16:(Redirected from 5606: 5544:1942 conferences 5423:Holocaust denial 5401:Nuremberg trials 5391:Postwar violence 5346: 5281: 5258: 5220:Special Brigades 5210:Nederlandsche SS 5177:Police Regiments 5101: 5079: 4939:Ghetto uprisings 4927:Jewish partisans 4874:Harvest Festival 4846:Holocaust trains 4732: 4723: 4710: 4575: 4471: 4449: 4431: 4412: 4394: 4217: 4200: 3908: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3870: 3843: 3825:Official website 3814: 3788: 3764: 3737: 3715: 3693: 3674: 3648: 3629: 3610: 3609:on 2 April 2015. 3608: 3602:. 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3165: 3153: 3151:, p. 310. 3149:Longerich 2010 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3079:, p. 114. 3066: 3054: 3052:, p. 113. 3039: 3037:, p. 413. 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2986:, p. 114. 2971: 2969:, p. 414. 2956: 2954:, p. 116. 2941: 2926: 2924:, p. 115. 2911: 2899: 2895:Longerich 2010 2887: 2885:, p. 113. 2868: 2856: 2854:, p. 112. 2844: 2842:, p. 110. 2832: 2820: 2816:Longerich 2010 2808: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2728:, p. 410. 2718: 2716:, p. 119. 2714:Dederichs 2009 2703: 2691: 2687:Longerich 2000 2679: 2677:, p. 407. 2667: 2655: 2653:, p. 406. 2643: 2626: 2624:, p. 683. 2614: 2612:, p. 309. 2610:Longerich 2010 2597: 2595:, p. 207. 2593:Longerich 2010 2585: 2583:, p. 198. 2581:Longerich 2010 2573: 2571:, p. 523. 2569:Longerich 2012 2556: 2544: 2542:, p. 539. 2532: 2520: 2518:, p. 411. 2508: 2506:, p. 669. 2496: 2484: 2472: 2470:, p. 112. 2460: 2458:, p. 416. 2445: 2443:, p. 315. 2433: 2429:Longerich 2012 2421: 2409: 2407:, p. 429. 2405:Longerich 2012 2397: 2393:Longerich 2010 2385: 2383:, p. 377. 2373: 2371:, p. 144. 2369:Longerich 2010 2358: 2356:, p. 555. 2346: 2344:, p. 127. 2342:Longerich 2010 2334: 2332:, p. 347. 2322: 2320:, p. 544. 2310: 2308:, p. 346. 2298: 2294:Longerich 2010 2286: 2282:Longerich 2010 2274: 2270:Longerich 2010 2262: 2260:, p. 132. 2258:Longerich 2010 2250: 2238: 2234:Longerich 2010 2222: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2200: 2186: 2184:, p. 414. 2169: 2167:, p. 112. 2153: 2151:, p. 794. 2128: 2126:, p. 405. 2103: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2064: 2056: 2048: 2040: 2030: 2027: 2006: 2003: 1998:David Cesarani 1961: 1960:Interpretation 1958: 1950:Robert Kempner 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1264: 1262:Foreign Office 1259: 1256: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1209:Hermann Göring 1205: 1203:Four Year Plan 1197:Office of the 1195: 1192: 1185: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1152: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1063: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1002: 996: 975: 968: 955: 954: 947: 944: 941:of the Gestapo 935: 928: 926:Adolf Eichmann 915: 914: 912:Martin Bormann 908: 903: 900: 893: 882: 881: 874: 868: 854: 847: 834: 833: 826: 820: 813: 806: 795: 794: 788: 782: 775: 768: 755: 754: 743: 734: 716: 709: 696: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 665: 662: 648:Großer Wannsee 610:the next day. 606:, causing the 569:Four Year Plan 532: 529: 504:Einsatzgruppen 500:Einsatzgruppen 481:Timothy Snyder 438:Hermann Göring 408:Einsatzgruppen 373:Nuremberg Laws 304:racial hygiene 291: 288: 272:Robert Kempner 260:Hermann Göring 135: 134: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 76: 72: 71: 66: 60: 59: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5611: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5296:Nazi eugenics 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5225:Topf and Sons 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5192:Collaborators 5189: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5130:Referat IV B4 5128: 5127: 5126: (RSHA) 5125: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5117:Schutzstaffel 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104:Organizations 5102: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5046:Romani people 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:Working Group 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4984:Kastner train 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4771:Kristallnacht 4768: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4554:Sanitätswesen 4551: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4517:Death marches 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4343:Extermination 4340: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4318:Sachsenhausen 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4259:Herzogenbusch 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234:Bergen-Belsen 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4221:Concentration 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4157:United States 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3997:and colonies 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3900:The Holocaust 3894: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720:Roseman, Mark 3717: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3689:0-313-32106-X 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3359:9781935149125 3355: 3351: 3346: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236:Wannsee House 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3212:Cesarani 2005 3208: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3178:, p. 14. 3177: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3137:Breitman 1991 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113:Cesarani 2005 3109: 3106: 3103:, p. 68. 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3077:Cesarani 2005 3073: 3071: 3067: 3064:, p. 71. 3063: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3050:Cesarani 2005 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:Browning 2007 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:Cesarani 2005 3016: 3013: 3009: 3008:Cesarani 2005 3004: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:Browning 2007 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2909:, p. 77. 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2852:Cesarani 2005 2848: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2830:, p. 93. 2829: 2828:Browning 2007 2824: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2779:, p. 67. 2778: 2773: 2770: 2767:, p. 66. 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750:Browning 2007 2746: 2743: 2740:, p. 65. 2739: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2726:Browning 2007 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699:Browning 2007 2695: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2675:Browning 2007 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651:Browning 2007 2647: 2644: 2641:, p. 57. 2640: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441:Browning 2007 2437: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2419:, p. 15. 2418: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2296:, p. 41. 2295: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2182:Browning 2007 2179: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2165:Cesarani 2005 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2124:Browning 2007 2121: 2120:Browning 2007 2117: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1982:Laurence Rees 1978: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1454:Erich Neumann 1451: 1447: 1444:; RuSHA) and 1443: 1440:(head of the 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416:Miklós Horthy 1413: 1409: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1247:Martin Luther 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1183:Erich Neumann 1180: 1175: 1172: 1171:Wilhelm Frick 1168: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1145:Brigadeführer 1140: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007:Brigadeführer 1003: 1001: 1000:Schutzstaffel 997: 994: 993: 986: 985: 980: 976: 973: 969: 967: 963: 962: 956: 952: 951:Gruppenführer 948: 945: 940: 939:Referat IV B4 936: 933: 929: 927: 923: 922: 916: 913: 909: 907: 904: 901: 898: 894: 892: 888: 883: 879: 875: 873: 872:Schutzstaffel 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 852: 848: 846: 842: 841: 835: 831: 827: 825: 824:Schutzstaffel 821: 818: 814: 811: 807: 805: 801: 800:Gruppenführer 796: 792: 789: 787: 786:Schutzstaffel 783: 780: 776: 773: 769: 767: 763: 762: 761:Gruppenführer 756: 753: 749: 748: 744: 741: 740: 739:Schutzstaffel 735: 733: 727: 721: 718:Chief of the 717: 714: 710: 708: 704: 703: 697: 691:Organization 680: 674: 672: 663: 661: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 644: 638: 636: 632: 626: 624: 623: 618: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 542: 541:Martin Luther 537: 530: 528: 526: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 488: 486: 482: 478: 477:Eastern Front 474: 470: 469:Herbert Backe 466: 461: 459: 458: 453: 449: 445: 444: 439: 434: 432: 431:Romani people 428: 427: 422: 421: 416: 415: 410: 409: 404: 403: 398: 394: 390: 385: 383: 378: 374: 366: 365: 359: 355: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318: 313: 312:pan-Germanism 309: 305: 301: 297: 289: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 231: 227: 223: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 202: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184: 183:Schutzstaffel 179: 172: 166: 158: 154: 150: 141: 133: 132: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 80: 77: 73: 70: 67: 64:Also known as 61: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5508:Yizkor books 5169: 5116: 4861: 4835: 4809:in Lithuania 4769: 4667: 4552: 4545: 4534: 4468: 4446: 4427: 4408: 4391: 4174:by Catholics 4043:Soviet Union 3911:By territory 3800: 3773: 3750: 3739: 3723: 3701: 3679: 3660: 3634: 3615: 3604:the original 3589: 3585: 3555: 3532: 3529:Kershaw, Ian 3510: 3498:. 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Retrieved 3314: 3292: 3270: 3260:Bibliography 3231: 3219: 3207: 3202:, p. 7. 3195: 3183: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3127:, p. 1. 3125:Roseman 2002 3120: 3108: 3101:Roseman 2002 3096: 3084: 3062:Roseman 2002 3057: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2984:Roseman 2002 2952:Roseman 2002 2937:Roseman 2002 2922:Roseman 2002 2907:Roseman 2002 2902: 2890: 2883:Roseman 2002 2864:Roseman 2002 2859: 2847: 2840:Roseman 2002 2835: 2823: 2811: 2804:Roseman 2002 2784: 2777:Roseman 2002 2772: 2765:Roseman 2002 2745: 2738:Roseman 2002 2733: 2721: 2694: 2689:, p. 2. 2682: 2670: 2663:Roseman 2002 2658: 2646: 2639:Roseman 2002 2622:Kershaw 2008 2617: 2588: 2576: 2547: 2535: 2528:Gerhard 2009 2523: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2468:Roseman 2002 2463: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2349: 2337: 2330:Kershaw 2008 2325: 2313: 2306:Kershaw 2008 2301: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2248:, p. 7. 2241: 2208: 2203: 2194:exemptions. 2189: 2177: 2172: 2149:Gerlach 1998 2131: 2116:Gerlach 1998 2106: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2067: 2059: 2051: 2043: 2035: 2022: 2020: 2008: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1973: 1946: 1932: 1911: 1891: 1886: 1854:Soviet Union 1570:free of Jews 1475: 1471: 1463: 1459:Josef Bühler 1438:Otto Hofmann 1435: 1429:, primarily 1419: 1404: 1391: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1346: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1289: 1286:Vichy France 1282: 1240:Hans Lammers 1236: 1178: 1143: 1087:Josef Bühler 1065: 1054:Alfred Meyer 1013:Generalmajor 1011: 1005: 999: 990: 982: 966:Rudolf Lange 959: 950: 919: 886: 877: 871: 838: 829: 823: 799: 791:Reichsführer 790: 785: 777:Head of the 766:Otto Hofmann 759: 750:(SS-Leader) 745: 737: 729: 700: 667: 655: 641: 639: 627: 622:Wolfsschanze 620: 593: 552: 546: 520: 503: 499: 493: 489: 484: 462: 455: 441: 435: 424: 418: 412: 406: 400: 386: 370: 362: 341: 322:Nazi Germany 315: 293: 269: 250:. After the 234: 199: 181: 178:Nazi Germany 148: 146: 129: 125:Participants 68: 36: 5514:Never again 5345:(Action T4) 5271:Remembrance 5056:Homosexuals 5026:Soviet POWs 4954:Częstochowa 4502:Gas chamber 4313:Ravensbrück 4254:Gross-Rosen 4249:Flossenbürg 4132:Philippines 4064:Yugoslavia 4023:Netherlands 3951:Sudetenland 3769:Tooze, Adam 3251:Lehrer 2000 3224:Lehrer 2000 2516:Snyder 2010 2492:Snyder 2010 2456:Snyder 2010 2011:Joseph Wulf 1876:Byelorussia 1794:Switzerland 1771:(including 1726:(including 1647:Netherlands 1357:World War I 1300:the country 1279:Proceedings 1015:der Polizei 467:devised by 465:Hunger Plan 337:master race 104: / 92:013°09′56″E 5538:Categories 5503:Yad Vashem 5483:Uniqueness 5338:Nisko Plan 5111:Nazi Party 4919:Resistance 4889:Ninth Fort 4754:Vel' d'Hiv 4526:Nazi units 4464:Westerbork 4454:Amersfoort 4308:Neuengamme 4289:Mauthausen 4269:Kaiserwald 4239:Buchenwald 4018:Luxembourg 3835:Yad Vashem 3500:21 January 3339:14 October 2552:Tooze 2006 2540:Tooze 2006 2504:Tooze 2006 2480:Tooze 2006 2417:Evans 2008 2354:Evans 2005 2318:Evans 2005 2246:Evans 2008 2219:References 2196:Tooze 2006 2178:Mischlings 2060:Conspiracy 2052:Fatherland 2044:Fatherland 1892:11,000,000 1869:2,994,684 1773:Bessarabia 1539:2,284,000 1525:Ostgebiete 1374:Mischlinge 1361:Iron Cross 1353:Gauleiters 1179:Oberführer 1108:Hans Frank 887:Oberführer 840:Oberführer 732:Presiding 671:doctorates 571:, and the 565:Propaganda 387:After the 367:, and Jew. 364:Mischlinge 317:Lebensraum 290:Background 286:memorial. 190:suburb of 89:52°25′59″N 5461:Education 5356:Aftermath 5268:Aftermath 5230:Trawnikis 5154:Wehrmacht 5149:Waffen-SS 4949:Białystok 4777:Bucharest 4749:Marseille 4626:Elsewhere 4587:Białystok 4399:Breendonk 4376:Treblinka 4229:Auschwitz 4013:Lithuania 3477:143904500 3438:155045613 3313:(2005) . 3291:(2007) . 3161:Rees 2017 1987:Mischling 1942:his trial 1934:Shorthand 1675:Location 1587:Lithuania 1545:Białystok 1496:Location 1431:Auschwitz 1420:Wehrmacht 1383:Mischling 1379:Mischling 1291:Judenfrei 1067:Gauleiter 694:Superior 664:Attendees 508:Comintern 485:Wehrmacht 420:Wehrmacht 284:Holocaust 81:, Germany 5446:Academia 4899:Piaśnica 4869:Babi Yar 4797:Jedwabne 4736:Roundups 4669:Judenrat 4633:Budapest 4404:Mechelen 4366:Majdanek 4323:Stutthof 4284:Majdanek 4179:by Poles 4137:Portugal 4115:Response 4106:Timeline 4084:Overview 3946:Slovakia 3933:Bulgaria 3771:(2006). 3749:(2010). 3722:(2002). 3700:(2017). 3659:(1981). 3577:(2000). 3553:(2000). 3531:(2008). 3370:(2005). 3269:(1991). 2029:See also 1906:Eichmann 1881:446,484 1848:742,800 1814:Slovakia 1778:342,000 1759:Portugal 1728:Sardinia 1698:330,000 1684:Bulgaria 1651:160,800 1631:700,000 1621:165,000 1549:400,000 1529:420,000 1509:131,800 1505:Altreich 1392:en masse 1201:for the 989:Head of 964:(Major) 937:Head of 860:and the 781:(RuSHA) 598:began a 596:Red Army 549:Interpol 308:eugenics 213:the Jews 75:Location 5473:Lessons 4909:Rumbula 4782:Dorohoi 4763:Pogroms 4715:Victims 4565:Ghettos 4497:Gas van 4485:Methods 4459:Schoorl 4437:Bolzano 4385:Transit 4371:Sobibor 4361:Chełmno 4328:Vaivara 4264:Hinzert 4209:ghettos 4162:Vatican 4068:Croatia 4058:Ukraine 4048:Belarus 4038:Romania 3990:Hungary 3973:Germany 3963:Estonia 3958:Denmark 3928:Belgium 3923:Austria 3918:Albania 3847:YouTube 3837:website 3833:on the 1908:'s list 1865:Ukraine 1844:Hungary 1838:55,500 1818:88,000 1808:10,000 1798:18,000 1769:Romania 1753:40,000 1749:Croatia 1739:Albania 1733:58,000 1704:Finland 1694:England 1688:48,000 1678:Number 1641:69,600 1607:Denmark 1601:43,000 1597:Belgium 1591:34,000 1565:Estonia 1559:74,200 1519:43,700 1515:Ostmark 1499:Number 1412:Hungary 1408:Romania 864:in the 817:Gestapo 784:RuSHA, 516:pogroms 224:in the 192:Wannsee 79:Wannsee 5379:Bricha 5145:(Orpo) 5018:Others 5004:Żegota 4966:Rescue 4944:Warsaw 4904:Ponary 4814:Kaunas 4617:Warsaw 4602:Lublin 4592:Kraków 4579:Poland 4423:Drancy 4356:Belzec 4333:Warsaw 4244:Dachau 4152:Turkey 4147:Sweden 4073:Serbia 4053:Russia 4033:Poland 4028:Norway 4008:Latvia 3978:Greece 3968:France 3807: 3781: 3757: 3730: 3708: 3686: 3667: 3641: 3622: 3596: 3563: 3539: 3517: 3475: 3436: 3405: 3382: 3356: 3321: 3299: 3277: 1991:per se 1977:Belzec 1912: 1828:6,000 1804:Serbia 1788:8,000 1784:Sweden 1763:3,000 1718:4,000 1708:2,300 1661:1,300 1657:Norway 1637:Greece 1611:5,600 1581:3,500 1577:Latvia 1466:cognac 987:(RKO); 979:Latvia 822:RSHA, 736:RSHA, 722:(RSHA) 688:Title 685:Photo 579:, the 567:, the 473:Slavic 399:. The 393:Hitler 306:, and 300:Nazism 188:Berlin 153:German 5493:Humor 5466:Films 5163:Units 4894:Odesa 4744:Izieu 4658:Vilna 4643:Minsk 4638:Kovno 4612:Radom 4476:Sereď 4293:Gusen 4274:Kauen 4205:Camps 4142:Spain 4127:Japan 4001:Libya 3995:Italy 3607:(PDF) 3582:(PDF) 3473:S2CID 3453:(PDF) 3434:S2CID 2145:RKFDV 2081:Notes 1887:Total 1824:Spain 742:(SS) 682:Name 334:Aryan 330:Slavs 128:See: 5384:List 5139:(SD) 5119:(SS) 4802:Lviv 4787:Iași 4727:Jews 4648:Riga 4607:Lwów 4597:Łódź 4569:list 4418:Gurs 4291:and 4207:and 3805:ISBN 3779:ISBN 3755:ISBN 3728:ISBN 3706:ISBN 3684:ISBN 3665:ISBN 3639:ISBN 3620:ISBN 3594:ISBN 3561:ISBN 3537:ISBN 3515:ISBN 3502:2022 3403:ISBN 3380:ISBN 3354:ISBN 3341:2015 3319:ISBN 3297:ISBN 3275:ISBN 1743:200 1410:and 858:SiPo 328:and 326:Jews 180:and 147:The 117:Date 4533:SS- 3861:at 3845:on 3496:.de 3494:taz 3465:doi 3426:doi 1177:SS- 1142:SS- 958:SS- 918:SS- 885:SS- 837:SS- 798:SS- 758:SS- 699:SS- 551:at 215:of 198:SS- 5540:: 4470:sk 4448:nl 4430:it 4411:fr 4393:be 3655:; 3588:. 3584:. 3492:. 3471:. 3461:70 3459:. 3455:. 3432:. 3422:18 3420:. 3243:^ 3168:^ 3069:^ 3042:^ 3027:^ 2974:^ 2959:^ 2944:^ 2929:^ 2914:^ 2871:^ 2796:^ 2757:^ 2706:^ 2629:^ 2600:^ 2559:^ 2448:^ 2361:^ 2226:^ 2156:^ 1874:- 1863:- 1775:) 1730:) 1433:. 995:2 862:SD 819:) 339:. 267:. 232:. 159:, 155:: 5516:" 5512:" 4829:" 4825:" 4571:) 4567:( 3892:e 3885:t 3878:v 3865:. 3813:. 3787:. 3763:. 3736:. 3714:. 3692:. 3673:. 3647:. 3628:. 3590:1 3569:. 3545:. 3523:. 3504:. 3479:. 3467:: 3440:. 3428:: 3411:. 3388:. 3362:. 3343:. 3327:. 3305:. 3283:. 3238:. 3091:. 2530:. 2147:. 151:( 34:. 20:)

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